UNIT : 1
REVIEW HEALTH TRANSITION
AND GLOBAL HEALTH
By : Miss Raziya Laghari
HEALTH TRANSITION AND GLOBAL HEALTH
Health “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.”
MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH :
• Medicine is concerned with the health of individuals, and clinical health practitioners like
physicians, surgeons, dentists, nurses, and physi-cal therapists are instrumental in helping
individuals and families reach and maintain health by providing preventive, diagnostic, and
therapeutic health servige.
PUBLIC HEALTH :
• Public health focuses on the health of populations, whether small villages or entire world
regions. The public health system, which addresses health at local, state and provincial,
national, and international levels, also works to keep individuals safe and healthy. The goals
of public health include pre venting illnesses, injuries, and deaths at the population level,
identifying and mitigating environmental hazards, promoting healthy behaviors, ensuring
access to essential health services, and providing health education targeted.
ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES :
• Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
• Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. Inform,
educate, and empower people about health issues.
• Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
• Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
• Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. Link people to needed
personal health services.
• Ensure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
THE EMERGENCE OF GLOBAL HEALTH :
• Global health refers to transnational health, health concerns that cross national borders.
The term global health is sometimes used interchangeably with international health, but
international health is now more often used to describe a focus on the health issues of
people who live in lower-income countries,
• Global health is not new. Infectious diseases have long been spread by migration and
trade.
HEALTH TRANSITIONS IN THE 20TH CENTURY :
• One hundred years ago, most populations across the world had similar health profiles:
high birth rates, high death rates, short life expectancies. And a lot of disease and death
due to infections and under nutrition. During the 20th century, most high-income nations
made a transition to birth rate, a lower death rate, longer life expectancies, and a higher.
Burden from the chronic diseases often associated with over nutrition. Low-income
countries have not experienced such dramatic changes, but the health profiles of middle-
income areas are currently shifting.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS :
• The demographic transition describes a shift toward lower birth and death rates that
often occurs as populations move from being low-income economies (often referred to
as developing countries) to being high-income economies (often called developed
countries). Pre-transition populations have high birth rates and high death rates, and the
population maintains a stable, but relatively small, number of people. During the early
stages of the demographic transition, increased food security and improved health care
reduce the death rate, but the birth rate stays high and the population size increases,
possibly drastically.
PREVENTION :
• A causal web can be used to display the relationships among the many different biological,
behavioral, social, economic, political, and environ-mental exposures that might have a
causal relationship with a particular health outcome. Causal webs indicate the immediate
causes of disease and also show more distant causes. A complex set of characteristics
contribute to causing disease, there are also multiple paths to a solution.
LEVELS OF PREVENTION :
1. Primary prevention, preventing the disease from ever occurring. Primary prevention
methods include immunizations, improved nutrition, adequate sleep, safety devices,
health education, and any interventions that reduce susceptibility to infection, injury, or
disease
2. Secondary prevention is to diagnose disease at an early stage when it has not yet
caused significant damage to the body and can be treated more easily
3. Tertiary prevention is to reduce complications in those with symptomatic disease in
order to prevent death or minimize disability.
THANK YOU
