Brief about Egypt

Egypt's geographic site

Egypt is located in the northern Africa and has borders with Gaza strip , Palestine ,
Libya and Sudan. Egypt's boundaries also include the Sinai Peninsula. Its
topography consists mainly of desert plateau but the eastern part is cut by
the Nile River valley.
It is likely to reach deadly heights more and more often due to the countries
latitude (close to the equator). An increase in temperature would also see a
rise in evaporation levels reducing the amount of water in the Nile and the
soil moisture.
population
-In the past few years, the population ratio in Egypt has increased significantly, as
the number of citizens, according to the latest statistics, has reached more than
100 million .
- The area of Egypt occupies one million square kilometers, and despite this large
area, we live in an area that does not exceed only 4% of the area of Egypt, and
the rest is dry deserts and leads to an overpopulation problem ..
Egypt climate :
Egypt’s climate is dry, hot, and dominated by desert. It has a mild winter season with rain falling along
coastal areas, and a hot and dry summer season (May to September). Daytime temperatures vary by
season and change with the prevailing winds.
Egypt is highly arid country and receives very little annual precipitation. The majority of rain falls along
the coast, with the highest amounts of rainfall received in the city of Alexandria; approximately 200 mm
of precipitation per year.
Substantially stronger warming was observed over the past 30 years, with average annual temperatures
increasing by 0.53°C per decade.
Egypt has observed a statistically significant reduction of annual total precipitation amounts over the
past 30 years, a reduction by approximately 22%.
Decreases in precipitation occurred in the winter and early spring months.

The frequency and severity of flash flooding in recent years also was also observed.
What is Climate Change?
Climate change is decisive issue in our era, as its global impact is
unprecedented as regards the change of weather which threatens
the food production, in addition to the rise of sea levels leading to
the danger of floods. Adaptation with such changes will be more
difficult and costly in the future if radical changes are not taken soon.
After more than a century and a half of industrialization,
deforestation, and large-scale agriculture, the amounts of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have risen to record levels in
three million years. As economies and standards of living grow,
greenhouse gases occur naturally as they are essential for the
survival of humans and millions of other living creatures through
keeping the sun's warmth and reflecting it back into space to make
earth livable. However, the level of cumulative emissions of thermal
heating (greenhouse gases) is also rising, as is the case for the
cumulative level of greenhouse gases (greenhouse gas emissions).
Climate change in Egypt :
A country like Egypt, with desert and delta, low rainfall, hot summers,
huge cities , a long coastline, and one main river, is highly vulnerable
to climate change. The uncertainty of water availability increases
dramatically with climate change. Egypt needs to be ready for this
new normal.
Egypt’s large population makes the country extremely vulnerable to
climate change. Moreover, its densely populated Nile delta is
seriously threatened by sea level rise. Climate change will also have
its impact on citizens’ health, and studies have been undertaken in an
attempt to analyse possible adaptation measures.
Some of the most affected fields and places by climate change :

- Agriculture:
Declining precipitation levels, changing weather patterns, and
rising seas in the Nile Delta are slowly but steadily making a
difficult situation worse, especially in the area of food and water.
Climate change can have several kinds of impacts on the agricultural sector
and stability of food security in Egypt. Crop production will be affected
negatively due to the expected increases in temperature, extreme weather
events, drought, plant diseases, and pests. Also, the land use will change
due to flooding from sea level raising, seawater intrusion, and secondary
salinization.
Water resources may be affected due to global warming and
decreases in precipitation. Moreover, crop water requirements
are expected to increase. The confounding effect of all these
components represents the main challenge for researchers.
 - coastal areas
It is expected that the coastal area in the Nile Delta will be severely
inundated as a result of sea level rise, and this may be associated with soil
subsidence at varying rates according to the terrain and geological features
of the land.
It is estimated that a sea level rise of 0.5 m will lead to permanent
inundation of an area of 1,800 km2 of agricultural land with an increase in
soil salinity in the remaining lands.
Moreover, climate change will also cause severe damage to human
settlements, large parts of the land designated for agricultural production,
the industrial areas of the northern coast and the tourist areas bordering
the Red Sea.
tourism:
As we all know tourism in Egypt is one of most important national income but the
significant rise in temperatures, with rain that may be acidic, leads to an impact on
archaeological buildings and tourist destinations, for sure. The effect is cumulative in the
medium and long term, and there are effects that began to be affected decades ago.
Tourist areas in the Mediterranean, starting with Alexandria, Port Said and the northern
regions, and there are low areas on the sea surface, and these areas are threatened by
climate change, and the matter has rates, and the latest forecast by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, that by 2050 the height will reach 49 cm, But more accurate
studies appeared and said that it will reach a meter.
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Steps against climate change
1- Using electric cars
To prevent car exhaust, gases and harmful vapors emitted as a result of burning
petroleum products, the most dangerous of which is carbon dioxide, which
negatively affects the climate in general and the ozone layer in particular.
2- Using clean energy sources to preserve the climate
Like using windmills
And the use of solar energy in solar cells
And the use of water energy in generating electric power, as in the High Dam.
3- Disposing of nuclear waste under the supervision of competent authorities and
ensuring that no harmful fumes or gases are emitted
High dam :
Aswan High Dam, Arabic Al-Sadd al-ʿĀlī, rock-fill dam across the Nile River at
Aswan, Egypt, completed in 1970 at a cost of about $1 billion. The Aswan High
Dam yields enormous benefits to the economy of Egypt. For the first time in
history, the annual Nile flood is under human control. The dam impounds the
floodwaters, releasing them when needed to maximize their utility on irrigated
land, to water hundreds of thousands of new hectares, to improve navigation
both above and below Aswan, and to generate enormous amounts of
hydroelectric power.
Solar and wind powers (renewable energy sources):
wind is actually a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the heating of
the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the Earth, and the Earth's
surface irregularities. For as long as the sun shines and the wind blows, the
energy produced can be harnessed to send power across the grid.
What is the COP?
-The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the Convention. All
States that are Parties to the Convention are represented at the COP,
at which they review the implementation of the Convention and any
other legal instruments that the COP adopts and take decisions
necessary to promote the effective implementation of the
Convention, including institutional and administrative arrangements.

The Issues Discussed in the COP Conference :

First: Finance
Second: Carbon Markets
Third: Coal
Fourth: Methane
Egypt’s Plan to Reduce Emissions in COP26 Summit :
Although its quota of carbon dioxide emissions does not exceed
0.68% of global production, Egypt’s permanent responsibility and full
awareness of climate change dangers adopts an ambitious plan to
reduce its emissions within the framework of the international
ambitious plan to reduce emissions gradually to “zeroing”.
Egypt developed five clear strategic aims that coincide with the
International Strategy for Sustainable Development “Egypt’s Vision
2030”. These aims focused on enhancing prosperity in the social,
economic and environmental fields. Moreover, this strategy includes
turning more for trolleybuses with low emissions as well as other
transportation choices that work by compressed natural gas that is
considered greener fuel for the environment than benzene.
The five strategic aims :
A- Government and Private Green Bonds to Guarantee Sustainable
Finance for Budget and Enterprises .
B-"Green Pyramid" Code … A New Standard for the Sustainability of
Architecture.
C-Using of Clean Fuel to Reduce Emissions and a Hydrogen
Manufacturing Strategy.
D-Compatibility with Global Standards Is a Basic Goal … Environment-
friendly Industrial Parks.
E-Treating Rice Straw and Recycling of Wastes.
Egypt's Road to COP 27 and the Steps It Has Taken to Transition to a
Green Economy :
Egypt is taking rapid steps to meet the demands of environmental
integrity, climate conservation, and the transition to a green
economy. This is in the light of increasing the dangers that threat the
Earth and the efforts of States to work together to face them. Egypt's
active participation in the UN Climate Change Conference "COP 26,"
in Glasgow, Scotland, October 2021, demonstrated the state's full
awareness of this issue and its strategic direction for environmental
conservation. This is done through launching the Egyptian Climate
Change Strategy 2050 as well as moving towards green economy and
environment- friendly enterprises as one of the targets of Egypt's
Vision 2030.
Egypt begins the preparations to host the Climate Conference at its
next session, "COP 27," in sharm El_sheikh, by adopting many policies
and programs that can be supportive and sustainable for
environment in various sectors.