Class IX Employability Skills

Unit 1 Communication Skill

Elements of a communication

i. Sender – sends the information

ii. Communication channel- Channel is used to send the message- like phone, face to face talk,
messaging etc
iii. Receiver – message is received by the receiver
iv. Information- Actual message that has to communicated
v. Feedback – To know whether the message has been successfully sent or not
Factors which act as barrier in effective communication:

i. Language barrier
ii. Past experience – If something wrong has happened in the past, a person may not be able to
understand and communicate properly if he is in the same situation again.
iii. Personal feelings – like feeling little low
iv. Environment – like noise, loud music etc
v. Culture- Signs’ which have a different meaning in different cultures, such as showing a thumb
may mean ‘good job’ done for some people but may be insulting to others.

7 Cs for effective communication are-

Types of communication:

i. Verbal communication
ii. Non verbal communication
iii. Visual communication

Verbal Communication

1. Verbal communication is the sharing of information by using words, spoken or written

2. This is the most common way of communicating
3. This is further of two types
i. Oral or Spoken Communication eg talking on phone, seminars, public speeches, group
discussions etc
ii. Written Communication eg letters, whatsapp messages, SMS, email , books, newspapers etc
4. Advantage – It is easy and quick. We can say what we want and get a quick response. We can keep
changing your communication as per the other person’s reply
5. Disadvantage- As it depends on words, sometimes the meanings become confusing and difficult to
understand if the right words are not used. Language can also be a barrier
6. 3Ps (Prepare, Practice, Perform) method can be used to get over our fears, and become a confident and
effective speaker, especially for those who have fear of public speaking.

Non Verbal Communication

1. Non-verbal communication is the type of communication in which the a message is sent without using
any words. We send signals and messages to others, through expressions, gestures and body postures

2. Types :
i. Expressions like smile, frown etc
ii. Posture like walking straight shows confidence, holding head uses tiredness
iii. Gestures like biting nails shows anxiety, waving hands to call or say bye
iv. Touch like shaking hands shoes greeting, pat at the back to encourage
v. Eye contact to show interest in a topic
3. We should be careful while using non verbal communication. Eg there is a difference between making
an eye contact and staring , while shaking hands we should not press hands too hard etc

Visual Communication

1. Visual communication involves sending and understanding messages only through images or pictures.
2. The main advantage of this type of communication is that we do not need to know any specific language
for understanding it.
3. It is simple and remains same throughout the world.
 Unit 2 - Self-management

Self-management, also referred to as ‘selfcontrol’ or ‘self-regulation’, is the ability to regulate one’s emotions,
thoughts, and behaviour effectively in different situations.

Self-management involves understanding ourself, understanding what our interests and abilities are, Knowing
ourself as an individual – our values, likes, dislikes, strengths and weaknesses.

Self-management skills include the following:

 Self awareness
 Self confidence
 Self motivation
 Self control
 Positive thinking
 Problem solving
 Time management
 Goal setting
 Self hygiene and grooming
 Team work

It is important to know our strengths and weaknesses. Strengths are what we do well and are good at.
Weaknesses, also known as 'areas of improvement' are what we do not do well and are not good at.

Interests are the things that we enjoy doing. Ability, on the other hand, is an acquired or natural capacity that
enables an individual to perform a particular job or task with considerable proficiency. Interests and abilities
may be different.

Self-confidence is a sense of trusting own’s abilities and self. Self-confidence can be developed through
changes in attitude and practice.

Qualities of a self confident person-

 Self belief
 Hard work
 Positive attitude
 Commitment
To build self confidence, we should:
i. Start appreciating our achievements and accept our failures
ii. Stop thinking about our past mistakes every time. Rather we should learn from our mistakes.
iii. We should try to think positively and try to be surrounded by people who also think positively.
iv. Set a goal for yourself and try to achieve that goal also.

Positive thinking requires a person to look at the good in things, observe, understand, and patiently work
towards improving them rather than worrying and/or looking for the bad in things.

1. In order to have positive thinking we should:

i. Start your day in a positive way
ii. Manage time and try to keep some time for relaxing also
iii. Take all the feedbacks in a positive way
 iv. Try to imagine good in everything
v. Express gratitude- be thankful to people who have helped you or did good things for you.

Cleanliness helps us to maintain our health and well-being. Being healthy allows you to be regular at school,
college or work. So personal hygiene is very important.

Washing your hands properly, taking bath everyday, cutting your nails regularly, washing clothes
properly, covering your face with hanky while coughing, sneezing or when having cold etc are some
personal hygiene habits that everyone should adopt.

Grooming is the process of making yourself look neat, tidy, and smart. The way we dress, and groom can either
send the message that we are confident, smart, and sincere or possess opposite qualities.

Some good grooming habits are:

i. Wearing neat and clean ironed clothes
ii. Combing hair properly
iii. Washing hair regularly
iv. Wearing polished shoes
v. Brushing teeth everyday
vi. Wearing clean socks everyday etc
 Unit 3 Information and Communication Technology Skills

Parts of computers It consists of three main units: Input Unit, Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Output Unit.

The CPU is further divided into three parts: (i) control unit (CU), (ii) arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), and (iii)
memory unit (MU).

Motherboard Motherboard, also referred to as a system board, is the main circuit board inside a computer. It
connects input, processing and output devices.

Data is stored in the form of bits and bytes. Bit (Binary Digit, represented by 0 or 1) is the smallest storage unit.
Eight bits combined together form a byte, which in turn represents a character (numerals/letters/symbols).

A computer system consists of two main parts—the hardware and the software. The physical parts that we can
see and touch are called the hardware

The most important software in any computer is the Operating System (OS). This is the software that starts
working as soon as we switch on a computer.

Some of the most commonly used operating systems Ubuntu Microsoft Windows and Mac OS , Apple iOS and
Google Android

Files and folders All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of files store different
types of information. Each file is given a file name and has a file name extension that identifies the file type.
(The file name and file name extension are separated by a period or a ‘dot’.) For example, a document (e.g.,
with the name Neha) created using Notepad (a type of computer application to create simple text files) will
have the extension .txt. There are other types like .doc, .xls, etc. An image file usually has an extension .jpg,
while a sound file usually has .mp3. A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.

Types of connections (a) Wired connections: When our computer is connected to the Internet using a wire, it is
called a wired connection. We use Ethernet cables (cables used for connecting to the Internet) to connect to the
modem which connects to the ISP using a phone line. (b) Wireless connection: You can also connect your
computer to the Internet using wireless technology. Laptops need a wireless Internet card to connect to a
modem without using any cables

Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a certain amount of time.

An Internet Browser is an application or a software program on your computer or laptop which helps you visit
the various websites. Some examples of browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer.

Electronic mail is a message sent over the Internet from one person to another

An e-mail address is made up of two parts separated by the @ symbol. The part before the @symbol is created
by the user The part after the ‘@’ symbol is the domain name of e-mail service provider, i.e., the company that
provides the e-mail service.

Advantages of e-mail E-mails can be sent to multiple users along with the attachments. They are fast as they
reach anyone around the world immediately, free as most services do not charge money and it is environment
friendly, as no paper is used.

There are different folders that could help you manage and organise your e-mails.
• The Inbox holds e-mails that people have sent to you

• The Sent folder holds e-mails that you have sent to people

• The Drafts folder holds all the e-mail you have started writing, but not yet sent • The Junk/Spam folder holds
e-mails that may not be useful

• The Trash can or folder holds e-mails that you no longer need and have deleted.

Input devices : An input device is used to give information into the computer.

Example: keyboard, Microphone , web camera, scanner, bar code reader etc

Output devices: Output devices bring information from the computer to the user.

Example: monitor, printer , speakers, plotters etc

Storage devices Used to transfer data/files from one computer to another

Example: pen/flash drive, hard disk, CD, DVD, blu ray disk etc.,

Some short cut keys -

CTRL+z undo

CTRL+y redo

CTRL+a select all

CTRL+x cut

CTRL+c copy

CTRL+v paste

CTRL+p print

CTRL+s save
Entrepreneurship Skills

The process of developing a business plan, launching and running a business using innovation to meet customer
needs and to make a profit is entrepreneurship.
An entrepreneur is a person who is self-employed, is willing to take a calculated risk and brings in a new idea to
start a business.
Role of an entrepreneur
 Economic Development— Money in Circulation As entrepreneurs create value by making available
better and cheaper products and services for customers, the economy grows
 Social Development—Creation of Jobs As the business grows, it needs more work to be done and so
creates more jobs. Good quality jobs lead to more people earning money and having a good life.
 Improved Standard of Living— More things available to live a comfortable life
 More Benefits at Lower Prices Products and Services at Competitive Prices
Qualities of an entrepreneur
 Patience Entrepreneurship is not a one-day job. Success may not be achieved quickly and therefore, it is
important for an entrepreneur to be patient in running the business
 Positivity When a person starts a business, he/she may face lots of difficulties and failure. An
entrepreneur has to think positively even when he/she takes a big risk.
 Hardworking, Never Giving Up and Perseverance Every new business goes through failures and
therefore, an entrepreneur needs to work hard till it becomes successful.
 Confidence An entrepreneur needs to be very confident and take decisions about their business. An
entrepreneur needs to communicate confidently with the customers.
 Open to Trial and Error Entrepreneur needs to be open to new ideas and try them without fear of failure.
 Creativity and Innovation An entrepreneur should be able to see a problem from different perspectives
and come up with original and creative solutions.
Difference between Self Employment and Wage Employment
Self-employment offers independence, the potential for higher earnings, and creative freedom, but it also comes
with financial risks and uncertainties.
On the other hand, wage employment provides stability, benefits, and a structured work environment, but it may
limit autonomy and income potential.
Benefits of entrepreneurship
• Entrepreneurship allows you to start and do something you like using your hobbies and skills.
• As an entrepreneur, you can work for yourself and not for someone else. You can decide the kind of work you
like to do and how you want to do it.
• Make profits for yourself: As an entrepreneur, you can decide how much money you want to earn and how
you want to earn it.
Green Skills

 Sustainable development is defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and guaranteeing the balance
between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.
 Green economy is defined as “Economy that results in improved human well‐being and social equity,
while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities”.

Some of the human activities, which cause damage to the environment are -
 Overexploitation: This results when harvesting of resources exceeds their reproduction or
replenishment.
 Mining: Some of the environmental impacts of mining include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of
biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from the mining
processes.
 Deforestation: It is the clearance of a forest or stand of trees where the land is converted to a nonforest
use, such as agriculture and construction of houses. It results in loss of habitat for many plants and
animals living in the forest. It may also lead to extinction of plant and animal species.
 Pollution - Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects
on plants, animals and human beings.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Three Rs for saving the environment – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
It is a concept of the modern waste management.
 Reduce: Do not use what you do not need. If we reduce at source, there is a lesser chance of waste
generation and the pressure on our already stretched natural resources is reduced.
Eg we can reduce the use of unnecessary items while shopping, buy items with minimal packaging,
avoid buying disposable items and also avoid asking for plastic carry bags. Use your own reusable cloth
or jute bags instead of plastic bags.
 Reuse: Reuse the materials for other purposes, such as making pillow covers or rags out of used shirts or
ladies suits.
 Recycling: Recycling is reusing some components of the waste that may have some economic value.
Recycling has readily visible benefits, such as conservation of resources reduction in energy used during
manufacture and reducing pollution levels.
Eg aluminum and steel can be recycled many times.
Metal, paper, glass and plastics are recyclable.
Plastic items are recycled into new plastic products.
Kitchen wet waste can be utilised to make compost that can be used as an organic fertiliser.
 Conserving Natural Resources
 Soil conservation
Soil conservation means checking soil erosion and improving soil fertility by adopting various
methods.
1. Maintenance of soil fertility: The fertility can be maintained by adding manure and fertilizers
regularly as well as by rotation of crop.
2. Control on grazing: Grazing should be allowed only on specified areas.
3. Reforestation: Planting of trees and vegetation reduces soil erosion.

 Water conservation
Conservation and management of water are essential for the survival of mankind, plants and animals.
This can be achieved by adopting the following methods:
1. Growing vegetation in the catchment areas, which will hold water in the soil and allow it to percolate
into deeper layers and contribute to formation of ground water.
2. Constructing dams and reservoirs to regulate supply of water to the fields, as well as to enable
generation of hydroelectricity.
3. Sewage should be treated and only the clear water should be released into the rivers.
4. Industrial wastes (effluents) should be treated to prevent chemical and thermal pollution of fresh
water. 5. Judicious use of water in our day-to-day life.
6. Rainwater harvesting should be done by storing rainwater and recharging groundwater.

 Energy conservation We use a lot of non-renewable energy resource for our needs. Since resources are
limited, we need to conserve them as much as possible.
Switch off lights, fans, TV and other electrical items, when not in use
• Use tube lights and energy efficient bulbs that save energy rather than bulbs.
• Keep the bulbs and tubes clean.
• Remove dust on the tubes and bulbs to improve lighting levels by 10 to 20%.
 • Keep vessels covered with a lid during cooking. It is useful in cooking the food faster and saving
energy.
• Electric items like air conditioners geysers, heaters and dryers use a lot of electrical power. Use them
when necessary.

 Food conservation Food conservation and storage have been practiced to feed mankind in times of
shortage.
 Forest conservation Forest conservation means the retention of existing forest or the creation of new
forest

Components of a Green Economy

 Renewable energy from renewable resources like wind, water, sun, earth, biomass
 Green buildings are buildings that cause minimum damage to the environment during their construction
and operation
 Water management
 Waste management
 Land Management

A green economy uses less resources, causes less pollution and provides growth for everyone.

 The skills used for promoting green economy are known as green skills.
 A ‘green job’ is employment in any industry that contributes to preserving or restoring environmental
quality in that sector and allowing for sustainable development. . It includes jobs that help protect
ecosystems and biodiversity and reduce energy, materials and water consumption through high
efficiency strategies.