PART - A

Write a Technical Details and its Specifications of the following:

➢ Access Points

Access Points (APs) help connect wireless devices to a wired network. They act like a bridge
between a wired network and Wi-Fi devices. Modern APs are super fast, supporting
technologies like Wi-Fi 6 and better security with WPA3 encryption.

➢ Hub

A hub is a simple device that connects multiple devices in a network. It sends data to all
devices, not just the intended one, which can cause a lot of collisions. It’s basic and not used
much in modern networks.

➢ Switch

A switch is smarter than a hub. It connects devices and sends data only to the right device by
using MAC addresses. Advanced switches can create virtual networks (VLANs) and improve
network performance.

➢ Router and Routing Table

Routers connect different networks, like your home Wi-Fi to the Internet, by using IP
addresses. They use a routing table, a kind of map, to decide the best path for data to travel.

➢ Repeaters

Repeaters boost weak signals to cover long distances. They’re like signal amplifiers and are
used to avoid losing data over a long stretch of cable or wireless signal.

➢ Network Interface Card (NIC)

A NIC is a small device, either built-in or external, that allows your computer to connect to a
network. It works for both wired and wireless connections and can handle very high speeds.

➢ Modem

A modem is what connects your home to the Internet. It changes digital data from your
computer into signals that can travel through cables or phone lines and vice versa.

➢ Internet and its Characteristics

The Internet is a giant network that connects the world. It’s reliable, accessible to everyone,
and allows us to browse, email, video call, and more.
 ➢ Coaxial Cable

This cable has a single copper wire in the center, with layers of insulation and shielding. It’s
used for TV and Internet connections and can handle a lot of data without interference.

➢ Twisted Pair Cable and its Types

Twisted pair cables have two wires twisted together to reduce interference.

• UTP (Unshielded): Common for Ethernet.

• STP (Shielded): Has extra protection to reduce interference even more.

➢ Optical Fiber

Optical fiber uses light to send data, making it super-fast and reliable. It’s used for long
distances and can handle huge amounts of data without interference.

➢ Firewalls and its Types

Firewalls protect your network by blocking unwanted traffic.

• Hardware Firewalls: Physical devices.

• Software Firewalls: Installed on computers.
• Cloud Firewalls: Managed online, for modern networks.

➢ Gateway

A gateway connects different networks and translates data so they can talk to each other. It’s
like a translator between two languages in networking.

➢ Bridge

A bridge splits a big network into smaller parts to reduce congestion. It checks where data
needs to go and sends it to the right segment.

➢ Connectors (e.g., RJ45, RJ11, BNC)

• RJ45: Used for Ethernet cables, like in home networks.

• RJ11: Smaller, used for telephone lines.
• BNC: Round connectors used for video or old coaxial cables.

➢ Network Simulator (e.g., Cisco Packet Tracer)

Cisco Packet Tracer lets you practice building and testing virtual networks without needing
real hardware. It’s great for learning and testing ideas.
 ➢ Ethernet with Examples

Ethernet is how most devices connect in a LAN.

• Fast Ethernet: 100 Mbps.

• Gigabit Ethernet: 1 Gbps, very common now.
• 10-Gigabit Ethernet: Super-fast, used in advanced setups.

➢ IP Addressing and its Classifications

Every device on a network has an IP address, like a house address.

• Class A: For big organizations.

• Class B: For medium networks.
• Class C: For small networks, like homes or offices.
Subnetting helps divide these ranges for better management.

PART – B

1. Conduct an Experiment on Crimping of RJ-45 connector – Straight/Cross

Connections (Crimping tool & RJ-45 connector pins are required)

• Aim: Crimping of RJ-45- Straight and Cross to check connectivity using LAN tester

• Notes:

Straight-through crimping connects the pins of an RJ-45 connector in the same

sequence at both ends, used for connecting different devices (e.g., computer to
switch).
Crossover crimping swaps the send and receive pin pairs, used for connecting
similar devices (e.g., computer to computer).

• Procedure :
➢ Take a Cat 6 LAN cable and use a wire cutter to a part of the wire.
➢ By looking at the table of straight and cross connection table arrange the wires in a
colour coded manner
➢ Insert in the RJ-45 connector securely and use the crimping tool and insert in carefully
and crimp it.
➢ Pull the wire from the connector to check if you’ve inserted the wire properly and
crimped it
➢ Use the LAN tester to check if the wires are inserted properly after crimping all the
lights must blink after u check in tester.
➢ Do the same thing to the other side of the wire and check the connectivity.
 Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection

Diagram shows you how to prepare straight through wired connection

2. Build a circuit to Generate and detect of BASK signal using communication kit.
(Communication Kit is required)

AIM:

To study the generation and detection of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

 EQUIPMENTS/APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No Name of the Equipment/Component Specifications/Range Quantity

1. Modulation and demodulation One
Trainer kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S One
3. Power supply One
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch card As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

PROCEDURE FOR ASK:

• Do the connections given as per the block diagram.

• Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and switch it on.
• Set the message data bit.
• Observe the wave forms of
➢ Message data
➢ Carrier signal
➢ ASK modulator output
➢ ASK demodulator output
• Plot it on graph paper.

PRECAUTIONS:

• Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
• Check the connection before giving the power supply.
• Do the observations carefully.
• Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.
ASK THEORY:

The amplitude of the carrier wave is modified based on the digital data signal. The

carrier wave is present at a certain amplitude to represent binary '1' and either a

lower amplitude or zero amplitude to represent binary '0'.

ASK GRAPH:

ASK BLOCK DIAGRAM:

3. Build a circuit to Generate and detect of BFSK signal using communication kit.
(Communication Kit is required)

AIM:

To study the generation and detection of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).

 EQUIPMENTS/APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No Name of the Equipment/Component Specifications/Range Quantity

1. Modulation and demodulation One
Trainer kit
2. Digital storage oscilloscope 100MHz,1GSa/S One
3. Power supply One
4. Probes As per req.
5. Patch card As per req.
6. Connecting wires As per req.

PROCEDURE FOR FSK:

• Do the connections given as per the block diagram.

• Connect the power supply in proper polarity to the kit and switch it on.
• Observe the wave forms of
➢ Clock
➢ SIN1 &SIN2
➢ Modulator output
➢ FSKOUT
• Plot it on graph paper

PRECAUTIONS:

• Do not use open ended wires to connect 230V, 50Hz power supply.
• Check the connection before giving the power supply.
• Do the observations carefully.
• Disconnect the circuit after switched off the power supply.

FSK THEORY:

• The frequency of the carrier wave is varied according to the digital signal being

transmitted. Each bit is represented by a different frequency; for example, one

frequency for binary '1' and another for binary '0'.

 FSK GRAPH:

FSK BLOCK DIAGRAM:

4. Install Cisco Packet Tracer & Create a Simple Peer to Peer Network.

STEP 1: After Cisco Packet Tracer download, click on the downloaded exe file. Once
below Window will appear, click the “Next” option –

STEP 2: On the next screen, select “I accept the agreement” and click on “Next”.
STEP 3: Setup will show the folder in which the program’s shortcuts will be created. If you
want to change the folder, you can change it. Click on “Next”.

STEP 4: Then the program will ask whether to create a Desktop icon and create a Quick
Launch icon. Make your choice and click on “Next”.

STEP 5: The summary of the settings we selected is displayed. Click on “Install”.

STEP 6: The cisco packet tracer installation starts.

5. Create & Demonstrate STAR Topology using Simulator.

Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected to

the central hub, switch or a central computer.

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place a switch and 2 PC’s and 2 Laptops
• Choose the Automatic connections and connect 2 PC’s to the switch and 2 Laptops to
the switch in a star shape.
• Then assign the IP Address to the PC’s and Laptops individually.
• Click on the PDU packets Assign them from PC1 to both laptops and PC2 to both the
laptops.
• Go to simulation and run the test.

Device Name IP Address Subnet Mask

PC0 155.178.1.1 255.255.0.0

PC1 155.178.1.2 255.255.0.0

Laptop0 155.178.1.3 255.255.0.0

Laptop1 155.178.1.4 255.255.0.0

 6. Create & Demonstrate BUS Topology using Simulator.

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place 3 PC’s and 5 switches
• Rename the switches the first and last as Terminal 1 and Terminal 2.
• And rename the other remaining switches as Drop Line 1,2,3.
• Use the automatic connections to connect all 5 switches together and drop Line 1 to
PC 1 Drop Line 2 to PC 2 and Drop Line 3 to PC 3.
• Assign IP address to all the PC’s
• Use the PDU packets and start assigning them from PC3 to PC1 and 2, PC2 to PC1
and 3, PC1 to PC2 and 3.
• Go to simulation and run the test.

IP address PC1 = 156.62.2.1

IP address PC2 = 156.62.2.2

IP address PC3 = 156.62.2.3

Subnet mask for all devices = 255.255.0.0

7. Configure & Install an Ethernet Switch / Hub using Simulator

Switch=

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place a switch and 5 PC’s.
• Assign IP addresses to all those PC’s
• Then use the automatic connection and connect all the PC’s to the switch
• Then use the PDU packets and assign them for PC1 to PC4
• And run this test in simulation

Hub=

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place a hub and 6 PC’s.
• Assig IP addresses to all those 6 PC’s
• While connecting the PC’s to click on the PC and then on fast ethernet and connect it
to hub and there either click on port 1 or fast ethernet 1 do the same with all PC’s
• Then use the PDU’s and click on the PC1 and then to PC4
• And run the test in simulation
 8. Create a client – server model in simulator and observe the client Interaction
between the server and PC using packet tracer

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place a server, switch and 4 PC’s.
• Use the automatic connection cables to connect the PC’s to switch and switch to
server.
• Now click on server go to config and fast ethernet enter the IP address and subnet will
come by default
• Go to services which is exactly next to config and click on DHCP and press on enter
the default gateway and enter the maximum number of users(24) and also the start IP
address(101) and save it.
• Go to config settings and enter the default gateway. The server part is completed.
• Now go to PC and go to the IP configuration click on the DHCP option as by default
it is in static it will come as requesting for IP addressing and by default it will be done
do the same to all the rest of the PC’s.
• Use the PDU packets to check if everything is connected assign them by connecting it
to PC to PC and then PC to server and Server to PC.

9. Create/model a simple Ethernet network using 3 hosts and a switch, Observe

traffic behaviour on the network and Observe data flow of ARP broadcasts and

pings.

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place a switch and 4 PC’s.
• Connect them using the copper straight wires and while connecting do it from switch
to PC’s as in switch fast ethernet 1 to PC1 fast ethernet and switch fast ethernet 2 to
PC2 fast ethernet etc
• Do the IP configuration to all the PC’s
• Go to the PC1 desktop and command prompt and give the command arp -a you’ll get
no arp entries found
• Go to simulation mode now as were sending a message from PC1 to PC4 open the
command prompt of PC1 and enter ping (IP address of PC4)
• Run the test and while its running open the arp table of the PC1 to see the information
wen the message is received .To open the arp table click on the magnifying symbol
that is inspect and click on PC1 and click ARP table.
• Then go to command prompt again enter the command arp -a now here we will find 1
entry as a we have done one of the arp broadcasts.
 10. Create a Simple Sub netting of Network using Simulator and observe the
movement of Packets between different networks.

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place a router, 2 switches and 6 PC’s.
• Use the automatic cable connection to connect router to the 2 switches and connect
first switch to the first 3 PC’s and the second switch to the rest 3 PC’S
• Assign all the IP addresses to the PC’s
• Go to router and click on config in that under the interface click on gigabit ethernet
0/0 and assign the IP address and the subnet mask will come automatically but do
check if the subnet is 255.255.255.128
• Click on do the same on gigabit ethernet 0/1assign its own IP address and the same
subnet mask must be present.

11. Create Client Server Model and Observe DNS Name Resolution with the
Conversion of a URL to an IP address.

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place a 3 server, switches and a PC.
• Using the automatic cable connection connect the servers to the switch and the switch
to the PC.
• Assign the IP address and DNS to all the servers and PC.
• Go to the first server and then to services and then click on the HTTP and edit the
index.html file
• To facebook.html file by writing Welcome to Facebook.
• Do the same thing with the second server but by writing Youtube.html and Welcome
to YouTube.
• Click on PC and click on command prompt and ping all the 3 servers.
• Go to the server 3 and then go to services there choose the DNS
• Fill name as facebook.com and next as youtube.com with its respective server IP
address.
• Then go to PC desktop web browser and search the specific name and press enter.

12. Implement simple static routing for Troubleshooting of IP addressing

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place 2 routers, 2 switches and 4 PC’s.
• Connect using the automatic cable connection server to server and server1 to switch1,
server2 to switch2, switch1 to PC1 and 2, switch2 to PC3 and 4
• Make sure the routers both the gigabytes are on to get the green light.
• Click on the PC’s and routers to assign the IP configuration and default gateway to
just PC’s.
• On the top left corner click on inspect that is the magnifying symbol and click on
router1 and click on routing table there will be only 2 readings at that current moment.
• Click on router1 and go to config and then static enter the enter the network as the IP
address of the same routers fast ethernet 0/1 but with the last number of 0 and subnet
as default 255.255.255.0 and then next hop the actual IP address of the router2 that is
fast ethernet 0/0 and then click on add.
• We can check this by clicking on the Routing table again.
• Do the same thing with the router2
• Now we can use the PDU packets and try to send the message from one set of router
to another and the status of packet should be successful to show you’ve done the
configuration right.

13. Demonstrate troubleshooting Commands by designing the suitable Network

Scenarios- Examples: ipconfig, Pathping, ping, netstat, tracert, nslookup.

[Note –for ‘NSLOOKUP’ command DNS server is needed]

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place 2 PC’s and connect them both
• Assign the IP address for both the PC’s
• Click on the PC’s desktop and then command prompt and execute these 2 commands
in them.
ping (IP address)
tracert (IP address)
• Click on start on the particular device your working and search for command prompt
and enter these following commands
netstat -a
ipconfig /all
nslookup

Theory=
• ipconfig: Displays the IP configuration of a computer's network interfaces.
• tracert: Traces the route packets take to a destination, showing each hop and delay.
• nslookup: Queries DNS servers to obtain domain name or IP address mapping.
• ping: Tests connectivity to a specific IP address or domain and measures round-trip
time.
• netstat: Displays active network connections, listening ports, and protocol statistics.

14. Use Simulator to Demonstrate Telnet or SSH.

• Open Cisco packet tracer application.

• Place a router and a PC.
• Do the configuration that’s needed for the router by clicking on the gigabit ethernet
0/0 and assign the IP address and check the on option
• Do the configuration of default gateway and the IP addressing on the PC.
• Now go to router open the CLI and follow these commands (spaces are given)
exit
line vty 0
password 12345
login
enable password 12345
• Now go to PC command prompt in desktop and enter the following commands
telnet 192.168.1.1
12345(It will ask the verification password)
• Now go to router CLI again and enter the following commands
en
12345
config t
hostname localhost
ip domain name jss
crypto key generate rsa
1024(it will ask how many bits)
line vty 0
transport input ssh
exit
• Now go to PC command prompt again and enter the following commands
ssh -l admin 192.168.1.1
12345(it will ask password)
enable
12345(it will again ask password)