Reservoir simulation

(png 526)
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (Ph.D)
MSPE, MNSE, MREP, CORENReg
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
Contents
❑ Introduction to Reservoir Characterization
❑ Introduction to Dynamic Reservoir Simulation
❑ Grid System
❑ Input Data
❑ Mathematical models
❑ Boundary conditions
❑ Numerical models – finite difference approximation
❑ Consistency, convergence and stability
❑ Model Initialization
❑ History matching/Dynamic model calibration
❑ Predictions/forecasting
❑ Reservoir simulation study
❑ Reservoir management

Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)

Learning Outcome

Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)

 Static Reservoir Modelling

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Static Reservoir Modelling

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Static Reservoir Modelling
General Description of Reservoir from:

Seismic

Bright spot is referred to

as a spot with a local
Study of other
reservoirs in the same increase of amplitude
formation and associated with
outcrops hydrocarbon
accumulations

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Static Reservoir Modelling
Correlate major depositional unit

Use log and core data

to identify low
permeability and low
porosity that may act
as barriers

Divide reservoir into

layers

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Static Reservoir Modelling
Determine directional permeability & pay continuity

Assess directional permeability, fracture or

channel control of fluid flow with pressure
transient tests

Assess degree of stratification

Assess vertical communication between

layers

Evaluate pay continuity between injectors

and producers

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Static Reservoir Modelling
Determine flow characteristics

Obtain relative permeability and

capillary pressure relationships
core

Assess effect of injected fluids

on core characteristics

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Static Reservoir Modelling
Determine porosity & permeability
distribution in each layer

Use core data and statistical analysis

to map areal distribution of porosity
& permeability in each layer

Determine whether porosity &

permeability can be correlated

Determine if lateral continuity exists

Divide reservoir into blocks

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Static Reservoir Modelling
Data Preparation for Model

Divide reservoir into sections, if

appropriate

Select number of dimensions,

layers and areal blocks

Choose model grid so that block

boundaries coincide with changes
in reservoir characteristics
determined from geologic study

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
• Study effect of grid blocks size on reservoir sensitivity
Grid Size sensitivity • Use pseudo functions to account for layering within each
1 model layer and numeric dispersion
• Determine optimal grid size

2 • Verify and refine reservoir description by history matching the

field pressure production performance
Determine History match layer
• Consult geologists before making major changes in description.
• Evaluate sensitivity of the reservoir performance to changes in
3 barrier strength
• Choose the base case that best matches the field
performance
Prediction of future performance
• Evaluate alternatives operating plans against the base case
4 using the model (gas or water injection, infill drilling, EOR,
etc
• Schedule drilling of additional wells
5 Prepare reservoir management plan Plan future evaluation of the program
Determine when and how injection and production wells
should be adjusted

12
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Definition

❑ In reservoir engineering, to simulate is to utilize a model to obtain some insights into the behaviour of a
reservoir.

❑ It describes the activities involved in the building (constructing) and execution (operating) of a model that
represents the reservoir, such that the behaviour of the model mirrors or simulates as much as possible
the observed behaviour of the reservoir.

❑ The model built in this case consists of sets of mathematical equations that represent material balance,
fluid flow, and other physical processes occurring in the reservoir, subject to some defined constraints
and conditions.

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Reservoir Model

❑ It represents the physical space of the reservoir by

an array of discrete cells associated with porosity,
permeability and saturation, delineated by a grid
which be regular or irregular

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Reservoir Modelling

• It involves the construction of a computer model

of a hydrocarbon reservoir, for the purposes of
improving estimation of reserves and making
decisions regarding the development of the
field, predicting future production, placing
additional wells and evaluating alternative
reservoir management scenarios
Structural framework
Facies modelling
Petrophysical modelling
Simulation grid design & upscaling
Ranking & model analysis
Well design

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Reservoir Modelling

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Types of Reservoir Simulation Models

• Reservoir simulation model can be classified as:

• Physical (Laboratory)

Physical models are framework of ideas & concepts from which interpretations of
observations & experimental results are carried out

• Mathematical models
• These are equations that are subjected to certain assumptions, developed to describe or
interpret the physical processes in the reservoir

Examples of simple mathematical models used in reservoir engineering are material

balance model, Buckley-Leverett model, pressure analysis model, Dykstra-Parsons
model, etc

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Types of Reservoir Simulation Models

• Reservoir simulation model can be classified as:

• Geological (static) model created by geologist and geophysicists &

• Reservoir simulation model created by reservoir engineers

• Developing & providing solutions to such models give rise to computer models or simulators

• The two most important factors contributing to a successful reservoir simulation study are:
The integration of geological, petrophysical, reservoir engineering and field data into a
representative reservoir model and
A good understanding of the displacement process

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Reservoir Simulation Process

• The development of a reservoir simulator for different types of reservoir-well systems and
recovery processes requires substantial background in mathematics and applied science,
which starts with establishing the finite difference equations of mathematical model for fluid
flow in a certain type of reservoir-well system then followed by numerical modelling and
computer programming, and generates simulation software for application to the end. The
Figure shows the process of developing a reservoir simulator

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Reservoir Simulators

• Is a tool for predicting hydrocarbon reservoir performance under various operating strategies
developed by combining physics, mathematics, reservoir engineering, and computer
programming
•
• Reservoir Simulators are the combination of:
1. Flow equations i.e. Mathematical model
2. Algorithms for solving the flow equations (rock and fluid properties)
3. Computer program commands

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Types of Reservoir Simulators

• Black Oil Simulators

It is used to simulate dry gas and black oil reservoirs
Three phase exits (gas, oil and water)
Gas may be dissolved in both oil and water
Does not consider changes in composition of the hydrocarbons as the field is produced,
•
• Compositional Simulators
• This is deployed for volatile oil, gas condensate reservoirs, and miscible

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Types of Reservoir Simulators

❖ Thermal Simulators
• Used for simulating thermal processes, such as steam flooding, cyclic steam injection
and in-situ combustion
•
❖ Chemical Flooding Simulators
• Is deployed for simulating enhanced oil recovery processes using alkalis, surfactants,
and polymers

❖ Single-porosity or Dual-porosity
• Used for fractured reservoirs

❖ Streamline Simulators
• This class of simulators is widely used in the industry for upscaling of large geologic
models, modelling of water flooding, and other uncomplicated reservoir processes. They
can be deployed in conjunction with the other grid-based simulators
16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Sources of Errors
Mathematical equations may not
adequately describe the physical
process

Programming input errors

Truncation errors

Uncertainty in physical data

acquisition

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Information Derived from Reservoir Simulation Studies

Development strategy for maximum

hydrocarbon recovery

Ultimate economic recovery

Best completion method

Suitable enhanced recovery scheme for the

reservoir & design parameters

Computer models are also used to

complement the physical models

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Limitations of Reservoir Simulators

Despite increasing reliance on simulators, they still possess limitations

They cannot be used to determine the

physics of the problem

Quality of simulation results depend on

quality of the input

Simulators are just tools & cannot

replace good engineering judgement

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Selection of simulation model and approach

Reservoir simulation model

can be selected based on
the following:
o Process
o Functionality
o Scope
o Dimensionality
o Approach

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Questions to ask but not limited when applying reservoir simulation on the evaluation
and assessment of important reservoir management operational issues

What are the expected hydrocarbon recoveries under current and alternatives reservoir
management strategies?

Can the expected hydrocarbon recovery be improved?

Is the reservoir a good candidate for pressure maintenance?

Should gas and/or water injection be used for pressure maintenance?

For gas condensate reservoirs, will gas cycling improve total hydrocarbon recovery from
the reservoir?

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Questions to ask but not limited when applying reservoir simulation on the evaluation
and assessment of important reservoir management operational issues

What is the optimum well count and well locations for development of new reservoirs?

Is the development of a new discovery economic under prevailing drilling and completion
costs, operating costs, and product prices?

What management strategies can be used to change or improve the economic outcomes
of the new projects?

What is the optimum producing rate for each well in the reservoir?

What is the effect of producing rate on hydrocarbon recovery?

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling
❑ Questions to ask but not limited when applying reservoir simulation on the evaluation
and assessment of important reservoir management operational issues

Can the reservoir sustain production at levels necessary to maintain profitability?

Is the reservoir a good candidate for secondary recovery processes? If yes, when is the
proper time to initiate the secondary recovery process? What type of secondary recovery
process to implement?

What type of enhanced oil recovery processes will be suitable for the reservoir?

How is the reservoir performing under current operating strategy?

What are the uncertainties and risks associated with planned and current reservoir
management strategies? How do we manage these risks?

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
Grid System

Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)

 Grid System
❑ It is a structure comprising a series of horizontal and vertical lines, used to arrange content. In
its most basic terms, a grid system is a structure comprising a series of horizontal and vertical
lines which intersect and are then used to arrange content.

❑ The aim of gridding in reservoir simulation is to turn the geological model of the field into a
discrete system on which the fluid flow equations can be solved.

The main objective in building a reservoir simulation grid is to construct a reservoir simulation
model that resolves changes in reservoir flow properties, pressure, and fluid saturation with
enough precision to provide accurate performance predictions.

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
The most important geological features are faults, variation in reservoir parameters, and the
layering style, or stratigraphy.

Well completions must also be resolved in the reservoir simulation grid. These features are
preserved by carefully defining the areal grid and the layering by use of processes described
below

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ 1D Cartesian (Linear) Grids

❖Horizontal
▪ Buckley-Leverett type water displacement

❖Vertical
▪ Gravity drainage
▪ Gravity stable gas displacement of oil

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ 2D Cartesian (Linear) Grids

❖Cross-sectional (x/z) or Areal (x/y)

❖Vertical or areal sweep efficiency
❖Water/oil displacements in geostatistically generated cross-section
❖Generation of pseudo-relative permeabilities (2 phase upscaling)
❖Benefits of infill drilling in an areal pattern flood
❖Mechanism of gas displacement (importance of gravity)

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ 3D Cartesian (Linear) Grids

❖Default grid type

▪ Easy to set up

▪ Less time consuming simulation

(equations are derived for this grid)

▪ Wide range of field wide reservoir

production processes (full field
simulation of water/gas flooding
and etc.)

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ Types of Cartesian Grid System

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ Types of Cartesian Grid System

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ Radial Grids

❖Radial Grids (1D)

▪ Pressure front propagation

❖Radial Grids (2D & 3D)

▪ r/z
▪ Near wellbore processes
(water/gas coning)

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ Distorted Grids

❖Account structure features (faults)

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ Laws Used in Reservoir Simulation

▪ Conservation of mass

ቂ 𝜌𝑖 𝑞𝑖 ‫ 𝑥ۀ‬+ 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐴∆𝑥 − ሾ𝜌𝑖 𝑞𝑖 ‫𝑥ۀ‬+∆𝑥 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴∆𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑘𝑘𝑟𝑖
▪ Conservation of momentum 𝑈𝑖 = − 𝛻𝑃𝑖 + 𝑟𝑖 𝛻𝑧
𝜇𝑖

▪ Conservation of energy

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System

❑ Factors influencing the design of grid systems for reservoir simulation

▪ Resolution of geologic and petrophysical data

▪ Size of the static geologic model
▪ Limitations on the size of the reservoir flow model
▪ Potential uses of the reservoir model
▪ Upscaling techniques to convert the static geologic model into a reservoir flow model

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System

❑ Local Grid refinement (LGR)

▪ Is a technique used to increase the grid density in

regions of the reservoir where rapid changes in
saturations and pressures are occurring so as to
represent those changes at fluid boundaries.

▪ Is a technique which aims to provide improved

accuracy in sub-regions of a reservoir simulation
study

▪ It allows enhanced grid definition in areas needing a

higher level of simulation accuracy

▪ LGR are used mainly around well locations or to

monitor saturation changes at fluid boundaries or
areas of complex geology

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System
❑ Local Grid refinement (LGR)

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Grid System

❑ Grid Coarsening

▪ It involve reduction of the number of grid

blocks in portions of the reservoir that do
not have rapid changes in saturation or
pressures, such as in aquifers surrounding
the hydrocarbon portions of the reservoir.

▪ It is beneficial in terms of reducing

computation and storage memory required
for a given flow simulation model

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input

❑ Input data from geological modelling

• Geological grid
• Faults and fault
properties
Structural Modelling • Reservoir zonation
• Vertical communication
• Fluid contacts

• Porosity
• Permeability
• Net-to-gross ratio
Property Modelling • Initial water saturation
• End-point fluid
saturations

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input

❑ Aquifer properties
✓ Define aquifers,
✓ Describing the type, size and connections of the acting aquifer.

❑ If there is no data available to describe an aquifer structure “sufficiently”, it can be modeled by

the aquifer modelling facilities available in commercial software (“analytical aquifers”).

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input

❑ Rock properties data

❑ Porosity
❑ Saturation
❑ Net-to-gross

These data represented as a functions of fluid

saturations

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input
❑ Rock-Fluid properties
❑ Relative permeability
These data represented as a functions of fluid
❑ Capillary pressure saturations
❑ Generate reservoir rock curves from SCAL data if available or else use industry standard correlations.

❑ Capillary pressure data is primarily used for determining initial fluid contacts and transition
zones.

❑ If petrophysical evaluation and property modelling concludes that there is a relative thick
transition zone, then capillary pressure should be used; however,

❑ if the transition zone is considered to be negligible, then no major benefit can be expected
from the use of capillary pressure data.

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input
❑ Capillary pressure data is primarily used for
determining initial fluid contacts and transition
zones.

❑ If petrophysical evaluation and property modelling

concludes that there is a relative thick transition
zone, then capillary pressure should be used;
however,

❑ if the transition zone is considered to be

negligible, then no major benefit can be expected
from the use of capillary pressure data.

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input
❑ PVT Data
• The two most common types of reservoir fluid models are black-oil models and
compositional models.

• The black-oil models are based on the assumptions that the saturated phase properties of
two hydrocarbon phases (oil and gas) depend on pressure only.

• Compositional models also assume two hydrocarbon phases, but they allow the definition of
many hydrocarbon components.

• The time cost of running a compositional simulator increases dramatically with an increase
in the number of components modeled, but the additional components make it possible to
more accurately model complex fluid phase behavior.

• The typical fluid PVT properties used in reservoir simulation study, are: formation volume
factor, viscosity, solution gas-oil-ratio and water compressibility.

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input

❑ Sources of PVT Data

• Laboratory experiments (subsurface and surface sampling of reservoir fluid)
• PVT correlations

❑ Experiments/Tests
• The following are the major black oil and gas condensate PVT experiments that will be
discussed in this section:

Constant Composition Expansion (Oil)

Differential Vaporization (Oil)
Separator Test/Flash Liberation (Oil)
Constant Composition Expansion (Condensate Gas)
Constant Volume Depletion (Condensate Gas)
Viscosity Measurement
Compositional Analysis
16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input

❑ Information Obtained from PVT Data

Experiment Fluid Type Data Obtained
Saturation pressure Black oil and Dew point at reservoir temperature
compositional
Constant composition Black oil and • Relative volume
expansion/Flash compositional • Vapor Z factor
liberation • Liquid Drop Out
Differential Black oil only • Vapour Z factor
Liberation/Vaporization • Liquid density
• Gas-Oil ratio
• Relative volume (Formation volume
factor)
• Gas gravity
• Liquid viscosity
• Vapor viscosity

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input

❑ Information Obtained from PVT Data

Experiment Fluid Type Data Obtained

Constant Volume Compositional • Retrograde liquid drop out
Depletion only • Cumulative fluid produced
• Vapor Z factor
• Specific gravity of produced fluid
plus
• Mole weight of produced fluid plus
• Final weight of produced fluid plus
• Produced vapor composition
Separator test Black oil and • Gas-Oil ratio
compositional • formation volume factor

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input
❑ Variation of reservoir fluid properties with pressure

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Data Input
❑ Variation of reservoir fluid properties with pressure

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Model Equilibration Data

❑ Fluid contact depths – oil-water contact (OWC), gas-oil contact (GOC) or gas-water contact
❑ Capillary pressure at the fluid contacts
❑ Reservoir pressure at a selected datum depth

❑ These date are often used by the simulator to establish initial reservoir conditions

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
Historical Production/Injection & Pressure Data

• The typical historical data used in reservoir simulation models includes the following:
•
• Oil, water and gas rates; water and/or gas injection rates

• Measured shut-in pressures, water-cut, RFT data, saturation data.

• The historical well tubing head pressure, well bottomhole pressure, well productivity index (PI),
and well flow performance tables are required to calibrate reservoir simulation models when
reservoir simulation models are used for predictions

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Well Data

❑ Used to specify:

❑ The locations of the wells in the grid

❑ The production or injection rates of the wells
❑ The type of fluid produced or injected

❑ The well data (trajectory and perforation intervals) are required to assign well perforation
intervals to the reservoir simulation grid and simulate well performance.

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
Mathematical Model

Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)

 Mathematical Model
❑ Derivation of multiphase flow equation in porous media

𝑆𝑤 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑞𝑖𝑛

𝑆𝑔

𝑆𝑜

The conservation equation, assuming only convective transport is given by:

ሾ 𝜌𝑖 𝑞𝑖 ‫ 𝑥ۀ‬+ 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐴∆𝑥 − ሾ𝜌𝑖 𝑞𝑖 ‫𝑥ۀ‬+∆𝑥 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴∆𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
❑ Derivation of multiphase flow equation in porous media
• The mass rate storage is given by

𝑉
Porosity is defined as ∅ = 𝑝ൗ𝑉𝑏 → 𝑉𝑝 = ∅𝑉𝑏 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑏 = 𝐴∆𝑥

But the mass stored in the pore volume = 𝜌𝑜𝑉𝑜 = 𝜌𝑜 𝑆𝑜𝑉𝑝 = 𝜌𝑜𝑆𝑜∅𝐴∆𝑥
Therefore, mass rate storage = 𝜕Τ𝜕𝑡 𝜌𝑜𝑆𝑜∅𝐴∆𝑥

ሾ 𝜌𝑖 𝑞𝑖‫ 𝑥ۀ‬+ 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝐴∆𝑥 − ሾ 𝜌𝑖 𝑞𝑖 ‫𝑥ۀ‬+∆𝑥 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐴∆𝑥 = 𝜕ൗ𝜕𝑡 𝜌𝑖 𝑆𝑖 ∅𝐴∆𝑥

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
• Applying Taylor’s series to the left hand side

𝑞ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑞𝑖𝑛

• Applying transport equation,

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model

• This is the continuity equation for oil, gas and water. In vector form, it is given by

• Where

• Applying equation of state (EOS)

𝜌𝑈 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
• That is

• Therefore, for oil system,

𝜌𝑖 𝑈𝑖 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝐶
𝜌𝑖 𝑈𝑖 = 𝜌𝑜𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
• Recall

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
• Also,
• Velocity is equal to volume (flow rate) per unit area. Thus, we have

• From the right hand side,

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
• Recall
• Porosity is expressed pore volume per unit volume. Therefore

• The oil flow equation becomes

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model

• Let

• For gas

𝜌𝑖 𝑈𝑖
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
+ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑈𝑖 𝜌𝑖
= 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶

∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
• Recall

𝜌𝑖 𝑈𝑖
= 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑅𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑜𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶
∗ 𝑅𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑤𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

• Also

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒ൗ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑈𝑔 = 𝑉𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑈𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑈𝑤 = 𝑉𝑤 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model

• Considering the right hand side

𝜌𝑖 𝑆𝑖 ∅
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
+ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
+ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝜌𝑖 𝑆𝑖 ∅
= 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶
∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
𝜌𝑖 𝑆𝑖 ∅
= 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑉𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝑅𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑜𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝜌𝑔𝑆𝑇𝐶
∗ 𝑅𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑤𝑆𝑇𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

• Recall
𝑉𝑔 = 𝑆𝑔 𝑉𝑝 , 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑆𝑜 𝑉𝑝 , 𝑉𝑤 = 𝑆𝑤 𝑉𝑝
𝜌𝑖 𝑆𝑖 ∅

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
• Also

• Combining both equations, the gas flow equation becomes

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model
• Recall

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)
 Mathematical Model

𝛻. 𝜆𝑔 𝛻𝑃𝑔 + 𝑟𝑔 𝛻𝑧 + 𝑅𝑠𝑜 𝜆𝑜 𝛻𝑃𝑜 + 𝑟𝑜 𝛻𝑧 + 𝑅𝑠𝑤 𝜆𝑤 𝛻𝑃𝑤 + 𝑟𝑤 𝛻𝑧

3D single flow equation

𝜕 𝑘𝑥 𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑍 𝜕 𝑘𝑦 𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑍
𝛽𝑐 − 𝛾𝑖 ∆𝑥 + 𝛽𝑐 − 𝛾𝑖 ∆𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝛽𝑖 𝜇𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝛽𝑖 𝜇𝑖 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑘𝑧 𝐴𝑧 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑍 𝑉𝑏 𝜕 ∅
+ 𝛽 − 𝛾𝑖 ∆𝑥 = − 𝑞ത𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜕𝑧 𝑐 𝛽𝑖 𝜇𝑖 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝛼𝑐 𝜕𝑡 𝛽𝑖

16/10/2022
Engr. Sylvester Okotie (PhD)