Linux & Git cheat sheet

Linux & Git cheat

sheet
📁 File Operations:
ls: Lists all files and directories in the present working directory
ls -R: Lists files in sub-directories as well
ls -a: Shows hidden files
📄📁
ls -al: Lists files and directories with detailed information
cd directoryname: Changes the directory 📂
cd ..: Moves one level up ↗
pwd: Displays the present working directory 🗺
cat > filename: Creates a new file ✏📄
cat filename: Displays the file content 📄👀
touch filename: Creates or modifies a file 🛠📄
rm filename: Deletes a file ❌📄
cp source destination: Copies files from source to destination ➡ 📄
mv source destination: Moves files from source to destination 🔄📄
find / -name filename: Finds a file or a directory by its name 🔍📄📁
file filename: Determines the file type 📄❓
less filename: Views the file content page by page 📄📃
head filename: Views the first ten lines of a file 📄🔝
tail filename: Views the last ten lines of a file📄🔚
du -h --max-depth=1: Shows the size of each directory 📁📏
📁 Directory Operations:
mkdir directoryname: Creates a new directory 🆕 📁
rmdir directoryname: Deletes a directory ❌📁
cp -r source destination: Copies directories recursively ➡ 📁
mv olddir newdir: Renames directories 🔄📁
find / -type d -name directoryname: Finds a directory starting from root 🔍📁
🔄 Process Operations:
ps: Displays your currently active processes 🔄
top: Displays all running processes 💻🔄
❌🔄
kill pid: Kills the process with given pid
 pkill name: Kills the process with the given name ❌🔄
bg: Resumes suspended jobs without bringing them to foreground ▶ 🔄
fg: Brings the most recent job to foreground ▶
renice +n [pid]: Change the priority of a running process 🔄⚙
&>filename: Redirects both the stdout and the stderr to the file 🔄📄
1>filename: Redirect the stdout to file 🔄📄
2>filename: Redirect stderr to file 🔄📄
🔒 File Permissions:
chmod octal filename: Change the permissions of file to octal 🔐📄
chown ownername filename: Change file owner 👤📄
chgrp groupname filename: Change group owner 👥📄
🔗 Networking:
ping host: Ping a host and outputs results 🌐
netstat -pnltu: Display various network related information 🔌🌐
ssh user@host: Remote login into the host as user 🌐
wget url: Download files from the web ⬇ 🌐
curl url: Sends a request to a URL and returns the response 🌐🔃
🗄 Archives and Compression:
tar cf file.tar files: Create a tar named file.tar containing files 📦📄
📦📂
tar xf file.tar: Extract the files from file.tar
📄 📄
gzip file: Compresses file and renames it to file.gz ➡ .gz
📄 📄
gzip -d file.gz: Decompresses file.gz back to file .gz➡
📦📄
zip -r file.zip files: Create a zip archive named file.zip
unzip file.zip: Extract the contents of a zip file📦📂
🔍 Text Processing:
grep pattern files: Search for pattern in files 🔍📄
grep -r pattern dir: Search recursively for pattern in dir🔍📁
🗣
echo 'text': Prints text
sed 's/string1/string2/g' filename: Replaces string1 with string2 in filename 🔀📄
di file1 file2: Compares two files and shows the di erences ↔ 📄
wc filename: Count lines, words, and characters in a file 📄🔢
awk: A versatile programming language for working on files 📄🐺
sed -i 's/string1/string2/g' filename: Replace string1 with string2 in filename 🔀📄 (In-
place edit)
cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd: Cut out the first field of each line in /etc/passwd, using colon as a
field delimiter 🔪📄
💾 Disk Usage:
df: Shows disk usage 💽📏
du: Shows directory space usage 📂📏
free: Show memory and swap usage 📈🔀
 whereis app: Show possible locations of app 🔍📂
🖥 System Info:
date: Show the current date and time 📅⏰
cal: Show this month's calendar 📅
uptime: Show current uptime ⏲
w: Display who is online👤
uname -a: Show kernel information 💻🔍
📦 Package Installations:
sudo apt-get update: Updates package lists for upgrades 🔄📦
sudo apt-get upgrade: Upgrades all upgradable packages 🔄📦
sudo apt-get install pkgname: Install pkgname 📦
sudo apt-get remove pkgname: Removes pkgname 📦❌
🔧 Others (mostly used in scripts):
command | grep pattern: Pipe the output of command to grep for searching ⏩🔍
🔍 Search and Find:
locate filename: Find a file by its name 🔍📄
whereis programname: Locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command
🔍📂
which commandname: Shows the full path of (shell) commands 🔍🚀
📦 Compression / Archives:

tar -cvf archive.tar dirname/: Create a tar archive 📦📂

tar -xvf archive.tar: Extract a tar archive📦📄
tar -jcvf archive.tar.bz2 dirname/: Create a compressed bz2 archive 📦📂
tar -jxvf archive.tar.bz2: Extract a bz2 archive📦📄
💻 Shell Scripting:
#!/bin/bash: Shebang line to specify the script interpreter 🔄🔽
🔄🔢
$0, $1, ..., $9, ${10}, ${11}: Script arguments
🔄🔒
if [condition]; then ... fi: if statement in bash scripts
🔄🔁
for i in {1..10}; do ... done: for loop in bash scripts
🔄🔁
while [condition]; do ... done: while loop in bash scripts
function name() {...}: Define a function🔄🎯
🔧 Environment Variables:
env: Display all environment variables 🌐🔧
echo $VARIABLE: Display the value of an environment variable 🗣🔧
export VARIABLE=value: Set the value of an environment variable 🔄🔧
alias new_command='old_command options': Create a new command that executes the
old command with the specified options 🆕 🔤 🔧
 echo $PATH: Print the PATH environment variable 🗣📂🔧
export PATH=$PATH:/new/path: Add /new/path to the PATH 🔄📂🔧
🔄 Others (mostly used in scripts):
command1 ; command2: Run command1 and then command2 🔄🔁
command1 && command2: Run command2 if command1 is successful 🔄✅
command1 || command2: Run command2 if command1 is not successful 🔄❌
command &: Run command in background 🔄🕚
Remember, you can always use the man command (e.g., man ls) to get more information
about each command. Happy coding! 🚀

🖥 System Monitoring and Performance:

iostat: Reports Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and input/output statistics for
devices, partitions, and network filesystems🔄📈
vmstat: Reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, disks, and
CPU activity 🔄📈
htop: An interactive process viewer for Unix systems🔄💻
💽 Disk Usage:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k: Create a file of a certain size for
testing disk speed💽🏎
This command will create a file named output.img in the /tmp directory with a size of
approximately 2 GB (8 KB * 256 KB). It will be filled with zeros.

example:

$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k

262144+0 records in
262144+0 records out

2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB, 2.0 GiB) copied, 2.18953 s, 981 MB/s

Note: The output of the dd command may vary based on your system's performance.

hdparm -Tt /dev/sda: Measure the read speed of your hard drive 💽📶
This command will measure the read speed of your hard drive (/dev/sda) and display
the result in MB/sec.

example:

$ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda

/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 20124 MB in 2.00 seconds = 10076.39 MB/sec
Timing bu ered disk reads: 588 MB in 3.01 seconds = 195.47 MB/sec

💡 Others:
yes > /dev/null &: Use this command to push a system to its limit 💡🏁
Running this command will continuously print the letter "y" and redirect the output to
/dev/null, which discards it. The process will run in the background.
example:

$ yes > /dev/null &

[1] 12345
The number in brackets [1] and the PID 12345 represent the background job's ID and process
ID, respectively.

:(){ :|:& };::: A fork bomb – handle with care. Do not run this command on a production
system 💣🚫
:(){ :|:& };:
Warning: Do not run this command on a production system or any system you care
about. It is a fork bomb and can quickly consume system resources, causing the
system to become unresponsive or crash.

A fork bomb is a self-replicating program that creates a large number of child processes,
overwhelming the system. It can be executed as follows:
$ :(){ :|:& };:

If you accidentally run this command, you may need to restart your system to recover from
its e ects.

🗓 Cron Jobs:
🗒🕰
crontab -l: List all your cron jobs
crontab -e: Edit your cron jobs✏🗒
crontab -r: Remove all your cron jobs ❌🗒
🕰🗒
crontab -v: Display the last time you edited your cron jobs
🗒🔄
crontab file: Install a cron job from a file
@reboot command: Schedule a job to run at startup 🗒⏰🔃
Git Cheat sheet
🔄 Git Commands:
🔄📦
git init: Initialize a local git repository
git clone url: Create a local copy of a remote repository 🔄🔗📦
 🔄📄➕
git add filename: Add a file to the staging area
🔄✍📦
git commit -m "Commit message": Commit changes with a message
🔄📦
git status: Check the status of the working directory
🔄🔃📦
git pull: Pull latest changes from the remote repository
🔄🔃📦
git push: Push changes to the remote repository
🔄🌳
git branch: List all local branches
git branch branchname: Create a new branch 🔄🌳➕
git checkout branchname: Switch to a branch 🔄🌳 ⬅➡
🔄🌳🔄
git merge branchname: Merge a branch into the active branch
🔄🔒
git stash: Stash changes in a dirty working directory
git stash apply: Apply changes from a stash🔄🔒 ➡
git log: View commit history🔄📜
🔄🔙
git reset: Reset your HEAD pointer to a previous commit
🔄📄❌
git rm filename: Remove a file from version control
🔄🔄
git rebase: Reapply commits on top of another base tip

🔄 Version Control (Git commands):

git revert: Create a new commit that undoes all of the changes made in a particular
commit, then apply it to the current branch 🔄🔙📦
git cherry-pick commitID: Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits 🔄🍒
📦