Chapter 1

An Introduction to Networking

Network+ Guide to Networks

6th Edition

Ammar Kazemi dehaghi

CCIE WR – CCNP – CCDP – CCNA – CCDA – MCITP
 Objectives

• List the advantages of networked computing relative

to stand-alone computing
• Distinguish between client/server and peer-to-peer
networks
• List elements common to all client/server networks

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 Why Use Networks?
• Network
– Group of computers and devices (sharable) connected
to each other to share common resources
• Data : file & folder / Hardware: printer /
Services: Internet sharing
• Stand-alone computer
– Not connected to other computers
– Uses local software and data
• Advantages of networks
– Device sharing by multiple users
• Saves money and time
– Central network management 3
 Types of Networks

• Models vary according to:

– Computer positioning
– Control levels over shared resources
– Communication and resource sharing schemes
• Network models
– Peer-to-peer
– Client/server

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 Peer-to-Peer Networks

• Direct computer communication

– Equal authority
• Individual resource sharing
– May share resources
– May prevent access to resources
• Traditional model
– Two or more general purpose computers:
• Capable of sending and receiving information to and
from every other computer

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 Peer-to-Peer Networks (cont’d.)

Figure 1-1 Resource sharing on a simple peer-to-peer network

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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 Peer-to-Peer Networks (cont’d.)

• Advantages
– Simple configuration
– Less expensive
• Compared to other network models
• Disadvantages
– Not flexible
– Not necessarily secure
– Not practical for large installations

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 Peer-to-Peer Networks (cont’d.)

• Resource sharing method

– Modify file sharing controls
• User responsibility
– Not centrally controlled
• Access may not be uniform or secure
• Environments
– Small home or office
– Large networks using the Internet

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 Client/Server Networks

• Server
– Central computer
– Facilitates communication and resource sharing
• Clients
– Personal computers
– Also known as workstations
• Central resource sharing controlled by server
– Sharing data, storage space, devices
– No direct sharing of client resources

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 Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)

• Computer roles
– Server
– Clients
• Run local applications
• Store data locally
• Use server shared applications, data, devices
• Use server as intermediary
• Communication
– Switches or routers

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 Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)

Figure 1-2 Resource sharing on a client/server network

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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 Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)
• Server requirement
– Network operating system
• Manages client data, resources
• Ensures authorized user access
• Controls user file access
• Restricts user network access
• Dictates computer communication rules
• Supplies application to clients
• Server examples
– UNIX, Linux, Microsoft Server 2008 - 2012 R2, MAC
OS X Server

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 Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)

• Server features relative to clients

– More memory, processing, storage capacity
– Equipped with special hardware
• Provides network management functions
• Disadvantages relative to peer-to-peer networks
– Complex design and maintenance

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 Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)

• Advantages relative to peer-to-peer networks

– User credential assigned from one place
– Multiple shared resource access centrally controlled
– Central problem monitoring, diagnostics, correction
capabilities
– Optimized to handle heavy processing loads
– Can connect many computers on a network
– More scalable

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 LANs, MANs, and WANs
• Local Area Network (LAN)
– A LAN connects network devices over a relatively
short distance.
– A networked office building, school, or home
usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one
building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one
per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group
of nearby buildings.
– LANs are also typically owned, controlled, and
managed by a single person or organization. They
also tend to use certain connectivity technologies,
primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.
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  Wireless LAN(WLAN)
◦ A LAN based on WiFi wireless network technology

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

◦ A WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet
is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth.

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

◦ A network spanning a physical area larger than a
LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN
is typically owned an operated by a single entity such
as a government body or large corporation.
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LANs, MANs, and WANs

17
 LANs, MANs, and WANs (cont’d.)

Figure 1-3 Interconnected LANs

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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 LANs, MANs, and WANs (cont’d.)

Figure 1-4 A simple WAN

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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 LANs, MANs, and WANs (cont’d.)

Ownership

The cost of communication links

The bandwidth of communication lines

Temporary / Permanent

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 Elements Common to Client/Server Networks
• Server
◦ A server does exactly what the name implies: It
provides resources to the clients on the network.
◦ Servers are typically powerful computers that run the
software that controls and maintains the network.
◦ Examples of servers:
 File Server
 Print Server
 Web Server
 Mail Server
 Remote Access Server
 Proxy Server
 DHCP Server
 DNS Server 21
 Elements Common to Client/Server Networks

• Workstation / Client
– The term workstation normally refers to any
computer that is connected to the network and used
by an individual to do work.
– A client is any network entity that can request
resources from the network; a workstation is a
computer that can request resources.
– Workstations can be clients, but not all clients are
workstations.
• Host
– In fact, a host, in TCP/IP terms, is any network device
that has an IP address.

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 Elements Common to Client/Server Networks

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 Elements Common to
Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)
• NIC (network interface card)
– Device inside computer
– Connects computer to network media
– Allows communication with other computers
• NOS (network operating system)
– Server software
– Enables server to manage data, users, groups,
security, applications, and other networking functions

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 Elements Common to
Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)

Figure 1-5 A NIC (network interface card)

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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 Elements Common to
Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)
• Node
– Client, server, or other device
– Communicates over a network
– Identified by unique network address

• Connectivity device
– Allows multiple networks or multiple parts of one
network to connect and exchange data

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 Elements Common to
Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)
• Segment
– Group of nodes
– Uses same communications channel for traffic
• Backbone
– Connects segments and significant shared devices
– “A network of networks”
• Topology
• a topology is a usually schematic description of the
arrangement of a network, including its nodes and
connecting lines
– Computer network physical layout
– Ring, bus, star or hybrid formation
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 Elements Common to
Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)

Figure 1-6 A LAN backbone

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

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 Figure 1-7 Common network topologies
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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 Elements Common to
Client/Server Networks (cont’d.)
• Protocol
– Standard method or format for communication
between networked devices
• Packet
– Distinct data units exchanged between nodes
• Addressing
– Scheme for assigning unique identifying number to
every node
• Transmission media
– Means through which data is transmitted and
received
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 Figure 1-8 Examples of network transmission media
Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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 How Networks Are Used

• Network services
– Functions provided by a network
– E-mail
– Printer sharing
– File sharing
– Internet access and Web site delivery
– Remote access capabilities
– Voice (telephone) and video services
– Network management

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 File and Print Services

• File services
– Capability of server to share data files, applications
and disk storage space
• File server
– Provides file services
• File services provide foundation of networking
• Print services
– Share printers across network
– Saves time and money

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 Access Services

• Allow remote user network connection

• Allow network users to connect to machines outside
the network
• Remote user
– Computer user on different network or in different
geographical location from LAN’s server
• Network operating systems include built-in access
services

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 Internet Services

• Web server
– Computer installed with appropriate software to
supply Web pages to many different clients upon
demand
• Other Internet services
– File transfer capabilities
– Internet addressing schemes
– Security filters
– Means for directly logging on to other Internet
computers

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