Development of Surfaces

Chemical Vessel

Storage Vessels

Metal Sheet Works

Chimney
 Methods of Developments
1. Parallel-line development: Used for prisms, cylinders etc. in which
parallel lines are drawn along the surface and transferred to the
development.

2. Radial-line development: Used for pyramids, cones etc. in which the

true length of the slant edge or generator is used as radius.

3. Triangulation development: Complex shapes are divided into a number

of triangles and transferred into the development (usually used for
transition pieces).

4. Approximate method: Surface is divided into parts and developed.

Used for surfaces such as spheres, paraboloids, ellipsoids etc.

Note:- The surface is preferably cut at the location where the edge will be
smallest such that welding or other joining procedures will be minimal.
Parallel line development: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of prisms
and cylinders. Two parallel lines (called stretch-out lines) are drawn from the two
ends of the solids and the lateral faces are located between these lines.

8
 Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder : A Rectangle
Pyramids : (No.of triangles)
Cone: (Sector of circle) S

H S
L L
D
D 
H= Height D= base diameter

Prisms : No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.

L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
R 3600
 =

+
L
Radial-line
H development
Parallel-line
development
S S H= Height S = Edge of base
Cube: Six Squares.

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

All sides
equal in length

9
Parallel Line Development
Radial Line Development
 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

L L
L L
1 1

R 3600
 =
+

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone L= Slant edge of pyramid
L = Slant height of cut part. L = Slant edge of cut part.
1
1

12
 A hexagonal prism, edge of base 20 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with its
base on H.P such that one of its rectangular faces is parallel to V.P. It is cut
o
by a plane perpendicular to V.P, inclined at 45 to H.P and passing through
the right corner of the top face of the prism. Draw the sectional top view
and develop the lateral surface of the truncated prism .

A B C D E F A
4
3 5

50 mm 2 6

1 1

o
45
A B C D E F
A1 1 1 1 1 1
1

20 mm
A cone of base 50 mm diameter and height 65 mm rests with its base on
o
H.P. It front elevation is cut by a plane at an angle to 30 with horizontal
plane at 30 mm above base. Draw the development of the lateral surface
of the truncated cone.

o
4 L O  = 360 ×r/L
65 mm 5
2 3 L 1

1 30 o 8
1
A
7
30 mm 2 4 5 6
3
A H

G G
B
H F

C F
A O E
D
E

B D
C
 Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis Solution Steps:for sectional views:
is standing on Hp on it’s base with one side of the base perpendicular to VP. Draw three views of standing prism.
It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45º to the HP, through mid point of axis. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and Project points where edges are getting
Development of surface of remaining solid. Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
C
AP
E Join those points in sequence and show
H
S Section lines in it.
UE B
TR D Make remaining part of solid dark.
Y
1

A A B C D E
E A
d’ d” c”
c’

X e’ e” b”
1 b’

a’
X a”
Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d
For True Shape: a For Development:
Draw x y // to sec. plane
1 1 Draw development of entire solid. Name from
Draw projectors on it from c
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
cut points.
b Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Mark distances of points
Join them in sequence in st. lines.
of Sectioned part from Tv,
Make existing parts dev.dark.
on above projectors from
x y and join in sequence.
1 1
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is Solution Steps:for sectional views:
0
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 45 inclined Draw three views of standing cone.
to Hp through base end of end generator.Draw projections, Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces Project points where generators are
of remaining solid. getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
illustration.Join those points in
ON
CTI sequence and show Section lines in it.
SE Make remaining part of solid dark.
OF
A PE Y
1 SECTIONAL S.V A
SH

E N
E o’ B

AN IO
U
TR

PL CT
SE
DEVELOPMENT C

X E
1
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ Y
g” h”f” a”e” b”d” c” F
g
For True Shape: h f G
Draw x y // to sec. plane
1 1
Draw projectors on it from For Development: H
cut points. a e
Draw development of entire solid.
Mark distances of points Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. A
of Sectioned part from Tv, in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
on above projectors from b d
points on respective edges.
x y and join in sequence. c Join them in sequence in curvature.
1 1
Draw section lines in it. SECTIONAL T.V
Make existing parts dev.dark.
It is required true shape.
 Problem 3: A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( lying on Hp)
which is // to Vp.. Draw it’s projections.It is cut by a horizontal section plane through it’s base
center. Draw sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.

Follow similar solution steps for Sec.views - True shape – Development as per previous problem!

o’ DEVELOPMENT
A

a’
B

h’b
’
HORIZONTAL

c’g
SECTION PLANE C

’
d’f’ D
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ o’ Y
e’

g O E
g
1
h f f h F
1 1

a ee a o G
O 1 1 1

H
b d d b
1 1
A
c c
1
SECTIONAL T.V
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
 Note the steps to locate Problem 4: A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side &
Points 1, 2 , 5, 6 in sec.Fv: 55 mm axis is lying on Hp on it’s rect.face with axis
Those are transferred to // to Vp. It is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and
st st 0
1 TV, then to 1 Fv and 30 inclined to Vp bisecting axis.
nd
a’ b’ c’ f’ d’ e’ Then on 2 Fv. Draw sec. Views, true shape & development.

3
SECTIONAL F.V. Use similar steps for sec.views & true shape.

a’ b’
4
NOTE: for development, always cut open object from
2 5 From an edge in the boundary of the view in which
sec.plane appears as a line.

c’ f’
Here it is Tv and in boundary, there is c1 edge.Hence
1 6 it is opened from c and named C,D,E,F,A,B,C.
X Y

d’ e’
8 7
f
1,2 f
1
3,8
e a e
a 1 1
0
A.V.P30 inclined to Vp
4,7 Through mid-point of axis.
b d b d1
1
5,6
AS SECTION PLANE IS IN T.V.,
c X c CUT OPEN FROM BOUNDRY EDGE C FOR DEVELOPMENT.
1
1 8 1
1
C D E F A B C

2 7

Y
1
3 6
TR
UE
SH
AP
EO
FS
EC 4 5
TIO
N
DEVELOPMENT
 Problem 5:A solid composed of a half-cone and half- hexagonal pyramid is
E 0
H AP 3 shown in figure.It is cut by a section plane 45 inclined to Hp, passing through
UES2 mid-point of axis.Draw F.v., sectional T.v.,true shape of section and
TR 4 development of remaining part of the solid.
Y ( take radius of cone and each side of hexagon 30mm long and axis 70mm.)
5 1

1 O’ Note:
6 A Fv & TV 8f two solids

T
sandwiched

EN
Section lines style in both:

PM
7 B

LO
Development of

VE
4’ half cone & half pyramid:

DE
3’
X 5’ C
2’ 6’ F.V. 2
1 4 3

1 D
1’ 7’
X Y
d’e’ c’f’ g’b’ a’ O
f
E
g 7
6
e 5
SECTIONAL 7 4 5 6
4
TOP VIEW. a
F
1 3
d 2 b G

c
A
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some VIEWS FROM GIVEN
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

E
D F
o’ R=Base circle radius. 4
L=Slant height. 3 5
R 3600 C G
 =

+
L
1’
L 7’ 2 6
B H
6’
2’
1 7
3’ 5’ 4’

X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ d’f’ e’ Y
A A
O
g L
6
h f Solution Steps:
5
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
a 7
o Semicircle being dev.of a cone it’s radius is slant height of cone.( L )
4 e
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
1
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o’a’ on Fv & bring on o’b’
b 3 d and name 1’ Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
2
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
c
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some VIEWS FROM GIVEN
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

E
D F
o’ R=Base circle radius. 4
L=Slant height. 3 5
R 3600 C G
 =

+
L
1’
L 7’ 2 6
B H
6’
2’
1 7
3’ 5’ 4’

X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ d’f’ e’ Y
A A
O
g L
6
h f Solution Steps:
5
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
a 7
o Semicircle being dev.of a cone it’s radius is slant height of cone.( L )
4 e
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
1
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o’a’ on Fv & bring on o’b’
b 3 d and name 1’ Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
2
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
c
Problem 7:Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
rhombus.If the semicircle is development of a cone and rhombus is some curve VIEWS FROM GIVEN
on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

Solution Steps:
o’ Similar to previous
Problem:
E
D F
4
C 3 5 G
2 6
1 7
B H
2’ 6’ 3’ 5’
a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’
X 1’ 7’ 4’
Y 
g A A
O L
7 6
h f
5
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.
a R 3600
 =

+
4 e L

b 3
d
2
1
c
Problem 8: A half cone of 50 mm base diameter, 70 mm axis, is standing on it’s half base on HP with it’s flat face
parallel and nearer to VP.An inextensible string is wound round it’s surface from one point of base circle and
brought back to the same point.If the string is of shortest length, find it and show it on the projections of the cone.

TO DRAW A CURVE ON
PRINCIPAL VIEWS
FROM DEVELOPMENT. Concept: A string wound
from a point up to the same
o’ Point, of shortest length
A Must appear st. line on it’s
Development.
B
Solution steps:
Hence draw development,
1 C Name it as usual and join
3’ A to A This is shortest
2’ 4’ Length of that string.
2 D
1’ Further steps are as usual.
3 On dev. Name the points of
Intersections of this line with
X Y 4 E
a’ b’ c’ d’ e’ Different generators.Bring
O Those on Fv & Tv and join
a o e
4 by smooth curves.
Draw 4’ a’ part of string dotted
3 As it is on back side of cone.
1 2
b d
c

A
A pentagonal prism of base 30mm and
axis 75 mm is resting on H.P on its
base such that a base edge is
perpendicular to V.P. A section plane
cuts the axis of the prism at a distance
of 18 mm from the top face and at
angle of 45º with the horizontal. Draw
the development of the truncated
prism
 3’ M 2’4’ 1’5’ 1 2 m 3 m 4 5 1
K
18

T k k

H
75

h h

X c’ b’d’ a’e’ Y
A B C D E A
4
d 5 30
e
3 c
30

a
b 1
2
Ex:2

A hexagonal pyramid of base 40mm and axis

120 mm is resting on H.P on its base such
that a base edge is perpendicular to V.P. A
section plane cuts the axis of the pyramid at a
height of 45 mm from the base and at angle
of 15º with the horizontal. Draw the
development of the truncated pyramid
 A
o’

d1
126

d3
d1
F

d2
d3

d2
120

d3
M

d2
d1
P E
15º J

d1
126
45

X b’a’ c’f’ d’e’ Y D

f
C
a e
40
B
o
40

A
b
d