Examination Papers, 2016 [Foreign Set-l, Il, III] General Instructions : As give in the Examination Paper, Delhi 2016. [seri Ans. Ans. SECTION - A Name two animals that exhibit Oestrus cycle. 1 Cows, deers, dogs, rats, sheeps, tigers (any two) What is point mutation? Give one example. 1 Point mutation refers to the mutation arisi pair of DNA. e.g. glutamine to valine in the sixth position of B-chain of haemoglobin. 1g due to a change in a single base ickle cell anaemia arises due to a change of amino acid Mention one difference to distinguish an exon from an intron. 1 Difference: Exon Intron — Exons are the coding sequences of |— Introns are the non-coding sequences DNA that form part of mRNA and] of DNA that are removed during code for different regions of the} splicing of nRNA and they do not polypeptide. form a part of mRNA. Suggest a molecular diagnostic procedure that detects HIV in a suspected AIDS patient. 1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). What does nature’s carrying capacity for a species indicate? 1 Carrying capacity refe: that a habitat can support to the maximum number of individuals of a species, SECTION - B Write the location and functions of Myometrium and Endometrium. 2 = Myometrium is the middle muscular layer of the uterine wall; its vigorous contractions at the end of gestation period lead to parturition = Endometrium is the inne of embryo occurs in t nost glandula and it forms a part of the foetal placenta also. layer of the uterine wall; implantation Biology—12 a7. How does a test cross help to determine the genotype of an individual? 2 Or Mention two applications of DNA polymorphism. 2 Ans. - Inthe test cross, an individual showing dominant phenotype would be crossed to an individual with recessive phenotype for the same trait. (i) If the individual is homozygous dominant, all the indivi progeny would show the dominant phenotype. AA xX aa ava Aa (Dominant phenotype) (ii) If the individual is heterozygous, the progeny will show dominant phenotype and recessive phenotype in the ratio of 1: 1 Aa x aa Aa aa Dominant Recessive phenotype phenotype — Thus, the genotype of the individual with dominant phenotype can be ascertained. Or (a) DNA polymorphism forms the basis of genetic mapping ofa human genome. (b) It forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting. 8. What kind of areas are suitable for practising apiculture? Write the scientific name of the variety commonly reared for the purpose. 2 Ans. — wher and cul there are suffi ent bee pastures of wild shrubs, fruit orch, ated crops, are suitable for apiculture. = Apis indica is the spe rds s commonly reared for apiculture. 9. Suggest four advanced ex-situ methods to conserve threatened biodiversity. 2 Ans. (a) Cryopreservation, to preserve the gametes of threatened species in viable and fertile condition (b) In vitro fertilisation of eggs. (c) Tissue culture methods to propagate plants (d) Seed banks, to store the seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants. Biology—12 @10. Ans. lu. Ans. 12. Ans. Lower BOD of a water body helps reappearance of clean-water organisms. Explain, 2 — When the biodegradable organic matter is decomposed by the microbes, they use a lot of oxygen for decomposition and hence, the and other aquatic organi is mortality of fish ms. - When the BOD of a water body is lower, the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the water body is high. — Hence, in the presence of DO, many living organisms body. reappear in the water SECTION - C “Post-industrialization, the population of melanised moth increased in England at the expense of white-winged moths.” Provide explanat 3 Industrial Melanism: — In England, before industrial revolution, there were more white-winged or dull-grey moths on the tree trunks, than the dark-winged or melanic moths. = Inthe collection of moths, carried out in the same area afier industrial revolution, there were more dark-winged moths - The explanation given for this observation was that predators will spot a moth against a contrasting background. — During the post-industrialisation period, the trunks became dark with the industrial smoke and soot. = Under this condition, white-winged moths did not su easily spot these, while dark-winged or mela ive as predators could moths survived better - Before industrialisation, there used to be a thick growth of the almost white- coloured lichens on the tree trunks and in that background, the white- winged moths survived better; the dark-colou and picked up by their predators. red moths were easily spotted — _Inthiscase, the moths which were able to camouflage and hide in the background survived and increased their population size through reproduction. Why does the ‘insertional inactivation’ method to detect recombinant DNA is preferred to ‘antibiotic resistance’ procedure? 3 - When an alien DNA or rDNA is ligated within the coding sequence of an nzyme, the enzyme becomes inactivated in the phenomenon, called insertional inactivation. Biology—12 8= By this method, the recombinants can be selected by their inability to produce colour when grown on a chromogenic substrate, while the non-recombinants produce colour — This method is preferred to using antibiotic-resistance genes, because selec ng tic-resistance genes is a cumbersome the recombinants by inactivation of ar procedure as it requires simultaneous plating on different plates having different antibiotics. 13. Explain the role of the enzyme EcoRI in recombinant DNA technology. 3 Ans. (a) EcoRI is a restriction endonuclease, obtained from E.coli. R represents the name of the strain (b) 5'-GAATTC-3" 3-CTTAAG-5' (c) It cuts the DNA strands a little away from the centre of the palindromic sequence, between G and A on both the strands as shown below: GAATT C 3-C T TAALG The overhanging single stranded parts, called sticky ends, facilitate the joining of the two strands by formation of hydrogen bonds. 14. Draw a labelled diagram of the embryonic stage that gets implanted in the human uterus. State the functions of the two parts labelled. 3 Ans. nner cell mass Blastocoe! Trophobiast Blastocyst — The trophoblast forms the foetal part of the placenta — The inner cell mass differentiates into ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, the three primary germ layers, which give rise to all the tissues/organs of the body 15. (a) Draw a labelled sketch of a mature 7-celled, 8-nucleate embryo-sac. (6) Which one of the cell in an embryo-sac produce endosperm after double fertilization? 3 Biology—12 4)Ans. 16. Ans, 17. Ans, Chalaza Antpoda @ oy a Central cell Fusing polar nuclei Female gamete Synergids Micropylan Filiform apparatus end Mature embryo sac (b) The central cell becomes the primary endosperm cell after double fertilisation, Narrowly utilitarian arguments are put forth in support of biodiversity conservation. Explain the other two arguments that are put forth in support of the same cause. 3 ‘ole in many ~ Broadly utilitarian arguments say that biodiversity plays a major ecosystem services that nature provides. on of 0} — The producti ygen by plants through photosynthesis, pollination, without which plants cannot produce fruits and seeds or the aesthetic pleasure of walking through the thick woods, watching spring flowers, etc. are the ecosystem services provided by nature - Theethi microbial species with whom we share the earth. argument relates to what we owe to millions of plant/animal and = We need to realise that every species has an intrinsic value even if it is of no economic value to us. = We have a moral duty to care for thei well-being and pass on the biological legacy in good condition to the future generations, On a visit to a Hill station, one of your friend suddenly became unwell and felt uneasy. (a) List two symptoms you would look for to term it to be due to allergy. (b) Explain the response of the body to an allergen. (c) Name two drugs that can be recommended for immediate re (a) Symptoms include: (sneezing (ii) watery eyes (iii) running nose (iv) difficulty in breathing. (any two) Biology—12 618. Ans. 19. Ans. (b) o) (a) (b) (a) (b) ) @ = In response to an allergen, our body produces IgE antibodies. ‘ete chemicals like = When they bind to the mast cells, the mast cells se histamine and serotonin, which are responsible for the allergic reactions. Anti stamine, adrenaline, some steroids (any two) Why did Hershey and Chase use radioactive sulfur and radioactive phosphorus in their experiment? Write the conclusion they arrived at and how? 3 They used radioactive sulfur and radioactive phosphorus to find out whether DNA or protein is the genetic material. — When they used radioactive sulfur, it was incorporated into the protein coat, and no radioactivity was found in DNA, because DNA has no sulfu — When they used radioactive phosphorus, itwas incorporated into the DNA and no radioactivity was found in the protein, as protein does not contain phosphorus. = The bacteria, infected with the viruses containing radioactive proteins, did not contain radioactivity. — The bacteria infected with viruses containing radioactive DNA, contained radioactivity. = They concluded that the proteins did not enter the bacterial cells. — So DNAis the genetic material, that is passed into the bacterial cells by the viruses. Explain any two defence mechanisms plants have evolved against their predators. How does predation differ from parasitism? 3 Adaptations against herbivory: (i) Thorns and spines are the most common morphological means of defence. als which function in one or more of (ii) Plants produce and store certain chemi the following ways: (a) They may make the animal feel sick. (b) They may interfere with digestion. (c) They may even kill them. Biology—12 6(b) Predation Parasitism = It is the inter-specific interaction in]— It is the inter-specific interaction which a larger animal, called predator] in which a smaller organism, called kills and consumes another animal,| parasite, takes shelter and obtain called pre food from another organism, called host. — The predator is larger and is highly |~ The parasite is smaller and its mobile. mobility is restricted ~The predator kills the prey immediately. |= The host may or may not be killed 20. Human blood group is a good example of multiple allelism and co-dominance. Justify. 3 Ans. — The gene for blood group character exists in three and i, allelic forms, 1°, 1°, — Itis the phenomenon of multiple allelism, as there are more than two allelic forms of a gene. — Any individual carries two of the three alleles. = Theallele I codes for glycoprotein A and the allele 1° codes for glycoprotein B, that are found on the surface of RBCs; the allele i does not produce any glycoprotein, = The allele I is dominant over i and 1° is also dominant over i = When the alleles I and 1° are together, they are equally dominant and both the glycoproteins A and B are produced, making the blood group AB; this phenomenon, where both the alleles are equally dominant, is known as codominance. 21. (a) What is Gene therapy? (b) Describe the procedure of such a therapy that could be a permanent cure for a disease. Name the disease. 3 Ans. (a) Gene therapy isa collection of methods, that allows correction or replacement of a defective gene. (b) Correction of a gene to the individual’s embryo to take over the function of the non-functional gene. defect involves delivery of a normal gene — ADA (Adenosine deaminase) deficiency was treated in a 4-year old girl. = This disorder is caused by the deletion of the gene for the enzyme. = The lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture in vitro, Biology—12 ”- A functional ADA cDNA (using retroviral vector) is introduced into lymphocytes; such lymphocytes are introduced back into the blood of the patient. ~ But the patient requires period! lymphocytes. infusion of such genetically-engineered - Ifthe gene isolated from marrow cells is introduced in cells in the ea stage, it could be a permanent cure 22. Draw a pyramid of biomass and pyramid of energy in sea. Give your comments on the type of pyramids drawn. 3 Or (a) Rearrange the following greenhouse gases in increasing order of their relative contribution to the total global warming: N,O; CFG; CO,; C,Hy. (b) What is the effect of global warming on polar ice-caps? Comment on its possible ecological impact. 3 ‘Ans. Trophic Level Dry weight (kg m™*) ‘Trophic Level sc 70 Te 105 Fo a sc 100 4 oe 4 Pc 1000 3 PP 10,0004 Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Eneroy ~ The pyramid of biomass is inverted. — Since the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of the phytoplanktons, the pyramid i inverted. - Pyramid of energy is always upright, because only 10% of energy flows from a particular trophic level to the next trophic level and some of it is always lost as heat at each step. Or (a) NoO < CFC < CyHy < COs (b) — The polar ice caps and other snow caps of the mountains will melt and over many years this will lead to a rise in the sea level, which can submerge many coastal areas. = The rise in temperature will lead to deleterious changes in the environment and result in odd climate changes like EINino effec Biology—12 ®SECTION - D 23. You have a friend whose parents are too indulgent in his/her daily affairs. They think him/her to be still young which makes him/her sad and is upset all the time. As he/she feels that the parents should give him/her opportunity to take independent decision on some issues. (a) Would you support your friend and why? (b) Write the characteristics of this age group. (c) List two curative measures, 4 Ans. (a) this is the period of adolescence, which means both ‘a period’ and ‘a process’, during which a child becomes mature in his/her attitudes and bel fs for effective participation in society. (b) = Itis the period between 12 = 18 years of age. = Itis accompa d by biological and behavioural changes. = Itis phase of mental and psychological developments of the individual = Curiosity, need for adventure and ex ment, experimentation may motivate adolescents to take drugs or smoking. (c) - Educating and counselling to face problems and stresses and to accept disappointments and failures as parts of life. = Achild should not be pushed unduly to perform beyond his/her threshold limits in studies, sports or other activities. — A supportive and affectionate approach of the family members. (any two) SECTION - E 24. (a) How does a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) replicate in a host? (b) How does an HIV-infected patient lose immunity? (c) List any two symptoms of this disease. 5 Or Describe the process of waste-water treatment under the following heads: (a) Primary treatment. (b) Secondary treatment. 5 Ans. (a) — After entering the body of a person, the virus enters the macrophages. = The viral genome (RNA) undergoes replication and rev become viral DNA with the help of rev se transcription to se transcriptase, Biology—12 ®‘The viral DNA gets incorporated into the DNA of the cells and directs these cells to produce virus particles. — The macrophages function as HIV factory and produce a number of HIV particles. = These HIV particles move out of macrophages and infect the helper ‘T-lymphocytes and replicate to produce progeny viruses. — The progeny viruses released in the blood attack new helper T-cells. — This process is repeated and there i of helper T-cells. a progressive decrease in the number Since the number of helper T-lymphocytes decreases, the immune system of the person becomes weak Symptoms of AIDS: (i) Swollen lymph nodes (ii) Fever Gili) Night sweats (iv) Loss of body weight () Infection by pathogen. (any two) Or The treatment of sewage involves two steps @ @ 0) Primary treatment and (b) Secondary treatment. Primary treatment: — Primary treatments a physical process of removal of small and large particles through filtation and sedimentation, = The first step is to remove the floating objects (like polythene bags) by letting the sewage to pass through wire mesh screens of sequentially smaller pore sizes. ~ Then the sewage is passed into the grit chamber, where grit is sedimented. — The sewage is allowed to go into the primary settling tank, where the suspended materials settle down to form primary sludge. — The effluent is taken for secondary treatment. Secondary Treatment: = Itis.a biological process, that employs the heterotrophic bacteria naturally present in the sewage. Biology—12 (10)The effluent from the primary treatmentis passed into large aeration tanks, where it is constantly agitated and air is pumped into it. his allows the rapid growth of aerobic microbes into flocs (masses of bacteria associated with fungal hyphae to form mesh-like structures), which consume the major part of organic matter of the sewage and reduce the BOD. — The effluent is passed into a settling tank, where the flocs are allowed to sediment forming the activated sludge. — Asmall part of the activated sludge is pumped back into aeration tank as inoculum. = The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into anaerobic sludge digesters, where the anaerobic bacteria digest the bacteria and fungi in the activated sludge and produce methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. The effluent from this is passed into the waterbody. 25. ‘ o< 7 2 B (a) Identify strands ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the diagram of transcription w above and write the basis on which you identified them. given (b) State the functions of Sigma factor and Rho factor in the transcription process in a bacterium. (c) Write the functions of RNA polymerase-I and RNA polymerase-III in eukaryotes. 5 Or Describe the packaging of DNA helix in a prokaryotic cell and an eukaryotic nucleus. 5 Ans. (a) A- Template strand B — Coding strand — The strand with 3 > 5’ polarity is the template strand, which is transcribed. — The strand with 5'— 3" polarity is the coding strand, which is not wanscribed, Biology—12 (4)26. Ans. (b) - RNA polymerase associates transiently with the sigma factor to initiate transcription. = RNA polymerase associates transiently with Rho factor to terminate transcription. () — RNA polymerase-I transcribes RNAs (285, 188 and 5.88). = RNA polymerase-III transcribes (RNA, 58 rRNA and small nuclear RNAS (sn RNAS). Or In Prokaryote: = There is no well-defined nucleus in prokaryotes, but yet the DNA is not scattered throughout the cytoplasm. = The DNA is negatively charged and hence is associated with some positively charged proteins and is located in a region termed ‘nucleoid’. - The DNA in a nucleoid is organised as large loops held by the posi charged proteins. vely In Eukaryotes: in the = The nucleosomes form the repeating units of the chromatin fibre nucleus; these nucleosomes of a chromatin are seen as the beads-on-string structure under electron microscope. ~The chromatin fibres are further coiled and condensed at metaphase stage to form the chromosomes. = The packaging of chromatin at higher levels requires another set of proteins, called non-histone chromosomal (NHC) proteins. (a) Where does spermatogenesis occur in human testes? Describe the process of spermatogenesis upto the formation of spermatozoa. (b) Trace the path of spermatozoa from the testes upto the ejaculatory duct only. 5 Or Explain the events upto fertilization that occur in a flower after the pollen grain has landed on its compatible stigma. 5 (a) Spermatogenesis is the proces tubules of testes. of formation of spermatozoa in the seminiferous — The spermatogonia on the inside wall of ser by mitotic divis iferous tubules multiply ons and increase in number. Biology—12 cc)() = Some of the spermatogonia increase in size and become the primary spermatocytes = The primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I, leading to the formation of two equal, haploid cells, called secondary spermatocytes. — The secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II and for sized, haploid cells, called spermatids. four equal — The spermatids become transformed into spermatozoa/sperms, in a process called spermiogenesis. Path of spermatozoa ‘Testes > Vasa efferentia > Epididymis — Vas deferens - Ejaculatory duct (The vas deferens, after receiving the duct of seminal vesicle is called ejaculatory duct). Or Pollen-Pistil Interaction: ‘The stigma/pistil has the ability to recognise the right type of pollen, i.e. the compatible pollen of the same species and rejects the wrong type of pollen It is the result of interaction between the chemical components of the pollen and those of stigma. A compatible pollen grain starts its germination on the stigma. The intine grows out through one of the germ pores sa protuberance. ‘The contents of the pollen move into this tube, i.e. the tube nucleus (nucleus of the vegetative cell) and the generative cell (or the two male gametes in those species where pollen is liberated in the three-celled stage). The generative cell divides mitotically and form two male gametes. ‘The pollen tube grows through the tissues of stigma and style and enters the ovule through micropyle. Itenters the embryo sac through the filiform apparatus of one of the synergids to liberate the male gametes. The events from the deposition of pollen on the stigma till the pollen tube enters the ovule, are collectively referred to as pollen-pistil interaction. Double fertilisation: After entering one of the synergids, the pollen tube discharges the two male gametes into the cytoplasm of that synergid. Biology—12 (13)= One of the male gametes moves towards the female gamete/egg and fuses with it; this fusion is called syngamy and it results the formation of a zygote. — The second male gamete moves towards the two polar nuclei in the central cell - The two polar nuclei just fuse to form a secondary nucleus and the second male gamete fuses with the secondary nu is called triple fusion and it results in the formation of a triploid primary endosperm nucleus. cus in the central cell; this fusion — Since two fusions, syngamy and triple fusion occur in an ovule, the phenomenon is known as double fertilisation in angiosperms. | SET-II) UNCOMMON QUESTIONS TO SET-I 5. Ans. Ans. SECTION - A What is a Mutagen? Name a physical factor that can be a Mutagen. 1 Mutagens are those physical or chemical factors, which cause mutations, ice alteration of DNA sequences, structure or number of chromosomes, e.g. UV-radiation, X-rays, colchicine, etc. SECTION - B How e-wastes are being handled in our country? Write the correct solution for treating this waste. 2 — e-wastes are buried landfills or incinerated; recycling in our country involves icipation and the workers are exposed to the harmful (toxic) substances present in the e-wastes. manual pa = Recycling is the only solution for e-waste but it should be carried out in specially built structures in an environment-friendly manner and should not expose the workers to harmful chemicals. State the role of Oxytocin in parturition. What triggers its release from the pituitary? 2 = Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of uterus and causes their contractions that result in parturition — Release of oxytocin is triggered by the foetal-ejection reflex initiated by the fully-developed foetus and the placenta; later more of its release is triggered by the contractions of uterine muscles. Biology—12 (14)Ans. M. Ans. 13. Ans. (a) “Fortification of crops is the need of the hour.” Give two reasons. (b) Select one freshwater and one marine fish from the following: Prawn; Catla; Mackerel; Lobster 2 (a) Reasons: (i) Itis the most practical means of improving public health (ii) Nutrient-enriched varieties of common food crops are produced to alleviate the hidden hunger. (b) Freshwater fish—Catla Marine fish—Mackerel SECTION - C Explain with the help of an example the relationship between restriction endonuclease and a palindromic nucleotide sequence. 3 A palindrome in DNA is the sequence of base pairs that reads the same on the two strands of DNA, when the orientation of reading is kept the same. = Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a lite away from the centre of the palindrome site, but between the same two bases in both the strands. — This creates single-stranded stretches overhanging at the ends of the palindrome; they are called sticky ends. e.g. Palindromic sequence and the site where EcoRI cuts it (indicated by the arrows). 5'-GLAATT CG 3G TTAAIG-5' (a) State Oparin-Haldane’s hypothesis. (b) How does S.L. Miller’s experiment supports it? 3 (@) @ The first form of fe could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules like RD proteins, etc. (ii) Formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution that resulted in the formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents. (6) — Miller created in a laboratory scale the conditions similar to the primitive earth. Biology—12 (18)