BUS STRUCTURE Te ewe an opercetiona Sypleny he poss 4 computer enust be Comected in Some oagonizecl 04: + A Compuer must be oxgayzed ,ia order to odseve asatonable speed Df _operadiso, so Het ids units con handle ane pat word of clata ot a gm time - AW Me data is trans easel Simublaso sly oven, enamy wires ov Lines » One BL line es Vanes thot seawes 4S % core hing pod Bog seveaod clevices tS cabled a bus © Da addition t the Vines rok cary thadota, Ha bust must hove res Ree acldyess 3 Control purser , ~ Khe Simplest OY too Ta teaconnect factional uuts is to use a Single bus, il fa be Fig Siagle bus Struchore + All Yaits ane Connected +o this tora. = Oo, too vot: can actively use tne bus ot given ime , a8 bus con be vied bse oly Oe brovalen ok a bm= Bus contel Uneg are ured +o arbitrate mubtpl * Sequests fu Use ok, Mo loUa. * Siagle-bus shader Tt has lous Lost 3 Pesteiity fps oxttatl ia peripherod devices . mipliigie lous ehuthne!=Piunieve! coneuauerty § Psion mM re s si ceanyy 2 of eee [tore a Spee of apexes of cliftext cevices vary . = Elechomechodca} devices ker booads and pads ng aalarely low = Megnese oiks & op disks ae foster - RA g powance vaits operade ok elechonic coal ales eae he Yasttek vols. + Ekkiiek reales mechakm thak is not ewostyoined oy Slao deviag -g +o emocth out the hikkernces 10 Awing onrong various devic2a is necenary . « Taducling Rubles eqRstens Ts @ Comme appesh +n Sole fis issue. = Buber segisters cae. Used te old He Taksemation dusing trans ers - Sgt Troaler of enrceclod Chorackers fom procter to o Prvater — Prceccwr sends Chara rer te yoo tober ~— Buber ts an elechanic eget grant ene Little trae. = One We lubte is Leaded He panto con steade Prabag witkeuk fuottws joler vein by He processor.5 - € d ~ We bY and the processor ae NO Long ex neode & can be setemed bx other oddity. ~ rp Wk way buffer wegelers emocth out Swing oi [perercas aMOd process rs, meres 4 Tho dei * PERFORMANCE ee = Perfor nnance is ahpected : - Cesign of Hs haxdoare werignrg 4 tee ee Megat jochuding a cocmdinateal way. © Compileg - Elapsed Time 6 2 reanse yee a ee + T5o diswy tre perarmence ef vel ree Should consider oy At petieds_duuamg ushich te proce Barve - Gm as where ods 4 VS xefered to ag the priesss Sve vecded \ exeute Ae Pregon. ciapued aime depends on alt te os ome Sqcte- Process Lime depeards or \paxdoare javelved fa the tadividual madsre Fast (ONS - aTuis harcore comprises Processow pmaxesry § Hoo bus.fq: The Provessow (adn Flow ol; pegran Roghtions ana ord befoego Hee Momony S AVL PYELeSeD. « Trikally .all prgrom fashudiens and AY aequired dota ane gereest Ta he onan MEME - TnStrdens Aare ferhed one by pace oven he 108 Tots tre prolessew 4 and a topy 6 placed to Cache - + Sindlaly for cata Lecased ta cierasnl + Ty det came inshuetea ox dod em ts neaded a seumd Home , it ts clice sty grad From cache . = B prqram voill ke exeuutech kosea Tk Ane movemek of instructions § hada [bebsern jhe. Main Mamont +8 processer ts paiatadred, + Wis is achieve by using cache.me 7 x Provesso®™ dock . - Processor CciveiHs are contolle A by a wang Sigal calted a cos * Clok tycles axe we gulay Hone i + Tre prcessos vides ne atckon « to be Pertrmed into a sequence of steps . Each Sep ts Lon-plakecl ja one mk ale Ps lmghh of one odexyde - Ro dok we Reg Lp LL TE ic measured in uydes per Oe Ns. ” K Baste Pertormance Tqucctiay - Lert Te the processor aime aaquiredl Ao acute He program uomter TA some Wigh level language. - Te compiler qernrotes machine Language objet prograny. muplake — exenukion Bf Hae prgrom - Assume drak the : Uequirses de Axerucion a, N madvae languog?Whe average Aue bes |, Waste gees ne al Trg hniction * ja one clos Ogehe «: § \6 ene omching oe Cree aude compare A Each basic sep ts ( eyrhon pe geund ) eR ty Chork sate > ye Execution ace is, Te DNS |] Ws is aaferreel ica |oe qR Te perdire enone equabino 2 We cararckteve Lh HAcee, reeoku et : a cea beyrreetineiag: Pe - Recreng Nads, lncecasing RR - Nis ~seducod ih Wao courte Program ts comp ted Tako \e os & a0: of machine Jashudion s . - Sis weducad fb To struebens \ave seat: asic Steps © ts nemored by uatag a Wigher —feepeny Clous. - Ni, Sard R axe act \acleperdenk prrorslers 5 arothe + Unaging, ome ton abet Kw Uock Poke! » Pocakilites gx lamesaing ow wake R. DY Ampang Te kedmolegy - betes Logic Ovrusts. ws eee oe herce ‘intgoases @ 2D eeduding Ane amok ef processing clone io one basic Gep-pe PERFORM PNCE TMEASLREMENT its Y Pisa Commmnlly adopted 2 idea of eneosual Computer pertyrmance Using bencnmaak programs. . Sbancaadized pogroms poust be rey or - caine coecacixe ig Who Hime baleen to execute a oe \bendhon als » Taslead of vsing & aakikival prograrns on grandoad meal application programs ate. urseck *e ben dhs ri ewaluale perbysmonce Aa profit organizaken colted Syston Perbsmnance cvoluokies Coaponcciey (Spec) seleds ond) publishes sapeamaive agpuiakinn pragams fe OP opp ania pes feat veartls Lor mony coromen cially avallable tmpuders. ogo is compiled: kee tre Computes Undes aencdng| poe on a Real Conpuder ig algo Lompil - Te game progyon goherkedh AS ax efgrense one at spec wo * cowpued 28 belles’ = Running Bee on re avfrece Lmpde SPEC wn4 Parmings Xme on we comspudes neg t “aK p fest, 3 Te 1g oe ed & wr Orul - Spec © under matte So means hak fre omptte, edag Aenas aa fask ad We Aejke iy SO percha, all ee pregrens lak % mpeett ‘A quent, pee of ta grec vite 8 TE he new 5 po - Lek SPEC; yw ais we ~yYne SPEC ent be ody > Fe oe: , vero raking is. Ye 4 apae ese! sia et grens in tue suite. Aro. combined all factors abe hog aie: pores, ) ee Os; We PO being tested - oie a aeesen Ct aexk Maoine Tastuchiois Programs ; a memory teeactons AND ADDRESSES emer - priltions ob Stswage calls . Memory ° oe oo ce i a bit % word length: A gapp & ond yehieed in a singe loasic Ope ca pits we weaned AE la! kas » hel can be stored an usexd | and Eade G4p Of ‘a ‘al is (obed Pre yoad leg - / + Word legth ay tan sange ston 16 to 64 bits . LB uit of B bik iso Ye | ce near, cath word can gbore ar—bit 75 complet AUmMPA 02 fou Asc tl Characters a pb A signed [rales To [be P ws tndo\ebit by, =O dex positive nurbes singe fapel hve neg adve Aumbers 2-0 gis |sits |) & ba | 3 Lite dg ee Ascth SCI ASCIL ASOT Unato des Onarater - Processing The memory tov Store OF sehkieve a Simp’ single Unit 9f to bere action Cite ox Word) wequiwes BSAA omy or oddweses br ead, ten Locahisn- + Addve cs walusy cae bon o Mreugh BET Qk & the addvers space Chetad aygilable movory) bpm Sone F- (copoaty : oEgi- tbrbit address gertrates a? Wweabo (Q-e; addwess spoce is 65536) 32-bit addvess gener odes 92> alles, space eer gy Qige Lotcchiou - Bute Addse Big-endion slower byte addresses axe used fy the more S ianificade bytes Cts mast ogres) > able zerdian Dlower kyle’ addresses ase Used Av he ese significa Butes (mgt Most, byte ) waPas oben a eer | eg a : Poe Higber myte : (ee) Ora ABlacarr ‘C ia hen) Cranphr TE sre dada bytes ¢S Yous Ws alata loytS ore Sheil AA p peeesia ssuming word - length 7 3 bits. : Seer 4nr of pe | Ee = oe 2 te aloe (ile Ere [xe | a8. | 4 | Sas ett Uante —erclionn | yaork AZ? ; s . For 32-bit egal tengt: noe osc! bo! prdeetes ocr OF D4 1B woad tocatos nave aligned wddrresses * Woads Ar* gaid + be ovigned i MoM a ed begin ak a yt add x6ss Snot is a caus ple fre our! ot bytes ta & ywooad Accessing gunners narod ; & Oncxrader ehngs » murnbber | NUM co LUsapies one ord iTmis 007 be accessed using | wend _adelrsss i) naracker * Asch ist byte prasad i accessed uang byte _addses®.eae = i> chancel SIngs + NTA NS A the shing igs iackicaked by addeess a the St Charackers PR oe SUCCESSIVE \oyte Locations codtain succes ve Uncrathers Oy he erhiag - ‘ a spear control caanacker can mark “end ob ghia.” Mancemey Operosions : » Loach opercttio? pansies a copy Bk the conteds ot a specific memory Location bo the Protessen . - The mMeneny conted aoces aol Une ge — Whe prte Som “gends She oddvess of He eared. — Whe eee grads Ine dota stored ak ahoak addwess and sends Brom te kre PIrlEssorw, - STORE © perorbisn keanslers clad from processor ko Oo specific menony Locakier . o — Wis dlecheys tne boemer coments of, the Locadw, ae processor gends the addwes Of Yo destwed (ocadavs bo We Nomery » along witha Bre come Le be wren ond seds watt signet. — Dadar Of ether one Looxdl or one byte can be cranslened bpeboeen™ processor and We Memory to slagie operokion : 7? ZNSTRUCTIONS AND INSTRUCTION SEQUENCING ef Computer emoust have tostuttions cupable perferniing four types Ob opercilons : = > Paka transfers bebvean MEY & the proeessey IsACRS . D> Pritheerie & Loge operctions 00 data . a> Program sequencing and cooto| US Tlo twonshers Register Twansker Notakiss - * he data Aconsles for e0e Location TO the Comparer fo anrothea , WS aeons [er Jave Ives 1 — Menoy Loca — Procesans SCYSers — Tlo ~«egistess. s Tderk keation oy Locakeg ts dlooe by symbole nome. ~repoelens blo Ea 4. i bi nasy ache EQ:- Menosy Locathuss $y 0c CUNER yee 7 Processor eGlens a eee lo register = patatn, ORTACLT, COTSTATUS ~~... cor QL TLOK + Combs of Locos ore dosieh Se of 44 pledag squase \pvarkats pamory, Laeabien LOC : eee etal be proeee is bee en aay R3e—fergrfR2] + me cooks OL regitee a, adele with We comeds, of g ae ae yr ot tlion Renisree heoneff N regiver Qo ard 2 yea z teens par eo! doo EOCHeR 23° 4 Assembly Language Notaitior - “To aepresert enachine fachuctens and programs Woe URe an Ateembly lorguage Rsemnokt — : * To oboe exanpes 3. @ cx epee fied os © Move Lot, eI He cess lv Bled ea) At is destractior operod. Comfert onsen @ ppo eijeapR3 — B3 & destination opesord Ri, Pr are soURce operons Ragutt * Baste astuclion Types Hagh —level lagage CH (93+ Ce ADD , B,C ® <{nj4+{e} las A410 (CJ & 4 ppp A,B, ¢ fs Pree ~addyess instructions ' tree ~aeldlvess inthractions 6 opesards A 8B we Source 6 Tors ik destiacttivs om { | eertral Fovencs : Opercttion source 1, SHU, destinehiny needed +e Speetfy the addwess Of each of ve operand ; Yre above fashudhies ~wequires ay bits oe onaeessing PAPE . + padditmaly row bits a2 aosded ty admote. ACP sige es tt: operctkiss - + Processovs uh ap-bit addewess sw paca, Bade Tas tucksn is oo loage ko Kk io aaa ¥ iti coeds kos stogie tos 0 CON - wo iP / wsed-- . age & sienple Tastnechios een, et © TS We) f ame » kaa. foo +o pertpsmm Ane > degtinotion eg: J peo 9,8 > HS Petrens BRE Laltle] gource & destrrctin al tngtruchion 2a , Move BC. Ce—Cayx (2 => Ado AL% foo- addxess Tastructions wi\\ ast nos ! EA nto me oon « eN of 2 Pnohs goss ity yy +o Use enaching inshuctens usta wy one openand — [sears Vestn ae oad \ + To auch Coseg, a pyrcesser AH accumulates 1s of wenpbdt operand - Eg: Add § > Ws instudio adds Wwe tedteds el oa one ee Contes QL a teamletry ond sketes Mo vest ave to acoumubakre . tonad A => copt tad: ts bel Store A - CE CAN 418) con he perfemad. by exremhry: + e+. -> Acc Cn] se 2b Ree —TBI]K [occ] ~- + ~-p> ee (acc),pccess +y daka ny optral papose -~weqisiers is Lote 7 on ke dota skuveck Ya momen. Ws is wecanse *eqistees ore iacide ua protester Degusieas aaa usec to Stowe datq temporarily ia he Processor” during peated becouse AE ERS OSn. Yostes . | Ri ee presends A general — puspose weegisters, @- Ever lan exe cages a neaddhers Toston | the Toshuttiss may ook KL tate one word, DO a & Oody wceatgles ames ate Uontatnd eile fa the Yastuc - » Recenoly Fk taro oe Werd. App a, 2) te - To o CcoArBiN} 5 Aap ; |W) “Indivect Medes “The epeckive: ocdses of the opeard is the conkds "3" wegises a Memon Locaction chose address expprars in ee fnchucten, ~ Tadivection is dewted by prosthesis aaoud the Nome oh Ane weaiisien 0a The tuner locabion - egi- © pep CRID Bo Add he corterk of marseond Lota pointed ke by RI te OY Conkeds Os Ro place ae —weanbt fo Ro @ AD 1A, Ro — Sinaler tothe ame & uk Location A % used AB PART « Pe seq on location Yak tonkalas Ane addrsess a an operand ‘6 called a pointer. - Consider -Khe pagan io Rq va Toadd tre List of Nun bea S watoge loop. we can use iqdivet AM +o accor suceesive aumbers. Move N, 21 sobal ao of cheno (6 moved RI Bl iga courer MOVE FENN! QD | THe addres of IM ao. wate list is coved %o 2D CLEAR Ro + Year Ro te Zer0 Loot soo (22), RO : ne, oA a om Decrement 21: art ee Cyt bed Beancn>o Lor + check Pre coder A xeached Rais; Movt Ro, soy yk Enns Se ae 2 a exertion of jnctrictionTh comer G1 belomes Zero , Srte lsvouch es i: factucion. Kral gum is tn Ro & move | ie stops me OS No 97 fo ono Locadion om: xodexiog and Presa ; re opesad is Ander ode: The efpetve addvess of » Qereraded by adding a vonstant value +o We contents : ube index _SeGister - we wegistea usec is welgred yo 08 oN OM - We dercte faden mode tS Ki Constak Value that indicades olget addvens Ri. Mame ek Bro tinder segister aye aes EQ *- ) Ri =looo, Q:=20 >DB=s2o , R2=20 pop 20RD, 02 Pop 1c00(e\) 2X Addvecs Meremy Rdd-wess Memory Mi \o00 tee 7; oe a olset>>> “te Ad =20 A tore 4o loro 4o EB = Xray » EM = x4 (1) ce ee ea Ue finn toy) = WPA DOF ILO 4g added’ wth RL), ADO “O00 (21),R POD 2eLer) A> teets ' R= Licad4+RD =PR2 = (tors 4 OD = Uo}2o Gow Wex2° ‘an . Gomamconly uasecl flags are : i) Negatve —>N * =| if Whe veault is negahve =o it jhe ~g2sd ig positive - it’) Zzeto. 95 + of ig Wee wes ult ig THO Ct Beamed saa Wy Oveepov >vitzt it dd Wyede wexfas occursDekhessing wocles ° The aibont was ia which Ye locakiian of an Crerand is specifrect in aa vagtucton is therofne refered to tS addresing Modes | iy Register Mode 1 Te operarcl ia the Lonlerts 5 ce proce sss weg tet €g i- Move Q bo “Ke aog(ste name specifier the, addwers Ave weds ii) Bbsoluke Mele + The cpesonrd is to 4 ed bocakien - eg she adden of WHS \ccakion is Moe lot, > specified in He Taster Alo caved direct mode. Ww qraeciake Mode + he operarch is. given os > Ta We instuckiod . ¢ —— €q- move tH2co.PB value of tre Source orck ¢ peated per ts stncliveckion anc pointers * The inctucrien chloe, not cave the q Sed eepuily ¢ operand or ts ~ Te cpves ee information gem where (te address of we opeearch } Hine operand 6% be forced ~ suis address is ~welemed ay effychve addres of tro operand.Arandh Tnstuction + TA loads a mee value into Me Program cwuder Called tne ‘ Imawch Larged [rok the Toetuction at the Location (rat follows Khe byanth instudin 4,4 sequactiod address owder], = Lonclitional Wrxandh | tastuction combed kewanch oly iL specified condition cabisfied - “OPraruise , he PCS inceamsded fo Abe Normal oa , And the newk instruction x the sequerctal addres, order is faved. ard exeuted . * Branch So is a Conditional bandh . / - Tk comes a brawn t loop tL the vesult of the Teme diatly pocaeding tastuction is grecdes Hach oun: i & Conditer Codes . : ; + Processor Keeps brad of he inbermattin abet He pase ot vaxioUs pperatkioas - * “Ws inpecenation Ts used by subsequet brah Tnstructiens - . = Wis favolves 6 Leseching We wequirecl Ta kormation Fin feckividual loits , called gonditer toder | begs : dite) codes are d in a Procesey egete* Branching y. Streutght -Une program bow adding 9 num bers | [Move _NUMy Bo inf A00 word |—> Were, rere is a long Ust tag [AOD _NWM 1 Be | , Add ins tuckions, Te] Taskead Of Ws pre can use single ADD fasteudios Nune +Te loop is a steatigh* Une sequsace of exeuked a4 moy ‘times aa needed. Faghu bon § + Te stars at location Loop ond rds ak He jastmction Qrarch FO (tr eg) + Puaing each [pass Mrought tis Loop , Ye addres ray re nerd Usk evry dekegrined, wd yak ary is fpradned and added t- Po NN Deotal ao df qumbers to he added: + Rit Loop ikerction Corter. 2RL i having value \ PP |. Deceonert RL reduces tho, Conbol of Qt by dt each Bere Hrmugh the Loop - + Exeudser o% Leap meopected as* To begta Rxeuntion the addve: is placed inte the Rage SS Of BSk nsteuchios ste Pc z Process contol Oxeu Circuits fetch ins traction pointed to ly PC ond exeaste Ta W's way Toghuchens are exerted one ak a ime , to the onder of inceostag adde sseg . + Tas is Couled shyaigid —Uoe sequencteg- + Dusting Hie exeuter of each tnstucten, the Pc is* tacremeded loy 4 te point do the next instructeo. Tio phase procedures of Tastuckion execution « [pec — phase—} Tastuttion fetch — . «Tne inshuchion Xs packed form memory bocakivo whose addiess, is Tn the PC. + quis fostuction i placed to He TR. = Plase— 2! Enshuction Exe. * The inchuctin ian TR is examined 4p deeming uoWich operation is tp be perkseened - + Tus involves fetching operands hen ne Marory or eesor registers eabowtsing on : oe als inti ; Sosy we’ Yesudk in we deg baalion Location -* Tronskeas thet invelve the ee. non | tsons| within the proce sso, + Substodial fnwecke to speadl fs achteved coher seven! Cperctisas ose peztyrmed on dota to ~cegisters usta ro cred bo copy the chata te or \grom enentoreel - * Tastuction Exeustion and straight HUine Sequening . ¢ The +ysee jtastuckions of, the Peogrom cue tsved In Successive coord Locetii s , Staakig ak Locekisn . 4” - Each instruction is Ly byte long . 2. @cond g Hasd inshuckoas aor Locations T4u g i4+8 : - we also ASsume Miat 2 {gdh nae crdtdivess con be directly specifed ia a stagle send Tastee: Rous WS program is exeuted 7 Madre Coated s sani ee —tastuched eetae a Move Aree | | S7tashue sey . Re tut AOO B, R jag | Move @o | Cc Adi Program ter CH Lat ry)\e Jerks of a egstes | vii) Nutodecremet mode! he \rest curso mertttally greet wo the estuttion a decemested ond cae thon vsed addvess of the opened + —(ei) = We opercrds axe aaccessecl io descending adesess cde., as vi) Relative Med! The elective address %& delemirad by the indere mode using PC io plow 4 et - Ws mode is used +o spedfy saagek addwess fn loxaonch fastruckion — “Byowh 50 loo?! jactuctin comses Preqparn exertion bo gu de Yee lsronch Laagek Location ident hed by Pre nome Loo? if branch Gnditicn s Sos hed : — Wis location Ts Compas hoy s pedhying “A AA on Olek adches byom the ered value of the Pc. ~ Stace Ye branch baaget may be ettrex behare OA the after ro Lwanth lnstudien the set can be either postive ( [record \wondsing’) oe ne qodve Cokbesondh kaandhing))Additienal Medes - Sy accessing Aoaka Werns fo successive locakioy | tA ae Testy : 1 donb foxy Vil) Autofoczenadt mocle : “tee ehyecve address of Aho opesarcl is Pre | contents’ Of a we Egisker speakiect Ta the inshucion . Abjes accessing Pre OPERHO, re conleds Gk ARIS EGE axe outormakitalliy Tacanadted bo poiot to he nexk eM TOA Ust (e+ — Wis fateererk Ye corteds Of re ~wegster by QO vole Brak Lomesponds fo ro see Cf whe acesed ocperord. — Ve, lnceamet is 1 bye byte -o coe Move Ro,SONMoe mirstT, ao / Clenm et borden 22M. pee Anihodly poling to Crema = @2 > toes’ Cuepr 23 UW, move 24 ec}tu > pesk 1 Store Cecy ts sheet 2 Sore gure CReo +12 test Lo AOD 4D), eI ACP F(R), Ra ALD (#0), 23 ADD # Ib, Ro nN access vit 3 ink +o DECREMENT Ry mode % P Lh ests Sturt, Ro is BLANILH YD Love neck shudet a b-Qig oted +o MOVE RA, disttd 1, Wo 6 Upd Ro = Cevj}+ IG e nenk Sided 1H is Lewerds ahead of, Preaek srdesd TO Fig 10 = Accessing test scree Utst +tb fa Are USt using 6 Ra jadexed adldrersing | Use aq 19) Move 22, Sona Move @3, 90m3 Relerhve Addressing ~The Program courter | ec is uaed iashead ce a geo Prrpore —wegiter . = XCPC) 1 Weed to acters @ Mameny Location that is x bytes ancary fpom the Lxtatina presently poinied to by He Pm. ese address Lecokin is weledve te He PC. - t" { : ' List ef best Stoses ‘hoe Studerts. Mere are 9 Students and Ryser tests conducted ta a given course Compute the sucn of all ccoses olbtained 00 eath of the tests and Store ese three sums 0 locations Sumi, soma , aad som3, The list Of Sones begiadag ak lembien. LIST, girivowsad as shaven in fg 4 Example : N a (3st ded LO a pm Suded 1 LTst+h Test | Coy wads) List +s est 2 LISTHAD Teak 3 UssT +16 Studer 30 Uist 420 Test | Srudet 2 cy vessels) ast +24 Test > Ust+ 28 ess U-byte wored lute -addeetuable Fig 1-91 ® Udk Ob shudeds parks