Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
University of Management and Technology,
Lahore Campus
Lab Manual
Instructor: Waqar Ashiq
Lecturer, Software Engineering Department
Email: waqar.ashiq@umt.edu.pk
Increment /Decrement operator & While Loop
Coding Examples:
Decrement operator:
include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
int x=10,a;
a=--x;
cout<<"pre decrement operator";
cout<<"\na = "<<a;
cout<<"\nx ="<<x;
return 0;
Output:
Pre decrement operator
a=9
x=9
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
int x=10,a;
a=x--;
cout<<"Post decrement operator";
cout<<"\na = "<<a;
cout<<"\nx ="<<x;
return 0;
Output:
a=10
x=9
Increment Operator:
include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
int x=10,a;
a=++x;
cout<<"pre increment operator";
cout<<"\na = "<<a;
cout<<"\nx ="<<x;
return 0;
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
Output:
Pre increment operator
a=11
x=11
include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
int x=10,a;
a=x++;
cout<<"Post increment operator";
cout<<"\na = "<<a;
cout<<"\nx ="<<x;
return 0;
Output:
Post increment operator
a=10
x=11
While Loop:
• Loop: a control structure that causes a statement or statements to repeat
• General format of the while loop:
while (expression)
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
statement;
• statement; can also be a block of statements enclosed in { }
Example 1: Write a program using while loop that show
the sum of first five numbers.
Code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number=1,sum=0;
while(number<=5)
{
sum=sum+number;
number++;
}
cout<<"Sum is "<<sum;
return 0;
}
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
Execution Process:
Flow chart:
Example 2: Write a program for take input the list of
numbers and print their squares.
Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int minimum=1;
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
int maximum=10;
int num=minimum;
cout<<"Number number squared \n ";
while(num<=maximum)
{
cout<<num<<"\t\t"<<num*num<<endl;
num++;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
Example 3: Write a program in C++ to find the factorial
of a number.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n;
cout<< "Input a number to find the factorial:";
cin>>n;
int factorial = 1;
int i = 1;
while (i <= n) {
factorial = factorial*i;
i++;
}
cout << factorial;
}
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
Example 4: A class of ten students took a quiz. The
grades (integers in the range 0 to 100) for this quiz are
available to you. Calculate and display the total of all
student grades and the class average on the quiz.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int total; // sum of grades entered by user
int gradeCounter; // number of the grade to be entered next
int grade; // grade value entered by user
double average; // average of grades
// initialization phase
total = 0; // initialize total
gradeCounter = 1; // initialize loop counter
// processing phase
while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) // loop 10 times
{
cout << "Enter grade: "<<gradeCounter; // prompt for input
cin >> grade; // input next grade
total = total + grade; // add grade to total
gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter by 1
} // end while
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
// termination phase
average = total / 10; // integer division yields integer result
// display total and average of grades
cout << "\nTotal of all 10 grades is " << total << endl;
cout << "Class average is " << average << endl;
}
Formulating Algorithms (Sentinel-Controlled Repetition)
Example 5: Develop a class averaging program that will
process an arbitrary number of grades each time the
program is run.
# include <iostream>
# include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int total, // sum of grades
gradeCounter, // number of grades entered
grade; // one grade
float average; // average of grades
// initialization phase
total = 0; // Clear total
gradeCounter = 0; // prepare to loop
// processing phase
cout << "Enter grade, type -1 to indicate the end outer: ";
cin >> grade; // input grade
while ( grade != -1)
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
{ // loop until -1 is entered
total = total + grade; // add grade to total
gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter
cout << "Enter grade, type -1 to indicate the end inner: ";
cin >> grade;
}
// termination phase
if ( gradeCounter != 0 )
{
average = static_cast< float >( total ) / gradeCounter;
cout << "Class average is " << setprecision( 2 ) <<fixed<< average << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "No grades were entered"<<endl;
}
return 0; //indicate program ended successfully
}
Example 6: A college has a list of test results (1 = pass, 2
= fail) for 10 students. Write a program that analyzes
the results. If more than 8 students pass, print "Raise
Tuition".
//Analysis of examination results
#include <iostream>
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
using namespace std;
int main()
{
// initialize variables in declarations
int passes = 0, // number of passes
failures = 0, // number of failures
studentCounter = 1, // student counter
result; // one exam result
// process 10 students; counter-controlled loop
while ( studentCounter <=10 )
{
cout << "Enter result (1=pass, 2=fail): ";
cin >> result;
if ( result == 1) // if/else nested in while
{
passes = passes + 1;
}
else
{
failures = failures + 1;
}
studentCounter = studentCounter + 1;
}
// termination phase
cout << "Passed " << passes << endl;
cout << "Failed " << failures << endl;
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
if ( passes > 8 )
{
cout<< "Raise tuition " << endl;
}
return 0;
// successful termination
}
Example 7: Write a program to Printing and count Even
and Odd Numbers using While Loop in C++.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i=1,n,even=0,odd=0;
cout<<"\nEnter the Ending value:";
cin>>n;
while(i<=n)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
cout<<"\nEven numbers:";
cout<<"\n"<<i;
even++;
}
else
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
{
cout<<"\nOdd numbers:";
cout<<"\n"<<i;
odd++;
}
i++;
}
cout<<"\nTotal even numbers:"<<even;
cout<<"\nTOtal odd numbers:"<<odd;
return 0;
}
OR
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i=1,n,even=0,odd=0;
cout<<"\nEnter the Ending value:";
cin>>n;
cout<<"\nEven numbers:";
while(i<=n)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
cout<<"\n"<<i;
even++;
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
}
i++;
}
cout<<"\nOdd numbers:";
i=1;
while(i<=n)
{
if(i%2==1)
{
cout<<"\n"<<i;
odd++;
}
i++;
}
cout<<"\nTotal even numbers:"<<even;
cout<<"\nTOtal odd numbers:"<<odd;
return 0;
}
Example 8: Write a program to check Even and Odd
Numbers using While Loop on the basis of user choice in
C++.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
Lab Manual: Programming Fundamentals
{
int choice = 1;
while( choice == 1 ){
int a;
cout << "Enter a number to check even or odd" << endl;
cin >> a; //input number
//check whether number is even or odd
if( a%2 == 0 ){
cout << "Your number is even" << endl;
}
else{
cout << "Your number is odd" << endl;
}
cout << "Want to check more : 1 for yes and 0 for no" << endl;
cin >> choice;
}
cout << "I hope you checked all your numbers" << endl;
return 0;
}
