1 .
MEANING OF ETHICS
Ethics refers to the branch of philosophy that deals with questions of morality and principles
that govern human behavior. It involves the study of what is right and wrong, good and bad,
and the justification of moral judgments.
2. MEANING OF BUSINESS ETHICS
Business ethics refers to the application of ethical principles and values in the context of
business decision-making and conduct. It involves considering the moral implications of
business actions, balancing the interests of various stakeholders, and promoting responsible
and ethical behavior within the business environment.
3. TYPES OF BUSINESS ETHICS
1. NORMATIVE ETHICS
Deontology: This ethical theory emphasizes the importance of following moral rules and
duties.
Consequentialism: This ethical approach evaluates the morality of actions based on their
outcomes or consequences.
Virtue Ethics: This approach centers on the development of good character traits and
virtues. It emphasizes the importance of cultivating virtues such as honesty, integrity, and
compassion in individuals and organizations.
2. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS
Cultural Relativism: Descriptive ethics explores the moral beliefs and practices of different
cultures without necessarily making judgments about their rightness or wrongness.
Moral Realism: This perspective posits that there are objective moral facts and principles
that exist independently of individual beliefs
3.APPLIED ETHICS
Business Ethics: This is a specific area of applied ethics that addresses ethical issues and
challenges in the business world.
Environmental Ethics: Concerned with the moral aspects of environmental issues, this field
addresses how businesses impact the environment
Bioethics: Focused on ethical issues arising in healthcare, medical research, and the life
sciences, bioethics explores topics such as patient rights, medical experimentation, and
genetic engineering
4.PROFFESIONAL ETHICS
• Legal Ethics: Pertaining to the ethical conduct of legal professionals, including lawyers and
judges. It involves adhering to moral standards in the legal profession.
• Medical Ethics: Addresses ethical issues in the field of medicine, including patient
confidentiality, informed consent, and end-of-life decisions.
• Engineering Ethics: Concerned with the ethical responsibilities of engineers and the impact
of their work on public safety, the environment, and society.
5. META ETHICS
Metaethics is a branch of ethics that explores the nature, scope, and meaning of moral
judgments and ethical language. Rather than focusing on specific ethical principles or
guiding individuals on what is right or wrong, metaethics examines the foundations of
morality itself.
CODE OF CONDUCT IN ETHICS
A code of conduct is a set of guidelines and principles that outlines the ethical and
professional behavior expected of individuals in a particular profession. These codes are
designed to ensure that professionals uphold high standards of integrity, competence, and
responsibility in their interactions with clients, colleagues, and the public.
IMPORTANCE / ADVANTAGES OF CODE OF ETHICS
Guidance for Decision-Making
Professional Integrity
Public Trust
Legal Compliance
Employee Morale and Satisfaction
Conflict Resolution
FEATURES OF CODE OF ETHICS
FIntegrity and Honesty
Social Responsibility
Accountability and Responsibility
Complaint and Resolution Procedures
Regular Review and Revision:
CODE OF CONDUCT OF ETHICS IN PROFESSIONS
A. CODE OF ETHICS MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA
1. General Principles
2. Duties to Patients
3. Duties to Proffession
4. Doctor to Doctor Relationship
B. ETHICS FOR CHARTERD ACCOUNTANTS IN INDIA
1. if he allows any person to practice as CA , if he is not one.
2. If he does advertises
3. If he accepts a position held by another CA , without communicating
with him.
4. If he discloses confidential information about his client
5. He certifies a statement without adequate scrutinity
C . CODE OF ETHICS IN ENGINEERING
1. to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public, to
strive to comply with ethical design and sustainable development
practices, to protect the privacy of others, and to disclose promptly
factors that might endanger the public or the environment;
2. to improve the understanding by individuals and society of the
capabilities and societal implications of conventional and emerging
technologies, including intelligent systems;
3. to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible,
and to disclose them to affected parties when they do exist
D. CODE OF ETHICS IN ASSOCIATION OF COMPUTER MACHINERY (ACM)
Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all
people are stakeholders in computing.
Be honest and trustworthy.
Avoid harm
Be fair and take action not to discriminate.
E. CODE OF ETHICS IN MARKETING
1.Honesty
2. Transperancy
Pricing: In order to gain customers and build trust, it's usually
necessary for businesses to be transparent about pricing, pricing
strategies and any extra fees that may exist in a transaction.
Quality: Expressing the level of quality of a good to audiences can help
consumers to have realistic expectations of the value of their
purchases.
3. Health and safety
4. Legality
F. CODE OF ETHICS IN IT ( INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY )
1. cyber security
2. proffesionaism
3. intergrity
4. Environmental Considerations
5. privacy of information
CONCLUSION
These codes of conduct serve as a framework for ethical decision-
making and professional behavior within specific fields. They often
include principles related to confidentiality, honesty, integrity,
professional competence, and the responsibility to the public.
The Model Of Ethics
1. Façade
2. Walking the talk
3. Opportunist
4. Salt of the earth
1. Façade
n ethics, the term "facade" typically refers to a false or misleading
appearance that is presented to conceal the true nature of something.
In the context of business ethics, a facade could refer to a company's
outward display of ethical behavior or values that may not align with its
actual practices or intentions.
For example, a company might promote itself as environmentally
friendly by emphasizing its sustainability initiatives in marketing
materials, but behind the scenes, it might engage in practices that
harm the environment or exploit natural resources. In this case, the
company's ethical facade serves to mask its true impact and intentions.
2. Walking the talk
"Walking the talk" in business ethics refers to the practice of
aligning actions with stated ethical values and principles.
Essentially, it means living up to the ethical standards and
commitments that a company professes to uphold.
3. Opportunitists
An "opportunist" in the context of business ethics typically
refers to an individual or entity that seeks to exploit
situations or circumstances for personal gain, often without
regard for ethical considerations or the well-being of others.
Opportunists may engage in behaviors such as:
1. Exploitative Practices: They may take advantage of loopholes,
ambiguities, or weaknesses in laws, regulations, or contracts to
gain an unfair advantage over others.
2. Manipulation: Opportunists may manipulate information, markets,
or stakeholders to serve their own interests, even if it involves
deceiving or misleading others.
3. Self-Interest: Their actions are primarily motivated by self-
interest and maximizing personal gain, often at the expense of
ethical principles, fairness, or the common good.
4. Short-Term Focus: Opportunists may prioritize short-term gains
over long-term sustainability or ethical considerations, leading to
decisions that sacrifice integrity or reputation for immediate
benefits.
5. Risk-taking: They may engage in risky or unethical behaviors to
achieve their goals, disregarding potential consequences for
themselves or others.
4. Salt on the earth
salt of the earth" generally refers to people who are considered to be
honest, hardworking, and of high moral character. In the context of
business ethics, describing someone as the "salt of the earth" suggests
that they adhere to strong ethical principles and values in their
professional conduct.
