Advanced arithmetic operations
Subtraction of a sum
Sometimes we need to subtract a sum of elements from another element.
Rule:
a−(b+c)=a−b−ca−(b+c)=a−b−c
This is also true in algebraic expressions.
We can operate according to the rule: apply the subtraction sign to each
of the elements included in the parentheses.
Likewise, we can act according to the order of mathematical operations
starting with the parentheses - calculate the sum and only then subtract
it.
For example, in the exercise:
21−(7+2)=21−(7+2)=
Option 1 - according to the rule:
We will subtract each element in the parentheses separately and it will
give us:
21−7−2=1221−7−2=12
Option 2 - according to the order of operations:
21−9=1221−9=12
Click here for a more detailed explanation about subtracting a sum.
Subtraction of a difference
It is valid when we need to subtract a difference of elements from
another element.
Rule:
a−(b−c)=a−b+ca−(b−c)=a−b+c
This is also valid in algebraic expressions.
We can operate according to the rule: apply the subtraction sign to each
of the elements included in the parentheses and always remember that,
minus times minus gives plus.
Likewise, we can act according to the order of mathematical operations
starting with the parentheses - calculate the difference and only then
subtract it.
For example, in the exercise:
33−(9−3)=33−(9−3)=
Option 1 - according to the rule:
We will separately subtract each element in the parentheses and it will
give us:
33−9+3=33−9+3=
24+3=2724+3=27
Option 2 - according to the order of operations:
33−6=2733−6=27
3. Factorials & Combinations
Factorial (n!n!): The product of all integers from 1 to nn (e.g., 5!
=5×4×3×2×1=1205! = 5×4×3×2×1 = 120).
Combinations (C(n,r)C(n, r)): Used in probability and statistics
to calculate selections from a set without considering order.
o Formula: C(n,r)=n!r!(n−r)!C(n, r) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}.
4. Matrix Arithmetic
Used in physics, graphics, AI, and engineering.
Includes matrix addition, multiplication, determinant, and inverse
calculations.
Example of matrix multiplication: [1234]×[5678]=[(1×5+2×7)
(1×6+2×8)(3×5+4×7)(3×6+4×8)]\begin{bmatrix}1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\
end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix}5 & 6\\ 7 & 8\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix}(1×5 + 2×7) & (1×6 + 2×8)\\ (3×5 + 4×7) & (3×6
+ 4×8)\end{bmatrix}
5. Modular Exponentiation
Used in cryptography (RSA encryption).
Computes large powers of numbers within a modulus efficiently.
Example: 3200mod 133^{200} \mod 13 can be computed using
fast exponentiation methods.
6. Prime Factorization & Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
Prime Factorization: Breaking down numbers into prime
components (e.g., 60 = 22×3×52^2 \times 3 \times 5).
GCD: The largest number that divides two numbers (e.g.,
GCD(18, 24) = 6).
Used in number theory and cryptography.
7. Complex Numbers & Imaginary Arithmetic
Involves numbers of the form a+bia + bi, where i=−1i = \sqrt{-1}.
Used in engineering, physics, and signal processing.
Example: (3+2i)×(1−i)=3−3i+2i−2i2=3−i+2=5−i(3 + 2i) \times (1 -
i) = 3 - 3i + 2i - 2i^2 = 3 - i + 2 = 5 - i.
8. Summation & Series
Arithmetic Series: Sn=n2(a+l)S_n = \frac{n}{2} (a + l).
Geometric Series: Sn=a1−rn1−rS_n = a \frac{1 - r^n}{1 - r} (if
∣r∣<1|r| < 1, then S=a1−rS = \frac{a}{1 - r}).
Used in finance, physics, and calculus.
9. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Converts signals between time and frequency domains.
Used in digital signal processing, image compression, and
cryptography.
10. Continued Fractions
Represent numbers as fractions in an iterative way.
Used in number theory and irrational number approximations.
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