Lecture 5
TCP/IP Protocols
June 16, 2023
Computer Network II
Outlines
2
Addressing
Application Layer protocols:
HTTP,FTP, SMTP,DNS, DHCP,TELNET
Transport Layer protocols:
UDP, TCP
Internet Layer protocols:
IP, ICMP, NAT
Address Mapping
ARP
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ADDRESSING
3
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port,
and specific.
48 bit address 32 bit address 16 bit address
(0-65535)
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Physical Addressing
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It is included in the frame used by the data link layer. It
is the lowest-level address.
Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical address that is
imprinted on the network interface card(NIC).
It also called MAC Address( Media Access Control)
address or hardware address.
It is a unique identifier assigned to each network
interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer.
It is typically represented as a series of six hexadecimal
numbers separated by colons or hyphens.
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Cont’
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Port Addressing
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IP address and physical address are necessary for data to
travel from a source to destination host.
Arrival at the destination host is not the final goal of
data communication on the Internet.
The end goal of Internet communication is a process
communicating with another process.
We need to label different processes to enable receiving
data simultaneously.
Port Address is the label assigned to a process, 16 bit in
length.
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Common /reserved port addresses- Example
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Cont’
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Specific Addressing
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It is designed by users to access web resources through
different applications on the network.
Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are
designed for that specific address.
Example:
e-mail addresses ( xyt.uog@gmail.com ) to define the
recipient of an e-mail
URL addresses ( https://www. uog.edu.et ) to find a
document on the world wide web
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Logical Addressing
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Logical addresses are necessary for universal
communications that are independent of underlying
physical networks.
Physical addresses are not adequate in an internetwork
environment where different networks can have different
address formats.
A universal addressing system is needed in which each
host can be identified uniquely, regardless of the
underlying physical network.
A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit
address that can uniquely define a host connected to the
Internet.
No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet
can have the same IP address.
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Cont’
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Every device connected to the internet, whether it's a
computer, smartphone, or any other networked device,
is assigned a unique identifier called an IP address.
An IP address is a numerical label that consists of a
series of numbers separated by periods (e.g.,
10.139.10.10).
It serves as the device's virtual address, enabling it to
send and receive data over the internet.
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Cont’
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Application Layer Protocols
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Some of the network applications that worked by
different protocols:
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
File Transfer Protocol
Simple Messaging Transfer Protocol
Domain Name System
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Telnet
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HTTP
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HTTP is the protocol used for transferring hypertext
documents on the World Wide Web.
It defines how web browsers communicate with web
servers, allowing users to request and retrieve web
pages, images, videos, and other web resources.
It is a request/response protocol between a client
and a server.
It works on the well known TCP port 80.
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Cont’
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Client 1: PC running
chrome
Client/server model
client: browser to
request & receive Web
objects
Server
Server: Web server
sends objects in
Client2: Linux running
response to requests FireFox
HTTP working principle
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Cont’
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1. Client initiates TCP connection to server.
2. Server accepts TCP connection from client
3. Messages exchanged between HTTP client and HTTP
server
4. TCP connection closed
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FTP
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FTP is a protocol used for transferring files over a
network.
It provides a set of commands for navigating a remote file
system, uploading and downloading files, and managing
file operations.
FTP also operates in a client-server model, where a client
initiates the connection and communicates with an FTP
server to perform file transfers.
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Cont’
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FTP Advantages and Disadvantages
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Advantages:
Simple implementation
Universal application
Wide used and standardized
Disadvantages:
Multiple TCP/IP connections are used
Hard to filter active mode FTP traffic on the client side.
High latency compared to HTTP
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SMTP
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):
SMTP is an internet protocol for sending and receiving
email.
It is responsible for the transmission of email
messages between mail servers.
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DNS
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DNS (Domain Name Server /System):
DNS is an Internet service that translates domain
names into IP addresses.
Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to
remember for human. The Internet however, is really
based on IP addresses.
Therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into
the corresponding IP address.
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Cont’
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Example:
www.facebook.com
10.154.5.10
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Cont’
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URL : stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
The unique address of any web page.
It tells your computer where the information is stored so it
can be viewed.
Example:
https://[www].[facebook.com]/ [Learn-the-Net -330002341216]/
Sub domain
Protocol Domain
path/directory
By Lake.F
DNS design goals
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The primary goal is a consistent name space which will be
used for referring to resources.
The database which holds the names must be distributed.
The system should be useful across a wide spectrum of
host capabilities.
Both personal computers and large timeshared hosts
should be able to use the system.
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Name Space
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Internet is divided it several hundred top level domains,
where each domain covers many hosts.
Each domain is partitioned into sub domains, these are
further partitioned and so on.
The leaves of the tree represent a company/organization
and contain thousands of host
The root of the tree is a special node with new label as
shown in the following figure.
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Distributed, Hierarchical Database
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First level domains
Root DNS Servers/TLD
com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers
est.org uog.edu ju.edu
gmail.com amazon.com DNS servers DNS servers
DNS servers DNS servers
DNS servers
Second level domains
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Cont’
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Client wants IP for www.amazon.com:
client queries a root server to find com DNS server
client queries com DNS server to get amazon.com DNS
server
client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP address
for www.amazon.com
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TLD and Authoritative Servers
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Top-level domain (TLD) servers:
responsible for com, org, net, edu, etc,
Authoritative DNS servers:
organization’s DNS servers, providing authoritative
hostname to IP mappings for organization’s servers (e.g.,
Web, Mail).
Can be maintained by organization or service provider
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Cont’
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The first level of the generic domain convention
allows seven possible three character labels
describing organization type.
1. com. commercial organization
2. edu. educational institution .
3. gov. government institution.
4. int. international organization.
5. mil. military group.
6. net. Network support center.
7. org. organizations other than listed above.
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DHCP
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):
DHCP is a protocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses to
devices on a network.
With dynamic addressing, a device can have a different IP
address every time it connects to the network.
In some systems, the device's IP address can even change while
it is still connected.
DHCP also supports a mix of static and dynamic IP addresses.
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Cont’
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Every computer on a network must have IP address.
Two ways of assigning an IP address:
1. Static IP
A user assigns an IP address manually
IP address is unique for each device
If manual, IP conflict will happen
Solution
2. Dynamic IP
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Cont’
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Dynamic IP addressing is where a computer gets an
IP address from a DHCP server.
A DHCP server automatically assigns a computer:
IP address
Subnet mask
Default gateway
DNS server
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Cont’
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Cont’
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Lease time
DHCP server assigns IP address as a lease.
Lease is amount of time an IP address is assigned to the
computer.
It help to make sure the DHCP server does no run out of IP
address.
When the lease is expired, the computer send a signal to
renew the IP address lease
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TELNET
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TELNET(TELecommunication NETwork):
TELNET was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15.
TELNET clients have been available on most Unix
systems for many years and are available for virtually all
platforms.
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Cont’
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Most network equipment and OSs with a TCP/IP
stack support some kind of TELNET service server
for their remote configuration.
Once the connection is established, he/she would
then log in with his/her account information and
execute operating system commands remotely on
that computer.
Lake F. Advanced Computer Networks
Transport Layer protocols
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TCP is a reliable, connection-oriented protocol that
operates on top of IP.
It breaks data into packets, ensures their reliable delivery,
and provides mechanisms for flow control and congestion
control.
Application by TCP:
• Browsing email - HTTP
• File Transfer - SMTP
• Congestion Control and Retransmission
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Cont’
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UDP is a simpler, connectionless protocol that also
operates on top of IP.
It is used for lightweight, low-latency communication
and is often employed in scenarios where real-time
streaming, gaming, or voice/video conferencing is
involved.
Application by UDP:
• Online games
• VoIP
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TCP vs UDP
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Connection less
Connection- oriented
Services are like postal
Services are like telephone system
system.
Services are used in case of long Services are used in bursty
and steady communication communication.
Connection is necessary Connection is not necessary
Give guarantee of reliability Don't give guarantee of
reliability.
Data packets follow same route.
Data packets may follow any
route.
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Internet Layer Protocols
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There are common internet layer protocols:
IP
ICMP
NAT
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IP
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Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by
which data is sent from one computer to another on
the internet.
Each computer(known as a host) on the internet has at
least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all
other computers on the internet.
IP is the defining set of protocols that enable the
modern internet.
There are two versions of IP addressing in use
today:
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and IPv6 (Internet
Protocol version 6).
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Cont’
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However, with the growth of the internet and the
increasing number of devices connected to it, IPv4
addresses have become scarce.
IPv6 was developed to address the limitations of
IPv4.
It uses a 128-bit addressing scheme, providing an
enormous number of possible addresses
(approximately 3.4 x 10^38) to accommodate the
expanding network of devices.
IPv6 adoption is gradually increasing to meet the
demand for more IP addresses.
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Cont’
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IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol,
designed to replace IPv4 due to its limited address
space.
IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, providing a significantly
larger number of unique IP addresses compared to
IPv4.
It offers improved security, better support for mobile
networks, and additional features such as auto-
configuration and easier network renumbering.
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Cont’
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Despite all short-term solutions, address depletion is
still a long-term problem for the Internet.
This and other problems in the IP protocol itself have
been the motivation for IPv6.
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IPv6 address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation
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ICMP
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ICMP(Internet Controlled Messaging protocol) generates a low-
level request and response to ensure continual connectivity
between two network devices.
ICMP is a control protocol; hence it does not transmit
application data, but rather information about the network
status.
ICMP is mainly used to send error messages.
There are currently many network utilities based on ICMP
messages that can detect errors in the communications of
network applications.
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Cont’
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ICMP pings are request packets used to tests the status or
availability of a device or server on a network.
The ICPM then measures the ping’s round-trip time for
messages sent between the originating host and the
destination.
A ping is lightweight with small packets, very flexible, and
makes little interference on the network operations.
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NAT
48
NAT (Network Address Translation): NAT is a
technique used to translate between private IP
addresses used within a local network and public IP
addresses used on the Internet.
It allows multiple devices in a private network to
share a single public IP address, enabling them to
access the Internet.
NAT provides a form of firewall by hiding internal IP
addresses from external networks.
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Cont’
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• More hosts to be connected to the internet & IP addresses
are in depletion.
Solution: NAT (used in router).
• Preserve the limited amount of IPV4 public IP addresses.
• NAT translates a set of IP addresses in to another set of IP
addresses. (Public Private)
Translate from private IP address to public IP address.
Read about private and public IP addresses
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ARP
50
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network layer
communication protocol defined in RFC826.
It's used to dynamically map an internet protocol (IP)
to a hardware or MAC address.
If a primary host wants to communicate with another
destination host, it sends out a broadcast request to the
entire network.
The MAC address of the destination host, which
matches the request, is returned to the primary host as
a response to the request.
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Address Mapping
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The process of mapping an internet address to a physical
address is typically handled by IP and the Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP).
Mapping process:
When a device wants to communicate with another
device on the same local network (subnetwork), it checks
if it has the destination device's IP address and MAC
address in its ARP cache.
The ARP cache maintains a table of IP-to-MAC address
mappings.
If the mapping is not present in the ARP cache, the
device sends an ARP request broadcast message on the
local network, asking "Who has IP address X?".
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Cont’
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This message is received by all devices on the network.
The device with the corresponding IP address responds
with an ARP reply message, containing its MAC address.
This reply is usually unicast directly to the requesting
device.
The requesting device updates its ARP cache with the IP-
to-MAC address mapping obtained from the ARP reply.
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Cont’
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If the destination device is not on the local network, the
sending device needs to determine the next hop (router) to
reach the destination.
It consults its routing table, which contains information
about network segments and the associated next-hop
routers.
The sending device forwards the packet to the appropriate
next-hop router based on the routing table information.
This process repeats until the packet reaches the destination
network and eventually the destination device.
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Cont’
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It's important to note that the mapping between IP
addresses and physical addresses (MAC addresses) is
primarily relevant in local network communication.
When communication occurs across different
networks or over the internet, the mapping is done at
various network layers using techniques like IP
routing and domain name resolution.
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