MSTC

Applied Mathematics, Surveying, Principles of Transportation and

Highway Engineerimg, Construction Management and Methods

Engr. Jomaelian
Hyacienth T. Balane
 ALGEBRA
COMPLEX NUMBERS LOGARITHM QUADRATIC FUNCTION
la tech : Properties of Logar thm erte of quadratic function f(x) al"- bl -

c (ma · or min .
point

!
-

: (1 + 2i) gaMN-ogaM ogal D b

U < f(n)f
2a 2a
aislo .
gaM- ogaM ogal
33 :
N PROGRESSIONS
OPERATIONS IN POLYNOMIALS gaM" -

nogal ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

n term of e press on gaA Nth term

n -
r +u - 1
B An
nCr1 ga@ gaA =
Am -
n - md m =
successive term

QUADRATIC ga Common Difference n =

preceeding term

uadratic-ormu a
LINEAR FUNCTION d =
92 Ar

b lac Sum of all terms

-

S ope Intercept -orm

2a b
y my
-

na
-

S =

uadratic m slope
-quation

"
Di by intercept

Sin
a, -

2001 In 1
b24ac I he roots are rea and Sope
equa

b24ac I he roots are rea and rise 2 P ca ech :

unequa M

b24ac I he roots are not rea (compel and

run 2 ↑ M32
unequa
~

Sum and product of roots

f quadratic equation Point sope-orm & y
frnthlerm

B R
M
I 2 A y yo P
-- B1 If r sum

12 Ca
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION ARM (PRGR-SS NS DIS-ANC = CROB EMS - R 32B -
S

Nth Term th term Speed J rect aratin

An-Amrhm p
So d y
An
[Ar t
Ratio n d J it ar atin

A2 As An first time of the A P . .

bjecl nvironment Speed Relation y
r- S

2
Ap An rat in
& common difference of the A P
. .
nerse

Sum of all terms n number of terms in A P

. .
Vi Ve E

Do r p Sum of a terms
S = # p P

Sn-
r
201 an - 1d Vo Combined ar atin
n

a, 1 2Ard · Vz E
S= + Y

I Relation between -3 [
r
, G + D- P 2

62 -

AM HM
CLOCK PROBLEMS
Sum - nfinite Geometric Sequence
-3007360012
Ap
WORD PROBLEMS Min
. head

S * r In o

1 r 60 min
.
WORK PR B-MS

&
your head
Caltech : Work done =
Rate 1 Time

M
0 50 min.
36
.
-

P
Rate -

X8 y (for nth term) Time to finish the work Angle travelled by Minute hand in "t" mins.

N - =
6t
ta work done by two pe pe
AB for sum(
X I P P By hour hand
I 2 =
1
Y -

2 St
starting -
our
SET THEORY
subsets

Ac By every element of A is contained in B

Proper Subset

When Ac Band--B then 's a proper subset of B

.
-

Union
at least one
"

* U 3 set .
B
,of all things that are members of A or

·
.

A B

ntersection

* B set of all things that

, are members of A and B
.

A
& B
 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
PROBABILITY 3 as Cunting Principe C nd na Tr eab

Probabity M A 12 Ma ..
An
3 -
n
-

1 and -2
2-

n 7

H h number orabe Permutation arrangement matters

3 ways for a

nf >
e ent to happen nor n t ta tems in the set n 7
-

2
3 -

2-

n 7

I 7
number
ways for fa orabe
n .
Neft r tems tasen for the
p ermutation

eentt fa rholt happen number of set of n mostly 3 -

-

2
., 1
3 -

2-
3 -

1
N ta number of poss be outc mes Leywords :

utua 7 event No Me My . i ma
3
-
e cus eeents cannot happen al the same lime . . A . Tr basi To bab -1f success

<
Pr-3 in same .
n
3)nCsg er bab -
...

9 / f fa ure

Leyword : n any roer n Ca :

ec

p Nr .
11 As
.

ncc q"at eas

U tiple eents can be success e r simultaneous Circuar permutation

will arrangement

%... in Y
N -

Leyword : sermutations with s me things aise ,

taken al at a time - ma n err ri

and n
·

3 3
a eas ess tran
7-

-
t east he success No .
M1 M3 !
.
. 7
s n >s rbu in

es ,
M
&
Combination arrangement does not matter Y
E

1 -

or babi ty f tota fa ure Cmbinatinsf n different things taken r at a time

nir &
9 I
nCr
n a
erage rae feen currences in he n er a

r r . nu
& n n nega-ie n eyer recresenting he number feens
 rma J's rbu n can a le

sl
282 u up
f) 2

02T
Sandard de a n

O sandard de a O npa
n

u mean
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
>
rand m aras e pua n sandard deal n

On
S-andard rmal 7s-rbu in
2

>
pua arance
e Sh n
f( ;
24 G 2
on

ears andard dealn

On N

Ca ech :

3 C PTS
-

3
eff midde

2 righ
 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLE MEASUREMENTS Sum and Difference dentities Parity of rigunctions

I rev-360° Litrad 400 grads 6400 mils si A- B) sin-cos3 cos-siB incoscossin) COS -s e c--- N

Cos A - B) cos-cos3 sin-snB coscossing in

se agesima system selagesimus" sin csc
-

D)

centesima system grade tan =B

tan-I tanB tan-cot -
D)

P tan AtanB
circuar Naturas Stem 'radians"

FUNCTIONS OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE )

ube-nge dentities

Chypotenuse X-rcos O Area Sn2-asin-cos-

r
y (opposite
usin COS2 cos"-sin"
--a
⑧ y

X (adjacent) 2tan-
tan 2-
?
I tan
SOH-CN + -
1 A

7 I I I
-
rom Pythagorean heorem

COS sec si cost-

sin CSC see" , tan

tan cot
7) AN)--N-UNC NS

RGNM- IRC) -
N 1 - 7) Functi ns

fl f))
Pythagorean
=

dentities

Cs -
sin - -1 - -

Functi ns

I tan see" f (
-

f))

cot -
11 cs22
 OBLIQUE TRIANGLES -

eron's ormu a
DIRECTIONS
* Is als D Sc Bearings

Semi perimeter N50 -

5 degrees,

-
ast of North
a -
bc
S
2
-
4oN 4 degrees ,

RI-NG N- U. 1 -
RM
North of ast
,

Probabe 3rd side -

muth

C a b -
zu 50

Sine aw ca -
b
-

y
-

> 805230

A D C Probable perimeter
-

sin Sin B sinc D

alb AIR NAVIGATION
D
C since aw
alb
tail to tail

catb22abcos(

-
rea of range

A
1
absnC A
↑
besin--a acs in B
2 2 2
 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLES She aw Napier's Rue

sna sinb sinc SN COOPRU

-
,

si-sinB inf
sinc cosacosb

C sine aw for sides sinc tan-tanb

cosa cosbcosc snbcoseos - A -

90 4- B
-

q
°
BC = 90
°
C

cosb cosacos snbcoscos

TERRESTRIAL SPHERE
cose cosacosb snbcosbcos(

C since aw for anges

5400 (1 + B + C) > 1800 c s-coszcosC SinBinicosa

Area
f a spherica triange with radius R
,
c SB cos-cOSC sindsnCcosb

Sin SUBCOSC

--R2
CSC COS-cOSB
spherica excess in deges .

RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

B
-
= -
BC180

C
a

C
↑ Nautica mile)"I'6080 +t.

A
C
D
-

Napier's circle

C
 SOLID GEOMETRY
POLYHEDRONS Prism

Nuh

Right Pr sm bique Prism

U -
Dh -

D h

ph -
R
⑭
m
-

L R

ues Characteristic Formu a Cube e ahdron Rectangular Paral elpiped

fe2

or
any Polyhedron
-

Number of edges Radius of Inscribed Sphere

e nf 2 3
r -

S
Number of Vertices
-

ns m ab
 runcated Prism 1
= -
ph
3
24 he... In
-

-
RUS UMS

rustum of a Pyramid

h
-

1
-

2 A + +2
3
Pyramid

#L Pon
sh
3
-
s = 2Ab AL

rustum of a Cone

Th 22
R p Er

3
Cone

P -

L
-

Rp
oh
3

Tr
-

I
Sphere Spherical Sector

4 Vwedge
in V
sphere

3 360

?
- Pir

Spherical segment Spherica Wedge

ne base Alune Asphere

Tune
-

3600
P !
ith 3rh
3 ?
zar
Wedge
3
-
Zirh

bases volume z Surface

-

wo zune

↑ =
ateral area
=>
center to center distance of two bases
392
-

in 3D h2
6
s surface
-

area

Az 2 Trn -
em' sphere
Cynder

2 -rh
- p
3
SIMILAR SOLIDS Catech :

(wos : M 3 3 Mde Stal nadralc

/ ds are simar

Ratio of the oumes height Y Area

3 3 3

To A B c "d

Ratio of(he sides SOLID OF REVOLUTION

PAPPUS -
R M

Surface Area

GENERAL PRISMATOID As 2 - .
>
ength of the object being rotated

Area -
B( 2 >3 o ume
3
distance from the /is of rotation towards

paraboloid 2+ A P the centroid of area ine segment

or
cyinders cones, /rustum cone , syramids spheres frustum pyramid frustum of spheres ,
-

of of a
.

, a , ,

2
-
red -
BC ,

o ume of a Prismatoid

S -
B(2)3d

r smoid a or mu a

n
-
& 1Am -A2
6
 psod

Pr ate Spheroid

-
Ta

b ate Sphero'd

-
2

Parabooid of reolution

-
T
 PLANE GEOMETRY
CIRCLE Length of Arc
THEOREMS ON CIRCLE
Tr-deg -

nge of -
re
Su Grad

180
° 800
minor arc

1800 major arc S-GM-N1 -

ACIRC -

22-

Area

A -

T A

Centra ange ,
<

~
erimeter or circumference nge subtended by the at the center+ the circe
-

arc .

C 2πr π) ascribed ange ,

Segment
- -

-
rea of

nge subtended by the at the circumference

-

S-CIOR OF A CIRC arc

S
-

seguin trad sin

- the circe .

segmajr(rad sin

ength of chord

a
-
B2 ros
2
Area ofS ector

Asea-radde
800
Angles in the same segment eng h f angens ntersecting secant heorem

I he ange subtended by the B C ADX At

segment measured at the circumference ABXXC =
- -

or arc

f the segment are equa

"
. ntersecting chords he rem agent secant he rem

pp sitenges in Cyc c nadr ateras

-
B -

C -
C -j -
B -
C

0
- C g 1
- -

ry)
-

r
2
B J g

ange- C) ange -
B)

ange B.C ange B) C

 TRIANGLE Perpendicuar B sectors+ range umber f dag nas

ediansf range N
Vd H 3
2

2- GU-R3 GS

-B
B

-
ttudes+ range a D C abc
S p

2 I tri

POLYGONS
-
6 -
S -
> -
6 .
SCN-/36

-
rea fn sided reguar zoygon

-
nat

bisector+
800
-nge range
tan

a DC
S

2
nter' or ange , /terior ange 3
,

p
-
tr
-
-
18 (n2 3360
S N
Sum Interior ange H

E =
-
8
°
n2 -

3 - 80

Sum)-terior ange

EB 360
S ART E S
-

rea

2
-
p ↑

2
2
-

QUADRILATERALS Dag na

uadr later a lierarchy

Su -
R -

Per meter

J
la

RC -
G -
rea

8
-

ama
Diagona

d -
a2

Per meter

72ab
Y Gi en tw
-
R - -
GR- sides a 8 b and one ange 6 en fur sides a, b
, c, d

B C

-- asin - - sasDS C s d

G - -
R -
U -
JR - R -
S a
-

bcd
S

A D 2

o
Sermeter -
C B J 18

2a -
b Stlemy's heorem

Gi en d'ag nas do & dz and included anges did -

ac bd

ELLIPSE
-- did

Gi en d'ag nas do & dz and included anges

Gi en tw sides a 8 b and one ange -- sasbs csdabedosa

-- absin a
-

bcd
S

2/ MBUS 2

-
C B J
& p

2 2

CYc CU-CR -
1 - R

Perimeter -
red -
pproximate

Gi en d'ag nas do & dz and included anges - = Tab a e

S 2+
=

-- da
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Genera -
rmu a Genera qualion f a ine dp nt Semi circ e

A " By(y) + Ey + F= 0 -

3yC 8 2 In 12 y -
rh
2

M M

LINE Standard-quations 2 2

Cartes an y mb So >]s
C rdinates System C PIR
- -
-
-

·
M I
-

Boy C
d -

- 2 B

↑
7 slance between jara e nes y -
n21

3 R C2
- -
- -

S C
d

Y Mi Di Mi M2 - 2 B

y Me ngle between intersecting Ines

-

12

Genera-orms me M.
tan-
1 -
Mome
-

Boy Co r2 y2

7 stance betweenws ints

1-1 < Boy Co CIRCLE
2 2
d 2 ↑ Instant number Circe with center at the rign
↑ 2

y"v
L
7 -
23 -

N)CH - R S

y M. Di ↑
My
M2
y Me 12

Genera-orms

Boy Co

1-1 < Boy Co

Circe with center not at the rign
PARABOLA
=
H ya"ph Its ente s at the righ is symmetry's centricity
the
and a f
-

y Ip ey

d'rectr

y2lp

verter

i fuS

quat n f crce in genera frm

-
-

-y C
y f its erte's at the rign and a is + symmetry's they as
=>
2
Center and the radius+ the Ipy
2
crc e Ipy

D -

2 2-

2
32 -

r -

f its ertes at and its

-

2, 1 a is symmetry's at y <

>
↑

cusfa i y - q J H

2 2

i
2 2
Hi Y 48 hz Y y -
E J H
-Is erte's at h.s and its a s symmetry's ata Center h ,<

n
-
2
py y <

"
n Is y <

ELLIPSE

has
Center I

an
2

General Equation - C , the entices are at h< a

#x1 + (yz + Dx

·
2
+ Ey
-
F = 0

T
Shortcut

D E - C the entices are at h, a

-

<
n
,

k-
-
=

2A 2C
 HYPERBOLA
!
entices ca b Center 0. 0

"
2

P
2
D
Center
foci

c /h C, K (h ,
k
+
c)

entices (h +
a, K , k 'a
n

centricity
-

C
2 ↑

C stance +
directra
C
Center h ,< ength of semi conjugate a is

na
Y E D
↑

a Length of conjugate a is

25

Is a ↑

oci when center

-

C alph

Eccentricity

C
I
C
A
Genera-quat on

-" cy" (DX =

7 reclrix when center
y

Distance of

a
a verte from the center
d -

ength of trans erse a is

La
R == =
B R o
Poar to Rectang ular Rectangular Poar
to / Perd -

C Circle rCOS p -

y2 cres t

or By Y usin -
tan Y midine

324AC ipse La ech :

324AC typerbola
Shift P

r ugh
324AC Parabola Shif Rec

TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO CONICS WAVE CHARACTERISTICS

2

I ~ Ye point of tangency um :

P
/ , y any point on the line -

trig B C T

P
my ude

Per d2-
B
y -
Y
,

2
requency

Yo - Y

2
C
Phase stif
POLAR COORDINATES 3

Rectangular Coordinate
System Polar Coordinate System er ica stifD

Y Y
S
X, Y) r, -

< p

Y
y
70
 ECONOMICS
SIMPLE INTEREST Present worth
INFLATION
fn
-

~ Pin P f atin adjustmen N mina

7 -
f n eres- ra e

1 jn
-
-

Future amount inflation rate

·

R
f

-
I in Per Singe payment cresent worth factor uture wrh measured in , days d ars
I mina in eres rae

total interest earned after n interest periods P ↑ B R Rea in eres-rate

-

i)
J
C 1 +
principal or
capital or present worth

annual interest rate Nominal Rate ofenterest

f fec e -nnua la e
EFFECTIVE RATES
N- number of interest based in number of NR MN the actual rate
periods years n p M of interest earned on the principal during a period
a
I

I
M

rdinary Simple Interest 3G days' M

of 1 year .

m
=
xact Simple nterest interest periods per year 2
.

m number of
-
-
1

rdinary year 365 days' n- total number of interest periods

-

ffective rate of compounded continuously

cap year 366 days

"
=
number of years
-

2 eNR

COMPOUND INTEREST ANNUITY

-uture worth -uture worth of

-
-pin --
1-in -

periodic payment
~

I C

N (mN
cresent worth of a periodic payments
F =
P(p
Present worth of future worth or sum of al the periodic payments

Singe payment compound amount factor - 1-in interest rate per cayment
c
n
..
.

p
F
1 + in n-number ofsayments

P
alue ofA with known-(sinking fund -uture worth of
BONDS (ORDINARY ANNUITY)
-

j
--
1-in VARIABLE IN BONDS R B -
IN-NNU
A
- -

. P ~

p .; I >
=

ace value 7 -

-uture worth

with known Present worth of C 7

Capital Recovery redemptive -uture worth
=
a we of
-

value on a

31- ;
4
; - 1-in specified redemption date
- c

n - n
-
-

1 , ↑
r bond rate or dividend rate

qual payment sinking fund factor Ca ech : I seriod's dividend 7 -

ceriodic payment

i M
-
C j
3

1 -in y 1
nvestor's interest 7
i rate i -
interest rate per

qual-payment series capital recovery factor -- a paymen

of return
Tayment

-
11i) "i Perpetuity price of the bond at
7
I
Present worth

1 -in y
given interest
st
a

rdinary -

nnuity se ng Price

U
Annuity due
3
3 C
n
n

Deferred -

nnuity

n add 1 for future

stay at is for present

GRADIENT SERIES CAPITALIZED COST AND ANNUAL COST DEPRECIATION
u ure rn/ gradien yse series Cas a ed C s

1-in 1-in
3)
--
G -
frs sa men am un
H CC -
c -

I I
G increase cer
year

ca ech nnua c s
-

n G
-
-Co
Y

3
S
-
c
raigh ne e-hd
-

TAX CS
d

R
u ure p U C frs - c so

N
Y
pera no man enance cs CS
Im am M

M
1 f S sa age a we

If 2) has Bm S
acemen
-

cs >m

L La f if a n Cmm n &C C Ca ech : 3 2

ec n mic ife me Cs
-

B Seprecia in

B < ale
Jeaning Baance end Sindingund ehd

36y -
B

me Y CS

3 < que sub rac deprecia

ge n

BE

>
d
i
be Jeaning Baance end

E
2

R
Im
d
m
I

2 M
3 m S
N

Sum , he years Dig's s)

33 -
3C2

&

R S

n1 S
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
DERIVATIVES d
I
N
nu" du d
cotu send u

DI d d d
imits of -
a unction

im f n) f(x) d d du d & U
f'( U U see u Secutanu
h <

h d d d d d

S pe of tangent to d W du ud d & U
a a curve y -f)
use u cot u
2
d d d
Catech :

d Logarithmic & =xponential unctions

TIME RATES
M f'/lo f)
=
d 0
d
eu edu e ocity
=> d d
quation of the tangent and normal line
-
d S S-distance

Y1 d Dud dt
y m I
In U

d
angent to Normal W
Acceleration

reciprocal including sign d d)u d d

Normal line
ogau -
A
langent
d ulna dt
Line

rigonometric -unctions
·
P(X , y < Point of
tangency Discharge

Point/ normal line d & U

sin U COSU -d O ume at any time

d d dt
-

uge of tersect on

Me M. d & 4
A if there isuid flow
tan- COS U sing
↓ I M , M2 d d
Angular speed

tano = Mr Mr d
tan u see'd 4
W
d ange at any time

d d dt
gebraic unctions
HIGHER DERIVATIVES CURVATURE MINIMA AND MAXIMA
"

steps : y Critica Points

E

% irst derivative sto A

↑ y 2

f O

A 11

.
2 Second derivative increase by Sto B
Steps :
E
22
↑
.
3 1. Differentiate
Y
9
I
2 .
-

quate to

note : If trigonometric function radian Radius of Curvature . So

3 e for ocation of ma ,
or min cont

GRAPH OF A FUNCTION I I Sove for f) (mal. point or min

. point
R
.

[
Reative Maima
C ncavity al a Point

f
concave up " a Provided that O

Concave down+" a y123 Reative Minima

R

y fo

Center of Curature Steps :

dentify the variable to be imized minimized

y0y'll 1. ma or .

9 I
"

Pint y .
2 xpress this variable in terms of the other ree ant variable
of neection

'

+ lo 1 (y' .
3 If the function sha consist of more than one variable ,
B y
I

Y e pressed it in terms of one variable using the conditions

in the problem
.

1. Differentiate and equate to

-
3 - 3 -
2 -- S -
S 2 - - -
2 - Si Rec ange fr m a irce

pen Rec angu ar 3 a area

r serime er

A ume fr a in wn surface are a

y square

24

Rec ange

C sed Rec angu ar 3 n .

Termeer fra en wh area

A ume fr a in wn surface are a in. area fr a in wn perme er

z cube y square

enced Sec ange

C sed Cynder n .
Termeer fra en wh area

n'mumcs fra in wn ume

-
rea n fence
n tree ides

a imum ume fr a in wn 2y
surface area

Dame er--egh rape d

a capac y fr a in wh wid h

pen Cynder b 2

n'mumcs fra in wn ume

a imum ume fr a in wn surface area Rec-ange fr m a range

Dame er-2-egh arges-rec ange the can be baned fr m a range

D N
/
2
2
Beam & n ersec in

ages hr zn a beam cassing

no ugh a 9 in ersec in

g232332

adder 9 wa

Min .
eng hf adder earing agains a wal

-n232432
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL PLANE AREAS
S t at
2
Caltech : -

rea bounded
he cur e

2
2
b

+ Steps 2aS
:
(d
13a
1. ind the roots of Nte :
equalin

> limits are not given : C'spacement

negrate riginal equal on
-

.
2

1 ssume he to displacement abs lute equation

bounded iss the positive
-

area
by the a
.

answer .

.
2 Substitute to the given equation Use tra &error for this with the roots. R -
SRB

. Substite
3 to the derived choices he tota area is the integral of the absolute equation -
rea

IMPLICIT
I.
* rea-bounded more than curve
·

dy

Steps : A =
), /u d

1 Set and yas) and and store

Moment + nertia
t

.
2 S e for y
-S dy
m,
y dy
m
d) in a
,
af) y a
Y
,
Sto

Cr diy
af y M tion curves
by
y dy
,

.
3 Solve for y" dS d
Ch
ads vdv
At It
-

New -old 10 Sto -

RIC- SIRIP

New (New 1/10"StoB /ds) at Id Jadt -

rea

/2
s/dt Jadt
I
11 B - A
Y -
·
In- d
:
9 .
1/1
> the acceeration's constant
-

V at
Moment + nertia - there's constant

M
o
( "yd m
, ) n d
A
2+
) -ad

) I! -d
)
R
Su
32 d
+ R

I
2

Centrid LENGTH OF ARC

j2
My M
/

-
I
- /0
↑ da

VOLUME OF REVOLUTION
I'm ↑ d ?
dy
ertica strip

SURFACE AREA OF REVOLUTION

4) )
~

in d -2 + d

&e ed ar und the a is - there's constant

sar) , ),
- there's constant
-de d S 2+ added
A

)
t

+ in a d
a
&e ed ar und the a is - there's constant

)
12

Y
2
+ A d Sy 2+
) p
idea 2d S
A
2+
), A
-de d

r nta strip

so a
12

ody a 2
%)
 SURVEY ING
TRAVERSE MEASUREMENTS Searings

at tudes Catech

departures M 2 compe / mode

a bi

a attude

b departure

arg
-

A muths

at tude
8 Departure of a ine

atitude al-cos

Dexarture dep-sin-

ength of the ine

at" - dep "

Bearing and e

dep North az muth South azimuth

Lan
- -

al
-
2 -
-
-
R -
-
RS
1.The doube area + each course's equa to the product+ the BALANCING OF A CLOSED TRAVERSE
(7) and the attude of the course .
7 Toube Yer'd'an J stance Method

1. he (M) + the first course's equa to the departure + 7 ube-rea <D

that course .
frea ·
Joub e-reas
2
.
1 he) M) + any ther's equa to the (MD + the creious curse

7 us the decarture of the course Ise + N)-zea i 2 rule method

.
3 he (M) + the ast course must be numerica y equat the

departure + that ast course out poste in sign

.

1.The doube area + each course's equa to the product+ the

7 M) and the attude of the course .

7 ube-rea >Ms Lat inear-ror of measurement

-
c "d atitudes
frea Coube-reas
2
i d departures
-

conjgB & B conjgc -B c conjg) ... ]

(3) CoubeCarae) stance Method 2 - bs ute ength

1. he (3) + the first course's equa to the attuse + at

? >
- from the midde cor Cepcor

that course . & eative Precision

i Reative -
nor

-conjgB Sconjgc (conjg) (conjg

.
1 he)) + any ther's equa to the (TD + the creious curse 2 -
R - -

7 us the Cerimeter of
attude of the course set ra erse

.
3 he (1) + the ast course must be numerica y equat the

+ that
at tude ast course out poste in sign
.
Cmpass Rue Crrected bearing ange
Precision

3
C rrecLins for atitude
tan" sepcor m
-

2
cor
at cor
mpV
ength of course
C I

Perimeter + raverse STATISTICAL FORMULAS OF ERRORS -

djustments + weighted bservations

w kn n number of observations
C rreclins for atitude So -
BS RV NS

ength of course st'robabe-ror Standard (eviation w -

< .
/p
-
Crobabe errors
Ca d

Perimeter + raverse M -
3 -
2
-

On w - d d distance

ranst zu e mp > RPG -

1 NO -- RRRS

C rreclins for atitude Probabe err r f the mean

Standard err of the mean nor in Sum

attude of the course

-
m .
6- 15) On 1 U
(On 1 U -
=
-

-
-fi =

- ...
-
n
C I

Niat Sat Precision

3
C rrechins for departure -
m
2

mpV
at tude of the course
Cd d

Wae W-GH
-

-dep D BS-R 11 NS same measurement & err r per

segment
-

-xC- NS - - -
CRR-C1/NS st'robabe-ror Standard (eviation -

t -n -
-
-

On
-

crrected Measurements M -
3 -
2
ror in area
f triange gen base and a titude
-

at cr mp
attude othe course ( "
n
-

E n b (b -

2
Cescor departure
f the course (d Probabe err r f the mean

ei
-m . 6-15 On N

ways sub rac he cr rec in

 in product
-

fo r m measure

(a x- (b ah ad Ut
ength
. -
-

measure
- - ·

what dimension
·

herma crrect on

C , a m S

rea &
(eff cent + near e pans n

-
1- -
t rue distance fr absolute tape ength -

r stee lape

DISTANCE MEASUREMENT em 2
a -
1 61.
6
C
M m 1 -

true

l l 60
>
CNG a 6 . 15 .

~
ace-actor e em l m user ed temperature at the time
+ measurement

°
distance m measured ength of
-
m true area s standardized temperature , ften at 2 c/680
3 -
-

a e number
f paces true ength of measured measured ength of the ine
area
.

- -t

pace = -6 2 cm
. e-err r &
otension crrection

stride
= 2 paces I nmina ength (tape /Dm Ps
Ce

Im measured ength (tape --

rue distance

Im applied en during measurement

true m Ctota keywords :

s standard tension ften at 5

CRR-C NS1-PI G (true
-
,

measured ength of the ine

correct distance
·

Crrection for abs ute ength ·

required ength

cross section a area of the tape

true ength
-

after correcting
·

em 2 for too ong

·

Caen

l ·
Mduus
feasticity
f the tape mater a
e) for to short
Sag (rrection n at tude + pseration U2 user reading

wa3 measured distance at an a titude Y2 midde reading

Cs

2 , R radius f earth taken

,
61 <m 2 wer reading

W- near
weightf the tape ength
TACHEOMETRY S Stadia or dintercest

C
tens on rappiedsu to the Cape
M

I measured ength between supported tw its

S pe correction

na
Cn
2

Cn-1 cos
-

ange between the

-

measureds pe = XS Tsin

& stance" and the horizonta he I stance torugh the ine f sight

measured I ped distance >< Sc s C

can sea eecrrect on Le :

n ways assume ce w
if wang assumpt in
-

,
Cms(
2
ne / sight ange

R ne / sight ange
Cms) ↑

2n
- Slada inter a lact r

C Stadia castan
LEVELLING C mened effect cur ature 8 refract n)
<m

7 = -
3 - -
G xr 6 -
5)m

HORIZONTAL CURVES
Ss CU2 S

>C > nt + cur ature

Y snt + tangency

> >nt - intersect n

Ct) Backward tangent

/C rward tangen (

eght instrument 2 Gadiuse nt

↑ · 3Si 2 zadius f the cure

eal n
nge f intersectn Centra ange
-

C ore-S angent distance

R G -
3C - -
IVG e e terna distance
-

ngcrd

m-midde rdinate c
engle f cur e

Gadus , agent & terna (stance

Gadus ngGrd & de rdinale C > u ) CU2 -S Que in stati ning

Statin > Statins I

Statin JCC Statin >C CI

Stal'n> Statin ICC C2

REVERSE CURVES
Jegree+ the
S inse Cure

-
rc jas's 2 m arc It arc

&

S 2-
go

436 meters

Grdgas's 2 m crd It crd

& I
si
2 3

2 meters

sn 72

que in stat ning

Statin Station

statin Statin C S

statin Statin (
 sarale angens
VERTICAL CURVES

5 -
2C - 7 . 3 -
3 CCU3-S

que in s a
ning

S -
a
=
nxS -

a n

Sa = n320sa nTc

sa n =Sa
=
n32C1 S - rea

s a n) Sai n32C Ca-ect :

red I ,d < disance + m men

-
3
 see ca ech :
square or
per/f carae a

2
ea n

2
22
33

erica ffse frm) he cure

sa
y heigh

ee . 92
2 90 92
8
ee 89291

ee 9
Us
.

-
2C -
3 2 -
3 CCU3 -S 2

ee a u

B 2
can f wes pnt

pnt B 20
eainf wes

Grade f he cmm n angen

93 900922

erica ffse frm he cur e

29192
-

2 2

21 72
 TRANSPORTATION ENG INEE RING
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW QUEING THEORY
Cumua e
enghf
separture que ye

C D a b
raff a W raffic n ens SR a

raficy w -me 9a a arr a ra e

A SR
9
M
a
↓ 95
9s P
n number felices ser cera e

a
Traffic wand me ead ay ersa ura ed queue 99 95 c

ch se
h a
erage me head a Undersa ura ed queue 99 95
9
h
wer
Sa ura ed queue 99 95

me speed
mean -

erage wang me cudes serve me neving

M
I me mean speed 9a 3
&
W
Wi
i 1
as 9s 99 U
speed
:

U Sp
U

N
n n.
f measured elice sp speeds -erage
-
a deay ncudes serve me p2 &
W L
1 P uud u]
I
space mean speed
d

As 9a
Us space mean speed a erage ength
f queue
US

M
↑
engh f r ad a umber
- elices wang W a erage wa-ing me

nii Wi
?
ga L a erage ine spent

as &S 9a P
raffc Jens raffc in ensy

S
Je ay
R
[ E 9u < U

( S h
n
-

h 2 Im un
2
s a erage spacing 9 ehh [ en mi

c
-raffic dens u mi l
 PORTS AND HARBORS
PROPERTIES OF WAVES

Sain enan and aman he ry

n
-

" CthG-d S

a e engh

am lude

d dez-1 fs wa er

h zegh f center he ab es waer deep waer a e

S size
 MISCELLANEOUS
ended he Simss Zue
aw , mean ns
breaking)'s ance umu a

2
f f(bfa d
H I had
been hn 3)
3
&
gb9a 29n6

C race da Zue speed her he drer sepped n he break

user a n nergy

7
- k -

1 Sssyring
=
=k -

1 H u
c eficen , nec fic in
-

h 2 hm un
2
G grade
↑ 2
↑ 2
f he rad
gh Sssyring ghz 2
2 2

S pe ⑧ e erad

2
In urn er a O-scending
Sssyring E ~ pe
2
dis G
ac wa ance Descending

Scringens and
Degree
+ cur a ure are eas's

Y 7 embers Crncipe
13 96
2
.

2
ma

ms
2

C embers'rincipe
2
22as
2 f
g
-

e superee a n Ra e f Jecce era n

erage wer usu
-

> Ad Ug
were
-
a e f c efficien fie n

Cen rpela acce era in ec

-

nge is

& wir wanguar seed -- B

CS

- B
r radius
S raigh he n erp a n

2
-

2 2

Rea e err r

acua ale prediced a ye

2

acua a le

Banking and e

Lan

gr

P wer u pu

W wwr <
B

1 I'me

wmgd

ffse d's ance

2
n1

Su 22s
 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
1cm"- 19 Bu bb/

autica mie '68 ft.

pace = -6 2 cm .

stride
= 2 paces

2
1 hectares 1, m

9 9 . 8

g mas" J

2
19m2s J

M -

wa s
S

Ms 3 6 .
< ph

up 67