1.
Introduction to Data Science
Definition: Data Science is a multidisciplinary field that uses scientific methods,
processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and
unstructured data.
Key areas:
o Data Analysis
o Machine Learning
o Data Visualization
o Big Data
o Data Engineering
2. Data Collection & Preprocessing
Data Collection: Gathering raw data from various sources such as APIs, databases, web
scraping, surveys, etc.
Data Cleaning: Handling missing data, outliers, duplicates, and irrelevant features.
o Techniques: Imputation, outlier removal, data transformation.
Data Transformation: Scaling (e.g., Min-Max, Standardization), encoding categorical
variables (e.g., One-Hot Encoding), and normalizing data.
3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
Goal: Understand the data before applying machine learning models.
Techniques:
o Descriptive Statistics: Mean, median, mode, variance, etc.
o Data Visualization: Histograms, scatter plots, box plots, pair plots, etc.
o Correlation Analysis: Heatmaps, correlation matrices.
o Identifying patterns, distributions, trends, and anomalies.
4. Machine Learning
Supervised Learning: Algorithms that learn from labeled data.
o Examples: Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random
Forest, SVM, KNN.
o Regression: Predict continuous values (e.g., house prices).
o Classification: Predict categorical values (e.g., spam detection).
Unsupervised Learning: Algorithms that find patterns in unlabeled data.
o Examples: K-Means Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, PCA (Principal
Component Analysis).
Reinforcement Learning: Learn by interacting with an environment to maximize a
reward.
Deep Learning: Neural Networks and advanced architectures (CNN, RNN, etc.)
5. Model Evaluation and Selection
Train-Test Split: Splitting the dataset into training and testing subsets.
Cross-Validation: Techniques like K-Fold cross-validation to ensure model
generalization.
Metrics:
o Regression: RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error), MAE (Mean Absolute Error), R²
score.
o Classification: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, ROC-AUC.
Overfitting and Underfitting: Understanding bias-variance tradeoff.
6. Feature Engineering
Feature Selection: Identifying relevant features that improve model performance (e.g.,
using techniques like Recursive Feature Elimination).
Feature Extraction: Deriving new features from existing ones (e.g., time-based features
from timestamps).
Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques like PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and
LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis).
7. Data Visualization
Importance: Communicating insights effectively.
Tools:
o Matplotlib/Seaborn (Python libraries)
o ggplot2 (R library)
o PowerBI/Tableau (Business Intelligence Tools)
Types of Visualizations:
o Bar Charts, Line Graphs, Heatmaps, Pie Charts, Boxplots, etc.
8. Big Data Technologies
Tools:
o Hadoop (Distributed Storage and Processing)
o Spark (Big Data Processing Framework)
o NoSQL databases (MongoDB, Cassandra)
Concepts: Distributed Computing, MapReduce, Data Lakes.
9. Advanced Topics
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Techniques for understanding text data. Tasks
include sentiment analysis, text classification, and named entity recognition (NER).
Time Series Analysis: Analyzing time-dependent data using methods like ARIMA,
SARIMA, and forecasting.
Deep Learning: Neural networks, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent
Neural Networks (RNN), and Transformer Models.
10. Model Deployment and Production
Deployment: Putting machine learning models into production using frameworks like
Flask, Django, or FastAPI for creating APIs.
Model Monitoring: Evaluating model performance over time and handling concept drift.
Cloud Platforms: AWS, GCP, Azure for hosting models and data pipelines.
11. Ethics and Data Privacy
Data Privacy: Handling sensitive data responsibly (e.g., GDPR).
Bias in Data: Ensuring fairness and avoiding algorithmic bias.
