Computer graphics & multimedia
Chapter Five
Introduction to openGL
1
WHAT IS OPENGL?
An application programming interface (API)
A (low-level) Graphics rendering API
Generate high-quality color images composed
of geometric and image primitives
MAXIMAL PORTABILITY
Display device independent
Window system independent
Operating system independent
Without a standard API (such as OpenGL) - impossible to port
(100, 50) Line(100,50,150,80) - device/lib 1
(150, 100) Moveto(100,50) - device/lib 2
Lineto(150,100)
OPENGL BASICS
OpenGL’s primary function – Rendering
Rendering? – converting geometric/mathematical
object descriptions into frame buffer values
OpenGL can render:
Geometric primitives
Bitmaps and Images (Raster primitives)
CODE EXAMPLE
void Display()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor4f(1,1,0,1);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
….
SPECIFYING GEOMETRIC PRIMITIVES
Primitives are specified using
glBegin(primType);
// define your primitives here
…
glEnd();
primType:
GL_POINTS, GL_LINES,
GL_TRIANGLES, GL_QUADS, …
Primitive Types
SAMPLE EXAMPLE
Void DrawQuad(GLfloat color[])
{
glColor3f(0,0,1);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glVertex2f(0,0);
glVertex2f(1.0, 0,0);
glVertex2f(1.0, 1.0);
glVertex2f(0.0, 1.0);
glEnd();
}
OPENGL COMMAND FORMATS
glVertex2f(x, y)
Add ‘v’ for vector
form
number of B – byte
glVertex2fv(v)
Components/ ub – unsigned byte
Dimensions s – short
us – unsigned short
2 – (x,y) i – int
3 – (x,y,z) ui – unsigned int
4 – (x,y,z,w) or f – float
(r,g,b,a) d – double
SHAPE EXAMPLE
WINDOW-BASED PROGRAMMING
Mostof the modern graphics systems are
window-based
Window based environment
Non-window based environment
WINDOW SYSTEM INDEPENDENT
OpenGL is window system independent
No window management functions – create windows,
resize windows, event handling, etc
This is to ensure the application’s portability
Create some headache though – just a pure OpenGL
program won’t work anywhere.
MORE APIS ARE NEEDED
X window system: GLX
Apple Macintosh: AGL
Microsoft Windows: WGL
These libraries provide complete functionality to create
Graphics User Interface (GUI) such as sliders, buttons,
, menus etc.
Problem – you need to learn and implement them all to
write a true portable software
USE GLUT (OPENGL UTILITY TOOLKIT)
For fast prototyping, we can use GLUT to interface
with different window systems
GLUT is a window independent API – programs
written using OpenGL and GLUT can be ported to X
windows, MS windows, and Macintosh with no effort
GLUT does not contain all the bells and whistles
though (no sliders, no dialog boxes, no menu bar, etc)
GLUT BASICS GLUT
Program Structure
1. Configure and open window (GLUT)
2. Initialize OpenGL (Optional)
3. Register input callback functions (GLUT)
Render
Resize
Input: keyboard, mouse, etc
4. Enter event processing loop (GLUT)
SAMPLE PROGRAM GLUT
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
Void main(int argc, char** argv)
{
int mode = GLUT_RGB|GLUT_SINGLE;
glutInitDisplayMode(mode);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
glutCreateWindow(argv[0]);
init();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutKeyboardFunc(key);
glutMainLoop();
}
Sample Program GLUT
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
Void main(int argc, char** argv)
{
int mode = GLUT_RGB|GLUT_SINGLE;
glutInitDisplayMode(mode); Specify the display
glutInitWindowSize(500,500); Mode – RGB or color
glutCreateWindow(“Simple”); Index, single or double
init(); Buffer
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutKeyboardFunc(key);
glutMainLoop();
}
Sample Program GLUT
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
Void main(int argc, char** argv)
{
int mode = GLUT_RGB|GLUT_SINGLE;
glutInitDisplayMode(mode);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500); Create a window
glutCreateWindow(“Simple”); Named “simple”
init(); with resolution
glutDisplayFunc(display); 500 x 500
glutKeyboardFunc(key);
glutMainLoop();
}
Sample Program GLUT
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
Void main(int argc, char** argv)
{
int mode = GLUT_RGB|GLUT_SINGLE;
glutInitDisplayMode(mode);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
glutCreateWindow(“Simple”);
init(); Your OpenGL initialization
glutDisplayFunc(display); code (Optional)
glutKeyboardFunc(key);
glutMainLoop();
}
Sample Program GLUT
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
Void main(int argc, char** argv)
{
int mode = GLUT_RGB|GLUT_SINGLE;
glutInitDisplayMode(mode);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
glutCreateWindow(“Simple”);
init();
glutDisplayFunc(display); Register your call back
glutKeyboardFunc(key); functions
glutMainLoop();
}
CALLBACK FUNCTIONS? GLUT
Most of window-based programs are
event-driven
– which means do nothing until an event
happens, and then execute some pre-defined
functions
Events– key press, mouse button press and
release, window resize, etc.
GLUT
glutDisplayFunc(void (*func)(void) )
Void main(int argc, char** argv)
{
…
glutDisplayFunc(display);
…
}
void display() – the function
you provide. It contains all
the OpenGL drawing function
calls and will be called
when pixels in the window
need to be refreshed.
EVENT QUEUE GLUT
Keyboard
Event queue ….
MainLoop() Mouse
Window
Mouse_callback() Keypress_callback() window_callback()
{ { {
…. …. ….
{ { {
AND MANY MORE … GLUT
glutKeyboardFunc() – register the callback that
will be called when a key is pressed
glutMouseFunc() – register the callback that will be
called when a mouse button is pressed
glutMotionFunc() – register the callback that will be
called when the mouse is in motion while a buton is
pressed
glutIdleFunc() – register the callback that will be
called when nothing is going on (no event)
glutMainLoop() GLUT
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
Void main(int argc, char** argv)
{
int mode = GLUT_RGB|GLUT_SINGLE;
glutInitDisplayMode(mode);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
glutCreateWindow(“Simple”);
init();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutReshapeFunc(resize);
glutKeyboardFunc(key);
glutMainLoop(); The program goes into a infinite
} loop waiting for events
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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