LESSON NOTE FOR SS1
TOPIC: FUNCTIONS
MAPPING
Given two non-empty sets A and B, if there is a rule, which assigns an element � ∈ � a unique
element � ∈ �, then, the rule is called MAPPING Example If � = {1,2,3,4,5} And � =
{1,4,9,16,25} It can be represented by arrow diagram as;
The above representation is called an arrow diagram of mapping
CONDITIONS FOR MAPPING
Two important conditions that must be satisfied if a relation is to be a mapping are;
i. Every element of the domain has an image in the co-domain
ii. image of every element of the domain is unique
DOMAIN AND CO-DOMAIN
Given the mapping F: A B, the set A is called the domain, while B is called the co-
domain of the mapping.
FUNCTION
A function is a mapping whose co-domain is the set of numbers
Example
A function is a relation between a set of inputs having one output each. Every function has
a domain and co-domain. It is generally denoted by f(x) where x is the input. The general
representation of a function is y = f(x).
To be a function, every member of the domain must map to some member of the co-domain, and
it must be a unique member.
Example:
Another definition of functions is that it is a relation “f” in which each element of set “A” is
mapped with only one element belonging to set “B”. Also, in a function, there can’t be two pairs
with the same first element.
Condition for a Function
Set A and Set B should be non-empty.
In a function, a particular input is given to get a particular output. So, a function f: A->B denotes
that f is a function from A to B, where A is a domain, and B is a co-domain.
Representation of Functions
Functions are generally represented as f(x).
Let f(x) = x3.
It is said as f of x is equal to x cube.
Functions can also be represented by g(), t(),… etc.
Steps for Solving Functions
Question: Find the output of the function g(t) = 6t2+ 5 at
(i) t = 0
(ii) t = 2
Solution:
The given function is g(t) = 6t2 + 5
(i) At t = 0, g(0) = 6(0)2 + 5 = 5
(ii) At t = 2, g(2) = 6(2)2 + 5 = 29
Types of Functions
There are various types of functions in Mathematics. The different function types covered here
are given below:
One-one Function (Injective Function)
Onto Function (Surjective Function)
Composite Function
Constant Function
Identity Function
One-one Function (Injective Function)
If each element in the domain of a function has a distinct image in the co-domain, the function is
said to be a one-one function.
For example, f; R, R, given by f(x) = 3x + 5, is one-one.
Let �: � � be the mapping that establishes the correspondence between the sets X and Y. The
mapping f is called a one to one mapping if different elements in the domain X have different
images in the co-domain Y. Thus, �:� � is one to one mapping if (�1 ) = �(�2) implies �1 = �2
or �1 ≠ �2 implies �(�1 ) ≠ �(�2).
Many-one function
On the other hand, if there are at least two elements in the domain whose images are the same,
the function is known as many to one.
For example, f : R R, given by f(x) = x2 + 1, is many-one.
Onto Function (Surjective Function)
A function is called an onto function if each element in the co-domain has at least one pre-image
in the domain.
Let �: � → � be a mapping from set X to the set Y. The mapping f is called an onto mapping if
every element of the codomain is an image of at least one element in the domain. Hence �:� →
� is onto mapping if range of the mapping is equal to the codomain Example 1 Let the mapping
g: � → � be defined by
The range of the mapping is equal to the co-domain, hence the mapping is onto a b c d e f g
Example 2 Let the mapping f: → �be defined by �(�) = 2� + 3. Determine whether
mapping is onto Solution Let 0, ±1, ±2, ±3 ∈ � �(0) = 3, �(1) = 5, �(−1) = 1, �(2) = 7, �(−2) =
−1, �(3) = 9 ��� �(−3) = −3 The range of the mapping is equal to the co- domain. Hence the
mapping is one – one and onto mapping.
Constant Function
The function f : P → P is defined by b = f (x) = D, a ∈ P, where D is a constant ∈ P, is a
constant function.
In simple words, the polynomial of 0th degree where f(x) = f(0) = a0 = c. Regardless of the input,
the output always results in a constant value. The graph for this is a horizontal line.
Let �� :� → � be a mapping which assigns every � ∈ � the same image K, �� is called a
constant mapping if for every � ∈ �, �� (�) = � where K is a constant Example �
Identity Function
P= set of real numbers
The function f : P → P defined by b = f (a) = a for each a ∈ P is called the identity function.
Let � :� → � be a mapping define by �� (�) = � ∀� ∈ � then �� is called an identity mapping if it
take an element onto itself Examples of identity mapping are;
INVERSE FUNCTION
A function f(x) has an inverse if it is both one- one and onto. The inverse function is written as �
−1 (�). The inverse function does the opposite operation of the function
The relation � −1 (�) is a mapping and it is called the inverse of the function f Example 2 Find
the inverse of � −1 (�) if �(�) = 2� + 3 Solution �(�) = 2� + 3 2� = �(�) − 3 � = �(�) − 3 2 �
−1(�) = � − 3 2 Example 3 Find the inverse of � −1 (�) if g(�) = � 3 Solution �(�) = � 3 � =
√�(�) 3 = � −1(�) = √�
COMPOSITE MAPPING
let �: � → � ��� �: � → � be two mappings such that the co- domain of f is the domain of g
