Computer Science Std.

XII
Operating System (Paper I)
Q.1 What is Operating System ? Write its functions.
Ans An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between the user of computer and the
computer hardware it can be viewed as a set of programs normally supplied along with the hardware for
effective & easy use of machine.The main functions of an OS are as follows
1) The primary function of the OS is to make the hardware convinient to use
2) Help users to execute the programs
3) Control execution of program to prevent the errors & proper use of hardware
4) To make the provision for security of information to users
5) To eliminate duplicate errors by number of programmers in development of complicated routines
6) OS provide the facility to share same hardware among the users.
7) Proper scheduling of resources among the users
Q.2 Which are three main areas in which the OS divides its services ? Give examples
Ans There are following three main areas
1)Information Management (IM) 2)Process Management(PM) 3)Memory Management(MM)
1)IM : It provide the facilities to store,retrive,modify the information on various devices,the services
provided are
a)Creat files or directories b)Open files or explore directories c)Delete,copy of close a file
d)Change working directory
2)PM : The services provide here are directed to keep track of all running programs called processes.In
multiuser OS number of users are located at different terminals & execute different programs at a time.
In such cases OS keep tracks of all processes.It schedules & dispatches them one after another
3)MM : Here it keep track of all memory locations & uses various techniques & algorithms to achieve this
)
Q.3 What is Information Management ? List system calls of it.
9 01
Ans 1) It provide the facilities to store,retrive,modify the information5 on various devices
2) It manage the organization of information into files & directories 3 26 by allocating memory space to them
3) It also ensure that correct programs have to access its information 982 have occupied memory space.
4) System calls .... l -
a
a)Creat a file b)Open a file for read/write c) Create r wa directory d) Explore a directory
e
e)Close a file f) Read data from file to buffer g)BWrite ab data from buffer to file h)Move file pointer
i) Create a link j)Change working s directory. ay
ir ’ j
Q.4 What is Process Management i S ? List systemancalls in PM
th ( S
Ans 1)In multiuser OS number Ra of users located e at different terminals of a network may excecute same or
different programs aat t
E
ra same time. ien
S
c
2)But such computer h

RI
B systems haveSone
te
of these programs at the same utime.
p
r
c CPU & it can execute only one instruction belongs to any one

3)The PM of OS keep tracks m of all running programs called “Process”,schedule it & dispatch it one after
o
another further it gives anCimpression to the user that it has full control over CPU
4)The PM modules of single user OS are less complicated than multiuser OS
5)The system calls of PM are....
a)Read a process b)Block a process c)Resume a process d)Terminate a process
e)Suspend a process f)Delay a process g)Change priority of a process h)Generate a process
Q.5 What is Memory Management ? What services are provided under it ?
Ans 1)When a job is to be executed OS load this job into its main memory from disc.
2)Before loading it in main memory it should know how much free memory is available & how much of
memory should be allocated to this job.
3)For this OS keep the track of all free memory locations,check this list,load the program into main memory
& update the memory locations.
4)After execution of complete program,it removes the program from main memory & again modify
the list.
5)For this OS determines memory allocation/deallocation policies & uses various tech. & algorithms.
6)System calls of MM are...
a)To allocate chunk of memory to process b)To free chunk of memory from process
Q.6 What is meant by a system call ? How it is used ? How does an Application Program (AP) uses these
system calls during execution ?
Ans 1)System call provide the interface between process & OS,these calls generally avaiable as “Assembly
Language Instructions”
2)System calls are used in different ways as
a)Some of these calls are predefined functions b)Some languages such as C++ allows to use directly
c)Fortran system provide a set of library functions
3)AP uses a sequence of system calls during execution,to prompt any message AP uses system calls.Similarly
for each & every task it uses various system calls.
 Operating System (Paper I) Computer Science Std. XII
Q.7 What are the features of Windows 98 ?
Ans 1)Easy to use :
i) Windows 98 is single used multitasking OS ii) Navigating around the computer is easier
iii) A file can be opened by single click iv)It allows us to use multiple monitors with single computer
v) New hardware can be easily installed without restarting the computer
vi)We can use digital cameras & other digital imaging devices
2)Faster :
i)Opens the programs faster than Windows 95 ii) Speed & efficency can be easily maintained
3)Ture Web Integration :
i)It can be easily connected to internet ii) Web pages can be easily viewed
iii)using Outlook Express emails & message can be easily served
iv)Internet conferences can be easily arranged
4)More Entertaining :
i)It support DVD & digital audio user can play HQ digital movies & audio on computer
ii)The TV broadcast can also be seen
Q.8 What are the features of Windows NT ?
Ans i)Windows NT is multitasking,multiuser & multi threading OS
ii)A use will get faster response eventhough multiple applications are running )
iii)It support virtual MM system to allow multiprogramming 9 01
5
iv)It allows to schedule variuos tasks on any CPU in multiprocessor system
3 26
v)Windows NT is 32 bit OS vi)It uses NTFS which support security for very2large files.
Q.9 What are the features of Linux ? - 98
Ans 1)Linux is a multiuser OS with full set of unix compitable tools al
r w
2)Linux runs at vide variety of platforms,it was developed execusively
a be on PC Architecture
3)It can run on machine having 4 MB RAM B
’
4) It presents standard interfaces to both programmers & user ay
Si
r j
5)It supports wide base of applications thi San
(
Rathat user can copy,modify
e
6)Linux is a free software in tha sense
ra
7)The files in Linux obeys Unix semantics
ha
t
S E ci enc & use it

Q.10
Ans
What are the components of Linux ?B

RI e
pu
t
1)Kernel : Kernel maintains all imporatant abstractions
r S
of the OS such as process & virtual memory
m
2)System Liabraries : It is a standard set ofo functions which interact with the Kernel
C
3)System Utilities : Programs perform individual some system utilities may be invoked for initialization
(Dig. as per book)
Q.11 What is a File System ?
Ans 1)The collection of related information i.e. data of programs is called file
2)Each file has a specific name which is used to refer that file
3)The OS manages mass storage devices to implement the concept of file
4)The OS maps files on physical devices such as Tapes or Disks
5)OS provide IM service service to define files,directories & allocate/deallocate the disk space.
6)There are two types of file systems i) Tape-Based Systems ii) Disk-Based Systems
Q.12 What are the advantages of Disk Base System over Tape Base System?
Ans Tape Base System Disk Base System
1. Find file is difficult & time consuming 1. Files can be easily found
2. Modification require to copy entire file 2. Easy Modification without copying
3. Store less information 3. Store large information
4. Not easy & convinient to use 4. Easy & convinient to use
5. Need entire tape to copy for rewriting 5. Contains blocks which cane be rewritten easily
Q.13 Explain the following terms
i)Tracks & Sectors ii)Seek Time iii)Transmission Time iv) Latency Time/Rotational Delay
Ans i)Tracks & Sectors : Magnetics disk surface is made up of concentric circiels calld “Tracks”,the number
of tracks depends upon dick type.A track is further devided into smaller areas called “Sectors”.A sector
is smallest unit of information which cane be read/written.Sector varies from 32 Bytes to 4096 Bytes &
a track contains 4 - 32 sectros/track & 75 to 100 tracks/disk.
ii)Seek Time : The time required for read/write head to move to the correct track is called Seek Time
iii)Transmission Time : The time required to activate read/write head at appropriate surface & read the
data is called as Transmission Time
iv)Latency Time : The time required for requested sector on track to rotate below the head is called as
Latency Time.
Q.14 Explain Internal & External Fragmentation
Ans Internal Fragmentation : Wastage of memory space within partition is called Internal Fragmentation.A
file consists of number of blocks.Consider a block of size 1024 bytes a file is of 3499 bytes.Then when it is
loaded in the block for execution it would have allocated 4 blocks.Thus last 597 bytes will be wasted.This
is called as Internal Fragmentation.Larger blocks causes more Internal Fragmentation.
 Operating System (Paper I) Computer Science Std. XII
External Fragmentation : Variable Partitions suffer from External Fragmentation.Suppose a job of 512
bytes is terminated & new job of 256 bytes is loaded in the partition.Then 256 bytes of memory is wasted
This is called External Fragmentation.
Q.15 What are Device Drivers ?
Ans 1)Divce Drivers are Software Programs required for each device.
2)Each device require different drivers as per its functionality
3)A Device driver knows how the buffers,flags,register control & Status Bits can be used for it.
4)Some Device drivers are useful for Data Conversion
5)For simply reading a character from a device require complex sequence of instructions
6)Rather than writing code everytime,the device driver simply use it from history
Q.16 What is VDU? Explain the terms a)Dumb Terminal b)Intelligent Terminal
Ans VDU : 1)Visual Display Unit (VDU) It is nothing but a common I/O medium
2)There are generally two parts of terminal I/O Input-Keyboard,Output-Screen
A) Dumb Terminal : 1)A Dumb Terminal consists of a mircroprocessor on which small programs can runwith
limited amount of memory
2) It is responsible for basic I/O operations only
3)A Dumb Terminal do not process on Input Characters
B)Intelligent Terminal : 1)An Intelligent Terminal has poweful hardwre & Software than Dumb Ternimal
2)It also has more amount of memory
3)It can process some process on input characters also can process programs independently.
Q.17 Explain the use of Video RAM.Explain data bytes & attribute bytes
Ans 1)The video RAM is basically the memory of terninal hardware itself
2)Anytime all characters stored in video RAM are displayed on the screen ) by video controller
1
3)All particular informations are stored in video RAM
590
4)Video RAM consists of 2000 databytes(0-1999)
3 26
5)A typical alphanumeric screen can display 25 lines each consists of 80 characters i.e. 25X80=2000 char.
982
Data Bytes : All 2000 bytes are stored in video RAM.To display - any specific character on the screen at a
specific position,all ASCII or EBCDIC code for that character al has to move in video RAM
Attribute Bytes : There is one attribute byte for eachbedata rw byte.This byte tells the video controller how the
character is to be displayed.It also signify that the Banext character in video RAM is to be displayed bold,
s y
underline,bloking,reverse etc.
S ir ’ nja
Q.18 What is a Process ? i a
a th (S
A process is defined ast Ra program underceexecution which complete for CPU time & other resources.Once
Ans
ar
a
the used wants to hexecute
S E n
ie is located on the disk & loaded in the main memory at that time
a program,it

Q.19
B
it becomes a process.
RI ut
Define the term 1)Context pSwitching
e rS
c
2)Degree of multiprogramming
Ans m
1)Context Switching : In multiprogramming system,multiple processes are running at the same time such
Co an I/O,process 2 execute & vice versa.The lost in time in turning the atten
that when process 1 wait for
-tion of CPU from one to another process is called “Context Switching”
2)Degree of multiprogramming : The number of processes running simaultaneously & competing for CPU
is known as “Degree of multiprogramming”
Q.20 Explain Context Switching at a process level in multiprogramming system with example
Ans 1)Multiprogramming is the concept of increasing CPU utilisation by always having somthing for it to
execute 2)CPU can execute two or more processes simalutaneously.when process 1 wait for an I/O,process
2 execute & vice versa. 3)When CPU switches from process 1 to another process the time required for
switching is called as “Context Switching”

Run Run Run Run

Context Switching
4)Let A & B two process are ready for execution & require CPU time for execution,let CPU time is given
to process A which is having some instructions depending on B,then the job of OS is to hault the execu
-tion of process A & give CPU time to process B.The time lost in turning the attention of CPU from process
A to B is known as “Context Switching”
Example
#include<iostream.h> (Process A) cout<<add(a,b);
int add(int a,int b); }
void main() int add(int a,int b) (Process B)
{ {
int a=10,b=20; return (a+b) }
 Operating System (Paper I) Computer Science Std. XII
Here A & B are two process,where process A is depdending upon process B.When process A is being
executed,CPU executes instructions one by one.When it comes to instruction “cout<<add(a,b)”.It stops
execution because the output of this instruction depends upon the output of process B.Hence CPU start
executing process B.But it keeps the flags of process A in RSA(Register Save Area),execute process B &
again start the execution of process A.The time required in between process A & B is called “Context Sw”
Q.21 Explain Running,Ready & Blocked process states in Process Management.Discuss various process
states with example
Ans Running State : There is only one process,which is executed by CPU at any given moment called as
Running State.In multiprocessor system with multiple CPU there are many running processes at a given
moment.The OS keeps the track of all of them.
Ready State : The process which is not waiting for an external event such as an I/O operation but which
is not running is said to be in Ready State.Actually a process in ready state could have been running but
since there is only one CPU which is executing some other processes.
Blocked State : When a process is waiting for an external event such as an I/O operation,the process is
said to be in Blocked State.
The major difference between Blocked & Ready process that blocked process can not be directly sched
-uled even if CPU is free wherease Ready Process can be schedules when the CPU is free.
Q.22 Explain the following terms in case of process scheduling a)Turnaround time b)Waiting time
)
c)Terminal Response time d)Event response time
9 01
Ans a)Turnaround Time : It is a time elapsed between submission of job & its completion
265
b)Waiting Time : It is the time of job for waiting in queue for newly admitted 3 process for the OS to
allocate resource before executing 982
-
c)Terminal Response Time : It is the time to respond with an answer of al a question.It depends upon
w
degree of multi programming,the efficency of hardware.
b er
d)Event Response time : It is a time to respond with an event. Ba
s y
Q.23 Explain the following terms in case of process
S ir ’ management nja a)External Priority b)Purchase Priority
c)Internal Priority d)Time slice i a
a th (S
e
Ans a)External Priority :
a rat
R
1)An external or global priority is specified
S E by the e
user
i
nc externally normally at the time of initialization of
process 2)In many cases OS allows
RI
Bh the user torchange
doesn’t respond,OS continue with default proirity
pu
te
Sc its prority during execution 3)If the user
& system manager permits the higher priority jobs
b)Purchase Prioity :
o m
1)This priority is used in some data centerCwhere the user pay for the time it is used. 2)Higher priorirites
are charged higher rates. 3)The OS keeps track of the time used by each process with its priority
c)Internal Priority :
1)The concept of Internal or Local priority is used by scheduling algorithms such as which process will
consume how much time for its completion 2)The OS can set the internal priority which is Highest for
the shortest job i.e. shortest job first algorithm.Hence many little jobs can be completed 3)This has
two advantages i)if short jobs are finished faster,number of processes competing for CPU will be de
-creased. ii)Number of satisfied users will be increased. 4)However due to this important large job
may suffer indefinite postpondment
d)Time Slice :
1)Each process is normally given certain time to run irrespective of its importance called “Time Slice”
2)Time slice is given to each process so that a process can not used CPU indefinitely.
Q.24 Explain the term Multi Tasking with a suitable example
Ans 1)Multitasking is defined as a process consists of multiple tasks run simaultaneously
2)Multiple tasks shoule be able to run concurrently within a process
3)It allows programmer flexibility & improves CPU utilization & reduces switching of a process
4)For example
Task 0 : Read a Record Task 1 :Write a Record
Process a Record Task 1 : End
Task 0 : End
a)These two tasks are defined within same process will run concurrently if synchronized properly
b)If Task 0 is blocked,at that time OS will schedule Task 1 (Ready for execution)
c)In this way both the tasks are completed.
Q.25 What functions are performed by Memory Management of OS?State any four MM systems
Ans 1)To keep track of all free & allocated memory allocations,if allocated to which & how much
2)To decide a policy i.e. which process should get how much memory
3)To use various tech. & algorithms to allocate or deallocate memory locations to process.
Memory Management Systems
1)Contigious Real Memory Management Systems
a)Single Contigous b)Fixed Partitions c)Variable Partitions
2)Non Contigious Real Memory Management Systems
a)Paging b)Segmentation c)Combined d)Virtual Memory
 Operating System (Paper I) Computer Science Std. XII
Q.25 What functions are performed by Memory Management of OS?State any four MM systems
Ans 1)To keep track of all free & allocated memory allocations,if allocated to which & how much
2)To decide a policy i.e. which process should get how much memory
3)To use various tech. & algorithms to allocate or deallocate memory locations to process.
Memory Management Systems
1)Contigious Real Memory Management Systems
a)Single Contigous b)Fixed Partitions c)Variable Partitions
2)Non Contigious Real Memory Management Systems
a)Paging b)Segmentation c)Combined d)Virtual Memory
Q.26 Explain Memory Map of Single User OS
Ans 1)The OS like MS-DOS is single user OS
Free Memory
2)It consist of programs to be executed i.e. Process,Free Memory,
Process Command Interpreter & Kernel
Command Interpreter 3)The command interpreter is invoked when computer is started
Kernel 4)The program to be executed is loaded in free memory
5)After its termination it is removed from the memory
6)The Kernel provides the basis services & CI inteprets these commands.
Q.27 What is Partitioning ? Explain Fixed & Variable Partitions
Ans Partitioning means deviding main memory into various sections.There are two types of partitions
1)Fixed Partitions
i)These partitions may be of different sizes,but once decided their size can not be changed
ii)These partitions are fixed at the time of system generation,at this time system manager has to declare
the partition time
)
iii)Fixed partitions are also called “Static Partitions”.After declaration
9 01 of these partitions the OS creates
Partition Description Table (PDT)
265
2)Variable Partitions 23
i)In variable partitions number of partitions & their sizes -are 98 variable
ii)They are not defined at the time of system generation al
iii)They are created by OS at the run time & differ inesize r w
a b
iv)At any time,these partitions may be free or allocated B to some process & starting address is not fixed
Q.28 s y
State various steps involvedir ’ in the allocationjaof a partition in case of Fixed Partitions.
S n
of the PMSadecides
Ans
thi
1)A long term process scheduler
(
which process is to be braught in the memory
a
2)Then it finds the sizeRof program to beceloaded in memory from IM
at
S E
3)Then it request toarPartition Allocation n
ie Routine of MM to allocate a free space with appropriate size
4)With the help of
h

RI
B IM module now
5)The routine in MM now redefine
p
e
c
r Sit loads the binray program in the allocated partition
ut the Partition Description Table & mark it as “ALLC (Allocated”
6)A Partition Description Table m is as follows
Co
P0 0K
100 K
P1 Process A Partition
ID Partitions
Starting
400 K
P2 Process B Address Size Status
P0 0 100 K Free
600 K P1 100 K 300 K ALLC
P3 P2 400 K 200 K ALLC
P3 600 K 300 K Free
P4 900 K 100 K ALLC
P4 Process C 900 K

1000 K

Q.29 Explain the single contigious memory management systems with suitable diagram
Ans 1)In this the physical memory is to be devided into two contigious areas.One is permnantly allocated
to the resident portion of the OS & the remaining is used for processes.
2)As in diag. OS may be loaded at lower address i.e. 0 to P.At any time only one process is in the memory
After the completion of this process next process is braught into memory
0
OS

P
User Process Area
 Operating System (Paper I) Computer Science Std. XII
Q.29 Explain the single contigious memory management systems with suitable diagram
Ans 1)In this the physical memory is to be devided into two contigious areas.One is permnantly allocated
to the resident portion of the OS & the remaining is used for processes.
2)As in diag. OS may be loaded at lower address i.e. 0 to P.At any time only one process is in the memory
After the completion of this process next process is braught into memory
Q.30 What is Paging ? Explain in detail or Explain Page Memory Management System with Page Map Table
Ans 1)Partions suffers from external fragmentatios because available memory is not contigious
2)Paging permits non-contitious memory so that a program to be allocated memory whenever available
3)The physical memory is broken into fixed side blocks called Page Frames.
4)When the program is to be executed,its pages are loaded into any available frames Page Map Table
(PMT) translate it from program to page frames
5)The page size is defined by the Hardware,normally it is the power of 2

Page 0 Page No. P PageFrame F 0 Pa g e 3

Page 1 0 1 1 Pa g e 0

Page 2 1 4 2
01)
Page 3 2 3 3 Pa g e 2 59
3 26
Logical 3 0 4 Pa g e 182
Page Map Table l -9
Memory 5 wa
r
a bePhys ica l
B Memory
s y a
S ir ’ nj
Q.31 Explain the concept of Virtual Memoryth in briefi a
a makes the execution (S
e
Ans 1)Virtual memory is the concept which
completely in the main memory some ha
rat
R

S Epart of it is may en c
ci be on disk
of the process possible which is not

RI
2)When the physical memory is limited & thereeare
any of these process.Hence the concept of virtual p u
S
r number of process executing,then MM can hold
t memory is used
3)Its main advantage is user can execute programs o m larger thant physical memory
4)Mostly virtual memory is implementedCusing Paging
5)A program consist of numner of virtual pages.To start the execution of program,some pages are loaded
into specific pageframes.If not loaded then page fault arises at that time OS load the reference page
from the memory from disk.
Q.32 What is GUI ? State any four advantages of GUI
Ans The Interfaces which replaces cryptic commands with their Graphical Representation is called GUI
Advantages : 1)Since commands are replaced with GUI it is not necessary to remember command & its meaning
2)Use can run several programs simaultaneously 3)User can communicate exchange the data between
the programs without transferring or copying the files 4)Easy to use virtually for all programs
Q.33 Explain in brief any two features of GUI
Ans 1)Commands are replaced by Graphics :
a)The commands are grouped together in various hierchy levels,then the user select agroup then all
the commands of this group are displayed b)It helps the user to select a command using a cursor &
simply clicking on it. c)User can select the command & use the application easily d) The display
of these commands sequences takes place graphically.
2)Provide online help :
a)GUI based applications provide help about various features of the program
b)This help assist the user to know everything about the application
c)While using any application if the user gets confused help is readily available to him.
Q.34 Explain in brief the following programs of MS Windows
1)Program Manager ii)File Manager iii) Control Panel
Ans 1)Progam Manager : a)The program manager starts executing along with MS Windows b)This provide
the user interface to start & stop the applications c)It is used to organize various applications into differ
-ent groups d)It also indicate how each group contents are controlled & displayed on the screen e)It is
also used to end the MS Windows session
2)File Manager : a)It help to organize user files & directories b)It help to creat,search,copy,move,delete
& change the drive c)Applications can be started directly from the File Manager
3)Control Panel : a)It can be used to change the color scheme,display back ground,select border width,
cursor size,shape etc b)Fonts are also managed by control panel c)It is also used to configure printer,
& other ports on the PC.
 Operating System (Paper I) Computer Science Std. XII
Q.34 Explain in brief the following programs of MS Windows
1)Program Manager ii)File Manager iii) Control Panel
Ans 1)Progam Manager : a)The program manager starts executing along with MS Windows b)This provide
the user interface to start & stop the applications c)It is used to organize various applications into differ
-ent groups d)It also indicate how each group contents are controlled & displayed on the screen e)It is
also used to end the MS Windows session
2)File Manager : a)It help to organize user files & directories b)It help to creat,search,copy,move,delete
& change the drive c)Applications can be started directly from the File Manager
3)Control Panel : a)It can be used to change the color scheme,display back ground,select border width,
cursor size,shape etc b)Fonts are also managed by control panel c)It is also used to configure printer,
& other ports on the PC.
Q.35 Define “Security” with respect to an OS.Explain the different elements of security
Ans 1)Security is conserned with the ability of the OS to enforce control over the storage & transporataion of
data in between the objects that OS supports
2)In multiuser OS the concept of security is very important because application programs should not
interfere with one another
3)Hence secure systems are those “which control through the use of specific security features access to
the information that only authorized individuals or process on their behalf will have access to read,write
create of delete”
4)There are three main elements of security i.e. Confidentiality,Integrity & Availability
a)Confidentiality : It ensures that information is not accessed in an unauthorised manner it is related to
read informations.
b)Integrity : It ensures that information is not ammended ot deleted) by an unauthorised manner it is
related to write informations. 9 01
5
c)Availability : It ensures that information is available to the authorized
3 26 users at right time.
Q.36 What are computer worms ? Explain its mode of operation2
Ans 1)A computer worm is a complete program by itself,written-in 98such a way that it spreads to other comupters
over a network al
r w
2)While spreading it consumes the network resources
a be to a very large extent
3)A computer worm can bring the entire networkB at “Hault” state
s computer worm y
Mode of Operation : 1)Generally
S ir ’ nja does not harm other programs or data
2)Since it consumes network i a
a th resources such (S as transmission capacity or disk space,it denies services to
ce
legitimate users
3)When wrom is accessed
ha
rat
R

S E it send a copy en
ci of itself to all reachable network resources
Q.37
B
I
4)It spread itself to entire node. r
R
What are computer virus ? State t e
S
pu various types of viruses with their classification
Ans 1)A computer virus is a partoof m program which is written with clear intentation of infecting other program
C
2)Since computer virus is not complete program by iteslf,it can not act independently
3)A computer virus causes direct harm to the system by corrupting code as well as data
4)The classification of virus based on what do it affects & where it resides
5)There are five types of viruses as i)Boot Sector virus ii)Memory Resident virus
iii)File Specific virus iv)Command Processor virus v)General Purpose virus
Q.38 Whar are the different methods by which virus can infect other programs
Ans 1)Append : In this method viral code appends itself to the unaffected programs
2)Replace : In this case the viral code replaces the original executable completely or partially to carry
out some funny actions
3)Insert : In this case the viral code inserted into the original executable code to carryout some funny actions
4)Delete : In this case the viral code deletes some code from the executable program
5)Redirect : In this case the normal control flow of a progam is changed to execure some other code.
Q.39 Discuss virus detection,removal & prevention philosophies
Ans a) Virus Detection : 1)Virus Detection program checks the integrity of the binary files
2)The program maintains a checksum of each file if mismatch it indicates virus
3)Some programs in the memory continously watches I/O operations & any suspicious operations
b) Virus Prevention : 1)For smome viruses bit pattern code can be predicted
2)Here the program scans the disk for the pattern of known viruses on detection it removes them
However if the virus has already damaged the data,then recovery is almost immposible
c)Virus Preventation : 1)The user must buy official,legal copies of software from reliable source
2)User should be careful of free,unreliable or illegal softwares
3)Frequent backups running programs also helps to detect & prevent the virus
 Operating System (Paper I) Computer Science Std. XII
Q.40 Differentiate between Computer Worms & Viruses
Ans Computer Worm Computer Virus
1. It is a complete program 1. It is not a complete program,but a part of
program
2. It can act independently 2. It can not act indenpendently
3. Generally it do not cause harm directly to the 3. It causes direct harm to the computer system &
computer system written with clear intention of infecting others
4. It goes on spreading on the network & 4. It corrupts code & data
consumes network resources to large extent

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