CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Reproduction
PRASHANT KIRAD
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Reproduction
The term for creating new life from existing life is Reproduction. Its significance lies in:
- Replacing deceased organisms.
- Ensuring the continuity of life on Earth.

Sexual Types Of Asexual

Reproduction Reproduction Reproduction

DNA: DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the molecule that carries the genetic
instructions for life. It is found in the cells of all living organisms and is responsible

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for passing traits from one generation to the next. DNA is like a blueprint that
determines everything about an organism, from how it looks to how it functions.
Significance of DNA Replication:
→ Preserves body structure. RA
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→ Facilitates the inheritance of traits.
→ Introduces diversity during the DNA replication process.
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Significance of variation:
→ Essential for evolutionary processes.
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→ Enables adaptation to changing environments.

→ Contributes to the resilience and survival of populations.
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Asexual Reproduction: EMA

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Asexual reproduction is a type of Vegetative

reproduction where a single organism Fragmentation Propagation
produces offspring that are
Types of Asexual
genetically identical to itself. This Reproduction
process does not involve the fusion of
gametes (sperm and egg), and the Fission Budding Regeneration Spore
offsprings are exact copies of the Formation

parent.
Fission:
A unicellular organism, such as bacteria, undergoes division into two or more organisms.
Generally categorized into two types, this process involves binary fission and multiple
fission.
Binary fission: Involves the splitting of an organism into two
new organisms under specific conditions.
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Binary fission in Amoeba: Initially, the nucleus undergoes

division into two, followed by the division of cytoplasm.
Ultimately, the parent cell splits into two daughter cells.

Multiple fission: Multiple fission involves the parent organism dividing into numerous
identical daughter organisms simultaneously. This reproductive mechanism is observed
in certain organisms, including Plasmodium, the malarial parasite.
Fragmentation:
In Fragmentation an organism breaks into two or more
pieces, and each piece grows into a new, complete organism.
This process is common in organisms like starfish,
flatworms, and some types of algae. Each fragment
develops into an independent organism that is genetically
identical to the parent.
Example: Algae (Spirogyra) undergo maturation and
subsequently break into two or more small fragments. Each

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of these fragments then grows independently, eventually

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developing into a completely new organism.

Budding:
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In the process of budding, small outgrowths called "buds" emerge from the body of the
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parent organism. These buds eventually detach and give rise to new organisms. Examples
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include Hydra and yeast.

Hydra:
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Hydra, a simple multicellular organism, reproduces

asexually through budding utilizing regenerative
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cells.
Initiation involves a small bud forming on one side
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through simple mitotic division.

The bud matures, developing a mouth and tentacles.
Ultimately, the new Hydra detaches from the
parent's body to live independently as a singular
organism.
Vegetative Propagation:
Vegetative propagation involves obtaining new plants from portions of an old plant
without the involvement of reproductive structures. Typically, this process centers on
the growth and development of a single bud on an existing
plant part to give rise to a new plant. Examples include
potato buds, onion bulbs, leaf buds of Bougainvillea, and
Dahlia roots. This method is a form of natural
propagation.

Artificial methods of vegetative propagation are techniques used by humans to grow

new plants from the parts of existing plants. Common artificial methods include:
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Cutting: A part of the plant, usually a stem or leaf, is cut

and planted in soil or water, where it develops roots and
grows into a new plant. Example: Rose.

Grafting: A branch (scion) from one plant is attached to

the stem of another plant (rootstock) in such a way that
they grow together and develop into a single plant. This is
commonly used in fruit trees like apples and mangoes.

Layering: In this method, a branch of the plant is bent

down and covered with soil, where it develops roots. Once
rooted, the branch is cut from the parent plant and grows
independently. Example: Jasmine.

Advantages of Artificial Plant Propagation:

Ensures that new plants inherit precisely the desired

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characteristics of the parent.

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Requires less attention for the growth of plants propagated
through this process.
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Allows the generation of multiple plants from the same parent, JOSH METER?

increasing efficiency and productivity.

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Tissue Culture:
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Tissue culture generates new plants from a small

piece of plant tissue or cells taken from a
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growing plant. This tissue is then cultivated under

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suitable conditions.
Advantages of tissue culture:
Rapid plant growth characterizes tissue culture,
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making it a quick technique.

Plants produced through tissue culture are free
from diseases.
It results in many plants in a short period, typically weeks, and requires minimal
space for growth.
Regeneration:
Regeneration is the reconstruction of a complete organism from a specific body part.
Challenges in Complex Multicellular Organisms:
Regeneration is viable in organisms with simpler body structures than cellular
organization.
In complex multicellular organisms, cells assemble into tissues, tissues into organs,
organs into organ systems, and ultimately, organ systems constitute the entire
organism.
The intricate hierarchy of organization in complex multicellular organisms hinders
the formation of a complete individual from a cultured body part.
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Spore Formation:
In spore formation, a parent plant generates
numerous microscopic reproductive units known as
spores. Upon bursting the plant's spore case, these
spores disperse into the air. Subsequently, airborne
spores settle on the soil, and under favorable
conditions, they initiate germination, giving rise to
new plants.

Sexual Reproduction:
Sexual reproduction involves the union of two specialized
reproductive cells known as "sex cells," alternatively referred
to as "gametes" or "germ cells." There are two types: male
gametes (sperm) and female gametes (egg). The fusion of a
male gamete with a female gamete results in the formation of Sabse zyada pucha jata

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a "zygote" cell, which subsequently develops into a new hai yeh topic.
organism.

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The union of a male gamete and a female gamete leads to the formation of a "zygote"
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cell, which subsequently develops into a new organism.

Sexual Reproduction in flowering plant: EMA

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Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are characterized by sex

organs in their flowers, with seeds enclosed within fruits.
These plants exhibit a variety of reproductive structures.
Bisexual flowers contain both male and female reproductive
organs within the same flower. In contrast, unisexual
flowers have either male or female reproductive parts
within a single flower.

Stamen: The stamen is the male part of the flower

responsible for reproduction. A single flower can
have several stamens.
Anther: The anther is a two-lobed structure
located at the tip of the stamen. It contains two
pollen sacs producing yellowish pollen grains.
Carpel: The carpel is the female reproductive part
located at the center of the flower.
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It consists mainly of three parts:

1. Stigma: The stigma is the terminal part of the carpel and may be sticky. It
plays a role in receiving pollen grains during pollination.
2. Style: The style is the elongated middle part of the carpel. It aids in connecting
the stigma to the ovary.
3. Ovary: The ovary is the swollen bottom part of the carpel. It contains ovules
that house the egg cell, the female gamete.

“Bht important topic

hai”
- Prashant Bhaiya
Pollination: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of the

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stamen to the stigma of a flower.

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Self-pollination: In self-pollination, pollen from the stamen of a flower is
transferred to the stigma of the same flower.
Cross-pollination: Cross-pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the
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stamen of one flower to the stigma of a different flower.
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Fertilization:
In following pollination, fertilization occurs in plants, involving the fusion of male
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germ cells with female gametes, forming a zygote.

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Upon landing on a suitable stigma, pollen reaches the female germ cells in the ovary
through a pollen tube, growing from the pollen grains, traveling through the style,
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and reaching the ovary.

After fertilization, the zygote undergoes multiple divisions, forming an embryo
within the ovule. The ovule develops a sturdy coat and transforms into a seed.
The ovary enlarges and matures into a fruit. The seed contains a future embryo,
which, under favorable conditions, grows into a seedling in a process called
germination.
Sexual reproduction in Human Beings
Puberty: Puberty is the stage when "sex hormones" are
produced, marking the sexual maturity of a boy or girl.
Age of Puberty: - Boys: 13-14 years
- Girls: 10-12 years
Sex Hormones:
➔ Testis produces the male sex hormone testosterone.
➔ Ovaries produce two female sex hormones, estrogen and
progesterone.
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Common Changes in Both Genders:

➔ Growth of thick, darker hair in new body parts like
armpits and the genital area.
➔ Thickening of hair on arms, legs, and face.
➔ Skin becomes oily with the development of pimples.
Changes in Girls:
➔ Increase in breast size. JOSH METER?

➔ Darkening of the nipple tips.

➔ Onset of menstruation. EMA

Male Reproductive System:

Testis: The testis is responsible for the
production of germ cells or sperm. It is
situated outside the abdominal cavity within
the scrotum, a positioning essential for sperm

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formation as it necessitates a lower
temperature than the body's normal operating
temperature.
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➔ Sperm are small entities
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comprising a lengthy tail, facilitating

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their movement toward the female

germ cell.
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What is a sperm?
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Vas Deferens: The vas deferens transports the formed sperm, which combines
with a tube originating from the urinary bladder.
Urethra: The urethra is a duct that conveys urine from the bladder and serves
as a passage for semen in males.
Prostate Gland and seminal Vesicle: Secretes fluid to make transport easier for
the sperm. This fluid also provides nutrition.
Scrotum: The scrotum is a small pouch housing the testes, located outside the
abdominal cavity. Because sperm formation occurs here, a lower temperature than
the body's normal temperature, necessary for this process.
Penis: The penis is the external male reproductive organ that transfers sperm
into the female vagina during copulation.
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Female Reproductive System:
Ovaries: Paired, oval-shaped organs are located in the abdominal cavity near the
kidney. It produces thousands of ova or egg cells and secrete female sex hormones
like estrogen progesterone.
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Oviduct (fallopian tube): The oviduct, also

known as the fallopian tube, transports eggs
from the ovary to the uterus. It serves as
the site for fertilization and features a
funnel-shaped opening near the ovary, with
additional openings connecting to the uterus
on both sides.
Uterus (womb): A Hollow, pear-shaped bag-
like structure where the growth and
development of the fetus take place.
Vagina: It relieves stems from the male
partner, and serves as a birth canal.
Cervix: lower and the narrower portion of
the uterus which opens into the vagina

Fertilization or Sexual Reproduction in Animals:

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Sperm and Ovum Production: Male parent produces sperm and Female parent
produces ovum.
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Fertilization Process: During copulation, sperm enters the ovum and
Fertilization occurs, resulting in the formation of the first cell, known as a
zygote.
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Embryo Formation: The zygote undergoes various divisions to form an embryo.

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Implantation: The embryo embeds itself into the soft and thick lining of the
uterus. This process is known as implantation.
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Placenta Development: During pregnancy, the placenta grows into a disc

between the uterine wall and the embryo.
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The placenta forms finger-like projections called villi towards the embryo.
Child Development: The development of the child inside the mother's body
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takes approximately nine months in humans.

Childbirth Process: Strong rhythmic muscular contractions in the uterus cause
childbirth if the egg is not fertilized.
Unfertilized Egg Outcome: If the egg is not fertilized, menstruation occurs.

Menstruation:
Each month, the ovary releases a single egg, prompting the uterus
to prepare itself for the potential arrival of a fertilized egg. This
preparation involves the thickening and spongy transformation of
the uterine lining. If the released egg remains unfertilized, its
lifespan is approximately one day. In the absence of fertilization,
the thickened uterine lining is deemed unnecessary. Consequently,
the lining gradually breaks down and is expelled through the vagina
as a combination of blood and mucous. This natural process, known
as menstruation, recurs roughly every month and typically spans a
duration of about two to eight days.
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Birth Control: EMA

Some Contraceptive or Birth control methods:

Barrier Methods:
1. Condoms: Thin coverings worn on the penis or inside the vagina to prevent sperm
from reaching the egg.
2. Diaphragm: A dome-shaped device placed over the cervix to block sperm from
entering the uterus.

Hormonal Methods:
1. Birth Control Pills: Pills taken by women daily to
prevent ovulation (release of an egg).
2. Contraceptive Injections: Hormones injected into
the body to prevent ovulation for a few months.
3. Contraceptive Patches: Patches worn on the skin
that release hormones to prevent pregnancy.

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Intrauterine Devices (IUDs):

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1. Copper IUD: A small device inserted into the uterus that releases copper to
prevent sperm from fertilizing the egg.
2. Hormonal IUD: Similar to the copper IUD but releases hormones to prevent
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pregnancy.
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Surgical Methods:
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1. Vasectomy: A surgical procedure for men where the tubes carrying sperm are
cut or sealed.
2. Tubectomy (Tubal Ligation): A surgical procedure for women where the
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fallopian tubes are cut or sealed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus.
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Health Consequences of Unprepared Pregnancy:

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● If a woman is not ready for pregnancy, it can negatively impact her physical and
mental health.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Diseases

transmitted through sexual contact are known as
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
● Examples include AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome) and genital warts, often caused by
infections like gonorrhea.

Importance of Safe Practices:

● Raising awareness about safe practices and
preventive measures is crucial for safeguarding sexual
health.