1

INDEX
Chapter 1: Statement & Inference...........................................................................................3
Chapter 2: Assertion & Reason..............................................................................................17
Chapter 3: Statement & Conclusion.......................................................................................29
Chapter 4: Statement & Argument........................................................................................45
Chapter 5: Statement & Assumption.....................................................................................61
Chapter 6: Critical Reasoning.................................................................................................77
Chapter 7: Parajumbles.........................................................................................................90
Chapter 8: Connectors.........................................................................................................107
Chapter 9: Analogy 1...........................................................................................................119
Chapter 10: Analogy 2.........................................................................................................128
Chapter 11: Odd One Out (Parajumbles)..............................................................................135
Chapter 12: Odd One Out....................................................................................................149
Chapter 13: Fill In The Blanks...............................................................................................157
Chapter 14: Antonyms.........................................................................................................179
Chapter 15: Synonyms.........................................................................................................187
Chapter 16: Paracompletion................................................................................................195
Chapter 17: FIB Homophones..............................................................................................209
Chapter 18: Right Use Of Word............................................................................................222
Chapter 19:Prepositions......................................................................................................229
Chapter 20: Poems..............................................................................................................237
Chapter 21: Parasummary...................................................................................................255
Chapter 22: Figure of Speech...............................................................................................272
Chapter 23: Matching Words...............................................................................................280
Chapter 24: Contextual Meaning Of Words.........................................................................289
Chapter 25: Cloze Test.........................................................................................................295
Chapter 26: Parts Of Speech................................................................................................303
Chapter 27: Grammar..........................................................................................................311

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Chapter 28: Idioms & Phrases..............................................................................................330

Chapter 29: Reading Comprehension...................................................................................337
Chapter 30: Word Definitions..............................................................................................420
Chapter 31: Spot The Error...................................................................................................429

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Chapter 1: Statement &

Inference
Introduction
In deriving conclusions from passages of logical
deductions, the questions comprises of a brief
description/passage (usually a report containing
certain information in regards to some social or
economical problem) trailed by specific derivations
in light of it.
The candidate is required to break down the content
of the section or handle the attractive truths from it.
At that point, candidate needs to consider each of
the given impacts with regards to the given entry,
decide on its level of truth or falsity and after that
pick the best option.

Important points to be remembered while

answering these questions:
 Conclusions can be directly or in a
roundabout way induced from the
statement/statements.
 The conclusion alone can be valid yet it
doesn’t give affirmation until the statement
supports.
 There should not be any indefinite in logic.

Format of the problem:

Directions: Read the given passage and examine
each inference given in the context of passage and
decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.
Mark your answer as:
a) If the inference is ‘definitely true’.
b) If the inference is ‘probably true’.
c) If the ‘data provided is inadequate’.
d) If the inference is ‘probably false’.
e) If the inference is ‘definitely false’.

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d) If neither 1 nor 2 follows

Solved Examples e) If both 1 and 2 follows

Q.1) Statement: Answer – C

Religions provide the means for attaining eternal Explanation:
peace. According to the statement, the fact that Mr. P has
Inferences: been short listed for the post, does not confirm his
1. Religions ensure prosperous life. selection for the post. So, either 1 or 2 follows.
2. Religions help people to eradicate poverty.
a) If only conclusion 1 follows Q.4) Statement:
b) If only conclusion 2 follows 1. My daughter is not old enough to vote.
c) If either 1 or 2 follows 2. My daughter has beautiful personality.
d) If neither 1 nor 2 follows Inference: My daughter is a girl under 18 years of
e) If both 1 and 2 follows age.
a) the inference is definitely true.
Answer – D b) the inference is definitely false.
Explanation: c) the inference is probably false or true.
The statement says that the religions are the way to d) inference cannot be drawn.
achieve long lasting peace which is not related to e) None of these
prosperous or wealthy life. Also, it has no relation
with poverty. Answer – C
Explanation:
Q.2) Statement: For the efficient preparation of The voting age has not been given here. So, we
current affair one should daily take notes from the cannot say about the age of the child. We can only
newspaper. assess the daughter based on the voting age
Assumptions: common in India and daughters of this age generally
1. Current affair could not be prepare efficiently have beautiful personality.
without newspaper
2. Making daily current affair notes help in efficient Q.5) Statement:
preparation. (a) Either he is happy, or he is poor.
a) If only assumption 2 is implicit (b) He is happy.
b) If only assumption 1 is implicit Inference: He is poor.
c) If both assumption 1 and 2 is implicit a) the inference is definitely true.
d) If either assumption 1 or 2 is implicit b) the inference is definitely false.
e) If neither assumption 1 nor 2 is implicit c) the inference is probably false or true.
d) inference cannot be drawn.
Answer – A e) None of these
Explanation:
It is nowhere implied that making notes from the
newspaper is the only one viable solution but
making daily current affair notes is the clear Answer – B
assumption of the statement. Explanation:
The correct inference is "he is not poor".
Q.3) Statement:
Mr. P is one of the probable candidates short – Q.6) Statement:
listed for the post of director of college Q. (a) I know a professor of a university.
Conclusions: (b) He has beard.
1. Mr. P will be selected as director of college Q. Inference: All the professors of the university have
2. Mr. P will not be selected as director of college beard.
Q. a) the inference is definitely true.
a) If only conclusion 1 follows b) the inference is definitely false.
b) If only conclusion 2 follows c) the inference is probably false or true.
c) If either 1 or 2 follows d) inference cannot be drawn.

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e) None of these First is the viable course of action. He does not have
to wait that a crime should happen and after that he
Answer – B will catch that MLA.
Explanation:
I know only one professor who has beard and other Q.9) The lifeline of Mumbai is it train network. One
professors are not known to me. So, the conclusion of the most crowded places in the city. A Group of
must be false. And the inference that "some commuters of the Mumbai suburban railways
professors of the university have beard" is probably called for a strike in response to the increase in the
false or probably true. Therefore, correct answer is number of accidents in that route in the past one
B. year due to overcrowding. The commuters want to
continue the strike unless the authorities agree to
Q.7) Statement: The Indian High Commission in increase the frequency of the trains in that route.
Antigua and Barbuda had asked the authorities Which of the following can be inferred from the
there to stop billionaire diamond trader Mehul above statement?
Choksi from travelling around the world, sources a) Increase in the frequency of the trains would lead
said on Tuesday. to decrease in number of such accidents
Inference: b) The trains in the Mumbai suburban run
1. All billionaire diamond traders should overcrowded
immediately stop travelling to Antigua and Barbuda c) The railway did not increase the frequency in
for the time being. proportion to the increase in the number of
2. Mehul Choksi should seek asylum in some other commuters in the past one year
country to avoid being caught. d) The railway authorities are in different to the
a) If only 1 follows. safety of commuters
b) If only 2 follows. e) None of these
c) If 1 and 2 both follows.
d) If neither of 1 nor 2 follows. Answer – C
e) If either 1 or 2 follows. Explanation:
For a: Here the commuters called on the strike in a
Answer – D response to the accidents which take place due to
Explanation: overcrowding and are demanding increase in the
None of the courses of action follow. All of them frequency of trains, assuming that if the frequency
contain a lot of extraneous information and are increases, then lesser number of such accident
impractical solutions. would take place. Hence, 1 is an assumption.
For b: From the statement “increase in the number
Q.8) Statement: of overcrowding “it can be concluded that, the trains
A police officer receives complain that MP of his in the Mumbai suburban run overcrowded. Hence, 2
district is taking bribe in order to facilitate some is a conclusion.
work. For c: As the number of accidents is increasing in the
Inference: past one year, it can be inferred that, the frequency
1. Police officer should try to investigate the matter of trains did not increase in accordance to the
and catch red-handed that MP. increase in the number of
2. Police officer should wait for some more commuters.
complain and then catch MP red-handed. For d: In the statement, there is no reference to
a) If only 1 follow. intension of the railway authority. Hence, 3 is out of
b) If only 2 follows. context.
c) If both 1 and 2 follows. Hence, c is an inference.
d) If neither 1 nor 2 follows.
e) Data inadequate. Q.10) Statement:
(a) Those who are honest are good teachers.
Answer – A (b) Hard working people are honest
Explanation: Inference: Hard work is the necessary quality of a
good teacher.
a) the inference is definitely true.

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b) the inference is definitely false. a) This move created a big chaos and frenzy among
c) the inference is probably false or true. common people initially.
d) inference cannot be drawn. b) A major achievement of this act has been that it
e) None of these helped the government in tackling black money.
c) One of the biggest aim of this movement was to
Answer – C put a complete full-stop to malpractices carried out
Explanation: in the market.
All hard-working people are honest and honest are d) Due to this number of tax payers have increased.
good teachers. So hard work is the quality of a good e) Due to this act small businesses suffered
teacher, but it is not the only quality that he must temporary financial losses.
have. There are other qualities needed by him to be
a good teacher. It is probably not true because the Answer – B
criteria of necessary qualities have not been given Explanation:
here. Option b would be the correct answer as it shows
the major benefit that was achieved due to this act.
The aim of this act was to help the government to
Q.11) Statement: tackle black money as it was being used for funding
The National Skill development committee terrorism, gambling, and such. This move did help a
conducted an assessment among their trainers and lot for the government to achieve that.
found the performance below mandatory level. Option c talks about the other aim of this movement
Inferences: but does not talk if it was achieved thus it cannot be
1. Should terminate poor performers and hire new considered. Options a and e show the negative
trainers. impacts of this act which is irrelevant to the question
2. Should immediately organize remedial courses asked.
and training to improve standards. Option d shows another advantage of this act but
a) If only 1 follow. comparatively Option b would be considered the
b) If only 2 follows. biggest advantage.
c) If both 1 and 2 follows. Q.13) In a TV show, a famous nutritionist said that
d) If neither 1 nor 2 follows. among different items offered for breakfast, muesli
e) Data inadequate. has more nutritional value than regular cereals. He
also said oatmeal is healthier than bread. But a
Answer – B recent commercial of a cereal company says cereals
Explanation: like cornflakes are richer in nutrition than plain
The immediate action is training. Firing people and muesli. The consumers are posting severe criticism
hiring new people is increased cost and extreme on social media and on the company website about
action. The trainers can be given extra training at the misinformation in the advertisement. Which of
much lesser cost and can be retained. So, only 2 the following conclusion can be drawn from the
follows. above paragraph?
a) The nutritionist has deliberately made that
comment to generate negative sentiments against
the cereal company.
Q.12) The government of India announced the b) The cereal company had done the advertisement
demonetization of all Rs.500 and Rs.1,000 based on an outdated research and the
banknotes on 8 November 2016.This move was misinformation was unintentional.
taken to tackle the black money in the economy c) The nutritionist has high credibility and people
and to eliminate the fake currency. It created a believe his words against that of the famous cereal
situation where lack of currency jams consumption, company.
investment, production, employment etc. This d) The sales of cereals went down after the TV show.
move is going to be a very beneficial one towards e) Social media sites are increasingly becoming
building a cleaner India. popular among customer as complaint portal.
Which among the following options shows the
major benefit that was achieved through this act? Answer – C
Explanation:

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Option (a) and (b) are assumptions and cannot be 1. Another inquiry commission should be sent for
logically concluded from the passage. Option (d) is proper investigations.
wrong as there is no mention regarding sales. Option 2. The members of commission should be severely
(e) cannot be inferred as the statement also mention punished.
use of company website not just social media. We 3. The next commission should consist of
can only say that, as the customer having seen or inhabitants of that area only.
heard the nutritionist’s opinion started questioning a) If only 1 follows.
the ads and criticize the company. They believe the b) If only 2 follows.
words of nutritionist. Hence, the nutritionist has very c) If Both 2 and 3 follows.
high credibility and great track record for being right. d) If Both 1 and 2 follows.
So, we can only infer and conclude option (c). e) If none of them follow.

Q.14) Due to the increase of green-house gases Answer – E

being trapped, average temperature is rising all Explanation:
over the world. Temperatures have been increasing 1 does not follow because it may cause a chain
in the last 30 years. As the earth is warming up, reaction. 2 is negative inference because without the
heat waves are becoming more common in some proper investigation the punishment will not be the
places of earth. Heat waves are dangerous and can correct action, hence 2 does not follow. 3 also leads
cause illness. The warmer it gets, the more severe to biased report. Hence, none of them follow.
the impacts will be on the humans and the
environment. Given below are the few options,
select the one which does not talk about the effect Q.16) India upped the tax on the super-rich (Income
of increase of temperature on the humans. greater than INR 5 Cr/Year). There has been a
a) Heat waves causes heat cramps, heat stroke, or considerable increase in Income Tax, increasing the
even death in humans. minimum tax percentage to 25%. There have been
b) Heat exhaustion is a common reaction to severe no widespread protests in the country though. The
heat and includes dizziness, headache, and fainting. educated populace have actually welcomed the
c) The human body has natural ways of gaining or move.
losing heat to maintain normal body temperature. Which of the following assumption explains the
d) As the body temperature increases very rapidly, status quo?
the central nervous system is impacted. a) India reduced the taxes on luxury goods which
e) Heat rash and muscle cramps are earlier signs of made the super-rich very happy.
people being overwhelmed by heat. b) India warded off the tax on all car imports, giving
the citizens a chance to use environment friendly
Answer – C cars.
Explanation: c) Indian government has waived off all the loans on
Option C is the correct option which does not talk farmers.
about the effects of increase of temperature on the d) Indian government has increased the minimum
humans. It shows that every human body has its own income level to be considered for taxation from 7
ways by which it maintains its normal body Lakhs to 10 Lakhs per annum.
temperature. Other options talk about the effects of e) None of these
heat on the humans. As the temperature in the
environment keeps it has many severe impacts on Answer – D
the human body such as it effects the central Explanation:
nervous system, causes heat cramps, heat stroke, In the context of the question, c and d seem like the
heat rash, dizziness, headache or even death. answers. However, d makes more sense as it
explains why the government has not drawn flak
Q.15) Statement: There is a general protest from despite increasing the minimum tax percentage.
the inhabitants of a certain area that the report
submitted by a on riots in that area has been
fabricated, based on prejudices and has present
commission whole event.
Inference:

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Q.17) Besides disregard for the ban of burning of b) Only 2 is strong

paddy straw, with the support of several farmers’ c) Both 2 and 3 is strong.
unions, farmers have also cautioned the State d) All except 2 and 3 is strong.
government against taking stringent action against e) None of these.
them. Several unions have made it clear that if
police cases are registered against them, the
government will have to face the consequences in
the form of large-scale agitations. Answer – D
What could be the possible reason behind the rebel Explanation:
of farmers? Argument (1) is the most appropriate assumption
a) Burning of paddy is the quickest and cheapest way based on the facts stated. It sheds light on to the fact
of getting rid of the residue. that since, Heineken is looking for a new Chairman
b) Farmers don’t want government to interfere in and is breaking all links with Vijay Mallya, and as a
their matter. result has stopped sharing confidential information,
c) Farmers fear for their freedom. a move indicating the action of searching or looking
d) It is the tradition and custom of the farmers. for a new Chairman.
e) None of these. Argument (2) can be rejected as it explicitly states
the fact that India barred willful defaulters from
Answer – A holding key positions last year, then why such a step
Explanation: is being taken at this point of time. It is thus, not
After harvest, around 19.7 million tonnes of paddy relevant and can be rejected.
straw is left on the fields and has to disposed of to Argument (3) can be eliminated as answer choice as
make way for wheat and burning of paddy is the it states the fact that the company is functioning well
quickest and cheapest way of getting rid of the and is in good shape. It is somewhat vague and
residue. moreover, not directed in the same sense as the
given statement. The issue is with the new
Chairman.
Q.18) Statement: Hence, D is the correct answer.
World’s largest beer maker Heineken NV, the
majority partner of United Breweries with Vijay
Mallya, is understood to have sought legal opinion
over its right to appoint a chairman at the Indian
company. Heineken and some of its advisers Q.19) India is a home to a several of varied species
believe that the shareholder agreement between of flora and fauna. Lots of measures are taken to
Mallya and the beer giant has become null and void conserve wildlife in India. Wildlife conservation is
after India’s Enforcement Directorate attached his the practice of protecting wild plant and animal
shares as part of its legal action against the liquor species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an
baron. Which among the following arguments important role in balancing the environment and
support the above statement in the best possible provides stability to different natural processes of
manner? nature. Government of India has taken several
Arguments: measures for conservation of wildlife.
1. UBL has stopped sharing confidential information Which among the following options shows the
with Mallya and has said that he is no longer privy reason why we need to save wildlife?
to any strategic developments. a) People are highly dependent on wildlife industry
2. The board of UBL, India’s biggest beer company, for fruits, vegetables, grains, wood, clothes, and
had asked Mallya to either step down or appoint a such.
nominee after the Securities and Exchange Board of b) Saving wildlife plays a great role in ensuring a
India barred willful defaulters from holding key check on the ecological balance.
board positions last year. c) Measures are taken so that various species don’t
3. The company is functioning well and operations become extinct.
are in good shape but it is not good corporate d) Wildlife beautifies the Earth in many ways.
governance to have an acting chairman for so long. e) Scientists are working to preserve plants and
a) Only 3 is strong. animals through “Gene banks”.

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Answer – B Explanation:
Explanation: From both the statements, we infer that
Option b would be the correct answer as it gives the Maharashtra has been badly affected because of the
main reason on why wildlife should be saved and protest by farmers and as a result the agriculture
why the government should take actions regarding ministry is planning to establish milk booths at
preserving them. It tells us that wildlife does play a railway stations.
great and significant role in ensuring a check on the On the basis of the conclusions mentioned, we can
ecological balance as it offers the earth a lot of reject both first and second conclusion as they are
things in many ways. vague. On the basis of the two statements, we
Other options are not relevant to the question asked cannot conclude any information regarding the FSSAI
thus cannot be considered. and the fact that farmers are demanding a GST
waiver. We know that they are protesting but the
reason is not explicitly mentioned. As we cannot
Q.20) Statements: conclude anything which is not mentioned thus,
1. Milk supply in Maharashtra was badly hit after both first and second conclusions can be rejected.
thousands of dairy farmers launched a protest on Conclusion 3 is a very general conclusion that can be
Monday, demanding better price and subsidy of Rs made on the basis of the information provided in the
5 per litre. Tankers supplying milk to major cities two statements, thus, we can mark it as a suitable
including Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, and others were conclusion.
blocked early morning leading to sudden crisis.
2. The agriculture ministry had mooted a proposal
asking railways to make milk available at railway
stations and at the meeting, sources said
representatives from Amul India suggested that the
national transporter could provide stalls to dairy
companies or cooperatives where they could sell
their products.

Conclusions:
1. Representatives of Amul India and food safety
body FSSAI are willing to discuss issues and
concerns of the dairy sector in the backdrop of the
farmers agitation in Maharashtra that had led to
severe shortage of milk in the state.
2. The farmers’ groups and Maharashtra Kisan
Sabha, are demanding a GST waiver on butter and
milk powder apart from the subsidy.
3. Railways is drawing up a plan to make milk
available at railway stations across the country to
promote its consumption.
a) Neither conclusion 1 nor 3 follows
b) Only conclusion 1 follows
c) Only conclusion 2 follows
d) Only conclusion 3 follows
e) Either conclusion 3 or 2 follows

Answer – D

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c) Survivors began suffering from thyroid, breast,

Practice Questions lung and other cancers at higher rates.
d) Leukaemia among survivors increased after the
bombing.
Q.1) Pesticides are used to control various pests e) None of these.
and disease carriers such as rats, ticks, and mice.
They are used in agriculture to control weeds and
fungi too. A pesticide is a chemical or biological Q.4) Statement:
agent that kills pests. Although pesticides have The school, which used to provide free breakfast to
benefits, some have drawbacks too if they are used ensure that the students receive at least one proper
in larger quantities. Given below are some options, meal a day, stopped the facility from January as the
select the one which is not one of the the Charity Society which used to fund the breakfast
advantages of pesticides. withdrew the support due to drop in donations.
a) They can also used to kill bees, wasps or ants Which of the following is an assumption implicit in
which cause allergic reactions. the above statement?
b) DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses that fights a) The families either do not have the ability to
malaria. provide proper meal to their children or ignorant of
c) Pesticides are poisons and can cause a number of what a proper meal is.
health effects on humans. b) The donations received by the Charity Society are
d) They are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit used for social welfare.
potentially deadly diseases like malaria and fever c) In future the donation to the Charity Society may
and such. further decrease.
e) They are used to kill weeds that may cause d) The students may not receive any proper meal in
environmental damage. a day from January.
e) None of these.
Q.2) Statement:
(a) Metals are generally malleable or ductile. Q.5) The GST is a Value added Tax which is
(b) D is neither malleable nor ductile. proposed to be a comprehensive indirect tax levy
Inference: D is not a metal. on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods as
a) the inference is definitely true. well as services at the national level. It replaces all
b) the inference is definitely false. the indirect taxes levied on goods and services by
c) inference cannot be drawn. the Indian Central and State governments. It has
d) the inference is probably false or true. both advantages and as well as disadvantages.
e) None of these Given below are few options, select the one which
is not an advantage of the GST.
Q.3) In the year of 1945, two atomic bombs were a) GST eliminates the cascading effect of tax.
dropped on Japan cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki b) Due to GST there is increase on cost due to
which killed hundreds of thousands of people and software purchase.
their effects are still being felt today. It burnt c) The online process of GST is simple and easy.
around 70 percent of all buildings and caused an d) Improved efficiency of logistics.
estimated 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945. It’s e) Unorganized sector is regulated under GST.
increased cancer rates and chronic disease among
survivors. Some people who entered the cities after Q.6) With the factories increasing and becoming
the bombing to provide assistance also died from full-scale industries the issues of industrial
the radiation. Given below are some options, select pollution started and it has become a major factor
which isn’t a long term effect to humans caused to cause air pollution. Most of the pollution on the
due to this. planet is due to industries of some kind. Industrial
a) Children exposed to radiation in their mother’s pollution contaminates many sources of drinking
womb were likely to have intellectual disabilities and water and releases unwanted toxins into the air.
impaired growth. Many of these have resulted in environmental
b) Due to this the ground temperature reached up to degradation.
4000C.

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Given below are a few options, select the one Q.9) Education, in today’s world, is highly paid for
which is not talking about the effects of industrial and there are still few sections of the country
pollution on the environment and humans. where parents cannot afford to send their children
a) Technology is being developed for disposal of to school as they cannot pay their high fees.
waste and for recycling of polluted water. Therefore, government schools were started such
b) Due to the smoke being released by the industries that it would help them get provided with formal
global warming is increasing. education. But these schools are lacking in many
c) Due to industrial pollution habitats are being lost ways such that it is not able to provide many things
and species are becoming extinct. to its students and indirectly it is affecting them.
d) With many industries coming up, air pollution has Given below are some options, select the one
taken toll on the health of the people and the which is not about the bad things about these
environment. school.
e) Many of the water resources have high amount of a) No proper technology used.
industrial waste in them which has an impact on the b) Absenteeism of teachers in these schools is very
ecosystem. high.
c) Children who study in government schools do not
Q.7) In what has been touted as the biggest Prime have a social environment conducive to their
Day yet, Amazon India’s 36-hour blockbuster sales growth.
event is finally here. Open exclusively for all its d) This school is like a boon to those people who
Prime members, this edition promises 200 new cannot afford to send their kids to high private
product launches from top brands, unparalleled schools.
deals and top-notch video releases. While all e) Most of them do not have a proper infrastructure
categories are proposing massive discounts as well like class-rooms, black boards, drinking water and
as great payment offers, shoppers will have myriad such.
options to choose from among large appliances like Q.10) The Delhi High Court directed the Indian Air
washing machines, refrigerators, televisions as well Force (IAF) to review and change its protocols
as ACs and microwave ovens. dealing with issues of stress and substance abuse in
Which of the following is a perfect conjecture based the force, saying its systems will have to be in tune
on the given piece of information? with the law. The direction by a bench of justices S
a) Other top deals include BPL’s side by side Muralidhar and Vinod Goel was issued as it
refrigerator for a little over Rs 45,000 at no cost EMI disapproved of the manner in which the IAF had
and massive discounts on brands such as LG, Hitachi kept a 30-year-old corporal confined in a hospital’s
and Samsung. psychiatric ward as he was an alcoholic. Which of
b) Not just on TVs, Amazon Prime Day is handing out the following can be logically inferred from the
heavy discounts and deals in refrigerators as well. statement above?
c) Amazon Prime Day is giving shoppers a very a) Delhi High Court wants to make sure the IAF does
unusual – and tempting – deal in majority of the not think that the Mental Health Act does not apply
categories. Prime members can get their hands on a to it. There cannot be such a casual exercise that you
great deal of products that too at massive discounts. can keep a person hospitalized for as long as you
d) Moreover, Amazon promises to get it delivered as want.
soon as July 19 – just three days from now. b) The court was hearing a habeas corpus petition
e) None of the above. filed by the corporal’s family, claiming their son was
being illegally confined at the Army Base Hospital.
Q.8) Statement: c) The court asked the IAF to deposit in court one
(a) This is the bus for route No. 10. complete copy of the Corporal’s medical record by
(b) Buses of route No. 10 generally go to Connaught July 16 and listed the matter for further hearing on
Palace. August 17.
Inference: This bus goes to the Connaught Place. d) Central government standing Counsel Ripudaman
a) the inference is definitely true. Singh Bhardwaj, appearing for the IAF, said the air
b) the inference is definitely false. force acted with bona fide intention in the instant
c) inference cannot be drawn. matter. However, the court refused to accept the
d) the inference is probably false or true. argument.
e) None of these e) None of these.

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Q.11) The banking industry in India is increasing b) With many industries coming up, air pollution has
rapidly with it’s increased customer base and newly taken toll on the health of the people and the
improved and innovative facilities offered by environment.
technology. The impact of technology on the Indian c) Many of the water resources have high amount of
banking sector has both positive and negative industrial waste in them which has an impact on the
impacts. The risks are high, as it can be very risky ecosystem.
that the data can be hacked. But this risk can be d) Due to the smoke being released by the industries
minimized and controlled by taking some important global warming is increasing.
measures that will ensure to protect the data. e) Technology is being developed for disposal of
Given below are few of the impacts of technology waste and for recycling of polluted water.
on the banking sector, select the negative impact
among them.
a) With introduction of mobile banking everything is Q.14) Popcorn may be a humble snack for movie
one quick tap away. goers but for India’s multiplex industry it is the diet
b) The scope of frauds in banks is minimized. on which its revenue gets the much-needed bump
c) Increase in unemployment as people are losing even when movies don’t fire the bottom line. Food
their jobs due to automation taking their positions. and beverage (F&B) segment has been a high
d) Maintenance of documents have become very earner at nearly 25% for multiplexes, and that’s
easy and faster to access them. why allowing food from outside can dim the
e) Banking processes are faster than before. prospects for this growing sector.
Which of the following can be concluded based on
Q.12) NASA plans for Americans to orbit the Moon the information provided above?
and send astronauts to Mars. It has unveiled its a) If state governments force multiplexes to sell F&B
plan for building commercial spaceflight items at maximum retail price and allow outside
partnerships, long-term human deployment on and food, the industry may have to put up with lower
around the Moon. Which of the following do not earnings growth in the coming months. Shares of
support the statement? leading multiplexes saw a sharp fall on Friday.
1. NASA has plans for building commercial b) The end of prohibition on outside food will come
spaceflight partnerships. as a big dampener just when the multiplex industry
2. NASA plans for Americans to orbit the Moon. is growing rapidly and exploring newer sources of
3. NASA has unveiled its plan for long-term human income.
deployment on and around the Mars. c) For instance, a tub of popcorn in most multiplexes
a) Only 1 costs nearly two times the price of a movie ticket.
b) Only 2 This fact also reflects in the financial numbers of
c) Only 3 many multiplex companies.
d) All of the above. d) As more multiplexes come up, owners look for
e) None of the above. newer sources of revenue.
e) All of the above.
Q.13) With the factories increasing and becoming
full-scale industries the issues of industrial Q.15) Trees are important as it has improved life
pollution started and it has become a major factor through essential necessities. Trees provide the
to cause air pollution. Most of the pollution on the foundation of life. They provide habitat to different
planet is due to industries of some kind. Industrial species such as bees, birds and squirrels. Trees
pollution contaminates many sources of drinking absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen which is
water and releases unwanted toxins into the air. the most essential need for every living thing.
Many of these have resulted in environmental Despite their importance to life, humans cut them
degradation. down for paper, agriculture, building materials and
Given below are a few options, select the one fuel.
which is not talking about the effects of industrial Out of the options given below, select the one
pollution on the environment and humans. which doesn’t show the effects on the ecosystem
a) Due to industrial pollution habitats are being lost caused if we cut down trees.
and species are becoming extinct. a) Large scale tree cutting can lead to deforestation

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b) Humans are indiscriminately harvesting forests for to accommodate more pilgrims. What can be
their needs. inferred from the above statement?
c) The destruction of trees encourages global 1. The Supreme Court verdict has banned the entry
warming. of women in Sabarimala Temple.
d) Cutting trees can result in the loss of habitat for 2. Honouring the Supreme Court verdict, the Kerala
animal species. government will reserve 25% seats in buses and
e) With the elimination of forests, the fertile soil make separate toilets for women pilgrims.
above the ground is lost. 3. The Kerala government will build new Ghats to
accommodate more pilgrims.
Q.16) Home Affairs Minister Rajnath Singh has a) Only 1
directed all the states to identify Rohingyas, collect b) Only 2
their biometrics and submit the reports to the c) Only 3
Centre. India will then take action through d) All of these
diplomatic channels with Myanmar to resolve the e) None of these
issue.Which of the following do not support the
statement?
1. India will resolve the issue of Rohingyas through Q.19) The Election Commission’s decision to deploy
diplomatic channels with Myanmar. the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail system for all
2. Home Affairs Minister Rajnath Singh has directed the constituencies in the Gujarat Assembly
the states to identify Rohingyas, collect their elections is questionable. This will be the first time
biometrics to Myanmar. VVPAT will be used on a State-wide basis. A costly
a) Only 1 but useful complement to the Electronic Voting
b) Only 2 Machine, and the paper trail allows for an audit of
c) Both 1 and 2 the election results by the EC in a select and
d) Neither 1 nor 2 randomized number of constituencies. What could
e) Either 1 or 2 be the possible reason for introduction of VVPAT?
a) It is just an experiment
Q.17) Globalization is consists of the social, political b) For improving technology
and economic changes that we all adapt to. The c) To encourage people to vote
strong currency rates, constructions, trading are all d) To allow voters to verify their vote after
consequences of globalization. There are both registering it on the EVM
positive and negative impacts of this globalization e) All of these.
on the economy and it leads to the interconnection
between the countries of different culture, caste Q.20) Statement:
and heritage. Globalization leads to usage of new Mr. U is one of the probable candidates short –
innovative ideas of new technology that people listed for the post of director of college V.
tend to start using. Conclusions:
Given below are the impacts of Globalization, select 1. Mr. U will be selected as director of college V.
the negative impact among them. 2. Mr. U will not be selected as director of college
a) It introduces new technologies. V.
b) It has brought an impact on political and cultural a) If only conclusion 1 follows
domain. b) If only conclusion 2 follows
c) Because of too much exchange of trade, money c) If either 1 or 2 follows
etc independent domestic policies are lost. d) If neither 1 nor 2 follows
d) Globalization has introduced many different e) If both 1 and 2 follows
ideologies among people.
e) It introduces better trade.

Q.18) Following the Supreme Court verdict allowing

entry of women in Sabarimala Temple, the Kerala
government will reserve 25% seats in buses and
make separate toilets for women pilgrims. The
existing bathing Ghats for women will be expanded

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Explanation:
Answer Key For (d) Based on some assessment, the school has
come to the understanding that the students are not
1(C) 2(D) 3(B) 4(A) 5(B) getting proper meal at home. No facts are provided
to conform this. Hence, (d), is not implicit.
For (c): There is no information given about the
6(A) 7(C) 8(D) 9(D) 10(B)
donation, which is given to the charity. Hence (c) is
out of context.
11(C) 12(C) 13(E) 14(C) 15(B) Statement (b) the statement has no reference to the
utilization of funds. Hence it is out of context.
16(B) 17(C) 18(B) 19(D) 20(C) For (a): The school authority was providing the
breakfast to the students assuming that they are not
getting a proper meal. Hence (a) is an assumption.
Solutions
Answer 5 – B
Answer 1 – C Explanation:
Explanation: Option B is the correct answer as it is the only one
Option C is the correct answer as it talks about how which shows the disadvantage of GST. Business have
pesticides affect the humans. Pesticides are toxic to either update their existing accounting software
and when used more than a certain amount can GST-complaint one or buy a GST software, both the
cause a lot of issues to humans. If pesticides are options lead to increase of cost. Thus, this proves to
used in more quantity in agriculture then the crops be a disadvantage.
consumed by the humans will have a very bad affect Other options talks about the advantages such as
on their health. this change has improved the efficiency of logistics,
Other options talk about the advantages of using eliminates the cascading effect of tax, easy and safe
pesticides, such as they are used to kill insects as online procedure, and so on.
bees, wasps, ants or mosquitoes. They are also used
to kill weeds. A common pesticide DDT is sprayed on Answer 6 – A
the house walls which prevents malaria. Explanation:
Option A would be the correct solution as it talks
Answer 2 – D about the methods the government has taken to
Explanation: overcome this industrial pollution issue. It talks
The word 'generally' used in the statement (a) makes about technologies being upgraded for disposal of
the inference probably true or probably false. It wastes into water bodies and for recycling of
means that there is at least one metal which is polluted water.
neither malleable nor ductile. Other options talk about the effects of industrial
pollution on the environment and humans. It causes
air, water and soil pollution. It is one of the major
Answer 3 – B reason for the increase in global warming. Forests
Explanation: are being cut which causes many animals losing their
Option B is the correct option as it does not talk habitats and becoming extinct.
about the long-term effects caused due to the bomb
blast whereas other 4 options does. Option A tells us
that due to this bombing the ground temperature Answer 7 – C
had reached to a max level but it does not talk or Explanation:
give information on how it had effected the humans The correct answer is option C, i.e. Amazon Prime
so it becomes irrelevant. Day is giving shoppers a very unusual – and tempting
Other options talk about the effects of this bombing – deal in majority of the categories. Prime members
on humans such as Leukaemia and cancer rates had can get their hands on a great deal of products that
increased among survivors. too at massive discounts.
In the question it is stated that which of the
Answer 4 – A following is a perfect conjecture, for understanding

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the question, we must first understand the meaning Both options C and D can be rejected on first reading
of the word ‘conjecture’. A ‘conjecture’ is an opinion as they introduce an independent idea and we
or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete cannot deduce anything that is not mentioned thus,
information or in simple words we must look for a options C and D can be rejected. Option A can also
suitable option that can be inferred from the given be eliminated as we cannot predict the motive of the
information. court with surety (mentioned as ‘Court wants to
We first make sure to read the statement carefully make sure’). Since, no such information is evident
and then see what immediate inferences can be from the statement, we can reject it.
drawn based on our first reading. The next step is to Option B makes a generalization that the court was
look at the statements given in the options, analyze hearing a petition filed by the corporal’s family. It is a
them and see if they seem relevant with respect to perfect deduction that can be made based on the
the information/data provided to us. given information as it does not introduces any new
From the statement, we can infer that Amazon is idea nor violates any piece of information stated.
offering exclusive deals to its members in its 36-hour Answer 11 – C
blockbuster sales event. From the option choices Explanation:
mentioned, we can infer that all except option C are Option C would be the correct answer as it is the
vague and can be rejected. only option which talks about the negative impact of
Option A is about exact deal of ‘BPL’s side by side technology being used in banking sectors. It is true
refrigerator’ which is not backed up by any evidence that as automation are taking the place many people
from the given statement. Option B only talks about tend to lose their jobs and thus unemployment
‘refrigerators’ and as a result is very specific to just increases.
one product. Option D can also be rejected as no Technology being used in the banking sectors has
information regarding the delivery on 19 June is both advantages as well as disadvantages. The other
evident from the information provided. options talk about the advantages, Hence, they are
The option closest in meaning to this is option C. All not correct.
the other options seem irrelevant with respect to
the data provided in the statement. So, the correct Answer 12 – C
answer is C. Explanation:
Answer 8 – D Only 3 as NASA has unveiled its plan for long-term
Explanation: human deployment on and around the Moon.
The word 'generally' clarifies that the inference is Hence, option 3 is the answer.
not definitely true.
Answer 13 – E
Answer 9 – D Explanation:
Explanation: Option E would be the correct solution as it talks
Option D is the correct answer as it is the only option about the methods the government has taken to
that shows the advantage of these schools. For overcome this industrial pollution issue. It talks
parents who aren’t earning well but want to send about technologies being upgraded for disposal of
their kids to school to provide education, wastes into water bodies and for recycling of
government school is the option that they have. polluted water.
There are many drawbacks of such schools which are Other options talk about the effects of industrial
given in the remaining 4 options that talk about not pollution on the environment and humans. It causes
having proper technology, teachers are absent most air, water and soil pollution. It is one of the major
of the days, do not have proper infrastructure and so reason for the increase in global warming. Forests
on. are being cut which causes many animals losing their
habitats and becoming extinct.
Answer 10 – B
Explanation:
The correct answer is option B, i.e. The court was
hearing a habeas corpus petition filed by the
corporal’s father, claiming his son was being illegally
confined at the Army Base Hospital.

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Answer 14 – C The statement says that the religions are the way to
Explanation: achieve long lasting peace which is not related to
The correct answer is option C, i.e. For instance, a prosperous or wealthy life. Also, it has no relation
tub of popcorn in most multiplexes costs nearly two with poverty.
times the price of a movie ticket. This fact also
reflects in the financial numbers of many multiplex Answer 17 – C
companies. Explanation:
The focus in the above statement is on the multiplex Option C is the correct answer as it is the only option
industry generating income from popcorns. No which shows the negative impact of globalization.
matter the show goes flop or hit, popcorn satisfies a Due to excess exchange of trade and money it has
suitable income for the multiplexes. Based on the affected the independent domestic policies. Other
information stated, we must analyse all the option options talk about only the positive impacts that are
choices carefully. caused because of globalization such as introduction
B can be rejected as we are not concerned with the of new technologies, better trades and got positive
‘news sources of income’ our primary focus is the changes on the political and cultural domains.
association of popcorn sale with the multiplexes. Answer 18 – B
Based on the similar grounds we can reject A and D. Explanation:
Option C states a link between the popcorn sale and Only 2 is correct. Honouring the Supreme Court
the income generated from that and is thus, a verdict, the Kerala government will reserve 25%
suitable deduction that can be made based on the seats in buses and make separate toilets for women
information provided. pilgrims. Further, the state government will expand
the existing Ghats but not build new ones. Hence, 3
Answer 15 – B is wrong. So, option 2 is correct.
Explanation:
Option B is the correct solution as only that Answer 19 – D
statement does not show the effect of cutting down Explanation:
of trees on the ecosystem. It tells that cause of VVPAT means Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. This
increase in human population they tend to cut down system will help people to see that the vote is been
of trees in a large scale for their own needs such as casted as per their desire and this will increase
for building their own habitat, paper, fuel and so on. transparency. The word ‘verifiable’ tell us that
Other options show the effects of this on the option D is the correct option.
ecosystem such that it can lead to deforestation,
increase in global warming, many animals losing Answer 20 – C
their habitat. Explanation:
According to the statement, the fact that Mr. U has
been short listed for the post, does not confirm his
Answer 16 – B selection for the post. So, either 1 or 2 follows.
Explanation:

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Chapter 2: Assertion & Reason

Introduction Solved Examples
Assertion and reason test intends to judge the Q.1) Assertion (A): Pressure cookers are fitted with
candidate’s information and with it, capacity to ebonite handles.
reason out effectively.
Reason (R): Ebonite is strong.
In this test, two explanations/statements referred to
as the Assertion(A) and Reason(R) separately are a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
given. explanation of A.
Five different cases on these are given and the
correct one is to be selected by the candidate. b) A is true but R is false.

c) A is false but R is true.

Assertion means a statement and reason means an d) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation about that particular statement. explanation of A.
Given question is called as stem and the options are
e) None of these
called as alternatives.
Stem of the question becomes two statements i.e. Answer – B
Assertion and Reason.
So, here relate the reason to the assertion with Explanation:
adjectives like because, if, so that, and check if the The handles of pressure cookers are made of
reason is making any sense towards assertion. ebonite because it being a bad conductor of heat,
does not heat up.

Assertion reason sort question has these five diverse

cases. They are: Q.2) Assertion (A): Shimla is colder than Delhi.
1. Both statement and reason are valid, reason is
right clarification of assertion. Reason (R): Shimla is at a higher altitude compared
2. Both statement and reason are valid however to Delhi.
reason is not a right clarify of assertion.
a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
3. Assertion is valid however reason is false.
explanation of A.
4. Assertion is false however reason is valid.
5. Both are false. b) A is true but R is false.

c) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A.

d) A is false but R is true.

e) None of these.

Answer – C

Explanation:

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Shimla is colder than Delhi because it is situated at a Bangladesh while the jute mills were left in India. So,
higher altitude and the temperature decreases by India imports raw jute from Bangladesh.
1°C for every 165 meters of ascent.

Q.3) Assertion (A): Clothes are not washed properly

Q.5) Assertion (A): I came late today.
in hard water.
Reason (R): It was raining.
Reason (R): Hard water has no power of removing
dust on clothes. a) If both A and R are true, and R is not the correct
explanation of A.
a) Both Assertion and Reason are true but R is NOT
the correct explanation of A. b) If both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and R is the
correct explanation of A. c) If A is true but R is false.
c) Assertion is false but Reason is true. d) If A is false but R is true.
d) Assertion is true but Reason is false. e) None of these.
e) None of these. Answer – B
Answer - A Explanation:
Explanation: If the reason is related to the assertion with
‘because’ i.e. I came late today because it was
Clothes are not washed properly in hard water
raining. So, it makes sense.
because of its inability to form lather with soap.
Here reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
So, option(b) is the right one.
Q.4) Assertion(A): Bangladesh imports jute from
India.
Q.6) Assertion (A): We prefer to wear white clothes
Reason (R): Bangladesh has most of the jute mills.
in winter.
a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
Reason (R): White clothes are good reflectors of
explanation of A.
heat.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
a) Both A and R are true.
explanation of A.
b) Only R is false.
c) None of these.
c) A is false but R is true.
d) A is true but R is false.
d) A is true but R is false.
e) Both A and R are false.
e) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Answer - E
explanation of A.
Explanation:
Answer – C
When Bangladesh was created after the partition of
Explanation:
India, the areas of jute production went to

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We prefer to wear dark clothes in winter because As India is not able to control the black money,
they absorb heat and keep the body warm. inflation is rising.
However, white clothes are good reflectors of heat
and are worn in summer.

Q.7) Assertion (A): There is no vaccine for AIDS.

Reason (R): The AIDS virus changes its genetic code.

a) None of these.

b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A.

c) Both A and R are false but R is NOT the correct

explanation of A.

d) A is false but R is true.

e) A is true but R is false.

Answer – B

Explanation:

A vaccine contains the inactivated germs of the

disease. But the AIDS virus changes its genetic code
and so no vaccine has been invented for it.

Q.8) Assertion (A): Nowadays India is in trouble due

to inflation.

Reason(R): India has not made sufficient effort to

curb all black money.

a) A is false but R is true.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct

explanation of A.

c) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A.

d) A is true but R is false.

e) Both A and R is false.

Answer – C

Explanation:

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Q.9) Assertion (A): Bats can fly at night. a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A.
Reason (R): Bats emit ultra-sonics.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
c) A is false but R is true.
b) Both A and R are false but R is the correct
explanation of A d) A is true but R is false.

c) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct e) None of these.
explanation of A.
Answer – B
d) A is false but R is true.
The root nodules of leguminous plants contain
e) A is true but R is false. certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria which absorb the
atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into
Answer – A
nitrogenous compounds useful for the plants
Explanation: reviving soil fertility.

Bats can fly at night because they can trace the Q.12) Assertion(A): Increase in carbon dioxide
obstacle in the path by perceiving the echo of the would melt polar ice.
ultrasonic sound emitted by them after it is reflected
Reason (R): Global temperature would rise.
by the obstacle.
a) A is true but R is false.

b) A is false but R is true.

Q.10) Assertion (A): Pluto is the coldest planet.
c) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
Reason (R): It receives slanting rays of- the sun.
explanation of A.
a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
d) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
e) None of these.
explanation of A.
Answer – D
c) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
d) A is true but R is false.
The carbon dioxide envelope in the earth's
e) None of these.
atmosphere traps the heat. With the increase in the
Answer - D proportion of carbon dioxide, therefore, the global
temperature would rise, thus causing the polar ice to
Explanation: melt.
Pluto, being farthest from the sun, hardly gets the
sun's rays. So, Pluto is the coldest planet.

Q.11) Assertion (A): Legumes revive the soil

fertility.

Reason (R): Microbes in the root nodules of

legumes fix the atmospheric nitrogen.

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Q.13) Assertion (A): Salt is added to cook food at a) None of these

higher altitudes.
b) A is false but R is true.
Reason (R): Temperature is lower at higher
c) A is true but R is false.
altitudes.
d) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
a) Both A and R are true, and R is NOT the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
e) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
Answer – D
c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
d) A is false but R is true.
The problem of pumping out water from the flooded
e) None of these.
mines provided the need for a self-working engine,
Answer – A which led James Watt to invent the same.

Explanation:

Because both statements A and R are separately true Q.16) Assertion (A): When lightning strikes, the
but R does not explain A. sound is heard a little after the flash is seen.

Reason (R): The velocity of light is greater than that

of the sound.
Q.14) Assertion (A): Uranium undergoes a nuclear
fission reaction. a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Reason (R): It has a big unstable nucleus.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
b) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
c) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A. e) Both A and R are false.

d) A is false but R is true. Answer – A

e) None of these Explanation:

Answer – A When lightning strikes, the sound is heard a little

after the flash is seen is true, and also the reason for
Explanation:
it the velocity of light is greater than that of the
Having a big unstable nucleus, uranium undergoes a sound is correct. Thus, we can say that A and R is
nuclear fission reaction. true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

Q.15) Assertion (A): The Steam engine was invented Q.17) Assertion (A): Nuclear fusion is used to
by James Watt. generate electricity.

Reason (R): There was a problem of taking out Reason (R): Nuclear power is not used because it
water from flooded mines. cannot be controlled.

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a) None of these a) A is true but R is false.

b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct b) A is false but R is true.
explanation of A.
c) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
c) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
explanation of A.
d) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
d) A is true but R is false. explanation of A.

e) Both A and R are false. e) Both A and R are true.

Answer – E Answer – D

Explanation: Explanation:

A controlled nuclear fission reaction is used to A ship rises as it enters the sea from a river is true,
generate electricity. And if we see nowadays, and also the reason for it is correct i.e. the density of
controlled nuclear power finds many important seawater is higher as compared to river water.
applications.
Therefore, we can say that A and R are true, and R is
the correct explanation for A.

Q.18) Assertion (A): Clothes are not washed

properly in hard water.
Q.20) Assertion (A): If the weather is hot and
Reason (R): Hard water contains many minerals. humid, we feel more comfortable.

a) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct Reason (R): If the climate is humid, the evaporation
explanation of A. of the sweat is not there.

b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.

c) A is false but R is true. b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
d) Both A and R are false.
c) A is true but R is false.
e) None of these
d) A is false but R is true.
Answer – A
e) Both A and R are false.
Explanation:
Answer – E
Hard water contains many minerals is true but it has
no link with why clothes are not washed properly. A Explanation:
and R are true but the reason does not give a correct
The assertion is not correct as we all know that when
explanation.
the weather is humid, we do not feel comfortable.
Now, let’s come to the reason part. This is also not
correct as it takes longer time for the sweat to
Q.19) Assertion (A): A ship rises as it enters the sea
evaporate if the weather is humid. Hence, we know
from a river.
from the above discussion that both assertion and
Reason (R): The density of sea water is higher as reason are incorrect.
compared to river water.

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Q.4) Assertion (A): Mohammad-bin-Tughluq is

Practice Questions called the 'wisest fool'.
Q.1) Assertion (A): Vaccines prevent diseases. Reason (R): He had wise plans but implemented
them foolishly.
Reason (R): Vaccines are responsible for the control
of many infectious diseases that were once a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
common in this country, including polio, measles, explanation of A.
diphtheria, pertussis, etc.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A. d) A is false but R is true.

c) A is false but R is true. e) Both A and R are true.

d) A is true but R is false.

e) None of these. Q.5) Assertion(A): In India, the judiciary is

independent of the executive.
Q.2) Assertion(A): An iron ball floats on mercury
but gets immersed in water. Reason (R): Judiciary favors the government and
helps in the implementation of its plans.
Reason (R): The specific gravity of iron is more than
that of mercury. a) A is true but R is false.

a) None of these. b) A is false but R is true.

b) Both A and R is false. c) Both A and R is true.

c) A is true but R is false. d) Both A and R is false.

d) A is false but R is true. e) None of these.

e) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A.
Q.6) Assertion (A): Gandhiji withdrew the non-
cooperation movement.

Q.3) Assertion (A): The Indian Constitution came Reason (R): There was violence at the Chauri
into force with effect from 26th January. 1950. Chaura outrage.

Reason (R): 26th January is celebrated as the a) A is false but R is true.

Republic Day.
b) A is true but R is false.
a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
c) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
d) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
e) None of these.
d) A is false but R is true.

e) None of these.

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Q.7) Assertion(A): A little gap is left between iron Q.10) Assertion (A): Most of the Himalayan rivers
rails. are perennial.

Reason (R): Iron expands in summer. Reason(R): They are fed by melting snow.

a) A is true but R is false. a) A is true but R is false.

b) A is false but R is true. b) Both A and R are false.

c) Both A and R are false but R is NOT the correct c) Both A and R are true.
explanation of A.
d) R is true but A is false.
d) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
e) None of these.
explanation of A.

e) None of these.
Q.11) Assertion (A): India is known as a democratic
country.
Q.8) Assertion (A): Sprouting shouldn’t be done
Reason(R): India has its own constitution.
before consuming the grains.
a) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
Reason (R): Sprouting kills many vital vitamins.
explanation of A.
a) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
c) A is false but R is true.
explanation of A.
d) A is true but R is false.
c) A is true but R is false.
e) None of these.
d) A is false but R is true.

e) Both A and R are false.

Q.12) Assertion (A): Shivaji developed the guerilla
warfare.
Q.9) Assertion (A): Cut fruits and vegetables should
Reason (R): Shivaji feared the Mughals.
not be kept in open for long.
a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
Reason (R): Their vitamin content is ruined.
explanation of A.
a) A is false but R is true.
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
b) A is true but R is false. explanation of A.

c) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct c) A is false but R is true.
explanation of A.
d) A is true but R is false.
d) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
e) Both A and R is false.
explanation of A.

e) None of these.

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Q.13) Assertion (A): Sea-breeze blows during day Q.16) Assertion (A): Carbon dioxide turns lime
time, and land-breeze during night. water milky.

Reason(R): At the night time, land takes very less Reason (R): Carbon dioxide sullies the water.
time to get heated up.
a) A is true but R is false.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
b) A is false but R is true.
explanation of A.
c) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
d) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
c) A is false but R is true.
explanation of A.
d) Both A and R are false.
e) Both A and R are false.
e) Both A and R are true.

Q.17) Assertion (A): Telephone wires sag more in

Q.14) Assertion (A): Leakages in household gas summer.
cylinders can be detected.
Reason (R): They expand due to summer heat.
Reason (R): LPG has a strong smell.
a) A is true but R is false.
a) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
b) A is false but R is true.
explanation of A.
c) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
b) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
d) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
c) A is false but R is true.
explanation of A.
d) Both A and R are false.
e) Both A and R are false.
e) A is true but R is false.

Q.18) Assertion (A): Constipation can be well

Q.15) Assertion (A): In summer season, if you want treated by roughage.
to cool the water quickly, then put it inside the
Reason(R): It adds bulk to the food that we are
earthen pot.
consuming.
Reason(R): Cooling is caused due to evaporation.
a) Both A and R are false.
a) A is false but R is true.
b) A is false but R is true.
b) Both A and R are false.
c) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
c) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
explanation of A.
d) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
d) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
explanation of A.
e) A is true but R is false.
e) A is true but R is false.

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Q.19) Assertion (A): Graphite is slippery and used as

a lubricant.
Answer Key
Reason (R): Graphite has free electrons. 1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (A) 4 (B) 5 (A)

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct 6 (D) 7(E) 8(E) 9 (D) 10 (E)
explanation of A.
11 (A) 12(D) 13 (A) 14 (E) 15 (D)
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A. 16 (A) 17 (C) 18 (C) 19 (B) 20 (C)
c) Both A and R are false.

d) A is true but R is false.

Solutions
e) None of these. Answer 1 – A

Explanation:

Q.20) Assertion (A): In the northern hemisphere, Vaccines prevent diseases by developing immunity
the direction of deflection of wind is towards the inside the body and vaccines help prevent infectious
right and vice versa in the southern hemisphere. diseases and save lives. Vaccines are responsible for
the control of many infectious diseases that were
Reason(R): Wind’s direction gets changed due to once common in this country, including polio,
the rotation of the earth. measles, diphtheria, pertussis, etc., Thus, A and R are
true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
a) None of these.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct

explanation of A. Answer 2 – C

c) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct Explanation:

explanation of A.
Iron with specific gravity less than that of mercury
d) Both A and R are false. but more than that of water, floats in the former but
gets immersed in the second.
e) A is false but R is true.

Answer 3 – A

Explanation:

The Indian Constitution came into force with effect

from January 26, 1950, and since then this day is
celebrated as the Republic Day.

Answer 4 - B

Explanation:

Mohammad-bin-Tughluq is called the 'wisest fool' is

true, and also reason i.e. he had wise plans but
implemented them foolishly is true.

Hence, the correct answer is A and R are true, and R

provides the correct explanation of A.

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Answer 5 – A Answer 10 – E

Explanation: Explanation:

In India, the judiciary is completely independent of Most Himalayan rivers are perennial because they
the executive. It has no interference in the affairs of are fed by the melting snow throughout the year.
the state nor can it be influenced by the Thus, Both A and R are true & R correctly explains A.
government.
Hence, the correct answer here from the options
would be none of these.

Answer 6 – D

Explanation: Answer 11 – A

Gandhiji withdrew the non-cooperation movement Explanation:

because of the violence in the Chauri Chaura
Both the sentences are correct but India is
outrage.
democratic because the government is by the
people, for the people, and of the people.

Answer 7 – E

Explanation: Answer 12 – D

Iron expands in summer. So, gaps are left between Explanation:

rails to allow for expansion. So, the correct answer
Shivaji initiated the guerilla warfare to defeat the
would be Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
Mughals but he did not fear them.
explanation of A.

Since, in the option it is not given. Hence, the correct

answer is E. Answer 13 – A

Explanation:
Answer 8 – E During the night time, the land gets cooled down
quickly and cold breeze blows.
Explanation:
Hence, the correct answer is A.
Sprouted grains should be consumed because
sprouting enhances the nutrient content of the
grains.
Answer 14 – E

Explanation:
Answer 9 – D
Leakages in household gas cylinders can be detected
Explanation: because of the strong smell of ethyl mercaptan
mixed with LPG.
When cutted fruits and vegetables are kept in open,
the vitamins in them get oxidized and remain of no
use.
Answer 15 – D
Thus, the correct answer is D.
Explanation:

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The pores present on the earthen pots, make the Explanation:

evaporation easy and hence cooling occurs quickly.
When it adds bulk to the food that we are eating, the
Hence, the correct answer is D.
passage becomes easier and there is no chance of
constipation. Hence, the correct answer is C.

Answer 16 – A

Explanation: Answer 19 – B

Carbon dioxide reacts with lime water (calcium Explanation:

hydroxide) to form milky precipitate of calcium
Graphite possesses a layer structure with two
carbonate. Hence, the correct answer is A.
successive layers held by weak forces and able to
slide over one another. So, graphite is slippery and
this property finds its use as a lubricant.
Answer 17 – C
Hence, the correct answer is B.
Explanation:

The metal of telephone wires expand in summer and

the wires become loose. So, they are sag. Answer 20 – C

Hence, the correct answer is C. Explanation:

Due to the earth’s rotation only, the wind

experiences a such change in its direction.
Answer 18 – C
Hence, the correct answer is C.

Chapter 3: Statement &

Conclusion
break down the given statements, understand their
Introduction direct/indirect implications and after that choose
which of the given conclusions takes after sensibly
Statement and Conclusion questions, a part of logical and without a doubt, from the given statements.
reasoning section, basically consist a
paragraph/statement/passage. By reading the Conclusion: A conclusion is a fact which can be
statement/passage carefully the candidates have to inferred from a given statement or a paragraph or a
decide what is inferred by the passage. These are passage.
basically designed to test the candidate’s ability to
interpret a statement. Statement – conclusion questions are the extension
The questions in this part comprise of a statement or of the statement – assumptions questions.
an arrangement of statements, followed by specific Sometimes, the messages are clear in passage itself
deductions taking into account the facts contained in i.e., direct implications. And sometimes hidden in
the given statements. The candidate is required to the passage i.e. in-direct implications.

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Format of the problem:

Directions: In every question underneath a
statement (or a section) is followed by two/three
conclusions numbered I and II/III. The candidate is
required to analyse the statement and understand
the direct or in-direct implications. Candidate is
required to consider the announcement and the
accompanying conclusions and afterwards choose
which of the conclusions is certain in the statement.
Give answer:
(a) If only conclusion I follows.

(b) If only conclusion II follows.

(c) If either conclusion I or conclusion II follows.

(d) If neither of the conclusions I and II follows.

(e) If both the conclusions I and II follows.

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d) Neither I nor II follows.

Solved Examples
e) Both I and II follow.
1) Statement: The total runs made by a team in a
cricket match were 100. Out of these 70 runs were
Answer 2: d (neither I nor II follows)
made by fast bowlers.
Explanation:
Conclusions:
Conclusion I is not valid as the statement does not
I) 70% of team consists of fast bowlers.
propagate the diet of any country.
II) The closing batsmen were fast bowlers.
Conclusion II is not valid too as the statement does
not mention anything about the severity of any
a) Only conclusion I follows. disease.

b) Only conclusion II follows. 3) The T.V. programmes, telecasted specially for

children mostly include cartoons. A major portion
c) Either I or II follows. of magazines for children also contain exercises for
colouring cartoons.
d) Neither I nor II follows.
Conclusions:
e) Both I and II follow.
I) Children are not interested in other things.
Answer 1: d (Neither I nor II follows) II) An average child’s primary interest lies in
cartoons.
Explanation:

Neither I nor II follow.

a) Only conclusion I follows.

b) Only conclusion II follows.

2) Statement: In country A, the incidence of disease c) Either I or II follows.
X is very high, while that of disease Y is very low. If
the Citizens of country A migrate to Country B this d) Neither I nor II follows.
is reversed – the rate of disease Y increases but the
e) Both I and II follow.
rate of disease X is reduced in the next generation.
All this is related to nutrition- the diets of citizens of
Country A in Country B are different than those in Answer 3: b (Only conclusion II follows)
Country A.
Explanation:
Conclusions:
Conclusion I is not valid as we can’t conclude that
I) The same diet as in Country B should be children aren’t interested in anything else just
propagated in Country A also. because they are interested in cartoons.

II) Disease B is less severe than disease A. Conclusion II is valid and can be concluded as it can
be hinted that children are interested in cartoons as
T.V. shows and magazines focus on cartoons for
a) Only conclusion I follows.
children.
b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.

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4) Statement: The professor insulted the student in e) Both I and II follow.

the presence of his classmates.

Conclusions: Answer 5: b (Only conclusion II follows)

I) The professor did not like the student. Explanation:

II) The student was not popular among his Conclusion I is not valid as nothing is mentioned
classmates. about mutual funds being a worthy investment or
not.

a) Only conclusion I follows. Conclusion II is valid and can be inferred from the
statement.
b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.
6) Statement: According to a new research, it has
d) Neither I nor II follows.
been proved that people who walk at least half an
e) Both I and II follow. hour a day are less prone to any heart ailments.

Conclusion:
Answer 4: d (Neither I nor II)
I) Walking is necessary for leading a healthy life.
Explanation:
II) All people who do desk-bound jobs definitely
Conclusion I cannot be inferred from the statement suffer from heart ailments.
as the reason for insult can be something else as well
apart from dislike.
a) Only conclusion I follows.
Conclusion II also cannot be inferred from the
b) Only conclusion II follows.
statement as nothing is mentioned about the
popularity of the student. c) Either I or II follows.

Hence, option (d) is the right answer. d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

5) Statements: Mutual funds are subject to market

Answer 6: a (only Conclusion I follows)
risks. Consult a proper fund manager before
investing in any mutual fund scheme. Explanation:
Conclusion: Conclusion I is valid.
I) One should not invest in mutual funds. Conclusion II is not valid as it says that “all” people
who do a desk job suffer from heart ailments which
II) The fund manager calculates the market risks
cannot be concluded from the given statement.
and invests by taking calculated risks.

a) Only conclusion I follows. 7) Statement: People who speak too much against
dowry are those who had taken it themselves.
b) Only conclusion II follows.
Conclusions:
c) Either I or II follows.
I) It is easier said than done.
d) Neither I nor II follows.

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II) People have double standards. 9) Statement: To help the students increase their
general knowledge, the school has made it
compulsory from July this year for each student to
a) Only conclusion I follows.
read the weekly General Knowledge Magazine per
b) Only conclusion II follows. week and submit a weekly report on it.

c) Either I or II follows. Conclusion:

d) Neither I nor II follows. I) Interest in General Knowledge can be created by

force.
e) Both I and II follow.
II) Some students will eventually develop their
general knowledge.
Answer 7: e (Both I and II follow)

Explanation: a) Only conclusion I follows.

Since the conclusions can be concluded. We can b) Only conclusion II follows.
select option (e) as the answer.
c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

8) Statement: Only good students are admitted in
the college. No one without good scores in the e) Both I and II follow.
entrance exam is a good student.

Conclusion: Answer 9: b (Only conclusion II follows)

I) All the students in the college have got good Explanation:

scores in the entrance exam.
Conclusion I is not valid as we cannot conclude that
II) Those students who do not have a good score in students can develop an interest in General
entrance exam are not admitted in the college. knowledge by reading a weekly magazine. They can
develop their knowledge but nothing can be
concluded about developing their interest.
a) Only conclusion I follows.
Conclusion II is valid as reading a General Knowledge
b) Only conclusion II follows. magazine would definitely improve the general
knowledge of some students.
c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

10) Statement: Players who play in a fair way and
e) Both I and II follow. win the game get recognition award for their
performance. Player A won the game but it was
found that he was under the influence of a
Answer 8: e (Both I and II follow) prohibited drug.
Explanation: Conclusions:
Both the conclusions are valid. I) A will get recognition award.
Hence, option (e) is the right option. II) A will not get recognition award.

a) Only conclusion I follows.

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b) Only conclusion II follows. 12) Statement: The education provided by

government schools is not as good as the education
c) Either I or II follows.
provided by private schools.
d) Neither I nor II follows.
Conclusions:
e) Both I and II follow.
I) Government schools should improvise on their
quality of education.
Answer 10: b (Only conclusion II follows)
II) All government schools should be closed down
Explanation: immediately.

From the above statement, we can conclude that

using a prohibited drug is an unfair way to win the a) Only conclusion I follows.
game and hence, we can conclude that the player
b) Only conclusion II follows.
will not get recognition award.
c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

11) Statement: Quality has a price tag. Our country
e) Both I and II follow.
is allocating a lot of funds to the healthcare system.

Conclusions:
Answer 12: a (Only conclusion I follows)
I) Quality of healthcare system would improve
Explanation:
soon.
Conclusion I is valid.
II) Funding alone can enhance the quality of
healthcare system. Conclusion II is not valid as closing down
government schools just because their quality is not
as good as private schools is not a valid reason. The
a) Only conclusion I follows.
government school should rather focus on improving
b) Only conclusion II follows. their quality of education.

c) Either I or II follows. Hence, option (a) is the right option.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow. 13) Statement: The best proof of India’s glorious
past is the growing popularity of Yoga in the west.

Answer 11: a (Only conclusion I follows) Conclusion:

Explanation: I) Yoga is not popular in India.

Conclusion I is valid. II) Zumba dancing is more popular in India.

Conclusion II is not valid as there are many other

factors apart from funding as well that can improve a) Only conclusion I follows.
the quality of education.
b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

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e) Both I and II follow. 15) Statement: It is impossible to survive and

prosper in corporate life without sacrificing morals
and ethics.
Answer 13: d (Neither I nor II)
Conclusions:
Explanation:
I) Corporate lifestyle appreciates some concepts
Conclusion I cannot be concluded as nothing is
and ideologies but does not uphold them.
mentioned about popularity of yoga in the
statement. II) Concept of ethics and morality is not practicable
in corporate life.
Conclusion II cannot be concluded it is a out of
context.
a) Only conclusion I follows.

b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.
14) Statement: The average number of persons per
household is 5 in Mumbai, whereas it is 7 in Delhi. d) Neither I nor II follows.
The average population of both the cities together
is 6. e) Both I and II follow.

Conclusions:
Answer 15: b (Only conclusion II follows)
I) The population per unit area in Delhi is higher
than that in Mumbai. Explanation:

II) More people live in the same household in Delhi Conclusion I cannot be concluded as nothing is
than in Mumbai. mentioned about any ethics being appreciated or
not in a corporate life in the statement.

a) Only conclusion I follows. Conclusion II is valid and does follow the statement.

b) Only conclusion II follows. 16) Statement: After this law is passed, every
woman would get a maternity leave during
c) Either I or II follows. pregnancy in their work places.
d) Neither I nor II follows. Conclusions:
e) Both I and II follow. I) Before this law was passed, all women did not get
a maternity leave even during pregnancy.
Answer 14: a (Only conclusion I follows) II) The employers must now abide by this law.
Explanation:
a) Only conclusion I follows.
Conclusion I cannot be concluded as nothing is
mentioned about the population per unit area in the b) Only conclusion II follows.
statement and population per household and
population per unit area are two different things. c) Either I or II follows.

Conclusion II is valid and can be concluded. d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

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Answer 16: b (Only conclusion II follows) 18) Statement: In many countries, the majority of
people have to live under the governments which
Explanation:
refuse them their fundamental rights.
Conclusion I cannot be concluded as it says that “all”
Conclusion:
women did not get a leave during pregnancy in their
work places, which cannot be concluded. If it was I) People are indifferent to fundamental rights.
“some” women, it would have been a valid
II) People desire fundamental rights.
conclusion.

Conclusion II is valid.
a) Only conclusion I follows.
Hence option (b) should be selected.
b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.
17) Statement: Irregular students do not pass
d) Neither I nor II follows.
exams. Some regular students also failed the exam.
e) Both I and II follow.
Conclusions:

I) All failed students are regular.

Answer 18: b (People desire fundamental rights)
II) All the students who passed are irregular.
Explanation:

Conclusion I is not valid as the statement says that

a) Only conclusion I follows.
the government has refused fundamental rights to
b) Only conclusion II follows. people which means they want it but the
government did not give them these rights.
c) Either I or II follows.
Conclusion II is right as it has been stated that the
d) Neither I nor II follows.
government has refused them their fundamental
e) Both I and II follow. rights, which means they asked for these rights.

Answer 17: d (Neither I nor II follows)

19) Triple your portfolio of funds in a year- An
Explanation: advertisement.

Conclusion I does not follow as statement has clearly Conclusions:

mentioned that all irregular students have failed the
I) The advertisement is not genuine.
exam, so we can say that some of the failed students
are irregular as well. II) People want their portfolio of funds to grow.

Conclusion II does not follow as it has been stated

that all irregular students failed the exam so no a) Only conclusion I follows.
student who passes is irregular.
b) Only conclusion II follows.
Hence, option (d) is the answer.
c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

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Answer 19: b (Only conclusion II follows)

Explanation:

Conclusion I cannot be concluded as nothing is

mentioned about the genuineness of the
advertisement.

Conclusion II can be concluded as advertisements

only advertise those things that people want.

20) Statement: The ABC College of Medicine has

started a workshop which will conduct counselling
to people on how to manage stress.

Conclusions:

I) The hospital has needed resources to start the

workshop.

II) People need such workshops.

a) Only conclusion I follows.

b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

Answer 20: e(Both I and II follow)

Explanation:

Conclusion I follows as resources are required to

carry out any activity.

Conclusion II follows as the activity of conducting a

workshop is carried out as people need it.

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3) Statement: People who emphasise on the use of

Practice Questions Hindi language, send their kids to English medium
schools and colleges.
1) Statement: Although the number of universities Conclusion:
in India has increased, most of them are ill-
equipped and have not achieved excellence in I) Our country lacks Hindi medium Schools and
imparting education. colleges.

Conclusions: II) People don’t practice what they preach.

I) We should provide for good professors and

equipments in these universities in the upcoming a) Only conclusion I follows.
future.
b) Only conclusion II follows.
II) We should not establish any more universities in
c) Either I or II follows.
the future.
d) Neither I nor II follows.

a) Only conclusion I follows. e) Both I and II follow.

b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.
4) Statement: The XYZ Bill passed by the
d) Neither I nor II follows. government seems to be one of the major source of
corruption in our country.
e) Both I and II follow.
Conclusions:

I) The XYZ Bill should be abolished immediately to

2) Statement: This book “A” is the only book which end corruption in our country.
focuses its attention to the issues of India economy
II) The government had purposely passed this Bill to
after independence.
encourage corruption in our country.
Conclusions:

I) There were no issues in the Indian economy a) Only conclusion I follows.

before independence.
b) Only conclusion II follows.
II) No other book deals with issues of the India
c) Either I or II follows.
economy after independence.
d) Neither I nor II follows.

a) Only conclusion I follows. e) Both I and II follow.

b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

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5) Statements: The Bank of America's move to 7) Statement: Company Y has a record of

auction 31 metric tons of gold drew plenty of manufacturing mobile phones of exceptional
bidders looking for a bargain, but was criticised by quality such that they do not even spoil by
major gold producers worldwide. becoming wet.

Conclusions: Conclusions:

I) The Bank of America should not auction gold I) No other company can produce mobile phones
which it possesses to keep steady international that are as good as the mobile phones
prices of gold. manufactured by company Y.

II) Bidders should quote higher gold prices to retain II) Mobile phones manufactured by company Y are
present value of gold in the international markets. branded products.

a) Only conclusion I follows. a) Only conclusion I follows.

b) Only conclusion II follows. b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows. c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows. d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow. e) Both I and II follow.

6) Statement: Hardships make us wise. 8) Statement: The national norm is 200 beds per
nine hundred population but in this state, it is 250
Conclusions:
beds per nine hundred.
I) The poor are wise.
Conclusions:
II) We learn from bitter experiences.
I) Our national norm is appropriate.

II) The health system of the state is taking enough

a) Only conclusion I follows.
care in this regard.
b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows. a) Only conclusion I follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows. b) Only conclusion II follows.

e) Both I and II follow. c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

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9) Statement: We do not need allopaths in medical a) Only conclusion I follows.

profession but trained homeopaths who are
b) Only conclusion II follows.
dedicated to their profession.
c) Either I or II follows.
Conclusion:
d) Neither I nor II follows.
I) We should promote medical profession with
dedicated homeopaths rather than allopaths. e) Both I and II follow.
II) Allopaths are not dedicated to their profession.

a) Only conclusion I follows.

12) Statement: An apple a day, keeps the doctor
b) Only conclusion II follows. away.

c) Either I or II follows. Conclusions:

d) Neither I nor II follows. I) People who eat apples everyday would never
have to go to a doctor.
e) Both I and II follow.
II) Apples are not as healthy as mangoes.

10) Statement: Buy your car before 21st July and a) Only conclusion I follows.
avail interest free loan- An advertisement.
b) Only conclusion II follows.
Conclusion:
c) Either I or II follows.
I) No car will be booked afterwards.
d) Neither I nor II follows.
II) After 21st July, no loan will be provided.
e) Both I and II follow.

a) Only conclusion I follows.

b) Only conclusion II follows. 13) Statement: Akshay is the only son of Meenakshi
and Karthik.
c) Either I or II follows.
Conclusions:
d) Neither I nor II follows.
I) Meenakshi and Karthik have only one child.
e) Both I and II follow.
II) Akshay might have a sister.

11) Statement: The maximum number of students a) Only conclusion I follows.

that can be placed in Company B is 52, which will
b) Only conclusion II follows.
be filled through this recruitment round.
c) Either I or II follows.
Conclusions:
d) Neither I nor II follows.
I) Company B may place less than 52 students in
this round. e) Both I and II follow.
II) Company B may place 52 students in this round.

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14) Statement: If you work hard, you will be 16) Statement: The distance of 522 km by road
successful. between City A and City B will be reduced by 400
km by sea. This will lead to a saving of Rs. 5 crore
Conclusions:
per annum on fuel.
I) Resilience is also required to be successful.
Conclusions:
II) Since Deepak is hard working, he will be
I) Transportation by road is more expensive than
successful.
transportation by sea.

II) Fuel must be saved to the greatest extent.

a) Only conclusion I follows.

b) Only conclusion II follows.

a) Only conclusion I follows.
c) Either I or II follows.
b) Only conclusion II follows.
d) Neither I nor II follows.
c) Either I or II follows.
e) Both I and II follow.
d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

15) Statements: Prime age school-going children in

urban India have now become avid as well as more
regular viewers of television, even in households 17) Statement: National Aluminum Company has
without a TV. As a result there has been an moved our country from a position of shortage to
alarming decline in the extent of readership of self-sufficiency in the metal.
newspapers.
Conclusions:
Conclusions:
I) Previously, India had to import aluminium.
I) Method of increasing the readership of
II) With this spread, it can soon become a foreign
newspapers should be devised.
exchange earner.
II) A team of experts should be sent to other
countries to study the impact of TV. on the
a) Only conclusion I follows.
readership of newspapers.
b) Only conclusion II follows.
a) Only conclusion I follows. c) Either I or II follows.
b) Only conclusion II follows. d) Neither I nor II follows.
c) Either I or II follows. e) Both I and II follow.
d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

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18) Statement: Day before yesterday the accident 20) Statement: All the disciplined people find time
in which a woman was run down by a vehicle had for rest. Rakshita finds time for rest despite her
again focused attention on the most unsatisfactory busy schedule.
condition of roads.
Conclusions:
Conclusion:
I) Rakshita is an organized person.
I) The accident that occurred was fatal.
II) Rakshita is an industrious person.
II) Many accidents have occurred till now due to the
unsatisfactory state of roads.
a) Only conclusion I follows.

b) Only conclusion II follows.

a) Only conclusion I follows.
c) Either I or II follows.
b) Only conclusion II follows.
d) Neither I nor II follows.
c) Either I or II follows.
e) Both I and II follow.
d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

19) Statement: Although we have rating agencies

like Crisil, ICRA, there is demand to have a separate
rating agency for IT companies to protect investors.

Conclusions:

I) Assessment of financial worth of IT companies

calls for separate set of skills, insight and
competencies.

II) Now the investors investing in IT companies will

get protection of their investment.

a) Only conclusion I follows.

b) Only conclusion II follows.

c) Either I or II follows.

d) Neither I nor II follows.

e) Both I and II follow.

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Conclusion II is not valid as the statement says that

Answer Key the Bill is a direct cause of corruption but it does not
mention anything about the intention of the
1(a) 2(b) 3(c) 4(a) 5(d) government behind passing that Bill.

6(b) 7(d) 8(b) 9(a) 10(d) Hence, option (a) is the right answer.

11(c) 12(d) 13(b) 14(b) 15(d)

Answer 5: d (Neither I nor II follows)
16(b) 17(e) 18(e) 19(a) 20(e)
Explanation:

The statement does not talk against the auction but

Solutions only speaks of the response it received from the
bidders and gold producers. So, I does not follow.
Answer 1: a (Only Conclusion I follows) The phrase 'plenty of bidders looking for a bargain' is
quite contrary to II. So, II also does not follow.
Explanation:

Conclusion I can be concluded from the statement.

Conclusion II cannot be concluded from the Answer 6: b (Only conclusion II follows)

statement.
Explanation:
Hence, option (a) is the right answer.
The statement talks of hardships in general and not
lack of money. So, I does not follow. II correctly
Answer 2: b (Only conclusion II follows) explains the statement and hence it follows.

Explanation:
Answer 7: d (Neither I nor II follows)
Conclusion I cannot be concluded from the
statement. Explanation:

Conclusion II can be concluded from the statement. Conclusion I cannot be concluded from the given
statement.
Hence, Option (b) is the right answer.
Conclusion II also cannot be concluded from the
given statement

Answer 8: b (Only conclusion II follows)

Answer 3: c (Either I or II follows) Explanation:
Explanation: Conclusion I does not follow as nothing is mentioned
Clearly, one of the above options can be a about the appropriateness about the national norm
concluded. in the statement.

Conclusion II is valid and can be concluded from the

Answer 4: a (Only conclusion I follows) given statement.

Explanation: Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Conclusion I is valid as a bill that is the direct cause

of corruption should be abolished.

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Answer 9: a(Only conclusion I follows) Answer 13: b (Only conclusion II follows)

Explanation: Explanation:

Conclusion I can be concluded from the statement. Conclusion I does not follow as statement talks
about them having only one son but Meenakshi and
Conclusion II cannot be concluded from the
Karthik might have a daughter as well so nothing can
statement talks about the need for dedicated
be concluded about them having only one child.
homeopaths in the profession but it does not
mention anything about the need for allopaths. Conclusion II follows as it states the word “might”
and there can definitely be a possibility of Akshay
having a sister.
Answer 10: d (Neither I nor II follows)
Hence, option (b) is the right option.
Explanation:

Conclusion I does not follow as 21st June is the

deadline to buy car with interest free loans. That
Answer 14: b (Only conclusion II follows)
does not mean that no car can be booked after that
deadline. After that, a car can be booked without an Explanation:
interest free loan.
Conclusion I cannot be concluded from the given
Conclusion II does not follow as 21st June is the statement as the statement does not mention
deadline for getting loans without interest. But that anything about resilience.
does not mean that loans cannot be taken after that
Conclusion II can be concluded from the given
with interest.
statement.

Hence, option (b) is the answer.

Answer 11: c (Either I or II follows)

Explanation:
Answer 15: d (Neither I nor II follows)
Clearly, either of the two conclusions can be made.
Explanation:
Hence, option (c) is the right answer.
The statement concentrates on the increasing
viewership of TV. and does not stress either on
increasing the readership of newspapers or making
studies regarding the same. So, neither I nor II
Answer 12: d (Neither I nor II follows)
follows.
Explanation:

Conclusion I cannot be concluded as the statement Answer 16: b (Only conclusion II follows)
implies that apples make us healthy and keep us
Explanation:
away from doctors, but still there are cases where
people have to go to doctors for certain issues and Conclusion I cannot be concluded as nothing is
the word “never” is an extreme word. mentioned in the statement about the comparison
between transportation by road and sea.
Conclusion II cannot be concluded as nothing has
been mentioned about the comparison between Conclusion II can be concluded from the given
apples and mangoes. statement.

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Explanation:
Answer 17: e (Both I and II follow)
Conclusion I can be concluded from the above
Explanation: statement.

According to the statement, National Aluminium Conclusion II cannot be concluded from the above
Company has moved India from a position of statement as the statement only mentions about the
shortage in the past to self-sufficiency in the present. need for such a rating agency but does not mention
This means that previously, India had to import anything about the future or the after effects of
aluminium. So, I follows. Also, it can be deduced that having such a rating agency.
if production increases at the same rate, India can
export it in future. So, II also follows.
Answer 20: e (Both I and II follow)

Explanation:
Answer 18: e (Both I and II follow)
Both the conclusions can be derived from the given
Explanation:
statement.
Both the conclusions follow from the given
Hence option (e) is the answer.
statement.

Hence answer is option (e).

Answer 19: a (Only conclusion I follows)

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Chapter 4: Statement &

Argument
Some important points to be kept in mind while
Introduction solving these questions are:
1. The validity of an argument depends upon the
Generally the problems in Analysing Arguments type reason for that particular argument.
of questions consist of one or two arguments with a 2. If an argument has the word ‘only’ it will never be
statement. Out of two arguments, the candidate has a strong argument.
to find out which is the strong argument and which 3. Proper analysis of both statement and arguments
is the weak argument. is required basing on the argument only on the given
Statement is concerned with three topics like facts.
political, social and economical followed by two
arguments that are in favour or against the
statement. Also arguments that are strong or weak.
In making decisions about important questions, it is
desirable to be able to distinguish between strong
and weak arguments.

Common features of strong arguments:

1. Universal truth: It means that if an argument is
scientifically established or universally accepted fact
then it is strong and cannot be denied.
2. Analysed truth: Decisions taken by government,
supreme court, constitutional bodies and united
nations or any other supreme authority are called
analysed truth which are strong arguments.
3. If any argument is said on the basis of experience
then it is accepted as strong.

Weak arguments can be recognised by the

following features:
1. Simple Information: If an argument is too simple
although it is related with the given statement, but
due to lack of proper argumentation it will be
considered as a weak argument.
2. Opinion: If the argument simple supports or
denies the given statement without proper analysis
then it is a weak argument.
3. Ambiguous: If the argument is not clear in
meaning and creates confusion such a debatable
argument is weak.
4. An argument that promotes or prohibits on the
basis of an example is considered to be weak.

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c) Either I or II is strong.
Solved Examples
d) Neither I nor II is strong.
1) Statement: Should all the international
e) Both I and II are strong.
corporations immediately be asked to close down
their business in our Country.
Answer 2: b (Only argument II is strong)
Arguments:
Explanation:
I) Yes, this is the only way to sustain our small-scale
businesses. Argument I is not valid.

II) No, this will have an adverse impact on India Argument II is valid as the health of people is a
Economy. concern for the government and therefore,
medicines need to be tested to be ensured that they
can be consumed.
a) Only Argument I is strong.

b) Only Argument II is strong.

3) Should our country harness solar energy to fulfil
c) If either argument I or argument II is strong.
its energy needs?
d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
I) No. Harnessing solar energy requires a lot of
e) Both I and II follow. financial resources, which our country lacks in.

II) Yes. Most of the resources which we use are

Answer 1: b (Only Argument II is strong.) non-renewable.

Explanation:
a) Only argument I is strong.
Argument I is not valid as it has the word “only” in it
which makes it extreme. b) Only argument II is strong.

Argument II is valid. c) Either I or II is strong.

Hence, the answer is option (b). d) Neither I nor II is strong.

e) Both I and II are strong.

2) Statement: Should all the medicines that are

imported from foreign countries be first tried out Answer 3: b (Only argument II is strong.)
on a sample basis before giving license for sale to
Explanation:
the general public in our country
Argument I is not strong as solar energy is the
Arguments:
cheapest source of energy.
I) No. This is not practical.
Argument II is strong as solar energy can act as a
II) Yes. Many such medicines require different substitute for renewable sources of energy.
doses and duration for Indian population and hence
it is necessary.

a) Only argument I is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong.

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4) Statement: Should young people be encouraged Explanation:

to start-up businesses?
Both the arguments are invalid as age is not the
Arguments: criteria to judge someone’s mental and
administrative capabilities.
I) Yes. They will help in creating job opportunities.

II) Yes. They will help in industrial development of

the country. 6) Statement: Should the system of internal
assessment in universities be abolished?

a) Only argument I is strong. Arguments:

b) Only argument II is strong. I) No. Teaching faculty will lose control over
students.
c) Either I or II is strong.
II) Yes. This will remove the issue of favouritism and
d) Neither I nor II is strong.
lead to fair assessment.
e) Both I and II are strong.
a) Only argument I is strong.
Answer 4: e (Both I and II are strong)
b) Only argument II is strong.
Explanation:
c) Either I or II is strong.
Clearly, young entrepreneurs would set up
d) Neither I nor II is strong.
businesses which will create employment and
enhance industrial development. Hence, both the e) Both I and II are strong.
arguments are strong.

Answer 6: b (Only argument II is strong)

5) Statement: Should a person above the age of Explanation:
sixty-five years be restricted to contest in elections?
Argument I is vague as teacher would still be
Arguments: teaching students even when they don’t give them
internal marks.
I) Yes. Generally, people above the age of 65 lose
their will power. Argument II is strong as removing internal
assessments would remove the problem of
II) No. People can remain mentally and physically
favoritism and unfair assessment.
active till the age of eighty.

a) Only argument I is strong. 7) Statement: Should we establish new universities

in our Country?
b) Only argument II is strong.
Arguments:
c) Either I or II is strong.
I) No. We have still not achieved the target for
d) Neither I nor II is strong.
literacy.
e) Both I and II are strong.
II) No. It would lead to educated unemployed
people in the country.
Answer 5: d (Neither I nor II is strong)

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a) Only argument I is strong. ban in a democracy like India which can also imply
things like illegal weapons, drugs etc should not be
b) Only argument II is strong.
banned. Hence this argument is not strong. It is
c) Either I or II is strong. emotionally appealing but no logically sound.

d) Neither I nor II is strong.

e) Both I and II are strong. 9) Should the private companies take over the
railways in our country?

Answer 7: e (Both I and II are strong) Arguments:

Explanation: I) Yes. This is the only way to ensure better services

through a competitive environment.
Argument I is strong as literacy rate should be
improved before improving higher education. II) No. This will be a threat to the national security
as MNCs would enter.
Argument II is strong as well as increasing
universities would create a great supply of highly
skilled professionals even when the demand remains a) Only argument I is strong.
the same.
b) Only argument II is strong

c) Either I or II is strong.
8) Should there be a ban on non-vegetarian food in
d) Neither I nor II is strong.
our country?
e) Both I and II are strong.
Arguments:

I) Yes. It should be banned as many people cannot

Answer 9: d (Neither I nor II is strong.)
afford it.
Explanation:
II) No. There should be no ban in a democracy like
India. Argument I is wrong as saying that it is the “only
way” to ensure better services is too extreme.

a) Only argument I is strong. Argument II is also vague.

b) Only argument II is strong. Hence, option (d) is the answer.

c) Either I or II is strong.

d) Neither I nor II is strong. 10) Statement: Should the employees working in

the railways be prohibited to get the free passes?
e) Both I and II are strong.
Arguments:

Answer 8: d (Neither I nor II is strong) I) No. The employees have the right to travel for
free.
Explanation:
II) Yes. This will help railways in providing better
Argument I is vague as people who can afford it can
facilities.
still choose to buy it.

Argument II is emotionally appealing but it is an

a) Only argument I is strong.
extreme statement. It says that there should be no

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b) Only argument II is strong 12) Should a movie be promoted through

aggressive marketing?
c) Either I or II is strong.
Arguments:
d) Neither I nor II is strong.
I) Yes. It is necessary to make people aware about it
e) Both I and II are strong.
and convince them to watch it.

II) No. It leads to wastage of resources.

Answer 10: d (Neither I nor II is strong)

Explanation:
a) Only argument I is strong.
Argument I is not strong as travelling for free is a
b) Only argument II is strong
privilege not a right.
c) Either I or II is strong.
Argument II is also vague.
d) Neither I nor II is strong.
Hence Answer is option (d)
e) Both I and II are strong.

11) Statement: Should a person with past history of

Answer 12: a (Only argument I is strong)
crimes be allowed to participate in votes?
Explanation:
Arguments:
Argument I is strong as promotions are required to
I) No. Such a person cannot serve his nation.
make people watch the movie.
II) Yes. It is democracy and people should decide
Argument II is not valid as advertising would lead to
whom they want to vote.
utilizing of resources to boost sales and not their
wastage.
a) Only argument I is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong

13) Statement: Should our country support all the
c) Either I or II is strong. international policies of United States of America?

d) Neither I nor II is strong. Arguments:

e) Both I and II are strong. I) No. Many countries do not follow these policies.

II) Yes. This is the only way to gain access to their

Answer 11: a (Only argument I is strong) development funds.

Explanation:
a) Only argument I is strong.
Argument I is valid.
b) Only argument II is strong.
Argument II is not valid.
c) Either I or II is strong.
Hence, answer is option I.
d) Neither I nor II is strong.

e) Both I and II are strong.

Answer 13: d (Neither I nor II)

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Explanation: I) No. They must have been forced to take bribes

because of some situations.
Argument I is weak as we cannot do anything based
on the actions of others. II) Yes. They should do their work with integrity and
honesty.
Argument II is also weak, as is we cannot support
any policy just to gain monetary benefits without our
analysis. a) Only argument I is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong.

14) Statement: Should the highways in our country c) Either I or II is strong.

be maintained by private sector?
d) Neither I nor II is strong.
Arguments:
e) Both I and II are strong.
I) Yes. They will maintain it more efficiently
compared to public sector.
Answer 15: b (Only argument II is strong)
II) No. They are meant for public.
Explanation:

Argument I is not valid.

a) Only argument I is strong.
Argument II is valid.
b) Only argument II is strong.
Hence option (b) is the right option.
c) Either I or II is strong.

d) Neither I nor II is strong.

16) Statement: Should people, who escape their
e) Both I and II are strong.
home country and enter in a different country in an
unauthorized manner, be forced to return to the
Answer 14: d (Neither I nor II is strong) home country?

Explanation: I) Yes. They occupy a lot of land and make their

colonies.
Argument I is not valid as public sector also
maintains highways efficiently and we cannot II) No. They leave their country due to the inhuman
conclude for sure that private sectors will maintain it treatment they receive there and we cannot force
better than public sector. them to leave on human grounds.

Argument II is also not valid as the statement asks a) Only argument I is strong.
whether the highways should be maintained by
b) Only argument II is strong.
private sector instead of public sector whereas the
argument talks about it being meant to be used for c) Either I or II is strong.
public which is out of context as maintenance and
use are two different things. d) Neither I nor II is strong.

e) Both I and II are strong.

15) Should there be a punishment for officers who

accept bribe?

Arguments:

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Answer 16: b (Only argument II is strong) II) Yes. It will help in reducing the unethical medical
practices.
Explanation:

Argument I is invalid.
a) Only argument I is strong.
Argument II is valid.
b) Only argument II is strong.
Hence Option (b) is the right option.
c) Either I or II is strong.

d) Neither I nor II is strong.

17) Statement: Should our country create reserves
e) Both I and II are strong.
of oil like other countries to face uncertain
contingencies?
Answer 18: b (Only argument II is strong)
Arguments:
Explanation:
I) No. It will block our foreign exchange and keep
our money idle. Argument I is not valid as it the policy beneficial for
people cannot be considered as not democratic.
II) Yes. This will help our country withstand shocks
of sudden rise in oil prices due to unforeseen
situations. Argument II is valid as it can reduce cases where
doctors mislead patients into unnecessary
treatments when they treat patients individually for
a) Only argument I is strong.
personal gain.
b) Only argument II is strong.

c) Either I or II is strong.

d) Neither I nor II is strong.

19) Statement: Should the fees of IIMs be
e) Both I and II are strong. increased?

Arguments:
Answer 17: b (Only argument II is strong)
I) Yes. This will make the students serious about
Explanation: their academics and improve their quality.

Argument I is not valid as we do require oil reserves II) No. This will prevent poor students from
for situations in future. applying even if they are extremely meritorious.

Argument II is valid.
a) Only argument I is strong.
Hence Option (b) is the answer.
b) Only argument II is strong.

c) Either I or II is strong.
18) Statement: Is it valid to bring all the doctors
under government control such that they receive d) Neither I nor II is strong.
their salaries from the government and treat their
e) Both I and II are strong.
patients free of cost?

I) No. It is not democratic to do so.

Answer 19: b

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Explanation:

Argument I is not valid as fees and seriousness have

no correlation.

Argument II is valid as it will prevent good students

from applying due to financial constraints.

20) Statement: Should warnings on cigarette packs

about them being injurious to health be
mentioned?

Arguments:

I) Yes. It is a reminder that might make smokers

realise about its ill effects on their health.

II) No. It hampers the joy of consuming cigarettes.

a) Only argument I is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong.

c) Either I or II is strong.

d) Neither I nor II is strong.

e) Both I and II are strong.

Answer 20: a (Only Argument I is strong)

Explanation:

Argument I is strong and valid.

Argument II is not valid as smoking is a bad habit and

shouldn’t be termed as an enjoyable activity.

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3) Statement: Should India have a uniform rate of

Practice Questions tax irrespective of the level of income of people?

1) Should the professors who teach in colleges be Arguments:

prohibited to take private tuitions at home as well?
I) Yes. This will substantially reduce the work of the
Arguments: officials of the income tax department.

I) No. The needy students will be deprived of the II) No. This will reduce the revenues earned by the
expertise of these professors. government.

II) Yes. This is an injustice to the unemployed

educated people who can earn their living by giving a) Only Argument I is strong.
tuitions.
b) Only Argument II is strong.
III) Only then the quality of teaching in colleges will
c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.
be improved.
d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
IV) Yes. Now their salaries are decently high.
e) Both I and II follow.

a) Only III and IV are strong.

b) Only I is strong.
4) Statement: Should companies stop conducting
c) All arguments are strong. interviews for the selection process?

d) Arguments I, II and IV are strong. Arguments:

e) None of these. I) Yes. Assessment of interviews is subjective.

II) No. It is the only way to assess a candidate.

a) Only Argument I is strong.

2) Statement: Should Bollywood movies exclude
songs? b) Only Argument II is strong.

Arguments: c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.

I) Yes. Movies in Hollywood are a super success d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
despite having no songs.
e) Both I and II follow.
II) No. Songs help to increase movie’s duration.

a) Only Argument I is strong.

b) Only Argument II is strong.

c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.

e) Both I and II follow.

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5) Statement: Should people receiving dowry be a) Only argument I is strong.

punished when law considers it illegal?
b) Only argument II is strong.
I) Yes. Those who break the law, must be punished.
c) Arguments I and II are strong.
II) No. The system of dowry is a common tradition
d) None of them.
accepted even by our ancestors.
e) All arguments are strong.
a) Only Argument I is strong.

b) Only Argument II is strong.

8) Statement: Should schools and colleges teach
c) Either argument I or argument II is strong. religion?

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong. Arguments:

e) Both I and II follow. I) Yes. It will inculcate moral values among children.

II) No. It would prevent the young generation from

fulfilling its role in the present time.
6) Statement: Should the policy of hiring and firing
be adopted by public sector enterprises?
a) Only argument I is strong.
I) Yes. This will enable them to reward the
b) Only argument II is strong.
employees who work hard and perform well and
help them to get rid of non-performing employees. c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.
II) Yes. This will help the enterprises to be more d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
efficient and profitable
e) Both arguments are strong.

a) Only argument I is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong. 9) Statement: Should wearing helmets while riding

a two wheeler be strictly enforced?
c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.
Arguments:
d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
I) Yes. It is a rule and everyone should be followed
e) Both arguments are strong.
strictly by all.

II) No. Each individual knows how to protect his

own life and it should be left to his discretion.
7) Statement: Should the criteria for voting include
“literacy” as the minimum criteria as well?
a) Only argument I is strong.
I) No. Literacy cannot prove that an individual is
politically mature. b) Only argument II is strong.
II) Yes. Illiterate people are less likely to make c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.
politically wiser decisions of voting.
d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
III) No, Our constitution gives to the right to vote to
every citizen. e) Both arguments are strong.

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10) Statement: Should seniority be the only a) Only argument I is strong.

criterion for the promotion?
b) Only argument II is strong.
Arguments:
c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.
I) No. It would not be fair towards the junior
d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
employees who are more capable.
e) Both arguments are strong.
II) Yes. Senior employees have more experience
and must be rewarded for the same.

13) Statement: Should the right to discontinue the

a) Only argument I is strong.
services of an employee be given to an employer on
b) Only argument II is strong. the ground of disability?

c) Either argument I or argument II is strong. Arguments:

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong. I) Yes. An employee is an important part of a firm
and if he is unable to fulfil the requisite needs of
e) Both arguments are strong.
the organisation, his employment can be
terminated.

II) No. Humanity cannot be ignored. Even the

11) Should IITs and IIMs be privatised?
constitution provides reservation in jobs for the
Arguments: disabled, then it is not right to discontinue the
services of a normal person when he becomes
I) Yes. Privatization will make them upgrade disabled.
financially and also improve their quality.

II) Yes. Privatization is the only way to make them a) Only argument I is strong.
more efficient.
b) Only argument II is strong.

a) Only argument I is strong. c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong. d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.

c) Either argument I or argument II is strong. e) Both arguments are strong.

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.

14) Should doctors have the right to go on strikes?
e) Both arguments are strong.
Arguments:

12) Statement: Should cigarettes be banned in our I) Yes. They are also a part of our society and if they
country? feel that something is not right, they can express
their problem through a strike.
Arguments:
II) No. We already have a backlog of such strikes
I) No. It will take away jobs of thousands of workers where no result seems to come. Another strike will
who work in this industry. mean an addition to these strikes.
II) No. The government will lose huge amount of
money that it gets from taxes on these products. a) Only argument I is strong.

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b) Only argument II is strong. 17) Statement: Is learning a continuous process?

c) Either argument I or argument II is strong. Arguments:

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong. I) Yes. There is so much to learn and we have so
little time.
e) Both arguments are strong.
II) No. learning stops after one has completed their
post graduate education.

15) Should we have the right to access any

information from government? a) Only argument I is strong.

I) Yes. Citizens of more than 53 countries have b) Only argument II is strong.

access to this facility in their countries.
c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.
II) Yes. This move will provide transparency in
d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
government functioning.
e) Both arguments are strong.
a) Only argument I is strong.
18) Statement: Should the number of academic
b) Only argument II is strong.
institutions in our country be increased from 290 to
c) Either argument I or argument II is strong. 1600.

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong. Arguments:

e) Both arguments are strong. I) Yes. It would help in accelerating our country’s
growth since a large number of people seek
education.

II) No. The increase will cause a dilution in academic

16) Statement: Is it more important to win than to standards and more corruption.
participate?

Arguments: a) Only argument I is strong.

I) Yes. All people who rely on sports as a profession b) Only argument II is strong.
depend solely upon the prize money for their
c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.
survival.
d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.
II) No. Hockey players in our country earn more
from endorsement than from their match fees. e) Both arguments are strong.

a) Only argument I is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong.

c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.

e) Both arguments are strong.

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19) Statement: Is clear focus a key to success?

Arguments:

I) Yes. One with no goal or focus leads a futile

existence.

II) No. Only a woman helps a man to become

successful.

a) Only argument I is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong.

c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.

e) Both arguments are strong.

20) Should income from agriculture be taxed?

Arguments:

I) Yes. That is the only way by the government to

bring in some revenue.

II) No. Farmers are already poor. They cannot pay

taxes.

a) Only argument I is strong.

b) Only argument II is strong.

c) Either argument I or argument II is strong.

d) Neither argument I nor argument II is strong.

e) Both arguments are strong.

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Argument I is invalid as the workload of the officials

Answer Key is not that important for an issue.

1(e) 2(d) 3(b) 4(a) 5(a) Argument II is valid as less revenue would directly
impact the activities of the government.
6(e) 7(e) 8(a) 9(a) 10(a)

11(a) 12(e) 13(e) 14(a) 15(b) Answer 4: a (Only Argument I is strong)

Explanation:
16(d) 17(d) 18(a) 19(d) 20(d)
Argument I is valid.

Solutions Argument II is not valid as the use of word only

makes it extreme.

Answer 1: e (None of these)

Explanation:
Answer 5: a (Only argument I is strong)
Argument I is not valid as needy students can avail
Explanation:
the expertise of these professors in college.
Argument I is valid.
Argument II is not valid as the needy educated
unemployed can earn their livings if they can guide Argument II is not valid.
the students properly.
Hence, option I is the correct answer.
Argument III is valid as the chance of personal gains
that professors can get from private tuitions can
affect their devotion and quality of teaching in Answer 6: e (Both arguments are strong)
colleges. Explanation:
Argument IV is not valid as a good salary should not Argument I and argument II both are valid.
stop a person from earning more.
Hence option (e) is the right answer.

Answer 2: d (Neither argument I nor argument II is Answer 7: e (All arguments are strong)
strong)
Explanation:
Explanation:
Arguments I, II and III are valid.
Argument I is not valid as just because Hollywood
Hence option (e) is the answer.
movies are successful without songs, that doesn’t
mean it would be the same for Bollywood movies as
well. Answer 8: a (only argument I is strong)

Argument II is not valid as movie’s duration is not a Explanation:

valid reason for excluding or including songs in a
movie. Argument I is valid.

Argument II is not valid as the generation can fulfil

Answer 3: b (Only argument II is strong) their role in present time even if they are taught
about religion.
Explanation:
Hence, option (a) is the answer.

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Answer 9: a (Only argument I is strong) Hence option (e) is the correct answer.

Explanation:
Answer 14: a (Only argument I is strong)
Argument I is strong as it is a rule for the welfare of
the citizens. Explanation:

Argument II is not strong as wearing helmets does Argument I is valid as everyone has a right to express
increase the chance of safety even if the person their problems.
knows how to protect himself so safety should not
Argument II is not valid as everyone has right to
be compromised.
express their problem even if there is a backlog
Hence option (a) is the answer.

Answer 15: b (Only argument II is strong)

Answer 10: a (Only argument I is strong)
Explanation:
Explanation:
Argument I is not valid as it is not necessary to
Argument I is valid as promotion should be given implement something just because others are doing
only for capability. it.

Argument II is not valid as experience does not Argument II is valid.

signify good performance and capability and
Hence, option (b) is the right answer.
promotion should be given based on good
performance only.
Answer 16: d (neither argument I nor argument II is
strong)
Answer 11: a (Only argument I is strong)
Explanation:
Explanation:
Argument I is not valid as the statement is a
Argument I is valid.
generalised statement and the argument is in
Argument II is not valid as the word “only” makes it context of sports.
too extreme.
Argument II is not valid as it is out of context.

Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Answer 12: e (Both arguments are strong)

Explanation:
Answer 17: d (neither argument I nor argument II is
Argument I and argument II both are valid. strong)

Hence, option (e) is the right answer. Explanation:

Argument I is not valid as learning requires infinite

Answer 13: e (Both arguments are strong) time and one can keep on learning till infinity.
Argument says that there is less time but does
Explanation:
suggest anything about infinity. For a process to be
Argument I is valid as the services need to be continuous, it should be infinite.
discontinued if the employee cannot perform.
Argument II is not valid as completing a post
Argument II is valid as it is not human to discontinue graduate degree does not imply an end to learning.
services of an employee on grounds of disability.

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Answer 18: a (Only argument I is strong) Argument II is not valid.

Explanation: Hence answer is option (d).

Argument I is valid.
Answer 20: d (Neither of the above)
Argument II is not valid.
Explanation:
Hence, option (a) is the answer.
Argument I is not valid as the word “only” makes it
extreme.
Answer 19: d (Neither argument I nor argument II is
strong) Argument II is not valid as income is taxed only after
a certain amount is earned. So if the farmer is poor
Explanation:
and doesn’t earn well, he won’t be taxed. He would
Argument I is not valid as the statement asks about be taxed only after he earns a sufficient amount.
the clear focus being the reason for success whereas
the argument does not mention anything about
success.

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Chapter 5: Statement &

Assumption
for a statement. In all cases they are not
Introduction fundamentally unrelated.
So in the event that you find that both the
While doing problems on statement-assumptions assumptions are valid mark the answer ‘both are
one should peruse every statement deliberately and understood’.
at whatever point find anything presupposed or The answer choice “Possibly I or II is understood” is
underestimated, promptly see it. Misreading of a to be checked just when one assumption rejects the
few certainties prompts mistaken answer. So while other.
understanding one ought to be conscious about This case happens just once in a while. So be
words in light of the fact that occasionally a single cautious before denoting this choice.
word’s nearness or absence changes the whole 2. In questions with more than two assumptions its
importance of a sentence. combinations like I and II are implicit, II and III are
certain, I and III are understood and so on are given
Assumption: An assumption is something which is as answer options.
expected, assumed and underestimated. When If sure that presumption III is not understood, can
somebody says something he may not put each part eliminate with answer decisions which contains III in
of his thought. That which is left inferred or this manner reducing the quantity of answer
underestimated is called an assumption. decisions.
At that point choose answer from the remaining
Format of the problem options.
Directions: In every question underneath a 3. If the given assumption is only in opposition to the
statement(or a section) is followed by two/three given statement or if it is not associated with the
assumptions numbered I and II/III. Need to consider given statement then the assumption can be
the announcement and the accompanying promptly dismisses.
assumptions and afterwards choose which of the At times the presumption is a restatement of the
assumptions is certain in the announcement. given statement.
The candidate should be cautious in assessing this
Given answers sort of assumptions.
(a) if only assumption I is implicit.
(b) if only assumption II is implicit.
(c) if either assumption I or assumption II is implicit.
(d) if neither of the assumptions is implicit.
(e) if both the assumptions are implicit.
Difference between assumption and implication:
An assumption is something on which the statement
is based, while implication is something which is
gotten from and in this way based upon the
statement.

Tips for easy answering:

1. There might be more than one valid assumption

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Solved Examples Answer 2: b (Only assumption II is implicit)

1) Statement: “You are hereby appointed as an Explanation:

analyst in our firm with a probation period of six
Assumption I is not implicit.
months and your performance will be reviewed at
the end of the period for confirmation.”- A line in Assumption II is implicit.
the appointment letter.
Hence, option (b) is the answer.
Assumptions:

I) The performance of an individual is generally not

known at the time of appointment offer. 3) Statement: “The bridge was built at the cost of
Rupees 200 crores but it hardly has any vehicles
II) Generally an individual tries to prove his worth utilizing it. What a pity to see it being
in the probation period. underutilized.”- A citizen’s view on a new bridge
built by the government.

a) Only assumption I is implicit. Assumptions:

b) Only assumption II is implicit. I) The building of such bridges does not serve any
public objective.
c) Either I or II is implicit.
II) There has to be some accountability and utility
d) Neither I nor II is implicit.
of money spent on public projects.
e) Both I and II are implicit.

Answer 1: e (Both I and II are implicit) a) Only assumption I is implicit.

Explanation: b) Only assumption II is implicit.

Both the assumptions are implicit. c) Either I or II is implicit.

Hence, option (e) is the right answer. d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

2) Statement: If it is easy to be an MBA, I don’t

want to be an MBA. Answer 3: b (Only assumption II is implicit)

Assumptions: Explanation:

I) An individual aspires to be an entrepreneur. Assumption I is not implicit.

II) One desires to achieve a thing which is hard Assumption II is implicit.

earned
Hence, option (b) is the answer.

a) Only assumption I is implicit.

4) Statement: The government has decided to levy
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
10 percent on the tax amount payable for funding
c) Either I or II is implicit. disaster relief programmes.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit. Assumptions:

e) Both I and II are implicit.

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I) The government does not have sufficient money Explanation:

to fund disaster relief programmes.
Assumption I is implicit.
II) The amount collected by way of surcharge may
Assumption II is not implicit.
be adequate to fund these disaster relief
programmes. Hence, option (a) is the answer.

a) Only assumption I is implicit.

b) Only assumption II is implicit.

6) Statement: One should be humble even after
c) Either I or II is implicit. becoming successful.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit. Assumptions:
e) Both I and II are implicit. I) Many people are humble after being successful.

II) Generally, people are not humble.

Answer 4: e (Both I and II are implicit)

Explanation: a) Only assumption I is implicit.

Assumption I is implicit. b) Only assumption II is implicit.
Assumption II is implicit. c) Either I or II is implicit.
Hence, answer is option (e). d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

5) Statement: The government has decided to sell
large amount of its stake of some public sector Answer 6: b (Only assumption II is implicit)
undertakings for a better fiscal management.
Explanation:
Assumptions:
Assumption I is not implicit as nothing is mentioned
I) The amount generated by selling stake of public about the nature of people and what happens to
sector undertakings may substantially reduce the them after being successful.
fiscal deficits.
Assumption II is implicit as the statement is an
II) There will be enough demand in the market for advice to people and this advice would be given only
the stakes of such PSUs. if people are not humble.

a) Only assumption I is implicit.

b) Only assumption II is implicit.

c) Either I or II is implicit.
7) Statement: Memes have become necessary for
d) Neither I nor II is implicit. the entertainment of people.
e) Both I and II are implicit. Assumptions:

I) Memes are the only source of entertainment.

Answer 5: a (Only assumption I is implicit)
II) People enjoy memes.

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Assumption II is not implicit as nothing has been

a) Only assumption I is implicit. mentioned about the content published in the
magazine or about its readers.
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
Hence, option (d) is the answer.
c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit. 9) Statement: Students are influenced more by

their professors nowadays.

Answer 7: b (only assumption II is implicit) Assumptions:

Explanation: I) The students consider professors as their role

models.
Assumption I is not implicit as nothing can be
assumed about memes being the “only” source of II) A large amount of a student’s time is spent in
entertainment. college.

Assumption II is implicit from the statement. a) Only assumption I is implicit.

Hence, option (b) is the answer. b) Only assumption II is implicit.

c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

8) Statement: Of all the magazines published in the e) Both I and II are implicit.
Aurangabad, readership of “XYZ” is the largest in
the Metropolis.
Answer 9: a (Only assumption I is implicit)
Assumptions:
Explanation:
I) “XYZ” is not popular in other cities.
Assumption I is implicit from the statement.
II) “XYZ” has funny comics loved by children.
Assumption II cannot be implied as nothing is
mentioned about the amount of time spent by
a) Only assumption I is implicit. students in colleges.

b) Only assumption II is implicit. Hence, option (a) is the right answer.

c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

10) Statement: Her investment in penny stocks is a
Answer 8: d (Neihter I nor II is implicit) gamble.

Explanation: Assumptions:

Assumption I is not implicit as nothing has been I) She may incur a loss.
mentioned about the popularity of the newspaper in
II) She may get a profit.
other cities.

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12) Statement: Of all the mobile phones produced

a) Only assumption I is implicit. in our country, the brand ‘Y’ has the largest sale.

b) Only assumption II is implicit. Assumptions:

c) Either I or II is implicit. I) The sale of all the mobile phones produced in our
country is known.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit.
II) The production of no other mobile phone in our
e) Both I and II are implicit.
country is as large as brand ‘Y’.

Answer 10: c (Either I or II is implicit)

a) Only assumption I is implicit.
Explanation:
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
The word gamble implies either a loss or a gain.
c) Either I or II is implicit.
Hence “c” is the correct options.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

11) Statement: The government has issued a
circular to all the farmers to advise to not use
insecticides indiscriminately as it may pollute Answer 12: a (Only assumption I is implicit)
ground water.
Explanation:
Assumptions:
Assumption I is implicit as the statement mentions
I) People may stop using ground water if brand ‘Y’ having the largest sale which means that
insecticides are used by farmers indiscriminately. the sale of all brands is known as the largest volume
of sales can be derived only after knowing about the
II) Farmers may refrain from using insecticides
volume sold by each brand.
indiscriminately.
Assumption II cannot be implied as nothing is
mentioned about production in the statement.
a) Only assumption I is implicit.
13) Statement: Beware of dogs, our dogs do not
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
bark, but they can understand the difference
c) Either I or II is implicit. between guests and intruders.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit. I) Barking dogs bite rarely.

e) Both I and II are implicit. II) Our dogs could be dangerous for intruders.

Answer 11: b (Only assumption II is implicit) a) Only assumption I is implicit.

Explanation: b) Only assumption II is implicit.

Assumption I cannot be assumed from the c) Either I or II is implicit.

statement and so it is not implicit.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit.
Assumption II can be implied from the statement.
e) Both I and II are implicit.
Hence, option (b) is the answer.
Answer 13: b (Only Assumption II is implicit)

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Explanation: II) I can be approached to have a talk about any

issue.
Assumption I is not implicit as nothing can be
assumed about the correlation between barking and
biting. a) Only assumption I is implicit.

Assumption II is implicit from the statement. b) Only assumption II is implicit.

Hence, option (b) is the correct option. c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

14) Statement: Because of the large number of
e) Both I and II are implicit.
potholes in road Y, reaching the railway station in
time has become difficult.
Answer 15: b (Only assumption II is implicit)
Assumptions:
Explanation:
I) Reaching railway station in time may not be
always necessary. Assumption I cannot be assumed as “If you have
issues” does not necessarily means that you have
II) There is no other convenient road to the railway
issues as “if” implies a conditional clause to imply
station.
that the case of the occurrence of a situation.

Assumption II is implicit from the given statement.

a) Only assumption I is implicit.
Hence, option (b) is the right answer.
b) Only assumption II is implicit.

c) Either I or II is implicit.
16) Statement: “To buy B- Mobile phone, contact C-
d) Neither I nor II is implicit. the sole agent of B-Mobile phone”- An
advertisement.
e) Both I and II are implicit.
Assumptions:

Answer 14: e (Both I and II are implicit) I) People generally prefer to buy mobile phones
through sole agent.
Explanation:
II) The mobile phone producing companies do not
The statement presents the issue of “not reaching
sell their products directly.
railway station in time” as a problem. This means
that reaching railway station in time is necessary. So,
I is not implicit. Besides, it is mentioned that a) Only assumption I is implicit.
reaching railway station in time has become difficult
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
due to large number of potholes in road Y. This
implies that road Y is the only possible way. So II is c) Either I or II is implicit.
implicit.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

15) If you have any issues, you can talk to me.

Assumptions: Answer 16: d (Neither I nor II is implicit)

I) You have some issues. Explanation:

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Assumption I cannot be implicit as the I) If one stops going to the gym, he will gain weight.
advertisement persuades people to buy mobile
II) If one does not stop going to the gym, he will not
phones of a certain company through sole agent but
gain weight.
this does not mean that people prefer to buy
through sole agent.
a) Only assumption I is implicit.
Assumption II cannot be implicit as the
advertisement persuades people to buy mobile b) Only assumption II is implicit.
phones of a certain company through sole agent but
this does not mean that all companies don’t sell their c) Either I or II is implicit.
products directly.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

17) Statement: “Apply nets on windows to prevent
the entrance of mosquitos in the house.”
Answer 18: d (Neither I nor II is implicit)
Assumptions:
Explanation:
I) The entering of mosquitos from entrances other
than windows is desirable. The statement talks of ‘most people’ and not ‘all’.
So, I is not necessarily true. Thus, I is not implicit. The
II) Nets are not available to apply on doors.
condition, if one does not stop going to the gym,
cannot be deduced from the statement. So, II is also
a) Only assumption I is implicit. not implicit.

b) Only assumption II is implicit.

c) Either I or II is implicit. 19) Statement: Study from this textbook to study

detailed and most comprehensive syllabus for the
d) Neither I nor II is implicit. exam.
e) Both I and II are implicit. Assumptions:

I) The person who wants to study the syllabus can

Answer 17: d (Neither I nor II is implicit) read this text book.
Explanation: II) There are other textbooks that provide the
syllabus as well.
The statement talks of a way to keep mosquitos
away. This means that entry of mosquitos in the
house is not desirable. So I is not implicit. Besides, a) Only assumption I is implicit.
the statement advises using nets on windows. So,
nothing about the use of nets on doors can be b) Only assumption II is implicit.
deduced. Thus, II is also not implicit.
c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

18) Statement: Most people who stop going to the

gym gain weight. Answer 19: e (Both I and II are implicit)

Assumptions: Explanation:

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Clearly, I directly follows the statement. So, I is

implicit. Also, according to the statement, this
particular textbook gives the ‘most comprehensive’
syllabus for the exam. So, it can be assumed that
other books also provide syllabus as well. Thus, II is
also implicit

20) Statement: “To keep myself up to date, I always

listen to 10:15 am news on the XYZ news channel”-
A candidate tells the interview board.

Assumptions:

I) The candidate does not read newspaper.

II) Recent news is broadcasted only on the XYZ

news channel.

a) Only assumption I is implicit.

b) Only assumption II is implicit.

c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

Answer 20: d (Neither I nor II is implicit)

Explanation:

Assumption I cannot be assumed as just because the

candidate watches a news channel doesn’t mean
that he doesn’t read newspaper.

Assumption II cannot be assumed as XYZ can’t be the

“only” news channel to broadcast any recent news.

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a) Only assumption I is implicit.

Practice Questions
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
1) Statement: Whenever you have any doubt on
c) Either I or II is implicit.
this subject, you may refer to the book written by
writer X. d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

Assumptions: e) Both I and II are implicit.

I) The book written by writer X is available.

II) There is no other book on this subject.

4) Statement: Science is a sort of news agency

a) Only assumption I is implicit. comparable in principle to other news agencies. But
this news agency gives us information which is
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
reliable to an extraordinary high degree due to
c) Either I or II is implicit. elaborate techniques of verification and its capacity
to survive centuries. So, science should be read
d) Neither I nor II is implicit. with as much interest as we read news.
e) Both I and II are implicit. Assumptions:
2) Statement: How is it that the city is not shown in I) Science encourages investigative spirit.
this so-called official map of this state?
II) People read news out of interest.
Assumptions:

I) The official map of the state is expected to show a) Only assumption I is implicit.
all cities in that state.
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
II) This map is not authentic and official.
c) Either I or II is implicit.

a) Only assumption I is implicit. d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

b) Only assumption II is implicit. e) Both I and II are implicit.

c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit. 5) Statement: Jinen has a large collection of video

games and he keeps on purchasing video games to
e) Both I and II are implicit. add to his collection.

Assumptions:
3) Statement: The cost of living has gone up in I) Jinen loves videogames.
Mumbai.
II) Jinen has played each and every video game that
Assumptions: he has purchased.
I) The price of essential commodities has gone up in
recent times. a) Only assumption I is implicit.
II) Many luxury goods are available in plenty in the b) Only assumption II is implicit.
city.
c) Either I or II is implicit.

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d) Neither I nor II is implicit. e) Both I and II are implicit.

e) Both I and II are implicit.

8) Statement: Country A and Country B have signed

a fragile pact, but the issue of vital sovereignty is
6) Statement: The College authorities have decided
still not resolved.
to increase the number of students in each
classroom to hundred from the next academic Assumptions:
session to bridge the gap between the income and
I) Country A and Country B cannot have a
expenditure to a large extent.
permanent peace pact.
Assumptions:
II) Both the countries may become hostile again
I) The income generated by way of fees of the after some time.
additional students will be sufficient enough to
bridge the gap.
a) Only assumption I is implicit.
II) The college will get all the additional students in
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
each class from the next academic session.
c) Either I or II is implicit.
a) Only assumption I is implicit. d) Neither I nor II is implicit.
b) Only assumption II is implicit. e) Both I and II are implicit.
c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit. 9) Statement: “If you want to look good, apply the
cosmetic cream of company XYZ.”- An
e) Both I and II are implicit.
advertisement.

Assumptions:
7) Statement: The management has issued a
I) Most people want to look good.
circular to all the employees informing them that
henceforth the employees can avail their lunch II) One can’t look good without applying cosmetic
break at any of the half hour slots between 12:30 cream of company XYZ.
pm to 2:30 pm.

Assumptions: a) Only assumption I is implicit.

I) The employees may welcome the decision and b) Only assumption II is implicit.
avail lunch break at different time’s slots.
c) Either I or II is implicit.
II) There may not be any break in the work of the
organization as the employees will have their lunch d) Neither I nor II is implicit.
break at different time slots.
e) Both I and II are implicit.

a) Only assumption I is implicit.

b) Only assumption II is implicit.

c) Either I or II is implicit.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit.

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10) Statement: The government appealed to the

people to reduce water consumption as there may a) Only assumption I is implicit
be an acute shortage during the coming months.
b) Only assumption II is implicit
Assumptions:
c) Either I or II is implicit
I) There will be no rain in recent future.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit
II)The people are ready to follow the advise of the
e) Both I and II are implicit
government.

a) Only assumption I is implicit. 13) Statement: "Ministry has announced an

economic package to support the voluntary
b) Only assumption II is implicit.
organizations." - An official notice.
c) Either I or II is implicit.
Assumptions:
d) Neither I nor II is implicit.
I) Voluntary organizations do not need such
e) Both I and II are implicit. support.

II) Government was not supporting the voluntary

organizations earlier.
11) Statement: "Everyone desires to buy a personal
computer", statement of a college student.
a) Only assumption I is implicit
Assumptions:
b) Only assumption II is implicit
I) Personal computers are not a need but a luxury.
c) Either I or II is implicit
II) Use of personal computers improves quality of
d) Neither I nor II is implicit
skill.
e) Both I and II are implicit
a) Only assumption I is implicit 14) Statement: "Though the candidates have been
instructed to bring pencils, yet provide some
b) Only assumption II is implicit
pencils with each invigilator." - An instruction to
c) Either I or II is implicit test administration staff.

d) Neither I nor II is implicit Assumptions:

e) Both I and II are implicit I) Pencils are in short supply.

II) All the candidates will bring the pencil.

12) Statement: The product X that you have asked

for is not with us but can be made available against a) Only assumption I is implicit
firm order from you.
b) Only assumption II is implicit
Assumptions:
c) Either I or II is implicit
I) The product X is not in great demand.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit
II) The product X is out of stock as new model is
e) Both I and II are implicit
coming up.

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15) Statement: "If you want timely completion of II) Children are likely to learn from their interaction
work, provide independent cabins." - An employee with the new environment.
tells the Director of a Company.

Assumptions: a) Only assumption I is implicit

There are not enough cabins. b) Only assumption II is implicit

Others' presence hinders timely completion of c) Either I or II is implicit

work.
d) Neither I nor II is implicit

e) Both I and II are implicit

a) Only assumption I is implicit

b) Only assumption II is implicit

18) Statement: There is no reason to rule out the
c) Either I or II is implicit
possibility of life on Mars. Therefore the
d) Neither I nor II is implicit exploration of that planet has to be undertaken.

e) Both I and II are implicit Assumptions:

I) There is life on Mars.

16) Statement: The electric supply corporation has
II) The search for life is the sufficient reason for
decided to open a few more collection centers in
space exploration.
the business district area.

Assumptions:
a) Only assumption I is implicit
I) The people in the area may welcome the
b) Only assumption II is implicit
decision.
c) Either I or II is implicit
II) Henceforth there may be less time required by
the customers for paying electricity bill. d) Neither I nor II is implicit

e) Both I and II are implicit

a) Only assumption I is implicit

b) Only assumption II is implicit

c) Either I or II is implicit

d) Neither I nor II is implicit

e) Both I and II are implicit

17) Statement: "A visit of school children to forest

to widen their knowledge of natural resources has
been arranged." - A notice in the school.

Assumptions:

I) Forests are full of natural resources.

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19) Statement: Read this notice before entering the

club.

Assumptions:

I) People are literate.

II) No blind person comes to the club.

a) Only assumption I is implicit

b) Only assumption II is implicit

c) Either I or II is implicit

d) Neither I nor II is implicit

e) Both I and II are implicit

20) Statement: "Wanted a two bedroom flat in the

court area for immediate possession." - An
advertisement.

Assumptions:

I) Flats are available in court area.

II) Some people will respond to the advertisement.

III) It is a practice to give such an advertisement.

a) All are implicit

b) Only II is implicit

c) None is implicit

d) Only I and II are implicit

e) None of these

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The statement mentions that science is reliable as

Answer Key facts can be verified by investigation. So, I is implicit.
II follows directly from the last sentence in the
1(a) 2(e) 3(e) 4(e) 5(a) statement so it is also implicit.

6(a) 7(b) 8(b) 9(a) 10(b)

11(d) 12(a) 13(b) 14(d) 15(e)

Answer 5: a (Only option I is implicit)

Explanation:
16(e) 17(e) 18(e) 19(e) 20(b)
The statement clearly reflects Jinen’s exceptional
interest in videogames. So I is implicit. However, we
Solutions cannot deduce the number of videogames he has
played that are in his collection from the statement.
Thus, II is not implicit.
Answer 1: a (Only assumption I is implicit)

Explanation:
Answer 6: a (Only assumption I is implicit)
Assumption I is implicit as the book is recommended
and it can be recommended only when it is available. Explanation:
Assumption II cannot be assumed as just because a Clearly, increasing the number of students in each
certain book is recommended for a topic doesn’t class would increase the income and reduce the
mean that there is no other book available. expenditure per child. But the response to the
college’s decision cannot be deduced. So, only I is
Hence, option (a) is the answer.
implicit.

Answer 2: e (Both I and II are implicit)

Answer 7: b (Only assumption II is implicit)
Explanation:
Explanation:
The statement expresses a doubt at the non-
Assumption I is not implicit as we cannot deduce the
depiction of the city in a map of the state which was
employees’ reactions from the given statement.
said to be an ‘official’ one. So, both I and II are
implicit. Assumption II denotes the most probable
consequence of the decision. So, it is implicit.

Answer 3: e (Both I and II are implicit)

Answer 8: b (Only assumption II is implicit)
Explanation:
Explanation:
The cost of living is directly associated with the
Assumption I cannot be assumed just because the
prices of essential commodities. So I is implicit. II
present pact is not a lasting one, the possibility of a
denotes an essential consequence of rise in cost of
permanent pact cannot be ruled out. Hence,
living. So, II is also implicit.
Assumption I is not implicit.

Assumption II is implicit from the given statement.

Answer 4: e (Both I and II are implicit)
Hence, option (b) is the right answer.
Explanation:

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assumed that no such support was given to them

Answer 9: a (Only assumption I is implicit) earlier. So, II is implicit.

Explanation:
Answer 14: d(Neither I nor II is implicit)
Assumption I is implicit.
Explanation:
Assumption II is not implicit.
Nothing about the availability of pencils is
Hence, option (d) is the answer.
mentioned in the statement. So, I is not implicit.
Also, in the statement, the staff has been instructed
Answer 10: b (Only assumption II is implicit) to provide pencils with each invigilator. This means
that despite being instructed, all the candidates
Explanation: might not bring the pencil. So, II is also not implicit.
Assumption I is not implicit as nothing is mentioned
about rains in the statement so we can’t assume
anything about it as well. Answer 15: e (Both I and II are implicit)

Assumption II is implicit as the government makes an Explanation:

appeal to the people with the hope that it would
The non-provision of funds for welfare activities in
surely be attended by the people.
the budget clearly indicates the factory's intention to
not carry out such activities in the current year. So, I
Answer 11: d (Neither I nor II is implicit) is implicit. Also, welfare activities cannot be carried
out in organisations without the allocation of funds
Explanation: for the same in the budget. So, II is also implicit.
Nothing about the need or utility of personal
computers can be deduced from the given Answer 16: e (Both I and II are implicit)
statement. So, neither I nor II is implicit.
Explanation:

Answer 12: a (Only assumption I is implicit) Clearly, more collection centers would enable the
common people to pay their bills easily, conveniently
Explanation: and quickly and this would cause them to welcome
the idea. So, both I and II are implicit.
The statement mentions that the seller does not
keep product X in ready stock and intends to provide
the same only against a confirmed order from the Answer 17: e (Both I and II are implicit)
customer. So, I is implicit However, II appears to be
vague in this context. Explanation:

The forests shall be visited to increase the

Answer 13: b (Only assumption II is implicit) knowledge of natural resources. This means that
forests abound in natural resources. So, I is implicit.
Explanation: The children are being taken to forests to help them
learn more practically. So, II is also implicit.
Since the Ministry has decided to support the
voluntary organisations, it is quite probable that they
are in need of it. So, I is not implicit. Further, since
the economic package for the voluntary
organisations has been announced recently, it can be

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Answer 18: e (Both I and II are implicit) Since the notice is to be read by everyone entering
the club, so it is assumed that no blind person comes
Explanation:
to the club. Thus, II is implicit.
According to the statement, the possibility of life on
Mars cannot be ruled out. So, I is implicit. Also, the
Answer 20: b (Only II is implicit)
statement mentions that the planet should be
explored to probe for any life present. So, II is also Explanation:
implicit.
The advertisement depicts only the requirement, not
the availability of flats in court area. So, I is not
Answer 19: e (Both I and II are implicit) implicit. Such advertisements are given with the
expectation of a response which can make such a
Explanation:
flat available. So, II is implicit. Assumption III does
The notice is meant for the people to read. So, it is not follow from the statement and so is not implicit.
assumed that the people are literate and I is implicit.

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Chapter 6: Critical Reasoning

*b) Scientists have suggested that one shouldn’t fear
Practice Questions the diseases which are statistically contracted by a
very few % of people.
S.1-10) Choose the option which most strengthens
the given argument. c) Fear is a bad emotion. One should learn to trigger
it off quickly.

d) Common cold is a mild condition.

Q.1) Before the onset of the pandemic, headline
inflation and inflationary expectations were well e) All diseases instil fear of death among the people.
anchored at 4%, the gains from which need to be
consolidated and preserved. Stability in the inflation
rate fosters credibility of the monetary policy
Q.3) Amul must have the tastiest butter
framework and augurs well for anchoring inflation manufactured in India. Over the last 6 months, Amul
expectations. This, in turn, reduces uncertainty for has sold three times as many packets of butter as its
investors, increases external competitiveness and, closest competitor. Additionally, it has decided to
thus, is growth-promoting. open another manufacturing facility in lieu of rising
demand.

a) It’ll be a while before inflation comes back on

track again. a) Suzuki is the oldest brand of butter in India.
*b) Investors get lured to a stable inflation b) Amul has had the largest market share in butter
environment. sales in India for the past 5 years.
c) One can’t expect the inflation rate to be stable in a *c) All butter available in India are the same in all
developing country like India. aspects except for their taste.
d) The RBI isn’t able to devise a fruitful monetary d) Amul makes the cheapest butter.
policy.
e) Amul’s advertisements are the best.
e) Pandemic has affected the Indian economy in
multiple ways.
Q.4) Glamour Fashion sells designer clothes at the
most affordable price in the city and yet they are not
Q.2) The fear of getting infected with Covid-19 is the ones who do maximum sales.
very high in India. If only, people could compare the
numbers who actually contract Covid-19 with those
who contract common cold, then this fear would be
alleviated. a) The Glamour store is the oldest in the city thus
many people are familiar with the shop owner.

*b) People look for other factors like quality, design

a) COVID-19 is much more deadly than common etc. apart from price, while shopping for clothes.
cold.

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c) The store has the best salesmen and highest Q.7) The Indian government has been investing in
customer engagement. building statues when millions still suffer from
poverty. These funds should rather be invested in
d) The store owner of Glamour is known for the best
public healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
after-service.

e) Designer clothes are insanely expensive these

days. a) A nation’s history gets captured, and events
commemorated when statues are built.

b) Statues bring fame to a country and attract vivid

Q.5) Sociology should be a mandatory subject for tourists.
evaluation in schools for the students in all classes.
c) Education should be left to the experts who can
build Ivy League institutions.
a) In the digital age human brains are overloaded *d) Public healthcare and education is the only
with information that they aren’t ready to process. option for millions of families in India, which is why
they need to be focused upon.
*b) Sociology enables students to understand their
societies and human behaviours/relationships and e) With rising private players in healthcare, the
helps them to better cope with everyday life. government needs to focus on other things.
c) Sociology is an easy subject that will help students
score good.
Q.8) In the fast pace age of digitisation, accelerated
d) Only Science and Mathematics should be made by COVID-19, art galleries need to invest more in
mandatory in Indian schools as they offer good Virtual and Augmented reality in order to stay
careers. accessible to audiences.

e) Sociology doesn’t really lead to any high-paying

careers.
a) People love visiting art galleries on weekends.

*b) Virtual Reality is the future and businesses

Q.6) Working more than 8 hours a day could be should invest in it to attract the digital crowds.
taxing and most people who do, suffer from stress.
c) Art is best experienced by being close to it.

d) Only a few are interested in Art Galleries these

a) People from most MNCs have a sedentary routine. days.
*b) Work-life balance is important in life and helps e) Virtual experience is loved by Kids.
one avoid stress.

c) Sleep is overrated, and one should work the most

hours possible. Q.9) The government needs to focus on the
implementation of labour reforms as well, rather
d) Stressful work environment affects one’s personal than just executing them in the Parliament.
life too.

e) Some passionate people who work more than 12-

hour shifts and enjoy the same. a) All of the given options.

b) Parliamentary laws are only for namesake and the

ground realities differ a lot.

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*c) Unless implemented, labour reforms wouldn’t c) Both a & b

bring change that they are intended to.
*d) A court in Maharashtra gave anticipatory bail to
d) It’s crucial that all important laws are passed in a man while concluding that forcible sex with his
the Parliament timely. wife was not an “illegal thing”.

e) Opposition often prevents the passage of e) None of the given statements.

significant laws so that it’ll show badly on the ruling
government.
Q.12) The Indian capital of Delhi calls for a tight
security during special events like Independence day.
Q.10) Street vendors have always struggled with
permissions to conduct their day job; it’s time the a) Policemen in civil dress are deployed at strategic
administration affects seamless procedures for them locations across the capital with an extra focus in
and brings them into the ambit of the formal and around the Red Fort.
economy. b) All the vehicles are thoroughly checked for any
*a) Police often trouble the street vendors and suspicious activity especially at the border points,
demand money. they said.

b) It’s time India focused on formalising its economy. *c) A security breach can happen on any day and
there is no need to extra security measures around
c) The street vendors are often responsible for traffic specific times.
jams.
d) Additional security is always good to be on a safer
d) Street vendors create a nuisance and give rise to side.
unhygienic markets.
e) None of the above statements.
e) None of the given options strengthens the
argument.
Q.13) Adventure sports are too risky and should be
avoided, specially by people with medical issues.
S.11-20) Choose the option which most
weakens/undermines the given argument.
*a) Adventure is fun and one should explore as much
as one can during a lifetime.
Q.11) A marital or other relationship between the
perpetrator or victim is not a valid defence against b) One should never engage in an activity one
the crimes of rape or sexual violation. haven’t prepared for.

c) The feeling of fear and danger is what drives many

extreme sports athletes.
a) The relationship between the accused and the
complainant is not relevant to the inquiry into d) Extreme Adventure sports have higher rates of
whether the complainant consented to the sexual injury because of their dangerous nature,
activity. environmental element, and the lack of access to
medical care.
b) Marriage is in modern times regarded as a
partnership of equals, and no longer one in which e) Both b and c
the wife must be the subservient chattel of the Q.14) People with lived experience of mental health
husband. difficulties are attracted to working in mental health
professions.

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a) None of the given options. b) The speed with which the Islamist insurgents
captured the cities — 17 in eight days — is a
*b) Despite liking the field of psychology, Rani could
surprise.
never opt for it due to her own bad experience with
her condition. c) Taliban militants have been unstoppable, even
after multiple threats.
c) Mental health is a challenging aspect to manage in
one’s family. d) Taliban are on the verge of establishing a “pure
Islamic system” in Afghanistan.
d) I had always believed that Rashi will be passionate
to solve people’s mental health issues, given her *e) Taliban have promised to bring more stability
own similar experiences. and security to the country.

e) With rising stress scenarios, it has become crucial

for all of us to focus on our mental health.
Q.17) Most girls in rural India drop out early from
school to get married or help with the housework.
Last year, however, the dropout rate was
Q.15)Reforms are, only a necessary and not
significantly lower than the previous year's rate. This
sufficient condition for growth. Reforms normally
is encouraging evidence that the awareness program
create a natural climate for investment. But ‘animal
started by the local authorities two years ago, has
spirits’ are also influenced by non-economic factors
such as social cohesion. begun to take effect.

a) Unhygienic toilets and lack of other facilities at

a) Policymakers should be clear about the directions
school have always prevented the girls to continue
in which they should move.
school.
*b) Reforms are enough to improve the productivity
b) The participation of local authorities working with
of the economy and achieve higher growth.
the communities and trying to bring about the
c) It is only in an environment of high growth, equity change, has been pretty successful in reducing the
can be pushed aggressively. school dropout rates.

d) Reforms supplemented by a careful nurturing of c) More families are now willing to send the girl child
the investment climate are needed to spur growth to school, in rural areas.
again.
*d) Most girls who dropped out earlier, re-joined
e) None of the given options after the mid-day meal program was announced.

e) The economy has been severely affected and most

children in rural areas were forced to work to ensure
Q.16) With the rising of the Taliban, whatever an extra hand.
limited progress and freedoms the Afghans earned
over the last 20 years are now at risk of being Q.18) Writers’ rooms have seen this newfound
surrendered to a murderous militia with scant regard importance over OTT platforms and have almost
for human rights. become indispensable.

a) What altered the balance of power on the a) Writers’ rooms in the South are becoming
battlefield was the withdrawal of the U.S.-led formalised, with contracts, NDAs and salaries.
international forces.
b) An advantage of Writers’ room is the fresh
perspective brought in with multiple voices.

c) Both a & b

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*d) Writers’ rooms are a relatively new concept in S.21-40) Read the given arguments and choose the
India and still need more time for acceptance. appropriate option basis the question.

e) None of the given options

Q. 21) The abundant and auspicious energy of

Jupiter in astrology has the power to bring good
Q.19) The over Rs 100 lakh crore Gatishakti initiative
fortune and new opportunities wherever it goes in
will bring employment opportunities for youth and
the zodiac. Working with the energy of lucky planet
help in holistic infrastructure growth.
Jupiter can help us align with our higher-minded
aspirations and broaden our horizons, reminding us
that there’s always room to expand and grow. Thus,
a) As of now there is no harmony in modes of one should always keep an eye on one’s Jupiter.
transport in the country, Gatishakti, will break the
silos and bottlenecks.

b) India needs to increase both manufacturing and A. Jupiter’s backspin is considered one of the
exports chilliest retrogrades in astrology.
B. Jupiter is often celebrated for its powerful
*c) Gatishakti has been criticised by many as just an ability to bring a positive outlook and an
electoral agenda and an allocation of funds only on extra bit of prosperity to any situation.
paper.

d) Gatishakti will help local manufacturers turn

globally competitive and also develop possibilities of
a) Both A & B support the argument
new future economic zones.
b) A weakens the argument.
e) None of the above options
*c) B supports the argument

d) Both A & B weaken the argument

Q.20) Despite the pandemic, expectations are that
offices will return to be the beating heart of our e) None of the statements are relevant.
cities. Yet, evolving worker preferences and needs
will likely mean that the role of offices and the way
office spaces are used are set to change. Q.22) Millennials were taught to chase relationships
a) None of the given options. and stability, while Gen Z was taught to chase their
dreams and independence. Thus, Gen Z, more than
b) Offices will be the thing of the past. any other generation — including millennials — puts
themselves as individuals first.
*c) Once we see the continuous reduction in the
number of cases, the offices and corporate will soon
be back to working in a pre-pandemic style.
A. Millennials love to explore new things.
d) In the post-pandemic recovery, the next few years B. Individuality is one of the important aspects
will be pivotal as corporates and cities set and work of a Gen Z person.
towards ambitious sustainability targets.

e) All of the given options

a) Both A & B supports the argument

b) A weakens the argument.

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*c) B supports the argument c) Only B supports the argument

d) Both A & B weaken the argument d) Both A & B weaken the argument

e) None of the statements are relevant. e) None of the statements are relevant.

Q.25) In spite of their role in enhancing India’s soft

power internationally, through their excellent
Q.23) The use of hand gestures as a means of
academic performance as well as seamless
communication is particularly valuable for deaf
integration into western countries, Indian students
children and adults. Therefore, all of us should learn
face several problems.
that to make them feel included in the society.

A. Most Indian students were forced to delay

A. Deaf people rely heavily on use of hand their plans in 2020 due to the imposition of
gestures to communicate. lockdowns, disruption of flights, and
B. It’s important that we make the disabled embassies not issuing student visas.
feel more included in the society. B. States which send a large number of
students abroad have prioritised vaccines
for international students.

*a) Both A & B support the argument

a) Both A & B support the argument
b) A undermines and B supports the argument
b) A undermines the argument.
c) B undermines the argument
*c) A supports while B undermines the argument
d) Both A & B weaken the argument
d) Both A & B undermine the argument
e) None of the statements are relevant
e) None of the statements are relevant

Q.24) Shutting down older inefficient coal plants

Q. 26) News has become all about who gets it first.
would lead to improved efficiencies, reduced coal
usage, and hence, cost savings.

A. Reporters of ABC magazine ensure that they

get their facts right, even if they are not the
A. Some research studies have cited the
ones breaking it to the world.
economic and the environmental benefits
B. The photographer captures the essence of
of shutting down coal plants older than, say,
the stories in his shots.
25 years.
B. It would be uneconomical for old plants to
install pollution control equipment required a) Both A & B supports the argument
to meet the emission standards announced
by the Environment Ministry, b) B supports the argument.

*c) A undermines the argument

*a) Both A & B support the argument
d) Both A & B undermine the argument
b) Only A weakens the argument.
e) None of the statements are relevant.

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Q. 27) In a game, only winning matters. B. Every creature’s body is mostly blind and
insensate, only detecting those faint signals
from the environment that it needs to
survive.
A. One should be trained and coached on how
to handle failures.
B. Winning doesn’t matter, it’s what you learn
from a competition.
a) Both A & B supports the argument

*b) A undermines, while B supports the argument.

c) B undermines the argument

a) Both A & B supports the argument d) Both A & B undermine the argument

b) A undermines the argument. e) None of the statements are relevant.

*c) B undermines the argument

d) Both A & B undermine the argument

e) None of the statements are relevant. Q. 30) Rewards can inspire motivation.

Q. 28) Democracy is a two-edged sword, while it A. The employees’ performance enhanced

delays the decisions, it ensures that all views are significantly after the implementation of
considered. rewards program.
B. Kickstarting someone's motivation and
drive to "Go for it!" via appropriate rewards
and benefits program is been a ‘go-to’
A. In a dictatorship, people’s voices go strategy for many orgs.
unheard.
B. In a communist form of government, social
good is ensured. *a) Both A & B supports the argument

b) A undermines and B supports the argument.

a) Both A & B supports the argument
c) B undermines the argument
b) A undermines the argument.
d) Both A & B undermine the argument
c) B undermines the argument
e) None of the statements are relevant.
d) Both A & B undermine the argument

*e) None of the statements are relevant.

Q. 31) People in Corporate love titles. Therefore,
organizations should focus on these as an added
advantage to lure prospective employees.
Q. 29) Your brain perceives only a small fraction of
the energy and information buzzing all around you.

A. Rashi was thrilled to know that his title had

been changed to a Manager from just an
A. Shreya claims that she is extremely
Adviser.
attentive and can’t miss a single incident in
her surroundings.

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B. As long as the nature of work remains B. Exams are a bundle of stress that students
similar, employees do not respond to title have always faced.
changes as an added motivation factor.

a) Both A & B supports the argument.

a) Both A & B supports the argument
b) Both A & B undermines the argument.
b) A undermines the argument.
*c) A undermines and B supports the argument.
*c) A supports while B undermines the argument
d) Both A & B undermine the argument.
d) Both A & B undermine the argument
e) None of the statements are relevant.
e) None of the statements are relevant.

Q. 32) India’s ancient civilisational past has many

astonishing achievements to its credit. From Q. 34) Nomura’s move towards sustainability bonds
philosophy to literature, grammar, arts, is significant because it signals a step change in the
mathematics, and even sexuality, the subcontinent way that sustainability bonds are determined.
produced highly knowledgeable and researched
treatises at a time when the West was still grappling
with daily baths. A. Growth in sustainability bonds has been
soaring in recent years.
B. By the end of 2021, sustainability bonds will
likely reach $1 trillion for the first time ever.
A. We have goons burning copies of the
Kamasutra because they claim that
sacrilege such as sex is not “our tradition”.
B. India hardly has any credits in its pocket as
academic achievements.

a) Both A & B supports the argument

*a) Both A & B supports the argument
b) A undermines the argument.
b) A undermines the argument.
*c) B undermines the argument
c) B undermines the argument
d) Both A & B undermine the argument
d) Both A & B undermine the argument
e) None of the statements are relevant.
e) None of the statements are relevant.

Q. 33) Being shut indoors with a pile of revision on

Q. 35) Dancing is a fun way to stay fit and healthy.
your desk and exams looming can be a real strain on
our mental health- an overworked mind and
deflated mood can quickly lead to exam blues, and
even total burnout. A. Most forms of dance may be considered
aerobic exercise and as such can also
A. Exams have become fun with the online reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease,
learning in place. help weight control etc.

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B. Dance has been repeatedly shown to B. Sometimes, breaks, disturb your focus and
positively impact a person's mental health. it’s crucial to have continuous study
sessions when you try to prepare well for
the exams.
*a) Both A & B supports the argument

b) A undermines the argument.

a) Both A & B supports the argument
c) B undermines the argument
b) A undermines the argument.
d) Both A & B undermine the argument
*c) A Supports and B undermines the argument
e) None of the statements are relevant.
d) Both A & B undermine the argument

e) None of the statements are relevant.

Q. 36) It is perfectly sustainable to have multiple

streams of income coming from more than one job, Q. 38) After several consecutive rejections, it can
provided you aren’t overworking yourself. It may become incredibly hard to pick yourself back up and
feel like a risky path to take but can certainly pay off keep trying. After all, it seems much easier to lower
with work that you enjoy and are passionate about. your ambitions in order to avoid further rejections.
This mindset is difficult to deconstruct but is
important to tackle so that you can accept later
A. Unless you have a steady source of income, opportunities.
financial sustainability is difficult to achieve.
B. Society looks down upon careers that do
not provide stability. A. Learning to conquer failure is an extremely
difficult but significant task.
a) Both A & B supports the argument B. Don’t be afraid to look back on your failure!

b) A undermines the argument.

*a) Both A & B supports the argument
c) B undermines the argument
b) A undermines the argument.
*d) Both A & B undermine the argument
c) B undermines the argument
e) None of the statements are relevant.
d) Both A & B undermine the argument

e) None of the statements are relevant.

Q. 37) Sometimes during exam season it feels like we
don’t even have time to sleep. However, it’s
important that you make some time for yourself to
take breaks.
Q. 39) Attempting hard things, again and again, leads
one to eventually succeed and come to believe in
their capabilities.
A. During exams, going for regular walks, or
even runs, is a great way to get fresh air and
clear your mind.

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A. Trying to do the same thing repeatedly

makes one lose interest and eventually fail.
B. Subdividing complex skills into subskills
produces better learning than trying to
teach everything at once.

a) Both A & B supports the argument

*b) A undermines the argument.

c) B undermines the argument

d) Both A & B undermine the argument

e) None of the statements are relevant.

Q. 40) A significant percentage of root canal

treatments fail, because the procedure leaves out
some bacteria that are located deep within the
dentinal tubules.

A. The Government of India every year confers

through the Technology Development
Board, national awards for technology
development and successful
commercialisation of indigenous
technology.
B. The idea is that the nanorobots can be
precisely controlled spatiotemporally.

a) Both A & B supports the argument

b) A undermines the argument.

c) B undermines the argument

d) Both A & B undermine the argument

*e) None of the statements are relevant.

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Q.7) Answer- D,
Answer Key The given argument suggests a more important
1(b) 2(b) 3(c) 4(b) 5(b) alternative for the government to invest in (in place
6(b) 7(d) 8(b) 9(c) 10(a) of statues). The statement given in option d gives
another reason as to why sectors like health and
11(d) 12(c) 13(a) 14(b) 15(b)
education need investment. Thus, it strengthens.
16(e) 17(d) 18(d) 19(c) 20(c)
21(c) 22(c) 23(a) 24(a) 25(c)
Q.8) Answer- B,
26(c) 27(c) 28(e) 29(b) 30(a) The given argument is in favor of virtual reality being
31(c) 32(c) 33(c) 34(a) 35(a) used in art galleries. Option b shares the benefits of
36(d) 37(c) 38(a) 39(b) 40(e) VR technology and in turn supports the given
argument.

Q.9) Answer- C,
Solution The given argument focuses on the implementation
Q.1) Answer- B, of labor reforms over just the parliamentary
The given argument speaks about the inflation rate execution. The importance of execution is further
and how stability helps in a conducive environment. stressed in option c.
Option b clearly supports the given info.
Q.10) Answer- A,
Q.2) Answer- B, The given argument shares the plight of street
The argument brings forward the unnecessary fear vendors and need to resolve their misery.
of Covid-19 against the statistics. Option A is in line with this.
Option b supports this as the scientists argue the
same.
Q.11) Answer- D,
Q.3) Answer- C, The given argument says that any sort of relationship
The argument mentions that Amul is the tastiest or marriage can’t be an excuse for rape. This thought
butter and does maximum sales. The correlation is is contradicted by the instance mentioned in option
reinstated in option c and therefore, that is in d where a person is granted bail for a similar crime.
support of the argument.
Q.12) Answer- C,
Q.4) Answer- B, The argument puts forth the importance of
Despite being the cheapest, Glamour Fashion enhanced security on special occasions. Option C
doesn’t sell the maximum. Thus, it’s clear that there dilutes the importance by mentioning that a breach
are other factors that contribute to sales. These are can happen anytime. Thus, it weakens.
discussed in option b. Thus, it supports the given
argument. Q.13) Answer- A,
The argument brings forward the risk associated
Q.5) Answer- B, with Adventure sports.
Option b gives a logical reasoning as to why Option A, on the contrary, shows the fun side of it.
Sociology should be mandated and thus strengthens Thus, it undermines the given argument.
the given suggestion.
Q.14) Answer- B,
Option b is in contrast with the given argument as it
Q.6) Answer- B,
says that someone would not want to opt for a
The given argument brings forth the stress faced by
career in mental health, if witnessed by self.
people who overwork. In line with that, option b
stresses on the importance of work-life balance.
Q.15) Answer- B,
Thus, it supports.

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The given argument mentions that a country needs A may or may not be true and doesn’t directly
more than just reforms to move ahead. On the other weaken or support the information given.
hand, b says that the reforms are enough. Statement B is in line with what the given argument
Thus, b will be undermining the given argument. mentions about Gen Z.

Q.16) Answer- E, Q.23) Answer- A,

The given argument suggests how the rise of the The given argument mentions how the use of hand
Taliban means forfeiture of Human rights. Option E gestures is important for deaf people.
on the contrary raises hope that they might bring Both A & B are aligned with this thought and would
some stability. thus be supporters.

Q.17) Answer- D, Q.24) Answer- A,

The given paragraph says that the girls who used to The given argument and both the statements A & B
drop out of school to support the family in are in favor of shutting down old coal plants due to
household work were reduced due to a rise in various factors.
awareness. However, this reasoning would be
weakened if we say that they rejoined only for Q.25) Answer- C,
availing of the benefits of the mid-day meal scheme. The argument brings forth the fact how Indian
Thus, d will weaken the argument. students face several issues internationally, despite
excellent academic performance.
Q.18) Answer- D, While statement A gives an example of such issues,
The argument is about the rising trend in Writer’s statement B tells how the students received support
room which is supported by the information given in and preference.
both a & b. Thus, A supports while B undermines the given
Option d in turn undermines the argument as it says argument.
that the concept needs more time for acceptance.
Q.26) Answer- C,
Q.19) Answer- C, The given argument focuses on the importance of
While the given argument praises the benefits of getting news first. Statement A is contrary to this.
Gatishakti scheme, option c brings forth the criticism
and would thus undermine what is given. Q.27) Answer- C,
While the argument focuses on winning, statement
Q.20) Answer- C, B says that it doesn’t matter. Thus, it’ll weaken the
While the given argument says that the overall argument.
scenario of offices would change, the statement in
option c says that it will exactly return to that like in Q.28) Answer- E,
pre-pandemic times. Thus, c weakens the given While the given argument is about democracy, the
argument. statements A & B mention about totally separate
forms of government. Thus, they will be counted as
unrelated.
Q.21) Answer- C,
Q.29) Answer- B,
The argument is about the good vibes and energy The given argument mentions that only a limited
spread by Jupiter. amount of information can be perceived by the
Statement A supports this as it mentions the issue brain.
one may face if Jupiter backspins. The example given in statement A is in contrast with
Also, statement B is in line with this and hence this and will thus undermine it.
supports it. B in turn supports.

Q.22) Answer- C, Q.30) Answer- A,

The given argument talks about the preferences and Both the given statements A & B clearly support the
choices of Millennials vs Gen Z. given argument which correlates motivation and
rewards.

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The given argument talks about multiple sources of

income and following a risky path.
Q.31) Answer- C, The statements on the contrary focus on the
The argument mentions how people love titles in importance of stability. Thus, they will undermine
Corporate. B says the opposite of this and thus the argument.
weakens the argument. A mentions how an
employee was elated with a title change. Thus, it Q.37) Answer- C,
supports the given argument. The given argument focuses on taking breaks during
the exams. Clearly, argument A supports and B
Q.32) Answer- C, weakens this idea.
The given para talks about the valuable contribution
of India in ancient times. Statement B negates this by Q.38) Answer- A,
stating the contrary. Thus, c will be the right option. The argument talks about the importance of rising
from failure and both A & B support this reasoning.
Q.33) Answer- C,
The argument mentions how exams can take a toll Q.39) Answer- B,
on your mind. While B supports this idea, A says that The given argument says that trying hard things
exams are rather fun. Thus, A undermines it. repeatedly will eventually lead to success.
Statement A tries to bring forward a totally opposite
Q.34) Answer- A, idea and thus undermines the given argument.
The given argument is focused on the significance of Statement B is not directly related as it speaks about
sustainability bonds. breaking complex lessons into simpler ones for easy
Both A & B provide information that reinstates this learning.
significance.
Q.40) Answer- E,
Q.35) Answer- A, The given argument is about the root canal
The argument is in favor of Dancing being a fun and treatment.
fitness activity. Both A & B support the same. Statements A and B seem completely unrelated to
the given idea. Thus, e will be the correct option.
Q.36) Answer-D,

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Chapter 7: Parajumbles
Introduction
Parajumbles are jumbled paragraphs. Basically, you
are given a paragraph - but the sentences are not in
the right order. It's up to you to untie this knot and
rearrange the sentences so that they logically make
sense. Normally instructions for this type of
questions will read "Choose the most logical order of
sentences from among the given choices to
construct a coherent paragraph".
Given below would be 4 or 5 perplexing sentences
which he would need to sort and arrange like a
jigsaw puzzle. Sounds fun? It is. If one knows how to
go about it, that is. Solving jumbled paragraphs is a
science. It is so much of a science that you can
obtain an accuracy of 100% even if you are not a
good reader.

Transition Words
Transition words make the shift from one idea to
another very smooth. They organize and connect the
sentences logically. Observing the transition words
found in a sentence can often give you a clue about
the sentence that will come before/after that
particular sentence. Given below are some
commonly used transition words:
also, again, as well as, besides, furthermore, in
addition, likewise, moreover, similarly, consequently,
hence, otherwise, subsequently, therefore, thus, as a
rule, generally, for instance, for example, for one
thing, above all, aside from, barring, besides, in
other words, in short, instead, likewise, on one hand,
on the other hand, rather, similarly, yet, but,
however, still, nevertheless, first of all, to begin with,
at the same time, for now, for the time being, in
time, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the
meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously,
afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind, after all,
all in all to sum-up.

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the business of moving people and not just

Solved Examples packages.

Q.1. A) 1243
1) The fireworks broke the peace, heralded the B) 1432
shift C) 2143
2) In London, Chelsea had beaten Manchester D) 4312
City, 2-1
3) Then came the car horns, blaring and echoing Answer- D
around empty streets, a joyous Morse code in Explanation:
their short, sharp blasts, summoning people Option 3 cannot start the passage as it mentions a
from their homes, confirming that the moment company that should be previously mentioned.
had arrived Option 2 will come after option 1 as the amazon is
4) A long, sultry day, the hottest of the year, had building the infrastructure to support the business it
given way to a warm, quiet evening does.
Now both options 1 and 4 can start the passage.
A) 4132 Option 4 is followed by option 3, immediately and
B) 2134 option 1 and 2 are a mandatory pair.
C) 1324 Option 4 introduces the paragraph in a better way
D) 4321 than option 1 as it describes an event that has just
occurred. Then the author talks about how the
Answer- A amazon has invested to improved its logistic
The sentences seem to represent a joyous moment infrastructure. Thus 4312 is the correct order for the
when Chelsea beat Manchester city. parajumble.
Option 3 cannot start the passage. Their has to be
something preceding it. Q.3.
Option 1, similarly cannot start the place as the 1) home buyers are increasingly using mortgages
fireworks represent something that was discussed in that make it easier for them to stop making
the sentences before it. their monthly payments and
Options 2 and 4 can be the starting sentences. 2) a sign that lenders have awakened to climate
The shift mentioned in option 1 links to the warm, dangers and want to put less of their own
quite evening in option 4. Thus option 1 will follow money at risk
option 4. Thus 41 forms a pair and the starting 3) more banks are getting buyers in coastal areas
sentences. Option 3 follows option 1 as it highlights to make bigger down payments — often as
the event that followed the fireworks and option 2 much as 40 percent of the purchase price, up
represents the moment because of which the from the traditional 20 percent —
celebration is taking place. Thus 4132 forms the 4) walk away from the loan if the home floods or
order of the given parajumble. becomes unsellable or unlivable

Q.2. A) 1432
1) Amazon for several years has worked on self- B) 3214
driving technology to deliver goods, a natural C) 1324
fit with its shopping business. D) 3214
2) It has invested heavily in building out the
logistics infrastructure to bring orders to Answer- A
customers, with fleets of planes, trucks and Options 2 and 4 cannot start the paragraph.
delivery drivers. Option 3 and 2 are linked. Bigger down payments
3) It agreed to pay more than $1.2 billion for the represent a sign that lenders have awakened and
company. don’t want to put their money on risk.
4) Amazon said on Friday that it was buying the Similarly options 1 and 4 are linked. More people are
autonomous ride-hailing start-up Zoox, an using mortgages so that they can way away if
ambitious move that could put the tech giant in anything happens to their homes because of the
climate chance.

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14 will precede 32 because since the home owners A) 2341

are using mortgages that’s why the lenders are B) 1234
taking higher down payments. Thus option a is the C) 2431
correct answer. D) 1243

Q.4. Answer- B
1) this is by no means the first time many Black Explanation:
Americans have felt the need to arm 2, 3, and 4 are a clear sequence here. Donald Trump
themselves for self-preservation talks about immigration from several countries and
2) some Black Americans are saying they now mentions shithole countries in option 3, then he
have no choice but to exercise their Second continues his argument by mentioning the countries
Amendment right from which the US should have immigration. Thus
3) right-wing extremists increasing attacks and co- 234 is a mandatory pair. Now, option 1 better starts
opting rallies to advance their own the passage. It highlights the tone in which the
messaging and half of Black Americans already coming argument will be, i.e. Donald Trump’s talk.
feeling that they can’t trust the police to treat Thus option b is the correct answer.
them equally,
4) but with a white couple pulling guns on Black
Lives Matter protesters in St. Louis, Q.6.
1) Our creaking health care system, the
A) 1423 ruthlessness of our economy, our Swiss-cheese
B) 2143 safety net, and political polarization that
C) 1432 poisons effective action but excels at whipping
D) 2134 up nonsensical culture wars
2) I am not one of those lefties who believe that
Answer- C Trump bears all of the blame for our flawed
Explanation: response to the virus
Clearly the options 3 and 4 cannot start the 3) The totality of our failure is precisely why we
sentence. should look to the outside for success — yet
Option 3 will come immediately after option 4, it Trump has used the virus as an excuse
represents a series of events which would led to to accelerate his restrictions on immigration
something. So 43 is a pair. 4) The breakdown here was so total that it lays
Now there has to be something after 43, as it does bare larger and more persistent ailments
not represent a complete meaning. Thus option 2
shall be apt ending to the passage. because of the A) 4132
events mentioned, black people feel that it is the B) 2341
time they exercise the second amendment. Option 1, C) 3412
thus will begin the passage. D) 2413
Hence 1432 is the correct order.
Answer- D
Q.5. Explanation:
1) You might call it poetic, if it weren’t so painful. The passage talks about the ailments which
2) Donald Trump won the White House largely on highlights america’s several bleeding systems.
a campaign of shutting America’s borders to However the author is also of the view that not
pretty much everyone other than people of everything can be attributed to Donald Trump but
European descent. “Why are we having all certainly he used it as an opportunity to highlight his
these people from shithole countries come propositions.
here?” The ailments in option 4 are mentioned in option 1.
3) He once asked, about Haitians, Salvadorans Thus 41 is a mandatory pair.
and Africans. The flawed response in option 2 links to the
4) We should have more people from places like breakdown in option 4. Thus option 2 will precede
Norway. option 4. Now, option 3 concludes the passage. By
completing the view that I do not blame the

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president for everything but he has still done D) 4213

something situational, where it should not have
been done. Answer- B
Thus option d is the correct answer. Explanation:
Clearly 21 and 43 are pairs.
43 however will come after 21. The reduced number
Q.7. of people who think that china is their ally is
1) Alternately enticing the democratic island with demonstrated in the statement by Ms. Tsai. Also
economic incentives. refer to the mention of May in option 2 and Tuesday
2) While bluntly warning that any move toward in option 4, this demonstrates that the event in may
formal independence would be answered with has occurred before the event on Tuesday. Thus
military force. chronologically 21 should precede 43. Hence option
3) Now, the incentives are gone and the warnings b is the correct answer.
seem more ominous following Mr. Xi’s swift
move to strengthen China’s grip on Hong Kong,
a semiautonomous territory that only last
year he held out as a model for Taiwan’s
future.
4) China’s leader, Xi Jinping, has long tried to
convince Taiwan that unification was a Q.9.
historical inevitability. 1) The Pomodoro technique showed me how
much of my experience of reality is tied up with
A) 4123 my subjective perception of it.
B) 4213 2) It has forced me to think about what I’d most
C) 3412 like to be doing every day instead.
D) 4312 3) It has made me see time afresh — as
something we really don’t have enough of, as
Answer- A something precious precisely because it’s
Explanation: ephemeral.
Option 4 clearly starts the passage. 4) And it’s not an exaggeration to say that, by
Now refer to option 3. Since the incentives are gone changing my relationship with and appreciation
and warnings seem ominous, the same syntax shall of time, the technique has brought me to some
also be followed in the options, i.e. option 1 will profound existential questions about whether
precede option 2. Option 3 concludes the sentence, I’m wasting my life — my fragile, fleeting life —
thus 4123 is the correct sequence. on activities I neither care about nor enjoy.
A) 1234
Q.8. B) 1423
1) Compared with 38 percent a year earlier. C) 1324
2) A survey in May by Academia Sinica, a research D) 1432
institute, found that only 23 percent of Taiwan
residents regarded China as a “friend of Answer- B
Taiwan,” Explanation:
3) It proves that ‘one country, two systems’ is not Option 1 clearly starts the passage. option 4 carries
feasible. the idea forward.
4) We are very disappointed that China is not able Now option 2 will come before option 3 because
to carry out its promises, Ms. Tsai said on option 4 ends in suggesting that the author did not
Tuesday after the Hong Kong security law was enjoy some things and he still does them, thus the
passed. technique forced the author to think about what he
like doing instead which led him to start afresh. Thus
A) 4321 option b is the correct sequence.
B) 2143
C) 2134 Q.10.

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1) The protests have made it plain that the Options 1 and 3 are a mandatory pair. Since option 3
players do not believe soccer is immune to the discusses BAME, which is described in option 2, thus
kind of systemic inequalities that brought option 2 will precede 13. Now option 2 shall start the
millions to the streets. passage as it talks about the actions taken to ensure
2) For two weeks, the players of the Premier more BAME players are becoming coaches. Option 4
League have been taking a knee before games, provides factual data about the number of such
demonstrating their support for the Black Lives coaches. Hence 2413 is the correct sequence.
Matter movement to millions of viewers across
the world. Q.12.
3) In Spain, Italy, and the United States players 1) A top Adidas executive resigned on Tuesday
have followed suit. 2) She worked for Adidas for over 20 years in
4) Their peers in the Bundesliga had done the sales, business development and supply chain
same. positions across Britain and the United States
A) 2431 and at the company’s headquarters in
B) 1243 Herzogenaurach, Germany.
C) 1234 3) weeks after a number of Black employees
D) 2143 pushed for her ouster amid a wider outcry over
what they said were past acts of racism and
Answer- A discrimination at the company.
Explanation: 4) Karen Parkin, who is British, had been the only
Option 2 introduces the topic and is the starting woman on Adidas’s six-person executive board
sentence. Option 4 carries the same idea i.e. it has since 2017, and was responsible for human
been followed in Bundesliga as well. Option 3 is a resources across the company.
logical continuation of option 4. Option 1 concludes A) 4231
that the football world sends a message to the world B) 1324
through their actions. Hence option a is the correct C) 1432
answer. D) 1342

Answer- D
Q.11. Explanation:
1) The P.F.A. is proud to support a diverse Option 1 clearly starts the passage as it cannot be
membership on the pitch, the organization’s otherwise fitted in the passage.
chief executive, Gordon Taylor said. Option 1 is followed by option 3 as it gives the
2) On Monday, the P.F.A., the Premier League and reason for the resignation. Now option 4 will
the English Football League announced a new precede option 2 as it denotes a proper noun i.e.
program that they said would increase the Karen Parkin. Option 2 starts with the pronoun
number of black, Asian and minority ethnic, or linking it to option 4. Thus it will follow option 4.
BAME, players transitioning from playing Hence 1342 is the correct sequence.
careers into full-time coaching roles.
3) And we are determined to ensure this also
translates to substantial BAME representation
in all other areas of the game. Q.13.
4) According to a recent BBC survey, only six of 1) But it also threatens the fabric of life that has
the 92 managers in England’s top four made Hong Kong, with its freewheeling cultural
divisions are not white men. scene and civil society, distinct from the rest of
A) 4213 China.
B) 1342 2) On Wednesday, the anniversary of Hong Kong’s
C) 1324 return to Chinese control — a day usually
D) 2413 observed by huge pro-democracy marches — a
scattered crowd of protesters tried to rekindle
Answer- D that energy, only to be corralled by the police
Explanation:

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and arrested over offenses that did not exist a the current situation as we don’t have a population
day earlier. to compare. Thus making the order 1234.
3) The law was designed to stamp out the anti-
government demonstrations that have
wracked the semiautonomous territory for
more than a year.
4) The Chinese government’s new security law for Q.15.
Hong Kong is less than a day old, and already 1) And then act on those questions to make a
the city is feeling its chilling effect. change, you are much less likely to have a
A) 2431 personality disorder.
B) 4312 2) If you can ask yourself: What’s my part in this
C) 2413 problem? What can I do different next time?
D) 3124 3) It is possible that with appropriate therapy,
you can emerge from this diagnosis and begin
Answer- A to have a more productive and satisfying life.
Explanation: 4) And if you do have a personality disorder, you
Only options 2 and 4 can start the passage. can start asking yourself these two questions,
43 is a mandatory pair. Option 1 presents a contrast as well as seeking the assistance of a
and is best linked to option 3, thus making 431 a knowledgeable therapist.
pair. Now option 1 cannot be the conclusion, thus it A) 2143
best starts the passage. Hence option a is the correct B) 3214
answer. C) 2431
D) 3421

Answer- C
Q.14. Explanation:
1) If we all suffer from some level of emotional Option 2 can only start the passage. option 3
distress, dysfunction, or emotional or mental mentions a previously discussed diagnosis, thus it
illness, where is the stigma? Should we cannot start. Option 3 follows option 4 as a
continue to stigmatize one another? What does particular therapy will be suggested by a
this do to us? knowledgeable therapist. option 2 should be
2) We can only perpetuate emotional and mental immediately followed by option 4 as it carries
stigma if we have a comparison population forward the idea and suggests what you should do.
without such problems. Thus 243 becomes a pair. Option 1 is clearly an
3) We haven’t found these people. action after the therapy has been taken. Thus 2431 is
4) We’d be better off tackling the emotional the correct order of the passage.
difficulties we all share from the perspective of
our shared and often problem-ridden
humanity, not as them (the emotionally and
mentally ill) versus us, the normal.
A) 1423
B) 4123 Q.16.
C) 1234 1) if someone asks, “What do you do?” and
D) 2314 2) if the response is “What?” or “Tell me more”
3) the response to your answer is to change the
Answer- C subject
Explanation: 4) then you are on the right track
The comparison population in option 2 links to these 5) you have a strong indication that your stated
people in option 3, thus making 23 a pair. Now brand is not memorable
option 1 precedes option 4 as it starts by giving a A) 15423
problem and option d offers a solution. Now, option B) 13425
2 follows option 1 immediately as option 2 highlights C) 15324
D) 13524

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Q.18.
Answer- D 1) State media have been accused of downplaying
Explanation: the severity of the floods, emphasising the
Option 1 clearly begins the para. Option 3 is the heroic efforts of emergency workers by
logical continuation of option 1. Thus 13 forms a publishing prominent images of soldiers
pair. now, when someone asks what you do and you rescuing trapped residents.
change the subject, then certainly your brand is not 2) Authorities raised the four-tier emergency
memorable. Thus option 5 logically continues 1 and warning to level two on Monday, predicting
3. Now, if there is an alternate response, then you more severe weather in the coming days.
are doing fine. Thus 24 should follow 135. 3) A prolonged period of heavy rain is the latest
disaster to strike China, where people are only
just recovering from the coronavirus outbreak.
Q.17. 4) Residents waded waist-deep along
1) The Norman conquest led to far-reaching and waterlogged streets in Wuhan, filled after a
long-lasting political change across England – record 426mm (16.8 inches) fell between
and new research suggests it also led to the Sunday and Monday morning.
English eating more pork and chicken. A) 3124
2) Before 1066, beef, lamb, mutton and goat were B) 1234
among the meats most likely to be served in C) 1324
England, but a study of human and animal D) 3142
bones – as well as fat residue found on
fragments of cooking pots – found that pork Answer- D
and possibly chicken became much more Explanation:
popular following the arrival of William the Option 3 aptly begins the passage by describing a
Conqueror. recent event.
3) Experts believe the Normans passed on their Refer to option 2 and 4, option 2 shall come after
love of pork to local people, and pigs and option 4, as option 4 talks about events of Sunday
chickens began to be farmed much more and Monday, and option 2 talks about event of
intensively. Monday, thus 42 shall be the order.
4) The study also suggests there were food Now, option 1 should follow option 3. Option 3
shortages for a few years after the Norman describes the floods in Wuhan, and option 1 logically
invasion, but supplies were soon restored and continues the point and states that its severity is
life returned to normal. being downplayed. Option 4 then describes how
A) 1234 much severe it actually it by describing the total
B) 2413 amount of rain that has fell in two days. Hence 3142
C) 2431 should be the correct order.
D) 3241

Answer- A Q.19.
Explanation: 1) Which critics argue, goes beyond legal
Option 3 and 4 cannot start the passage. option 3 necessity
cannot start because it mentions local people which 2) But neither the company nor the Hong Kong
has to be defined and is defined in option 1, the police were able to say which law the app
English. Option 1 should precede option 2 as 1 broke, and pro-democracy legislators attacked
discusses a broader point about the change brought the move as “a political decision to suppress
by Normans and should be apt for the beginning, freedom and human rights”
option 2 discusses the eating habits and how it was 3) Apple has drawn repeated criticism for its
changed after the normans arrived. Option 3 closeness to Chinese authorities
continues the point discussed in option 2 and thus 4) In October, for instance, the company removed
should follow it. Option 4, hence should end the para an app that Hong Kong protesters were using
by suggesting another finding from the study. 1234, to co-ordinate, alleging that it broke the law
thus makes the correct order. A) 4231

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B) 3142
C) 3214
D) 3421

Answer- B
Explanation:
Option 3 can only start the passage. option 1
continues the point their apple’s close proximity is
being questioned. 31 is, thus, a mandatory pair. 42,
again is a pair, as 4 discusses a breaking of law and 2
carries the point by pointing the fallacy of the
statement making 3142 a correct order.
Hence option b is the correct answer.

Q.20.
1) In those early months, WhatsApp – which
hovers neatly between the space of email,
Facebook and SMS, allowing text messages,
links and photos to be shared between groups
– was a prime conduit through which waves of
news, memes and mass anxiety travelled.
2) In the spring, as the virus swept across the
world and billions of people were compelled to
stay at home, the popularity of one social
media app rose more sharply than any other.
3) By late March, usage of WhatsApp around the
world had grown by 40%.
4) In Spain, where the lockdown was particularly
strict, it rose by 76%.
A) 2143
B) 2431
C) 2341
D) 2143

Answer- B
Explanation:
Option 2 can only start the para. Since the rise in
popularity is discussed in 2, option 4 and 3 shall be
its sequel. Option 4 will precede option 3 as it is
narrowed down to a particular country whereas 3
gives a broader picture with the description of timing
as well. Option 1 follows option 3, as those early
months are linked to march as mentioned in 3.
Hence 2431 is the correct pair.

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area could be expected to vary by less than

Practice Questions about 10% owing to cycles of growing and
planting, and similar effects, according to
Q.1. Guido Ceccherini of the EU Joint Research
Social anxiety disorder. Obsessive compulsive Centre, lead author of the study.
disorder. Major depressive disorder. Borderline 4) Many of the EU’s forests – which account for
personality disorder. Post-traumatic stress about 38% of its land surface area – are
disorder. Generalised anxiety disorder. managed for timber production, and thus
harvested regularly. But the loss of biomass
1) Take ‘Jane’, for example. Jane was a shy and
increased by 69% in the period from 2016 to
anxious child and now, as a young adult, she
2018, compared with the period from 2011 to
lives with a combination of social anxiety (fear
2015, according to satellite data. The area of
of negative evaluation), generalised anxiety
forest harvested increased by 49% in the same
(persistent and uncontrollable worry) and
comparison, published in the journal Nature
depression (low mood and loss of pleasure).
Research.
2) You might have experienced some of these
A) 1432
difficulties yourself or know someone who has.
B) 1324
3) You, or someone you know, might even have
C) 1234
experienced several of these difficulties
D) 1423
simultaneously.
4) There are numerous labels that describe
mental health problems. Q.3.
Many likely think of Jane’s problems as separate 1) Before protest there is a oppression, lack of
disorders, but what if these are not distinct popular support, and the hard work of
awareness-raising.
difficulties but manifestations of a common and
2) But once the first blood rush of protest
underlying issue with mental health that waxes and
subsides, the people who are still on the
wanes over time?
streets are mocked by their erstwhile allies,
A) 2341 impatient to find fault with the movement and
B) 2314 get back to their lives without any further
C) 4231 disruption.
D) 4132 3) You might think of the trajectory of the Black
Lives Matter protests so far as like that famous
quote misattributed to Gandhi, but this time in
reverse: first you win, then they fight you, then
Q.2. they laugh at you, then they ignore you.
1) Europe has lost a vastly increased area of forest 4) What was universally celebrated a few weeks
to harvesting in recent years, data suggests, ago is now faintly embarrassing: too radical,
reducing the continent’s carbon absorption too combative, almost comically unrealistic.
capacity and possibly indicating wider 5) After that comes the high-octane action, the
problems with the EU’s attempts to combat the moral clarity – and allies hop on board.
climate crisis. A) 15234
2) Other factors are therefore likely to be in play, B) 15243
and these could include increased demand for C) 43215
wood as a fuel, and bigger markets for timber D) 12534
and other wood products. The satellite data
could therefore be an early indicator of
unsustainable demands being placed on the
EU’s forests.
3) This indicates that much more harvesting has
occurred in a short period, even accounting for
natural cycles and the impact of events such as
forest fires and heavy snows. The harvested

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Q.4. Q.6.
1) This self-proclaimed Third Rome and inland 1) Something strange happens when we enter
Constantinople was once the epicentre of the and exit the underground labyrinths of our
Second Bulgarian Empire; home to Emperors respective metropolitan subway systems
and Kings, Prophets and Patriarchs. 2) Emerging in a single file line,
2) The City of the Tsars sits atop three hills rising 3) Within pressed blazers and clasped watches,
from the meandering Yantra River: Tzarevetz, we glide diagonally out of our subway
Sveta Gora, and Trapezitza. 4) Tunnels like the steady hike of a roller coaster
3) Meanwhile, the charming old city, with its about to nosedive into the day
Armenian, Jewish, and Catholic quarters, is 5) At some point during that dreaded ascension
hemmed in by a sea of grey modernism. out of the depths of Hades, we forget the
4) Now, Veliko Tarnovo is a tourist attraction — unfiltered encounters we left underground
the city walls have been rebuilt, along with A) 12345
ornate renaissance-era homes. B) 51243
A) 2143 C) 53241
B) 2314 D) 15143
C) 2413
D) 2341 Q.7.
1) I didn’t concern myself with nail polish or rings,
too focused on other things to care about
adornment.
2) I didn’t love my hands, and I didn’t hate them,
Q.5. because I didn’t know them the way I know
1) The images are of young men, best them now.
remembered by the nicknames bestowed by 3) There was a time I never thought of my hands.
my friends. 4) They did what they were supposed to do, and I
2) At 44, I left my partner of a decade and became didn’t give them a moment’s attention. They
single again. weren’t the center of my universe. They were
3) Most often I found myself returning to the utilitarian and unremarkable.
Boston apartments where I spent my 20s, a A) 3412
time charged with restless sexuality and a self- B) 1243
defeating need to find the perfect mate. C) 2413
4) In the year of slow healing that followed, I was D) 3142
haunted by images from the past. Not the Q.8.
immediate past, not the life I had just 1) Whatever it once was, it is long gone
departed, but more distant relations. 2) Astronomers announced today that they had
5) I thought of the park ranger I lived with on discovered something new out in the dark: a
Cape Cod. I thought of the aptly titled Dean of stellar corpse too heavy to be a neutron star —
Student Affairs, whom I met at the London the remnant of a supernova explosion — but
college where I spent my freshman year. not heavy enough to be a black hole
A) 24531 3) That feast left behind an even heavier black
B) 23145 hole — a vast, hungry nothing with the mass of
C) 24315 25 suns
D) 24135 4) About 780 million years ago — and 780 million
E) 24531 light-years away — it was eaten by a black hole
23 times more massive than the sun
A) 2143
B) 2431
C) 1432
D) 2413

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Q.9.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Q.11.
administrations of presidents Franklin D Roosevelt 1) The algorithm, the researchers write, could
and then Harry S Truman in the United States led in function “as a thermostat, in a cooling or
the construction of the liberal order – a set of heating system, to guide intermittent
international institutions agreed upon by nation- activation or relaxation of public health
states. interventions” — that is, a smoother, safer
1) But over the last 30 years of the 20th century, reopening.
the liberal order changed. 2) In a paper posted on Thursday on arXiv.org, the
2) It is no longer primarily about protecting the team, led by Mauricio Santillana and Nicole
West from communism and fascism by pushing Kogan of Harvard, presented an algorithm that
up wages, creating large social programmes, registered danger 14 days or more before case
and building strong safety nets. counts begin to increase. The system uses real-
3) Instead, it has become an engine for time monitoring of Twitter, Google searches
globalisation, economically integrating the and mobility data from smartphones, among
whole world into a singular system. other data streams.
4) The goal was to sustain peace and prosperity in 3) Now, an international team of scientists has
the decades after the devastation of the war, developed a model — or, at minimum, the
and in doing so prevent both communism and template for a model — that could predict
fascism from spreading. outbreaks about two weeks before they occur,
The liberal order has transformed from a means of in time to put effective containment measures
in place.
defending liberalism into a means of exporting it
4) But as the governors of states like Florida,
everywhere.
California and Texas have learned in recent
A) 1234 days, such benchmarks make for a poor alarm
B) 1342 system. Once the coronavirus finds an opening
C) 4123 in the population, it gains a two-week head
D) 4312 start on health officials, circulating and
multiplying swiftly before its re-emergence
becomes apparent at hospitals, testing clinics
Q.10. and elsewhere.
1) Last year, funding for the Department of 5) Judging when to tighten, or loosen, the local
Cultural Affairs, which coordinates grants to economy has become the world’s most
arts organizations across the city, climbed to an consequential guessing game, and each
all-time high of $212 million. policymaker has his or her own instincts and
2) This year, the budget allocates around $189 benchmarks. The point when hospitals reach
million. 70 percent capacity is a red flag, for instance;
3) The reductions came as the city responded to a so are upticks in coronavirus case counts and
roughly $9 billion loss in tax revenues because deaths.
of the coronavirus shutdown. A) 21345
4) The New York City budget adopted early B) 23154
Wednesday cuts spending on cultural affairs by C) 54321
nearly 11 percent, a damaging blow after years D) 51432
where municipal spending on the arts had
grown, but it was not as deep a gash as some Q.12.
had feared. 1) But arriving all at once, they felt like something
A) 4123 much bigger: a sign that the Wild Wild Web —
B) 4321 the tech industry’s decade-long experiment in
C) 1243 unregulated growth and laissez-faire platform
D) 4312 governance — is coming to an end.
2) Within a 48-hour period this week, many of the
world’s internet giants took steps that would

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have been unthinkable for them even months Q.14.

earlier. 1) The subject of spirituality is rarely addressed by
3) Taken independently, these changes might physicians in the health care setting, even
have felt incremental and isolated — the kind when facing end-of-life
of refereeing and line-drawing that happens 2) Polls of the U.S. population show that 95% or
every day on social media. more of Americans believe in God
4) Reddit, which spent most of its life as a lawless 3) The vast majority also believe that spiritual
free-for-all, banned thousands of forums for health is as important as physical health
hate speech, including the largest pro-Trump 4) Yet while central to so many of our souls is our
forum on the internet. Twitch — an Amazon- relationship with God
owned video-gaming platform not known for A) 2341
its political courage — suspended President B) 1423
Trump’s official account for “hateful conduct,” C) 1432
while YouTube purged a handful of notorious D) 2413
racists and punished a popular creator with a
history of problematic videos. Facebook,
under pressure from a growing advertiser Q.15.
boycott, took down a network of violent anti- 1) Our literature is incorrigibly romantic.
government insurrectionists who had set up 2) That illusion burst, our writers fall hack on
shop on its platform. bleakness of spirit, soreness of heart. In their
A) 4312 greatest work, however, they hold together
B) 2431 hope and disenchantment, vision and collapse.
C) 4232 3) It is a romanticism somewhat different from its
D) 2314 European sources, for it proposes what no
European imagination ever could — an end-run
past history, into the freedom of
unconditioned selfhood, or in its more
moderate versions, into a mini-utopia of
Q.13.
friends.
1) In a world in which we’re all “acting normal”,
4) So it has always been: so, in darker ways, it
we shouldn’t have all these bad feelings,
seems likely to remain.
should we?
A) 1342
2) I have been acting normal sitting on a train in a
B) 1432
mask and gloves, while my glasses misted up,
C) 1324
telling myself: “This is just fine.”
D) 4132
3) Then I acted normally by sitting in the drizzle
outside a pub with a young man desperate for
his first pint of Guinness in a while, only to be Q.16.
told by frazzled bar staff that they had no 1) The South Pole, the most isolated part of the
Guinness. planet, is also one of the most rapidly warming
4) The least-helpful piece of advice in the world ones, scientists said Monday, with surface air
is: “Just be yourself.” (Seriously? It won’t go temperatures rising since the 1990s at a rate
well.) The second-least-helpful is: “Just act that is three times faster than the global
normal.” average.
5) Then I acted normally in another small town 2) While the warming could be the result of
and had a drink outside! Until I got up to go to natural climate change alone, the researchers
the loo, and my mate stopped me. “Don’t go in said, it is likely that the effects of human-
there,” she said ominously. “I have a bad caused warming contributed to it.
feeling about it.” 3) The pole, home to a United States research
A) 42351 base in the high, icy emptiness of the Antarctic
B) 25314 interior, warmed by about 0.6 degrees Celsius,
C) 42531 or 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit, per decade over the
D) 23514 past 30 years, the researchers reported in a

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paper published in Nature Climate Change. The government will experiment with hydrogen
global average over that time was about 0.2 fuel cells for an entire town’s bus network.
degrees Celsius per decade. 4) Now there are signs that may be changing, with
4) Although parts of coastal Antarctica are losing a spate of new investments even amid the
ice, which contributes to sea level rise, the pole coronavirus pandemic.
is in no danger of melting, as the year-round A) 2431
average temperature is still about minus-50 B) 2413
degrees Celsius. But the finding shows that no C) 3124
place is unaffected by change on a warming D) 1324
planet.
A) 1342
B) 1432
C) 1234 Q.19. Options 1 and 6 are fixed for the following
D) 4321 parajumble. Find its correct order.
1) It’s funny, the things that stick in your mind for
ever.
2) I went so far as to pick up magazines I couldn’t
Q.17. even read properly, just to practice and perfect my
1) But that feeling pales in comparison to the jolts finger-licking page-turning technique. Before long,
of cold concrete under barefoot as you my Nan saw me proudly in action.
approach your mailbox, the excitement of 3) I noticed that every time she turned a page, she
physically holding a letter that isn’t junk or a licked her finger first.
bill – your name written in ink with care and Deducing this was the kind of adult modus
purpose. operandi I should be aiming for, I started doing the
2) All for a ping of satisfaction. same thing.
3) We are encouraged to pour every thought, idea 4) “Oh, don’t do that, Ade,” she said. “Huh? Why
or moment into messaging apps – a stream-of- not?” “That’s only for grownups to do,” she
consciousness dump that we allow ourselves to
explained.
forget once the conversational tide turns.
5) When I was little, my brother and I would
4) Letter writing is in every way antithetical to our
usually go to our grandparents’ house after school.
modern ideas of communication: instant,
plentiful and filled with shorthand and images We would be given our tea in front of the telly,
sliding us towards the illusion of face to face which we would sit and watch while Grandad read
contact. the Express and Star and Nan read a magazine.
A) 2314 6) Duly chastised, I took this on board and didn’t
B) 4321 do it again until I was a grownup. To this day,
C) 4231 whenever I turn a stubborn page with a wetted
D) 4132 finger, I feel a bit guilty about it.
A) 3245
Q.18. B) 5342
1) Earlier this month, the Department for C) 5432
Transport gave £400,000 to the Hydroflex D) 5324
project, run by the University of Birmingham
and rail-leasing company Porterbrook, to bring
the first hydrogen train to UK main lines in the
next few weeks.
2) More than 50 years ago hydrogen fuel cells
helped put Neil Armstrong on the moon, but
mainstream usage of the technology has
remained elusive since.
3) In the UK, the transport secretary, Grant
Shapps, this week told MPs that the

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Q.20.
1) But for astronomer Scott Sheppard of the
Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington
DC, it was a much quieter affair. “It wasn’t like
there was a eureka moment,” he says. “The
evidence just built up slowly.”
2) Yet when asked how convinced he is that the
new world, which he calls Planet X (though
many other astronomers call it Planet 9), is
really out there, Sheppard will only say: “I think
it’s more likely than unlikely to exist.”
3) He’s a master of understatement. Ever since he
and his collaborator Chad Trujillo of Northern
Arizona University, first published their
suspicions about the unseen planet in 2014,
the evidence has only continued to grow.
4) You’d think that if you found the first evidence
that a planet larger than the Earth was lurking
unseen in the furthest reaches of our solar
system, it would be a big moment. It would
make you one of only a small handful of people
in all of history to have discovered such a thing.
A) 3214
B) 4231
C) 4132
D) 4123

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Answer Key Answer 4 - A

Explanation:
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (B) 4 (A) 5 (A) The para talks about 2 different cities and their
location.
6 (A) 7 (A) 8 (A) 9 (C) 10 (D) Only option 2 can start the para.
Option 1 and 4 form a pair. 1 talks about the city and
11 (C) 12 (B) 13(A) 14 (A) 15 (B) describes how it was the epicentre of Bulgarian
empire, option 4 talks about another city and how it
16 (C) 17 (B) 18 (A) 19 (D) 20 (C) has become a tourist attraction. Option 3 posts a
contrast over option 4 and refers to the city of Tsars.
Thus 143 should follow option 2. Hence option a is
Solutions the correct answer.
Answer 5 - A
Answer 1 - B Explanation:
Explanation: Option 2 clearly starts the passage. Option 4 talks
The fixed statement names various disorders. Option about what happened next after the author became
2 should follow as the various disorders have been single and thus follows option 2. The distant
mentioned are the ones which we also, at some relations are mentioned in option 5, thus option 5
point, face in our lives. Now, option 2 will precede follows 24. Now option 3 should follow this
option 3 as it discusses that you may have sequence because the images, as mentioned in 1,
experienced it and option 3 talks about, you may refers to the boston apartment’s memories. Thus
know someone who has experienced these. option a is the correct answer to the question.
Now, option 1 will follow option 3, which talks about
Jane and his mental health history. Thus 31 is a Answer 6 - A
mandatory pair. And this will be followed by option 4 Explanation:
in the end. Option 1 clearly begins the passage. It discusses
about the metropolitan subway system.
Options 2 and 3 are linked. The two options
Answer 2 - A combinedly talks about our exit from the station.
Explanation: Thus 23 is a pair. 123 is the sequence as of now.
Option 1 can only begin the para. Option 4 continues Option 5 concludes tha para by highlighting how we
the point discussed in option 1 that the area of tend to forget our encounters. Option 4 can only
forest cover has decreased. Option 3 is the logical precedes option 5. Thus the correct order is the
continuation of option 4. It discusses that reduction sequence itself.
in the forest area has occurred in a short duration,
which is mentioned in option 4. Option 2 ends the Answer 7 -A
para by stating the reason to why such fast paced Explanation:
decrease is seen. Thus 1432 is the correct order. Only options 2 and 3 can start the passage.
Option 4 follows option 3 as since the author never
Answer 3 - B thought of her hands, they did not have her
Explanation: attention. Thus 34 is a pair. option 1 continues the
Options 1 and 5 are a mandatory pair. The options author’s point of not being concerned about her
talk about scenarios of before and after protests. hands, thus 341 is a mandatory pair. Now option 2
Where option 5 discusses what the protests can cannot start the passage as it cannot precede option
achieve by making policy changes, option 2 talks 3 because there was a time when the author did not
about the lives of protestors and follows it. concern about her hands but she does now because
Now option 3 supports the point mentioned in she knows them in a different way now. Thus 2 best
option 4 and thus follows it. Hence the pair is 15243.

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concludes the passage. hence option a is the correct benchmarks may not be reliable. Thus 54 is the
answer. sequence till now.
21 is a mandatory pair. option 3 clearly precedes 21
and follows 54 as it links the problem to a solution.
Answer 8 - A Thus, 54321 becomes the correct sequence of the
Explanation: paragraph.
Option 2 describes a recent event and thus aptly
starts the passage.
Option 1 highlight the uncertain discovery that it is Answer 12 - B
gone already. Option 4 logically continues option 1. Explanation:
The event described in option 4 is followed by We need not to read the complete option 4. We only
another event in option 3 which makes the discovery need to figure out its gist.
uncertain, as to whether it is a neutron star or a So after reading the first 3 options, we can figure out
black hole. that the unregulated www is coming to an end. The
Hence option a is the correct answer. options also suggest that there has been some
individual actions which when collectively taken may
Answer 9 - C end the era of www. These individual actions are
Explanation: described in option 4.
After the world war, liberal order was created. The Option 2 can only start the passage as option 4 must
option which describes the order should follow it. follow option 1 as it defines some steps by the big
only option 4 does this. Hence option 4 continues internet giants, these are mentioned in 4. Thus 4
the fixed statement. Option 1 is the logical immediately follows 2.
continuation of option 4 as it points out that the Now, option 3 logically continues the idea flow by
purpose of the order is not being served and the stating that these are all individual actions but when
order has changed. Option 2 and 3 describes what taken all together they can make serious changes,
has changed, thus they continue option 1. Hence which is stated in option 1. Thus 2431 is the correct
option c is the correct answer. sequence.
Answer 10 - D
Explanation: Answer 13 - A
Only option 4 can start the passage. it describes the Explanation:
cuts on the budget of arts in the New York. Option 3 Going through the given statements we can figure
gives the reason for the cut and thus follows option that options 2 and 4 are linked. One talks about
4. acting normal and the other suggest that the author
Now option 1 points out the exact amount which is fed up of acting normal. Thus 2 and 4 form a pair
was allocated last year and option 2 demonstrates with 2 following 4.
the reduced amount. Thus they follow 43 in that Now, option 3 must precede option 5 as since the
order itself. Hence option d is the correct answer. author was not able to get a drink in the first place,
she had a drink in another town, though she may not
Answer 11 - C have gone there just to have a drink, but she
Explanation: definitely discusses it because she was not able to
Only option 5 can begin the para. Option 2 cannot have the drink in the first place. Hence option 35 is a
begin because it talks about the algorithm which can pair in that order itself. The pair must also
prevent the increase in the case count. Thus which immediately follow 42 as well. Option 1 concludes
kind of case count or any of such question must be that if we are acting normal then why are we not
clarified before option 2. Thus option 5 begins the feeling normal. Thus option a is the correct answer.
para. Now, only option 4 can follow option 5
because option 5 discusses some benchmarks which Answer 14 - A
acts as alarm systems and option 4 talks that such Explanation:

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The para highlights that though almost all people Option 4 clearly starts the para. Option 3 logically
believe in god and believe that the spirituality health carries the thought that we immerse in modern
is important, it is rarely discussed. communication only for a ping but receiving a letter
Thus by this we can conclude that only option 2 can gives a different feeling than just a ping. Thus 4321 is
begin the passage as option 1 is the continuation of the correct order of parajumble.
the contrast presented by the polls.
Option 3 logically continues option 2 by highlighting Answer 18 - A
that we agree that both the health are equally Explanation:
important. But still it is rarely addressed. Thus Going through the sentences we can figure that 24 is
making 41 a pair. Hence 2341 is the correct order. a mandatory pair. 2 refers that the technology has
Answer 15 - B not been much used and 4 highlights that this may
Explanation: be changing now. 2 also happens from the sentences
Only option 1 can start the para, rest of the options to be an ideal starting sentence.
are dependent. Now option 3 clearly precedes option 1. First you tell
Option 3 talks about the romanticism of the that we are thinking to experiment with hydrogen
literature as mentioned in option 1. Option 2 powered trains then give the order. Thus 2431 is the
logically follows option 3 as it highlights that the correct order of the paragraph.
illusion of their literature being different busted.
Thus 32 is a pair and option 1 starts the passage. Answer 19 - D
Now option 4 can only fit between options 1 and 3 Explanation:
as it highlights that the literature will always remain Going through the options we can conclude that the
incorrigibly romantic. Then the 3rd option discusses author narrates an incident which has stuck with
how it is different and further 2nd highlights that this him.
illusion bursted. Option 5 clearly follows option 1. Now the author
Thus 1432 is the correct order. have noticed something which he even tried to
simulate and got a reply from his Nan. 5324 is a clear
Answer 16- C order of the story.
Explanation:
Going through the options, only option 1 can start Answer 20 - C
the passage. Now, going through options 2 and 3, Explanation:
there is a link between the two. 2 mentions that the The paragraph talks about some new discovery by
causes of melting may be a result of human actions Scott Sheppard who tends to be a master of
and 3 mentions that the US has a lab there as well, understatement. Also we figure out that only option
which reflects the excess because of human actions. 4 can start the passage.
Thus 23 follows option 1. Option 4 easily follows Now, option 4 can only be proceeded by option 1 as
option 3 as it mentions another aspect of the report it illustrates the scientists name.
and thus concludes the passage. 1234 is thus the Now option 2 shall follow option 3. Option 3 ends
correct order of the paragraph. with the fact that the evidence of the discovery
continues to grow and option 2 picks on that and
highlights the quality of the scientist of
Answer 17 - B understatement.
Explanation: Thus 4132 is the correct sequence.
The author talks about how letter writing gives
satisfaction when compared to other forms of
electronic information exchange methods.

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Chapter 8: Connectors
Introduction
A connector is a general term for a word that joins a
word, phrase or clause to another clause.

Types of connector questions asked in entrance

exams include:
 Fill in the blanks with appropriate
connectors
 Choosing appropriate connector from the
options that can join two given sentences
 Choosing the sentences that can be
connected in options via a single connector
given in the question
 Forming a single sentence from a list of
given sentences

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Q.4) -------- the report was submitted a year ago, the

Solved Examples figures of loss quoted in the report managed to
alarm the judges.
a) Too
Q.1-10) Complete the sentence by filling in the
b) Though
given blank/blanks with appropriate connector
c) Finally
from the options provided.
d) Likewise
e) Nevertheless
Q.1) We urge authorities to restore connectivity
---------- people in Myanmar can communicate with
their families and friends and access important
information. Answer- B
a) so that ‘Though’ is the appropriate connector to start the
b) as well as sentence with; indicating the contrast b/w the two
c) because actions.
d) even though
e) in fact Q.5) Alice Augusta Ball developed an injectable oil
extract, the first successful treatment for leprosy.
Answer- A ------------ she did not get credit for her discovery for
‘so that’ is the appropriate connector here, as it nearly 90 years.
helps answer the question as to why authorities a) Meanwhile
need to restore the connectivity. b) Instead
c) Because
Q.2) TMC has never opposed President's address,
d) Subsequently
---------- we disagree with it.
e) However,
a) moreover
b) in addition Answer- E
c) since ‘However’ is the right choice to indicate the contrast
d) even though needed in the given context.
e) as
Q.6) Ball Method, was the only pain-free treatment
Answer- D for leprosy available for over thirty years -----sulfone
‘even though’ (despite the fact that) will be suitable drugs were introduced.
connector here as it rightly shows the contrast a) secondly
present in the given statement.
b) finally
c) until
Q.3) Rihanna on Tuesday became the first global
d) unless
name to voice her support to the ongoing farmers
e) hence
agitation ---------- criticising the Internet shutdown at
the protest sites at Delhi border.
a) also
b) while Answer- C
c) when ‘until’ suitably fills the given blank indicating a time
d) since reference through an event/occurrence of sulfone
e) during drugs being introduced.

Answer- B Q.7) The predator spent hours with its canine prey in
‘while’ is the suitable time connector explaining the a locked room --------- made no move to harm it.
two events happening parallelly. a) but
b) and

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c) therefore
d) anyway Answer- A
e) additionally ‘through’ clearly explains the method by which the
expansion of services is happening.
Answer- A
As what happened (predator making no move) is in Q.11-15) Complete the para by filling in the given
contrast with the expectation, ‘but’ would be the blanks with appropriate connector from the options
appropriate connector to convey the intended provided.
meaning.
Q.11)
Q.8) ---------- the earthmover moved in, the leopard i) while ii) besides iii) unlike iv) also v) however
suddenly jumped towards the roof, bringing down a vi) and vii) moreover viii) among
portion of the sheet. In his Inaugural Address, President Biden struck the
a) Next right note, delivering a message of unity and hope,
b) As 11. --------- not ignoring the enormous challenges
c) Afterwards the nation faced. His declaration that the nation was
d) Despite celebrating the triumph of a cause — the cause of
e) While democracy was most timely. 12. ------ Mr. Biden’s
strengths are that he detests bigotry, and abhors
identity politics. He tends to be idealistic, 13. ------- is
deeply committed to democratic values. He is a
Answer- B multilateralist, unlike his predecessor, Donald
‘As’ will be the appropriate time connector to fit in
Trump. As the ultimate Beltway insider, he knows
the given blank as the statement explains the actions
better than most, that opposition to many of his
happening at the same moment.
ideas and views exist just beyond the horizon. 14.
Q.9) -----------------, you are trying to create an --------, that in seeking to restore the prestige of
atmosphere for voluntary compliance and -------------, America’s democracy and revive its economy, he
you are not leaving behind the persons trying to would face many obstacles. 15. He has, -----------,
game the system. chosen to gamble on the throw of the dice by issuing
a) Hardly, when a spate of Executive Orders, almost immediately
b) On the one hand, on the other intended to give expression to his initiatives, and
c) Not only, But also also by announcing a series of initial measures which
d) Either, or are, as likely as not, to provoke a great deal of
e) Neither, nor opposition.
a) i
Answer- B b) ii
Option B will be the suitable pair to meaningfully c) iv
complete the given sentence. d) v
e) vi
Q.10) With a clear focus on expansion of Metro Rail
and bus services --------- Central funding, Budget Answer- A
2021 has recognised a core component of ‘while’ would be the suitable conjunction here as
urbanisation. parallel actions are described.
a) through
b) otherwise Q.12)
c) whereas i) while ii) besides iii) unlike iv) also v) however
d) due to vi) and vii) moreover viii) among
e) even though In his Inaugural Address, President Biden struck the
right note, delivering a message of unity and hope,

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11. --------- not ignoring the enormous challenges chosen to gamble on the throw of the dice by issuing
the nation faced. His declaration that the nation was a spate of Executive Orders, almost immediately
celebrating the triumph of a cause — the cause of intended to give expression to his initiatives, and
democracy was most timely. 12. ------ Mr. Biden’s also by announcing a series of initial measures which
strengths are that he detests bigotry, and abhors are, as likely as not, to provoke a great deal of
identity politics. He tends to be idealistic, 13. ------- is opposition.
deeply committed to democratic values. He is a a) iii
multilateralist, unlike his predecessor, Donald b) ii
Trump. As the ultimate Beltway insider, he knows c) iv
better than most, that opposition to many of his d) v
ideas and views exist just beyond the horizon. 14. e) vi
--------, that in seeking to restore the prestige of
America’s democracy and revive its economy, he Answer- E
would face many obstacles. 15. He has, -----------, ‘and’ is the suitable conjunction here to describe
chosen to gamble on the throw of the dice by issuing multiple characteristics of Joe Biden
a spate of Executive Orders, almost immediately
intended to give expression to his initiatives, and Q.14)
also by announcing a series of initial measures which i) while ii) besides iii) unlike iv) also v) however
are, as likely as not, to provoke a great deal of vi) and vii) moreover viii) among
opposition. In his Inaugural Address, President Biden struck the
a) i right note, delivering a message of unity and hope,
b) ii 11. --------- not ignoring the enormous challenges
c) iv the nation faced. His declaration that the nation was
d) vi celebrating the triumph of a cause — the cause of
e) viii democracy was most timely. 12. ------ Mr. Biden’s
strengths are that he detests bigotry, and abhors
Answer- E identity politics. He tends to be idealistic, 13. ------- is
As multiple strengths are being discussed, ‘among’ deeply committed to democratic values. He is a
would be suitable here to indicate the same. multilateralist, unlike his predecessor, Donald
Trump. As the ultimate Beltway insider, he knows
Q.13) better than most, that opposition to many of his
i) while ii) besides iii) unlike iv) also v) however ideas and views exist just beyond the horizon. 14.
vi) and vii) moreover viii) among --------, that in seeking to restore the prestige of
In his Inaugural Address, President Biden struck the America’s democracy and revive its economy, he
right note, delivering a message of unity and hope, would face many obstacles. 15. He has, -----------,
11. --------- not ignoring the enormous challenges chosen to gamble on the throw of the dice by issuing
the nation faced. His declaration that the nation was a spate of Executive Orders, almost immediately
celebrating the triumph of a cause — the cause of intended to give expression to his initiatives, and
democracy was most timely. 12. ------ Mr. Biden’s also by announcing a series of initial measures which
strengths are that he detests bigotry, and abhors are, as likely as not, to provoke a great deal of
identity politics. He tends to be idealistic, 13. ------- is opposition.
deeply committed to democratic values. He is a a) i
multilateralist, unlike his predecessor, Donald b) ii
Trump. As the ultimate Beltway insider, he knows c) iv
better than most, that opposition to many of his d) v
ideas and views exist just beyond the horizon. 14. e) vi
--------, that in seeking to restore the prestige of
America’s democracy and revive its economy, he Answer- C
would face many obstacles. 15. He has, -----------,

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‘Also’ will be appropriately used here to provide the e) As soon as

additional information as stated.
Answer- A
Q.15) Following would be the sentence which would be
i) while ii) besides iii) unlike iv) also v) however grammatically and logically coherent.
vi) and vii) moreover viii) among The house needs new wallpapers; for this purpose,
In his Inaugural Address, President Biden struck the the mason stripped away the old and torn ones.
right note, delivering a message of unity and hope,
11. --------- not ignoring the enormous challenges Q.17)
the nation faced. His declaration that the nation was I) It was raining heavily.
celebrating the triumph of a cause — the cause of II) Riya went for the client meeting.
democracy was most timely. 12. ------ Mr. Biden’s
strengths are that he detests bigotry, and abhors a) not
identity politics. He tends to be idealistic, 13. ------- is b) Next
deeply committed to democratic values. He is a c) As long as
multilateralist, unlike his predecessor, Donald d) Nevertheless
Trump. As the ultimate Beltway insider, he knows e) Eventually
better than most, that opposition to many of his
ideas and views exist just beyond the horizon. 14. Answer- D
--------, that in seeking to restore the prestige of The two sentences indicate an action despite the
America’s democracy and revive its economy, he unfavorable circumstances. Thus, ‘nevertheless’ (in
spite of that) would be the suitable connector to use.
would face many obstacles. 15. He has, -----------,
Following would be the sentence which would be
chosen to gamble on the throw of the dice by issuing
grammatically and logically coherent.
a spate of Executive Orders, almost immediately It was raining. Nevertheless, Riya went for the client
intended to give expression to his initiatives, and meeting.
also by announcing a series of initial measures which
are, as likely as not, to provoke a great deal of Q.18)
opposition. I) She had all the qualities required for the role
a) i II) The company did not hire her.
b) ii
c) iv a) Correspondingly
d) v b) Whenever
e) vi c) All the same
d) As a result
Answer- D
e) Whether
‘However’ correctly depicts the contrast here.
Answer- C
Q.16-20) Given below are the two statements.
The two sentences indicate an action despite the
Choose the connector from the given options that unfavorable circumstances. Thus, ‘all the same’ (in
would appropriately join these statements spite of that) would be the suitable connector to use.
Following would be the sentence which would be
Q.16) grammatically and logically coherent.
I) The house needs new wallpapers. She had all the qualities required for the role; all the
II) The mason stripped away the old and torn ones. same, the company did not hire her.

a) For this purpose Q.19)

b) For I) He apologised and rescheduled it.
c) Consequently II) The manager forgot to connect with the employee
d) Provided that for Annual Appraisal.

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a) Therefore
b) While
c) In order to
d) Instead
e) Yet

Answer- A
There is a cause and result relationship b/w the
given sentences. So, ‘therefore’ would be apt here.
Following would be the sentence which would be
grammatically and logically coherent.
The manager forgot to connect with the employee
for Annual Appraisal. Therefore, he apologised and
rescheduled it.

Q.20)
I) Dogs are the most faithful pets.
II) They make amazing walking companions.

a) Because
b) Since
c) In conclusion
d) Furthermore
e) Primarily

Answer- D
‘Furthermore, will be the suitable connector here to
link one statement giving additional information
about the topic, after the first statement.

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Practice Questions (A) Prina had performed for top Corporate clients.
(B) They were the best in the past five years.
(C) The performances on the Annual night were
Q.1-5) In the question given below few sentences
mind-boggling.
are given which are grammatically correct and
(D) She was the best dancer available in the city.
meaningful. Connect them by the word given above
the statements in the best possible way without
a) Only C-A
changing the intended meaning. Choose your
b) Both A-D & C-B
answer accordingly from the options to form a
c) Both A-B & D-B
correct, coherent sentence.
d) Only D-C
e) No connection possible
Q.1) Still
Q.4) As long as
(A) She is 105 years old.
(A) The teacher allowed students to miss the classes.
(B) She wakes up before the sun to head to the
(B) They performed ‘Excellent’ in the exams.
fields.
(C) The children could play in the garden.
(C) Pappammal comes from a generation of farmers
(D) They finished all assigned chores.
who believe in doing the hard work themselves.
(D) She welcomes a steady stream of relatives,
a) Only C-A
friends, and journalists to her home in Thekkampatti
b) Only A-B
village near Coimbatore.
c) Only D-B
d) Both A-B& C-D
a) Only C-A
e) No connection possible
b) Only A-B
c) Both A-B & D-B
Q.5) In addition
d) Both D-B & C-A
e) No connection possible
(A) Artists always keep a tap on who their art is
reaching to.
(B) The company is throwing an event that would
attract thousands of spectators.
(C) It invited a couple of them to perform at the
Q.2) But
company’s upcoming event.
(D) The committee welcomed the suggestions made
(A) I have noticed people keeping artificial plants and
by the budding artists.
plastic decorations in fish tanks.
(B) I wanted to keep mine natural.
a) Only C-A
(C) Nishant keeps himself updated on new
b) Only A-B
techniques of aquascaping.
c) Both A-B & D-B
(D) When I come home after flying, the first thing I
d) Only D-C
do is turn on the aquarium lights.
e) No connection possible

a) Only C-A
Q.6-10) Complete the sentence by filling in the
b) Only A-B
given blank/blanks with appropriate connector
c) Only D-B
from the options provided.
d) Both D-B & C-A
e) No connection possible
Q.6) Do you love ‘The One Ring’ from ‘The Lord of
the Rings’ which rules them all, bring them all?
Q.3) Indeed
------------ meet this single cryogenic chip that can

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control thousands of qubits or the building blocks of

quantum computers. Q.11-15) In the questions, there are three/four
a) Then sentences given in Italics which can be combined
b) Moreover into a single sentence. Identify the option which
c) Further combines these sentences into a single meaningful
d) In essence and grammatically correct one.
e) Briefly
Q.11)
Q.7) Discriminating females can judge the fitness of a
potential mate by the quality of their song — i) That ability has given us an evolutionary/survival
nature's way of ensuring that only the best genes get advantage.
passed on.-------------- most mammals, it is the ii) We can not only assess for threats as far away as
female that mounts the male she has judged most the horizon.
deserving of her favours. iii) We can decode the behavior, intentions, and body
a) also language of those close to us.
b) although
c) In contrast to a) That ability has given us an evolutionary/survival
d) even though advantage wherein we can not only assess for
e) clearly threats as far away as the horizon, but also decode
the behavior, intentions, and body language of those
Q.8) The COVID-19 pandemic has unequivocally close to us.
highlighted how vital the health of the planet is for
our individual and collective well-being -------------- b) That ability has given us an evolutionary/survival
the growth of our economies. advantage also, we can not only assess for threats as
a) as well as far away as the horizon, but decode the behavior,
b) after intentions, and body language of those close to us.
c) all in all
d) soon c) We can not only assess for threats as far away as
e) besides that the horizon, but also decode the behavior,
intentions, and body language of those close to us
Q.9) From determining if others are paying attention such that ability has given us an
to us, whether they are happy to see us, the eyes evolutionary/survival advantage.
have it hands down. ---------- our emotional state is
often writ large in our eyes. d) We can not only assess for threats far away as the
a) further horizon, but also decode the behavior, intentions,
b) except for and body language of those close to us and that
c) and then ability has given us an evolutionary/survival
d) overall advantage.
e) in fact
e) None of the above
Q.10) He unfortunately does not have a
postsecondary education, ------ he is an intellectually Q.12)
curious person who strives to be informed about
important current events. i) It is true that our pupils will constrict when we see
a) after things that need to come into higher focus.
b) but ii) We see something beautiful, attractive, or desired.
c) in order to iii) When we see something threatening in the
d) unless distance.
e) therefore iv) Our pupils will dilate to let in more light.

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c) As soon as we continue to shelter-in-place,

a) Our pupils will constrict when we see things that experience ongoing political discord, and live day-to-
need to come into higher focus, it is true that if we day, it can feel like an uphill struggle to experience
see something beautiful, attractive, or desired; moments of happiness – such that maintain balance,
nonetheless, our pupils will dilate to let in more light focus, and resilience.
when we see something threatening in the distance.
d) It can feel like an uphill struggle to experience
b) It is true that our pupils will constrict when we see moments of happiness as well as maintain balance,
things that need to come into higher focus as soon focus, and resilience, but we continue to shelter-in-
as; we see something beautiful, attractive, or place, experience ongoing political discord, and live
desired; additionally our pupils will dilate to let in day-to-day.
more light when we see something threatening in
the distance. e) None of the above

c) It is true that our pupils will constrict when we see Q.14)

things that need to come into higher focus or when
we see something threatening in the distance; while i) The simple act of paying attention can bring
our pupils will dilate to let in more light when we see mindfulness to the moment.
something beautiful, attractive, or desired. ii) For example, pay careful attention when you pour
a glass of water.
d) It is true that our pupils will constrict when we see iii) Sit down on a chair, or talk with a friend.
things that need to come into higher focus or when
we see something threatening in the distance a) The simple act of paying attention can bring
despite that our pupils will dilate to let in more light mindfulness to the moment. For example, pay
when we see something beautiful, attractive, or careful attention when you pour a glass of water, sit
desired. down on a chair, or talk with a friend.

e) None of the above b) The simple act of paying attention can bring
mindfulness to the moment. Moreover, pay careful
Q.13) attention when you pour a glass of water, sit down
on a chair, or talk with a friend.
i) Maintain balance, focus, and resilience.
ii) It can feel like an uphill struggle to experience c) The simple act of paying attention can bring
moments of happiness mindfulness to the moment. Then, pay careful
iii) We continue to shelter-in-place, experience attention when you pour a glass of water, sit down
ongoing political discord, and live day-to-day on a chair, or talk with a friend.

a) As we continue to shelter-in-place, experience d) The simple act of paying attention can bring
ongoing political discord, and live day-to-day, it can mindfulness to the moment. Finally, pay careful
feel like an uphill struggle to experience moments of attention when you pour a glass of water, sit down
happiness – to maintain balance, focus, and on a chair, or talk with a friend.
resilience.
e) None of the above
b) It can feel like an uphill struggle to experience
moments of happiness – to maintain balance, focus, Q.15)
and resilience, nevertheless, we continue to shelter-
in-place, experience ongoing political discord, and i) In some ways that’s one of the best ways we can
live day-to-day. connect with ourselves.
ii) Stay grounded in who we are.

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iii) An engine for striving to better ourselves and our Q.17) People who are curious, intelligent, dedicated
lives. to understanding the world, may -------------be (in our
iv) Have an eye on using that very humility. view) mired in superstition and pseudoscience.

a) In some ways that’s one of the best ways we can a) as

connect with ourselves – stay grounded in who we b) along
are while at the same time have an eye on using that c) thus
very humility through an engine for striving to better d) nevertheless
ourselves and our lives. e) briefly

b) In some ways that’s one of the best ways we can Q.18) Intuitionist thinking (“gut thinking”), with all its
connect with ourselves – stay grounded in who we attendant cognitive biases, is natural, ----------
are while at the same time have an eye on using that rigorous critical thinking has to be taught, and it
very humility as an engine for striving to better cannot be taught quickly or easily.
ourselves and our lives.
a) also
c) In some ways that’s one of the best ways we can b) whereas
connect with ourselves – have an eye on using that c) then
very humility as an engine for striving to better d) particularly
ourselves and our lives and stay grounded in who we e) firstly
are at the same time.

d) In some ways that’s one of the best ways we can

connect with ourselves – stay grounded in who we
are so as to have an eye on using that very humility
as an engine for striving to better ourselves and our
lives.
Q.19) The internet does make it easier to find
e) None of the above information debunking conspiracy theories, for
those possessing critical thinking skills. --------
Q.16-20) Complete the sentence by filling in the information overload and a chaotic information
given blank/blanks with appropriate connector environment are factors ------.
from the options provided.
a) Neither, nor
Q.16) Many people over-rely on information shared b) But, too
on social media by friends and others they trust, as c) However, finally
their main news source, ---------- traditional d) Likewise, in short
mainstream media where there is at least more fact- e) Nevertheless, also
checking and curation.
Q.20) Deliberate political manipulation by
a) rather than unscrupulous leaders serving their own egotistical
b) as well as and power interests can sway large swaths of a
c) similarly population ---------- the dissemination of deliberate
d) due to misinformation and propaganda.
e) along with a) basis
b) therefore
c) in particular
d) in fact
e) through

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Following combination would be logically and

Answer Key grammatically appropriate as one sentence gives
further information after the other on the same
1(B) 2(B) 3(B) 4(D) 5(D)
topic.
The committee welcomed the suggestions made by
6(A) 7(C) 8(A) 9(E) 10(B) the budding artists. In addition, it invited a couple of
them to perform at the company’s upcoming event.
11(A) 12(C) 13(A) 14(A) 15(B)
Q.6) Answer- A
‘Then’ is the suitable connector here as it
16(A) 17(C) 18(B) 19(B) 20(E)
appropriately captures the sequence of observations
in the sentence.
Solutions
Q.7) Answer- C
As two different ideas are being talked about, ‘In
Q.1) Answer- B contrast to’ would be suitable choice here.
The combined sentence using A & B could be as
follows: Q.8) Answer- A
She is 105 years old and still wakes up before the sun ‘as well as’ is suitable as the sentence mentions
to head to the fields. multiple things in the list.

Q.2) Answer- B Q.9) Answer- E

The combined sentence using A & B could be as ‘In fact’ will be the correct connector as the second
follows: statement adds on to the first and emphasizes the
I have noticed people keeping artificial plants and point.
plastic decorations in fish tanks but wanted to keep
mine natural. Q.10) Answer- B
‘But’ rightly indicates the contrast as a person
Q.3) Answer- B without a postsecondary education is intellectually
There are two pairs of sentences wherein one curious unlike usually expected.
emphasizes the point with additional piece of
information. Q.11) Answer- A
Following could be the logical combinations. Option A would be the grammatically and logically
coherent sentence.
Priha had performed for top Corporate clients.
Indeed, she was the best dancer available in the city. Q.12) Answer- C
Option C would be the grammatically and logically
The performances on the Annual night were mind- coherent sentence.
boggling. Indeed, they were the best in the past five
years. Q.13) Answer- A
Q.4) Answer- D Option A would be the grammatically and logically
‘As long as’ is used to imply a condition. We can coherent sentence.
conclude the following connections as appropriate. Usage of ‘as soon as’ is incorrect in option c. Option
b and d have incorrect sequence of phrases which is
The teacher allowed students to miss the classes as grammatically and logically questionable.
long as they performed ‘Excellent’ in the exams.
Q.14) Answer- A
The children could play in the garden as long as they Option A would be the grammatically and logically
finished all assigned chores. coherent sentence.
For e.g. Is the appropriate connector here as the
Q.5) Answer- D concept in the first sentence is being instantiated in
the second sentence.

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Q.15) Answer- B Q.17) Answer- C

Option B would be the grammatically and logically ‘nevertheless’ (inspite of that) will fill in the given
coherent sentence. blank.
Use of ‘through’ is inappropriate in option a.
The sequencing of phrases and use of ‘in the same Q.18) Answer- B
way’ is misplaced in option c. As there is a comparison b/w two concepts,
‘so as to’ is incorrectly used in sentence D as there is ‘whereas’ will be the right choice of connector.
no ‘why?/reason’ relationship.
Q.19) Answer- B
Q.16) Answer- A ‘But’ and ‘too’ fits in the given blank, as we talk
‘rather than’ would be an appropriate connector as about a contrasting idea being true as well.
the sentence indicates preference of one choice
(social media) over the other (traditional media) Q.20) Answer- E
‘through’ is the correct choice as we use it to
indicate the means of doing something.

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Chapter 9: Analogy 1
Analogy where one word represents the effort and
Introduction the other one is the result.

9. Object and Function Analogy: Keyboard & to type

An analogy is the comparison through which the is an example of Object and Function Analogy, where
ideas or things are compared to each other. Through one word is object and another one is the related
analogy, the things, which are different or similar function.
from each other, are compared. It aims to explain
the ideas or things by doing a comparison. 10. Performer and action Analogy: In this analogy,
Metaphors and similes are used as tools to represent both the performer and action are mentioned. For
an analogy. Therefore, the analogy is more elaborate example, painter & paint.
than simile and a metaphor.

Types of Analogies
1. Opposite Analogy: Crying and laughing are the
example of opposite analogies as these two words
are opposite in terms of meaning.

2. Object and Classification Analogy: Objects can be

classified in the group. A same object can be
classified in different groups.
For example: knife & weapon, knife & kitchen ware.

3. Object and Related Object Analogy: Plant & Seed

is the example of Object and Related Object
Analogies. Both are related to each other.

4. Cause and Effect Analogy: Fire & burn, read &

learn are the examples of Cause and Effect
Analogies, where two things are related with each
other in terms of cause and effect. One is the cause
and the other one is the consequences of the cause.

5. Degrees of a Characteristic Analogy: This analogy,

mostly comprises the adjectives, but not for all
cases. For example, tired & exhausted, cold &
freezing.
6. Object and Group Analogy: Where several objects
together make a group is known as Object and
Group Analogy. For example, trees & forest.

7. Problem and Solution Analogy: Each problem has

a solution. Here two words related to each other are
used in the Problem and Solution Analogy. For
example, tired & sleep.

8. Effort and Result Analogy: Pain & painting, write

& letter are the example of the Effort and Result

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Hence, [D].
Solved Examples
Q.4) Choose an option which best captures the
relationship similar to the given pair.
Q.1) Choose an option which best captures the
Sugar : Sweet
relationship similar to the given pair.
a) Honey : Bee
Hammer : Carpenter
b) Salt : Dry
a) Gardener : Shovel
c) Chilli: Spicy
b) Farmer : Plough
d) Clove : Spice
c) Wool : Sheep
Answer: C
d) Pen : Writer
The given relationship is of property i.e., 'sugar' is
'sweet'. Only ‘chilly’ which is ‘spicy’ has a similar
Answer: D
relationship to the given pair. Though clove is a
A ‘hammer’ is used by a ‘carpenter’. Similarly, a ‘pen’
spice, it is not a property of clove.
is used by a ‘writer’. The relationship between the
Hence, [C].
tools and the occupation is inverted in options a and
b. Wool is not used by sheep as a tool and thus,
Q.5) Choose the pair of words which has a similar
option c can be eliminated.
relationship to the given pair.
Hence, [D].
Grave : Serious
a) Gourmet : Glutton
Q.2) Choose an option which best captures the
b) Crucial : Important
relationship similar to the given pair.
c) Unimportant : Urgent
Rare : Unusual
d) Heavy : Light
a) Occasional : Seldom
b) Diamond : Prevalence
Answer: B
c) Steady : Moving
The given words are synonyms of each other. Option
d) Burglar : Burglary
B shows a similar relationship. Option a, c and d
depict an antonymous relationship.
Hence, [B].
Answer: A
Only [A] has a synonymous relationship similar to
Q.6) In each of the following questions, a
the given pair. Options B and C are antonymous of
capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of
each other. Option D doesn’t show a similar
words. Select the answer that best expresses a
relationship to the one given.
relationship similar to that expressed in the
Hence, [A].
capitalized pair.
Imbue : Instil
Q.3) Choose an option which best captures the
a) Phobia : Craze
relationship similar to the given pair.
b) Impart : Communicate
Invalid : Untrue
c) Ocean : Bay
a) Attentive : Diligent
d) Insult : Assault
b) Irregular : Regular
Answer: B
c) Common : Rare
The relation is that of synonyms. Just as 'imbue' is to
d) Sensible : Practical
'instill'; similarly, 'impart' is to 'communicate'.
Hence, [B].
Answer: D
The given relationship is of synonyms. D has a
Q.7) In each of the following questions, a
synonymous relationship while all others are
capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of
antonyms of each other except option a, where the
words. Select the answer that best expresses a
words are not directly linked.

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relationship similar to that expressed in the b) Grumble : Growl

capitalized pair. c) Warm : Heat
Instinct : Herd d) Fast : Speedy
a) Dancing : Groove Answer: A
b) Ferocity : Pride 'Smart' and 'grubby' are antonyms and so is the pair
c) Complex : Craven in A. 'Manifest' means something that is apparent
d) Nature : Mild while 'concealed' means 'hidden'. Hence, [A].

Answer: D Q.11) In each of the following questions, a

A ‘herd instinct’ is used to connote a typical way of capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of
thinking or acting –– similarly the term ‘mild nature’ words. Select the answer that best expresses a
implies a particular attitude. relationship similar to that expressed in the
Hence, [D]. capitalized pair.
Foible : Frailty
Q.8) Choose an option which best captures the a) Entice : Inveigle
relationship similar to the given pair. b) Cheerful : Lugubrious
Foal is to Mare as Fawn is to: c) Royal : Royalty
a) Bear d) Healthy : Virulent
b) Cow
c) Doe Answer: A
d) Fish The capitalized pair is synonymous. Both refer to a
'flaw' or 'defect', similarly 'entice' and 'inveigle' both
Answer: C mean to 'lure'.
'Foal' is a young horse and 'Mare' is the feminine Hence, [A].
gender of horse. 'Fawn' is a young deer and the
feminine gender of a deer is 'Doe'. Q.12) In each of the following questions, a
Hence, [C]. capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of
words. Select the answer that best expresses a
Q.9) Choose an option which best captures the relationship similar to that expressed in the
relationship similar to the given pair. capitalized pair.
Die : Death Comity : Courtesy
a) Thought : Think a) Ire : Provoke
b) Loss : Lose b) Arouse : Ennui
c) Permit : Permission c) Apathy : Indifference
d) Sale : Sell d) Sympathy : Stupor
Answer: C
Answer: C 'Comity' and 'courtesy' are synonyms, similarly
‘Die’ is the verb form while ‘death’ is its noun form. 'apathy' means 'indifference'.
Only [C] has a similar relationship to the given pair. Ire and provoke are neither synonyms nor antonyms.
The other pairs have an inverted relationship. Words in option b are unrelated.
Hence, [C]. Hence, [C].

Q.10) In each of the following questions, a Q.13) Choose an option which best captures the
capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of relationship similar to the given pair.
words. Select the answer that best expresses a Bad : Worst
relationship similar to that expressed in the a) Good : Best
capitalized pair. b) Farthest : Far
Smart : Grubby c) Most : Many
a) Manifest : Concealed d) Least : Little

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Answer: B
Answer: A The analogy used is of two words synonymous to
‘Worst’ is the superlative degree of ‘bad’. Similarly, each other. 'Discuss' is the synonym of 'deliberate'.
‘best’ is the superlative degree of ‘good’. All the Similarly, 'protest' is the synonym of 'remonstrate'.
other options have an inverted relationship. Hence, [B].
Hence, [A].
Q.17) In each of the following questions, a
capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of
words. Select the answer that best expresses a
relationship similar to that expressed in the
capitalized pair.
Scoop : Sensationalise
Q.14) Choose an option which best captures the a) slab : rationalise
relationship similar to the given pair. b) tax : equalise
Traditional : Modern c) evidence : implicate
a) Stiff : elastic d) officer : acquaint
b) Plant : Trees
c) Tender : Gentle Answer: C
d) Rough : Coarse ‘Scoop’ is information that is not generally known. A
scoop seeks to sensationalise, just as evidence in
Answer: A court seeks to implicate.
The given pair of words are antonyms of each other. Hence, [C].
Option A has a similar relationship while trees and
plants are not antonyms of each other and rest all Q.18) Choose an option which best captures the
the others are synonyms. relationship similar to the given pair.
Hence, [A]. Sometimes : Infrequently
a) Consistently : Rarely
Q.15) Choose the correct alternative. b) Constantly : Regularly
If interview is to applicant, then auditions is to c) Frequently : Seldom
_______. d) Never : Always
a) Lecturer
b) Player Answer: B
c) Painter Only B has a synonymous relationship similar to the
d) Singer given pair. All the other pairs are antonyms of each
other.
Answer: D Hence, [B].
An 'applicant' goes for an 'interview' to get a job. In
the same way, a 'singer' goes for 'auditions' while Q.19) Choose an option which best captures the
seeking employment. relationship similar to the given pair.
Hence, [D]. Author : Books
a) Teacher : Textbook
b) Actress : Movies
Q.16) Deliberate is to Discuss as Remonstrate is to c) Poet : Poems
___________. d) News : Journalist
a) Break
b) Protest Answer: C
c) Eschew An ‘author’ writes ‘books’. Similarly, a ‘poet’ writes
d) Expose ‘poems’. A ‘teacher’ or ‘actress’ does not write a

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‘textbook’ or a ‘movie’. Though ‘news’ is written by a

‘journalist’, the order is inverted.
Hence, [C].

Q.20) Choose an option which best captures the

relationship similar to the given pair.
Eskimo : Igloo
a) Temple : Priest
b) Tent : Nomad
c) Palace : King
d) Soldier : Barracks

Answer: D
Just as an ‘eskimo’ lives in an ‘igloo’, a ‘soldier’ lives
in ‘barracks’. A priest does not live in temple.
Similarly, a nomad may not live in tent. Option C
shows inverted relationship.
Hence, [D].

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c) Cotton : Wool
Practice Questions d) Linen : Fabric

Q.1) Choose an option which best captures the

relationship similar to the given pair. Q.7) Choose an option which best captures the
Bees : Buzz relationship similar to the given pair.
a) Cattle : Moo Advent : Arrival
b) Quack : Ducks a) Smile : Laugh
c) Frogs : Neigh b) Excite : Depress
d) Goat : Grunt c) Dampen : Dry
d) Weaken : Strengthen
Q.2) The first and the second words of the question
are related in some way. Choose the option that Q.8) Choose an option which best captures the
has a similar relationship with the third word. relationship similar to the given pair.
Spleen : Anger : : Gall : ? Confront : Avoid
a) Timidity a) Resist : Accept
b) Audacity b) Learn : Study
c) Prejudice c) Emerge : Appear
d) Gallantry d) Proceed : Stumble

Q.3) 'Chuckle' is related to 'laughter' in the same Q.9) Choose an option which best captures the
way as 'criticism' is related to: relationship similar to the given pair.
a) Sorrow Coward : Intrepid
b) Denigration a) Clown : Jocular
c) Extolment b) Pauper : Indigent
d) Punishment c) Churl : Pleasant
d) Soldier : Valiant
Q.4) Choose an option which best captures the
relationship similar to the given pair.
Pen : Author
a) Saw : Carpenter Q.10) Choose an option which best captures the
b) Speed : Speedometer relationship similar to the given pair.
c) Gardener : Trowel Farmer : Sickle
d) Painter : Brush a) blacksmith : anchor
b) woodcutter : axe
Q.5) Choose an option which best captures the c) tailor : bell
relationship similar to the given pair. d) writer : bandage
Letter : Word
a) Music : Rhythm Q.11) Choose an option which best captures the
b) Mail : Envelope relationship similar to the given pair.
c) Paragraph : Essay Stage : Actor
d) Song : Music a) Chisel : Carpenter
b) Easel : Artist
Q.6) Choose an option which best captures the c) Flower : Florist
relationship similar to the given pair. d) Dais : Police
Bonnet : Hat
a) Pants : Jeans Q.12) Choose an option which best captures the
b) Shirts : Dress relationship similar to the given pair.

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Esteem : Detest words are related to each other in the SAME way as
a) Like : Admire the words of the capitalized pair.
b) Respect : Desire Divine : Earthy
c) Weep : Cry a) Change : Emotion
d) Glorify : Despise b) Batter : Patter
c) Bathing : Pathetic
d) Sublime : Foolish

Q.13) Choose an option which best captures the Q.18) In each of the following questions, a
relationship similar to the given pair. capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of
Archer : Bow words. Select the answer that best expresses a
a) Angler : Rod relationship similar to that expressed in the
b) Assassin : Whistle capitalized pair.
c) Farmer : Magnet Entomology : Insects
d) Warrior : Lamp a) Philately : Stamps
b) Biology : Environment
Q.14) Pick out the option that cannot be combined c) Etymology : Numbers
with the given pair of words to form a meaningful d) Philology : Literature
expression. Q.19) In each of the following questions, a
Crown : Head capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of
a) Icing : Cake words. Select the answer that best expresses a
b) Chip : Shoulder relationship similar to that expressed in the
c) Veneer : Surface capitalized pair.
d) Sole : Shoe Strange : Weird
a) Esoteric : Ecclesiastic
Q.15) Pick out the option that cannot be combined b) Puzzling : Mystique
with the given pair of words to form a meaningful c) Archaic : Antiquated
expression. d) Ravenous : Sated
Restive : Calm
a) Strong : Feeble Q.20) In each of the following questions, a
b) Virile : Impotent capitalized pair of words is followed by 4 pairs of
c) Nervous : Anxious words. Select the answer that best expresses a
d) Handsome : Ugly relationship similar to that expressed in the
capitalized pair.
Cow : Bovine
a) Cat : Canine
Q.16) Pick out the option that cannot be combined b) Mouse : Feline
with the given pair of words to form a meaningful c) Dog : Equine
expression. d) Wolf : Lupine
Pearl : Oyster
a) Peas : Pod
b) Stalk : Wheat
c) Rice : Paddy
d) Brain : Skull

Q.17) The following questions consisting of two

capitalized words which have a certain relationship
to each other, is followed by four numbered pairs
of words. Choose the numbered pair in which the

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Just as a ‘bonnet’ is a type of ‘hat’, ‘linen’ is a type of

Answer Key ‘fabric’. The other options are incorrect as they do
not represent a ‘type of’ relationship. Hence, [D].

1(A) 2(B) 3(B) 4(A) 5(C) Q.7) Answer: A

Advent and Arrival have a synonymous relationship.
6(D) 7(A) 8(A) 9(C) 10(B) Option A depicts a similar relationship.
11(B) 12(D) 13(A) 14(D) 15(C) Hence, [A].

16(B) 17(B) 18(A) 19(C) 20(D) Q.8) Answer: A

The given pair of words are antonyms of each other.
Thus, only A has a similar relationship as the given
Solutions pair as all others are synonyms of each other.
Hence, [A].
Q.9) Answer: C
Q.1) Answer: A
‘Coward’ is not fearless or ‘intrepid’. Similarly, a
‘Buzz’ is the sound of ‘bees’. Similarly, ‘moo’ is the
‘churl’ or a rude person is not ‘pleasant’.
sound of ‘cattle’. Option B is inverted. Neigh is the
Hence, [C].
sound of horse. Grunt is the sound of camels.
Hence, [A].
Q.10) Answer: B
Here the relationship is user : object. A ‘farmer’ uses
Q.2) Answer: B
a ‘sickle’ to cut crops. Similarly, a ‘woodcutter’ uses
The relationship is that of the body organ and quality
an ‘axe’ to cut wood.
associated with it. 'Spleen' is associated with 'anger'
Hence, [B].
and 'gall' is associated with audacity. Hence, [B].
Q.11) Answer: B
Q.3) Answer: B
Just as an ‘actor’ displays his talent on a ‘stage’, an
'Laughter' is an extreme form of 'chuckle'. 'Criticism'
‘artist’ displays his talent on an ‘easel’. An easel is an
is finding fault in a mild way whereas 'denigration' is
upright tripod for displaying something (usually an
criticism in a derogatory manner, i.e., it is an
artist’s canvas).
extreme form of criticism.
Hence, [B].
Hence, [B].
Q.12) Answer: D
Q.4) Answer: A
Just as ‘esteem’ and ‘detest’ are opposite to one
The given pair denotes the relationship between a
another, so are ‘glorify’ and ‘despise’.
tool and the professional who uses it. Only A has a
Hence, [D].
similar relationship, option b does not depict the
relationship between a tool and the professional and
Q.13) Answer: A
in the other options the relationship is inverted.
The association is of user : object. Just as an ‘archer’
Hence, [A].
uses a ‘bow’, an ‘angler’ uses a ‘rod’ (to fish).
Hence, [A].
Q.5) Answer: C
Just as ‘letters’ form ‘words’, ‘paragraphs’ form
‘essays’. The other options are incorrect as they are
Q.14) Answer: D
not parts of the whole.
A ‘crown’ is worn on the top of the ‘head’. Options
Hence, [C].
A, B and C all have this relationship. But a ‘sole’ is
used on the bottom of a shoe.
Q.6) Answer: D
Hence, [C].

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Q.15) Answer: C Q.18) Answer: A

The words in the question pair are antonyms, as are Entomology is the study of insects, similarly
options A, B and D. But ‘nervous’ and ‘anxious’ are 'philately' is the study of 'stamps'.
synonyms. Hence, [A].
Hence, [C].

Q.16) Answer: B
Pearls are found inside oysters. There is a similar Q.19) Answer: C
relationship in A, C and D. But a ‘stalk’ is not found The capitalized pair is synonymous. Choice C is the
inside ‘wheat’. only pair of synonyms. Hence, [C].
Hence, [B].
Q.20) Answer: D
Q.17) Answer: B 'Bovine' means 'cow'–like qualities; similarly 'lupine'
The capitalized pair is antonymous and so is B. is 'wolf'– like.
‘Batter’ means hit hard; ‘Patter’ means hit lightly. Hence, [D].
Hence [B].

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Chapter 10: Analogy 2

Q.4) JAZZ: DANCE
Solved Examples a) actor: theatre
b) novel: book
c) guitar: musical instrument
Q.1-10) Choose the option which exhibits similar d) piano: band
relationship as between the words given in the bold e) Both b & c
in that order.
Answer 4- E
Q.1) DILIGENT: HARD-WORKING
Jazz is a kind of dance.
a) deride: ridicule
Similarly, novel is a type of book and guitar is a type
b) eccentric: conventional
of musical instrument.
c) inclusive: exclusive
d) amicable: hatred
e) feisty: dull

Answer 1- A
The given pair has a synonymous relationship.
Deride and ridicule (mock, express contempt for) are Q.5) RAIN: UMBRELLA
the synonyms and show similar relationship. a) tsunami: roof
b) mosquitoes: net
Q.2) TEACHER: EDUCATE c) snow: snowsuit
a) tailor: clothes d) animals: forest
b) cobbler: shoes e) Both b & c
c) singer: sing
d) lawyer: judge Answer 5- E
e) writer: articles We use umbrella for protection from rain.
Similarly, net is used for protection from mosquitoes
Answer 2- C and snowsuit is used for protection against snow.
The relationship is of the profession and their main
job/action/task. Q.6) FROGS: CROAK
A teacher educates and a singer sings. a) donkeys: buzz
b) goats: screech
Q.3) DOCILE: WILFUL c) bears: growl
a) ebullient: cheerful d) bats: gibber
b) appetite: hunger e) crows: mew
c) moral: principles
d) malevolent: benevolent Answer 6- C
e) ugly: sad Croak is the sound made by frogs. Similarly, growl is
the sound made by bears.
Answer 3- D
Docile(submissive) and Wilful (strong-willed,
determined) are antonyms.
Malevolent (hostile, malicious) and Benevolent(kind-
hearted) share the similar antonymous relationship.

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Q.7) HERD: SHEEP Q.11-15) Choose the pair of words which have a
a) tower: gorillas similar relationship to that between the given pair
b) kangaroos: troop of words:
c) monkeys: gibber
d) pride: lions Q.11) If ALTIMETER is to altitude, then
e) grunt: camels DYNAMOMETER is to
a) height
Answer 7- D b) torque
Herd is a term used to describe a group of sheep. c) direction
Similarly, pride is a term used for a group of lions. d) volume
e) radiation
Q.8) FOOT: TOE
a) pages: book Answer 11- B
b) wall: brick Altimeter is a device used to measure altitude while
c) water: bottle dynamometer is a device used to measure
d) bouquet: tea torque/force.
e) None of the above
Q.12) If LIZARD is to REPTILE, then LION is to
Answer 8- B a) jungle
The given pair resembles Part to Whole analogy b) mammal
Toe is a part of foot, while brick is a part of wall. c) amphibian
d) arthropod
Q.9) ERASER: CLEAN e) wild
a) pencil: write
b) lighter: light Answer 12- B
c) fevicol: bind Lizard is a reptile while Lion is a mammal.
d) shovel: dig
e) All of the above Q.13) If RUNNING is to WALKING, then GORGING is
Answer 9- E to
The given pair resembles Object and the Function a) flying
analogy. b) eating
An eraser rubs/cleans while a pencil writes, a shovel c) drinking
digs, fevicol binds and a lighter lights something. d) sleeping
Thus, all the options are correct. e) fighting

Q.10) DERMATOLOGY: SKIN Answer 13- B

Running is an intense form or a higher degree of
a) astrology: stars
‘walking’ action. Similarly, gorge is a higher degree of
b) cartology: maps
‘eat’ action.
c) shells: conchology
d) both a & c
e) both a & b Q.14) If DINNER is to MEAL, then BALLET is to
a) orchestra
Answer 10- E b) musician
Dermatology is the study/branch of medicine dealing c) dance
with the skin and its related issues. Similarly, d) cartoon
cartology is the science/study of making maps and e) theatre
astrology of stars and how their positioning affects
events on earth. Answer 14- C
Ballet is a form of dance like dinner is a form of
meal.

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Q.15) If VIRTUE is to VICE, then FAKE is to The given pair has a ‘member and class’ analogy.
a) mistake Similarly, sheesham is a kind of wood and so on.
b) genuine Neem is a kind of plant. However, disc is not a kind
c) truth of engine. It is a type of break.
d) fishy
e) steal Q.19) HAPPY: ECSTATIC
a) occupied: swamped
Answer 15- B b) tipsy: drunken
Vice and Virtue are antonyms. Fake would be c) intelligent: genius
antonymous to genuine. d) hungry: starving
e) concise: verbose

Q.16-20) The given pair of words in bold resemble a Answer 19- E

specific relationship. From the options, choose the ‘Happy and Ecstatic’ indicate degree of intensity
pair which doesn’t resemble the same relationship analogy. Ecstatic means overwhelmingly happy and
as the given pair in that order. Choose the odd-one excited.
out. Concise and verbose are antonyms and do not depict
the given analogy. Hence it’’ll be the odd pair.
Q.16) PARIS: EUROPE
a) Hyderabad: India
b) New York: North America Q.20) RUSSIA: ROUBLE
c) Brazil: South America a) Afghanistan: Afghani
d) Sydney: Australia b) Algeria: Dinar
e) Cape town: Africa c) Thimpu: Ngultrum
d) Belgium: Brussels
Answer 16- A e) Israel: Shekel
The given pair has country and corresponding
continent. Hyderabad-India will be the odd-one as it Answer 20- D
is city and country pair. The pair given is of country and currency.
Brussels is the capital of Belgium and hence will be
Q.17) CETOLOGY: CETACEANS the odd pair.
a) Spaleology: Caves
b) Pathology: Disease
c) Ornithology: Apiary
d) Nephology: Clouds
e) Mycology: Fungi

Answer 17- C
Cetology is the study of cetaceans (whales, dolphins
and porpoises).
Ornithology is the study of birds. Hence, option c will
be the odd one.

Q.18) NEEM: TREE

a) disc: engine
b) sheesham: wood
c) sedan: car
d) fiction: novel
e) stilettos: footwear

Answer 18- A

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Q.7) PORK: PIG

Practice Questions a) venison: deer
b) beef: cattle
c) mutton: lamb
Q.1-10) The given pair of words in bold resemble a d) squab: pigeon
specific relationship. From the options, choose the e) cat: kitten
pair which doesn’t resemble the same relationship
as the given pair in that order. Choose the odd-one
Q.8) COURT: LAW
out.
a) mosque: religion
b) hotel: stay
Q.1) SPHERE: CIRCLE
c) aviary: eggs
a) cube: square
d) museum: artifacts
b) prism: triangle
e) planetarium: spaceshows
c) cylinder: tube
d) parallelogram: quadrilateral
Q.9) OBSOLETE: CONTEMPORARY
e) Both c and d
a) conceal: reveal
b) rookie: experienced
Q.2) COTTON: THREAD c) loyal: faithful
a) blade: scissors d) bizarre: normal
b) wood: furniture e) caustic: smooth
c) metal: ring
d) foam: mattress Q.10) GANDER: GOOSE
e) plastic: paper a) Boar: Sow
b) Bull: Calf
Q.3) FEMININE: WOMAN c) Rooster: Hen
a) masculine: man d) Buck: Doe
b) canine: dog e) Stallion: Mare
c) feline: cat
d) equine: horse Q.11-15) Choose the option which exhibits similar
e) None of the above relationship as between the words given in the bold
in that order.

Q.4) INTERESTED: PASSIONATE Q.11) HAMMER: NAIL

a) pretty: sore a) Knife: peeler
b) ashamed: blame b) Screwdriver: wall
c) arrogant: assertive c) Pencil: Eraser
d) late: punctual d) Scissors: Paper
e) All of the above e) Saw: Iron

Q.5) DUKE: DUCHESS Q.12) CARPENTER: CHAIR

a) actor: actress a) painter: canvas
b) barman: bartender b) cobbler: wood
c) groom: bride
c) author: book
d) widower: widow
d) songwriter: song
e) waiter: waitress
e) Both c & d
Q.6) GORILLAS: BAND
a) jellyfish: smack Q.13) STABLE: HORSE
b) rats: colony a) ant: hill
c) rabbits: herd b) dog: kennel
d) Tiger: cub c) pig: sty
e) fish: school d) cat: cattery
e) burrow: rabbit

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e) binge
Q.14) HUMILITY: HUMBLE
a) vision: sight Q.20) DOVE is related to PEACE as RAVEN are
b) depression: psychology related to
c) solace: peace a) love
d) compassion: kind b) anger
e) None of the above c) death
d) life
e) joy
Q.15) GLUCOSE: ENERGY
a) travel: vacation
b) injection: mercury
c) fall: injury
d) explosion: debris
e) Both c & d

Q.16-20) Choose the pair of words which have a

similar relationship to that between the given pair
of words:

Q.16) CAKE is related to ICING as NAILS are related

to
a) jewellery
b) nailpaint
c) brooch
d) anklet
e) filer

Q.17) HOST is related to HOSTESS as LANDLORD is

related to
a) tenant
b) landlady
c) rent
d) queen
e) princess

Q.18) BRAIN is related to NEUROLOGY as KIDNEY is

related to
a) nephrology
b) hematology
c) hepatology
d) gastrology
e) psychology

Q.19) PROLOGUE is related to EPILOGUE as PILOT is

related to
a) conclusion
b) summary
c) episodes
d) finale

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Pig’s meat is called pork. However, kitten is the

Answer Key young one of a cat.

1(E) 2(E) 3(E) 4(E) 5(B) Q.8) Answer- C

6(D) 7(E) 8(C) 9(C) 10(B)
The function of court is related to law, similarly
mosque is a place of religion and so on.
11(D) 12(E) 13(E) 14(D) 15(E) Eggs however are not related to aviary(A place
where birds are kept)
16(B) 17(B) 18(A) 19(D) 20(C)

Solutions Q.9) Answer- C

Obsolete (out of trend) and contemporary
(belonging to the current time) are antonyms. Loyal
Q.1) Answer- E and faithful being synonymous would be the odd -
Circle is a 2-D fig and Sphere is the circular 3D figure. one.
Similarly, square is a 2-D fig. cube is a square 3 D fig.,
prism is triangular 3 D figure. Q.10) Answer- B
Option c and d do not indicate similar relationship The given pair resemble ‘male-female’ relationship.
and hence would be odd. Calf is however a young one of bull.

Q.2) Answer- E Q.11) Answer- D

Thread is made of cotton. Similarly, furniture is made The given pair resembles The tool and the object
of wood, mattress is made of foam and so on. analogy.
Paper and Plastic have no such relation and hence Hammer is used on a nail and scissors are used on
odd one. paper.

Q.3) Answer- E Q.12) Answer- E

Feminine is used to indicate ‘associated with The given pair resembles ‘Creation/Product of a
woman’. Similarly, feline is associated with cat, worker’ analogy.
canine with dog and so on. None of the given pairs A chair is made/crafted by a chair while a songwriter
are incorrect. composes a song and an author produces a book.

Q.13) Answer- E
A stable is a place where a horse lives and a burrow
Q.4) Answer- E is a place where a rabbit lives.
Interested and passionate (extremely interested and
excited about something) show a ‘degree of Q.14) Answer- D
intensity’ analogy. Humility is posed by someone who is humble and
None of the given pairs show the similar one who is kind has compassion.
relationship. Hence, e would be the correct option.
Assertive and Arrogant do show a degree of intensity Q.15) Answer- E
but are not in right order. The given pair resembles The cause and effect
analogy.
Q.5) Answer- B Glucose results in energy like a fall results in an
The given pair shows ‘male-female’ relationship. injury and an explosion results in debris
‘Barman and Barmaid” would be the right pair.
Q.16) Answer- B
Q.6) Answer- D Icing is used to decorate the cake while nail paint
Band refers to a group of gorillas. helps decorate nails.
However, cub is the young one of a tiger.
Q.17) Answer- B
Q.7) Answer- E Host and hostess share ‘male-female’ relationship
and so do landlord and landlady.

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Q.18) Answer- A
Neurology is the science of brain and nervous system Q.20) Answer- C
while nephrology is the study of kidneys. Dove is a symbol of peace while raven is a symbol of
death.
Q.19) Answer- D
Prologue and Epilogue are beginning and concluding
sections in a book while Pilot and Finale refer to the
beginning and final episodes of a series.

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Chapter 11: Odd One Out

(Parajumbles)
Transition Words
Introduction Transition words make the shift from one idea to
another very smooth. They organize and connect the
The sentences provided in Odd One Out questions sentences logically. Observing the transition words
are jumbled parts of a paragraph or a short passage found in a sentence can often give you a clue about
and have some relationship between them except the sentence that will come before/after that
for one of the sentences among them. Thus, one of particular sentence. Given below are some
the sentences will not resonate with the relationship commonly used transition words:
that the other sentences have. Hence, that sentence also, again, as well as, besides, furthermore, in
will be the odd one out of the given sentences. addition, likewise, moreover, similarly, consequently,
hence, otherwise, subsequently, therefore, thus, as a
rule, generally, for instance, for example, for one
The best way to solve questions of Odd One Out thing, above all, aside from, barring, besides, in
topic is by finding the odd sentence by separating other words, in short, instead, likewise, on one hand,
the remaining sentences which when combined on the other hand, rather, similarly, yet, but,
together form a meaningful paragraph. however, still, nevertheless, first of all, to begin with,
at the same time, for now, for the time being, in
This can be done by using the method of solving time, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the
Parajumbles questions. meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously,
afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind, after all,
Parajumbles are jumbled paragraphs. Basically, you
are given a paragraph - but the sentences are not in all in all to sum-up.
the right order. It's up to you to untie this knot and
rearrange the sentences so that they logically make
sense.
Given below would be 4 or 5 perplexing sentences
which he would need to sort and arrange like a
jigsaw puzzle. Sounds fun? It is. If one knows how to
go about it, that is. Solving jumbled paragraphs is a
science. It is so much of a science that you can
obtain an accuracy of 100% even if you are not a
good reader.
Once you solve the jumbled puzzle and obtain the
arrangement, you will get the remaining sentence
which does not fit into the paragraph.
This sentence is your answer.

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While all statements seem related to this concept, d

Solved Examples talks about phases of Modernization which are not
really discussed any further, while all others support
Q.1) the same thought of linkage between the two
a) In many verses he adopts the conversation mode (modernization & industrialization).
to address the Lord directly. a & c will be the pair in this sequence as a mentions
b) For instance, in the hymn Periya Thiruvadi, what has been the case historically and c further
Nammazhwar tries to enter into the Lord’s mind and describes that. e is the generic starter and b will
he is able to visualize His magnanimity and follow it as it says ‘First of all’.
boundless generosity to all jivatmas.
c) Azhwars have been blessed to have the mystic
vision of the transcendent Lord and their hymns are
replete with their spontaneous and joyous Q.3) a) Nevertheless, there is general agreement
experience of the Lord’s unique attributes, pointed among historians, anthropologists, economists,
out Asuri Sri Madhvacharya in a discourse. sociologists, and others who study slavery that most
d) In one such verse, Azhwar, seeing the Lord’s eyes of the following characteristics should be present in
that appear red, guesses that this is owing to His order to term a person a slave.
compassion to those devotees who have no desire b) Peons were either persons forced to work off
for anything else and seek Him for His sake alone. debts or criminals.
e) He has not done enough and wishes to do c) A slave was considered by law as property, or
something more in response to her surrender. chattel, and was deprived of most of the rights
ordinarily held by free persons.
Q.1) Answer- E, d) There is no consensus on what a slave was or on
cbad would be the correct sequence and e would be how the institution of slavery should be defined.
the odd one. e) Slavery, condition in which one human being was
c would be the clear opener with the introduction of owned by another.
Azhwars and their vision of Lord. In b, an eg. Related
to hymns talked about in sentence c has been given. Q.3) Answer- B,
a & d are linked via the verses being talked about. ecda would be the correct sequence and b would be
e talks about the someone’s surrender which is not the odd one.
the context. Hence, would be the odd one out. Sentence e defines Slavery and hence would make
the opening. c further explains what a slave was. da
will be pair as there is change in tone by using
‘Nevertheless’ as the narrative moves from ‘no
Q.2) a) Historically, the rise of modern society has consensus’ to general agreement.
been inextricably linked with the emergence of b gives a sort of an example about how Peons were
industrial society. treated, which can fit into the domain of slavery, but
b) To modernize a society is, first of all, to may actually come later into the narrative or at least
industrialize it. after the general brief on the topic which is covered
c) All the features that are associated with by the remaining four sentences.
modernity can be shown to be related to the set of
changes that, some 250 years ago, brought into
being the industrial type of society.
d) Modernization seems to have two main phases.
e) Modern society is industrial society.

Q.2) Answer- D,
ebac would be the correct sequence and d would be
the odd one.
The paragraph talks about the relation of
modernization of society with the onset of
industrialization.

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Q.4) Although all sentences do talk about and are related

a) Since 1989, China has insisted that the Tiananmen to Haloween, we have to look closer through them
Square protests were kindled by support from to identify the coherence.
foreign powers — an allusion to the West and
America in particular. Sentence a seems to be a smooth opener and then
b) And that the 22-year-old activist, Disha Ravi, who as it talks about how old the tradition is, we can
helped edit that toolkit, is a threat to India’s move on to statement d talking about its origins.
sovereignty, deserving of time behind bars. Now, to contrast with ‘Originally’, ‘Today’ will follow.
c) That a pro-farmer ‘toolkit’ — a social media B/w b & e, b contrasts(fun & dress up) better with
strategy of the kind every company and political ‘religious linkage’ mentioned in d.
movement uses for marketing and campaigning — is
a grave danger to India. e talks about the business aspect of Halloween
d) Speak of your global commitment to human rights which could be part of another para on the same
while targeting minorities and cracking down on all topic.
forms of dissent at home.
e) In 2021, the Modi administration wants everyone
to believe that a Khalistani conspiracy, somehow Q.6)
aided and abetted by the teenaged Swedish climate a) Some of the earliest currencies were objects from
activist, Greta Thunberg, is behind the farmers’ nature.
protests against controversial laws. b) Although they may seem a pretty random choice,
the shells had a number of advantages: they were
Q.4) Answer-D, similar in size, small, and durable.
aecb would be the correct sequence and d would be c) Counterfeiting dates to the invention of money.
the odd one. d) While the mollusks that produce the shells are
ecb seems a clear sequence as all three talk about found in the coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific
what is the general audience expected to believe. a oceans, the expansion of trade meant that even
& e can come together, comparing India & China some European countries accepted cowrie shells as
across the years. currency.
Now statement d seems related but very generic and e) A notable example is cowrie shells, first used as
doesn’t fit into the sequence. money about 1200 BCE.

Q.6) Answer- C,
Q.5) aebd would be the correct sequence and c would be
a) Halloween has been around for more than a the odd one.
thousand years.
b) Today Halloween is considered a holiday for The para talks about the objects of nature being
dress-up and fun, especially for children. used as currency and a seems a suitable opener. e
c) Halloween’s origins can be traced back to the gives an example and will follow a. b explains why
ancient Celtic festival known as Samhain, which was the shells could seem to be an awkward choice. d
held on November 1 in contemporary calendars. refers to ‘the’ shells being talked about so far and
d) Originally a religious observance, it became gives further information on the topic.
increasingly secular over the centuries until its
religious trappings all but disappeared. e talks about counterfeiting which is related to
e) Today, Halloween is one of the biggest holidays money but not the specific idea of natural objects
for candy sales in the United States, exceeding $2.5 being used as a currency. Thus, it’ll be the odd one.
billion annually.

Q.5) Answer- E, Q.7) a) New people enter the system, the system
adbc would be the correct sequence and e would be adapts.
the odd one. b) As organizations grow, they progress through
somewhat predictable patterns of culture change.

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c) And yet, leaders frequently express their Q.9) a) Ever since living organisms have existed,
apprehension about culture change as a company they’ve been fighting one another for survival.
grows. b) Modern humans beat out the Neanderthals
d) But what is “us” in a growing company? because we were better adapted to evolving
e) This happens because culture is an expression of weather conditions.
how a group of people works together to solve c) Those who were “fittest” survived to pass on their
collective problems (Schein & Schein, 2017), and as genes to offspring, and those who didn't ceased to
organizations grow the group of people involved in exist.
solving those problems evolves and changes. d) If problems exist, they snowball into larger
relationship issues.
Q.7) Answer- D, e) Survival of the fittest also explains how,
beac would be the correct sequence and d would be nowadays, smaller Canadian whitefish have a higher
the odd one. reproductive advantage than larger whitefish
because they’re harder to catch with the large nets.
be would be a pair as b talks about cultural change
and e states the reason. a extends on that idea and Q.9) Answer- D,
finally c mentions how despite all of it, leaders acbe would be the correct sequence and d would be
remain apprehensive. the odd one.

d talks about ‘us’ which has not been mentioned ‘Fighting for survival’ of the fittest seems to be the
here. topic of discussion here. a is the introductory opener
and c follows with describing the topic.
be will be pair in sequence as they both give
Q.8) a) In general, the unemployment rate in the examples of survival of the fittest.
United States is obtained by dividing the number of d may or may not be related.
unemployed persons by the number of persons in
the labor force (employed or unemployed) and Q.10)
multiplying that figure by 100. a) In recent years, radical politics has faced a number
b) What news websites or any kind of content of new challenges, not least of which has been the
websites earn is a pittance. re-emergence of the aggressive, authoritarian state.
c) By that measure, a person is counted as b) The Left finds itself in an ideological vacuum.
unemployed if he or she does not have a full-time, c) Accumulation of wealth at one pole is, therefore,
part-time, or temporary job, is actively looking for a at the same time accumulation of misery.
job, and is currently available to be hired. d) Add to this the hegemony of the neo-liberal
d) There are, however, various ways of defining corporate world along with the demise of the Left
“unemployed,” each yielding a distinct and you have the free play of muscular
unemployment rate. majoritarianism of the Far Right.
e) The standard unemployment rate, referred to as e) Hyper-masculine nationalism, and a systemic
U-3, is the one most often cited. assault of racist and religious politics on the
marginalised are the latest rationale for the
Q.8) Answer- B, aggressive assertion of indiscriminate control of all
adec would be the correct sequence and b would be democratic institutions.
the odd one.
Q.10) Answer- C,
a seems a starter as it gives an idea of what is the aedb would be the correct sequence and c would be
general method used in US. In contrast to that, the odd one.
statement d mentions that there are other ways as
well. ec would be a pair as e talk about the measure a seems to be a decent opener by introducing the
and c explains it. challenges faced by ‘radical politics’. e & d further
talk about these challenges and how they are
b talks about news website which is unrelated to the affecting the left. b kind of gives a conclusion
para. regarding the impact on Left.

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Statement c looks very generic which may or may e) Schools all over India closed down by mid-March
not be related to the topic here. last year.

Q.11) a) This has merit in the context of Q.12) Answer- E,

management, science and other disciplines, and in abcd would be the correct sequence and e would be
the short term, could help qualified individuals the odd one.
overcome the deficiencies of their preparatory
years. The context here revolves around the role of
educational institutions in the process of learning
b) Reservation in educational institutions for and in certification. abcd will be the correct
students is the main ground for lack of talent. sequence.
c) One of the forward-looking remedial measures e is clearly out of the context and is just a random
suggested by the panel was to start government- fact.
sponsored preparatory programmes, which would
both equip aspiring faculty, and create a pool of
research talent. Q.13)
d) The failure of the Central higher education a) Ordering a cup of coffee in the U.S. is not easy.
institutions to recruit faculty to all the reserved b) How much we long for the familiar environs back
positions is usually attributed to the absence of home and relish a cup of steaming coffee.
enough qualified candidates, as the Education c) Next, the coffee-bean type has to be spelt out.
Ministry’s committee for IITs. d) First, we have to choose the cup-size from tall,
e) Such courses would also make these institutions grande and venti.
of higher learning more socially responsive, meeting e) If we clear this round, we are asked for the type of
the goal of addressing historical deprivation of milk from among full, half-n-half and skim.
communities based on caste.
Q.13) Answer- B,
Q.11) Answer- B, adec would be the correct sequence and b would be
dcae would be the correct sequence and b would be the odd one.
the odd one.
a opens up the para. adec is obvious sequence
ae would be pair as a mentions some courses and e explaining the step wise process of ordering coffee in
talks about ‘such courses’ further. d could be the the US. b seems related to the topic, however, it
start explaining the situation at first and c would may come as a part of a separate para or later after
follow it as it talks about the measures to address the process. Hence, it’ll be odd one from the
the failure spoken about in d. sequence here.

b talks about reservation for ‘students’ and not the Q.14)

‘faculty’ unlike other sentences and hence is out of a) A team of five immediately left for the spot.
place. b) The impact from the falling rock broke it [the
glacier] and this mass of rock and ice debris
avalanched over a nearly 40 degree slope for two
Q.12) kilometres before falling onto the Raunthi Gadhera
a) We have as a society confused education with the stream floor.
process that certifies people as educated. c) It fell on a hanging glacier, probably perched off a
b) Education is about learning and is fundamental to cliff.
a society’s or nation’s progress. d) We are about 90% certain that this was caused by
c) And the certification process of board exams and a combination of a large piece of rock, possibly from
degrees is at best a necessary evil. a mountain peak, breaking off.
d) When you forget for a moment about the e) This was probably part of the Raunthi/Mrigudhani
certification process and look at the school system as mountain.
a vehicle for learning, the mistakes we are making as
a society become obvious. Q.14) Answer- A,

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decb would be the correct sequence and a would be Q.16) Answer- B,

the odd one. aedc would be the correct sequence and b would be
the odd one.
de and cb are obvious pairs as linked by mountain
peak and glacier respectively. a talks about the ‘This’ in e refers to the situation expressed in a. One
response to the accident while the remaining four of the two processes mentioned in d is explained in c
points have been speaking about the probable (and possibly another statement which could have
cause. been the fifth one in sequence).

Q.15) a) Unless States in India have the autonomy to e talks about opposition which could be related to
create jobs, they will only resort to reserving existing the context but has to be a part of a separate para.
jobs for locals.
b) Haryana is not alone in this quandary.
c) So, it is entirely understandable that the Q.17) a) We need to contextualize the role of an
democratically elected Haryana government ombudsman in the news media.
panicked and chose to reserve the few available jobs b) Though an ombudsman is appointed by the
for its own voters. management of the news organization, the
d) World history warns us that when such a vast management provides independence and autonomy
majority of adults are jobless, it inevitably leads to to the Readers’ Editor while he or she examines
social revolutions and political upheavals. complaints and queries from the readers.
e) Politically, 11 million out of the 18 million voters c) Further, to ensure accuracy, there should be a
of Haryana do not have a regular job. formal visible correcting mechanism.
d) Course correction is binding on the news
Q.15) Answer- A, organization.
edcb would be the correct sequence and a would be e) He said all the revenue in the media is from the
the odd one. readers.

ed would be pair as ‘vast majority’ described in d is Q.17) Answer- E,

being mentioned in e. c further explains the decision abcd would be the correct sequence and e would be
of Haryana government basis what is said in d. b will the odd one.
conclude which says that Haryana is not alone in the
dilemma mentioned in c. a is the opening sentence here. It introduces that we
a talks about states in general (not specifically need to contextualize the role. bcd explain that idea
Haryana) and their autonomy which could be a part as to how do we do that. e is digressing from this
of a follow up para. idea and talks about revenue, hence is odd one.

Q.16) a) With the BJP now dominating the Q.18) a) The efforts of healthcare personnel, from
landscape, its allies have become more dependent ASHA workers with only basic training, to highly
on it. specialised intensive care physicians, have saved
b) The opposition is dominated by two major countless lives and made India proud.
alliances. b) That healthcare is science-based was convincingly
of development councils and ensured representation demonstrated.
in political bodies. c) The worst pandemic in a hundred years has
c) First, the BJP appropriated the question of cultural demonstrated the importance of healthcare and
identity and indigeneity and infused it with deeper public health in times of a health crisis.
religious meaning and symbols. d) We need to distinguish between the two.
d) The constitutive basis of such a compulsive e) Lab diagnosis, clinical assessments, triage and
coalition with the BJP can be attributed to two management ranging from home quarantine to
processes. intensive care, clinical trials discriminating between
e) This has shrunk the autonomous electoral space useful and useless therapeutic modalities all gave
for the regional parties. society a glimpse of how modern medicine works.

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Q.18) Answer- D, c) Already, AI has helped increase crop yields, raised

cabe would be the correct sequence and d would be business productivity, improved access to credit and
the odd one. made cancer detection faster and more precise.
d) The algorithm’s never-ending quest for data has
c will start the paragraph and others will follow led to our digital footprints being harvested and sold
which further describe how the importance of without our knowledge or informed consent.
healthcare was established. a details how people e) AI also presents serious data privacy concerns.
were saved. be will be pair as e explains how
healthcare is science based. Q.20) Answer- C,
edba would be the correct sequence and c would be
Q.19) a) I’m not an uncompromising admirer of the the odd one.
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), despite the fact
that I was once director of the crucial agency. While c talks about the benefits of AI, remaining
b) Extradition of accused persons who have fled sentences have a common ground with the privacy
India is the toughest task before the CBI. concern of data being accessed and through AI. Thus
c) The CBI’s performance in recent times has been a c would be odd-one out.
mixed bag, with its moments of glory alongside its edba would be the correct sequence to form a
moments of shame. coherent para. e introduces that AI has data privacy
d) It is also an outfit with a few glaring shortcomings, concerns, d, b and a further explore the concept
such as the enormous delay taken in completing with details.
many investigations and having in its ranks a set of
black sheep who have brought ignominy to the
organisation.
e) It is an outfit which has its strong points such as
talented and dedicated supervisors with a sound
knowledge of the law and of unquestioned integrity.

Q.19) Answer- B,
aedc would be the correct sequence and b would be
the odd one.

a would clearly be the starting sentence as it first

mentions CBI (with full form) before ‘the
organisation’ is being referred to in other sentences.
ed would pair basis ‘It is an outfit’ & ‘It is also an
outfit’, c would follow as a concluding remark on the
performance of CBI being discussed.
b doesn’t talk about CBI’s performance rather it just
mentions what could be a tough task for the
organization, so it's out of the context of other four
statements forming a coherent para.

Q.20)
a) Today, it is no exaggeration to say that with all the
discrete bytes of information floating about us
online, the algorithms know us better than we know
ourselves.
b) We are constantly being profiled in service of
customisation, putting us into echo chambers of like-
mindedness, diminishing exposure to varied
viewpoints and eroding common ground.

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such as grief due to loss of a loved one, retirement,

Practice Questions neglect or abuse are all risk factors.
Q.1) d) Age is not always the reason for changes related
to inactivity in old people.
a) Pulling faces work particularly well on social
media. e) When the elderly become more inactive, silent,
withdrawn, tired or weak, there is usually an
b) The last few days have seen a surge in AI-driven
ominous reason — depression.
videos that build on still photographs but – in the
larger scheme of things — shows the power of Q.4)
deepfakes.
a) Highly processed foods continue to dominate the
c) First appeared as Deep Nostalgia, offered by an American diet, despite being linked to obesity, heart
online genealogy company My Heritage. disease, type 2 diabetes and other health problems.
d) Though slightly creepy, it’s a good idea. b) Many foods found in nature are rich in either fat
or carbs, but typically they are not high in both.
e) A still photo is obviously static.
c) But a growing number of scientists say another
Q.2)
reason these foods are so heavily consumed is that
a) A piece of crumpled paper, in all of its creased for many people they are not just tempting but
fragmentations, suffers from “geometric addictive, a notion that has sparked controversy
frustration”. among researchers.

b) The theory provides a way of characterizing the d) They are cheap and convenient, and engineered
resulting fragments. to taste good.

c) Around the same time Andrejevic delved into the e) Recently, the American Journal of Clinical
scientific literature on fragmentation theory, which Nutrition explored the science behind food addiction
explores the physical principles explaining how and whether ultraprocessed foods might be
materials (rock, glass, volcanic debris, meteorites) contributing to overeating and obesity.
break into smaller and smaller pieces.

d) During hikes on the weekend, they found

Q.5)
inspiration in the natural world, looking at eroding
rockslides and pebbled beaches. a) A UNIQUE feature of Jawaharlal Nehru University
(JNU) is its student composition.
e) In the summer of 2019, Andrejevic and Rycroft
developed the facet analysis into a theory while b) These, however, are completely untenable
visiting the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory suggestions
in Berkeley, California, where Rycroft holds a visiting
position. c) Yet there is considerable social inter-mixing
among students, made possible perhaps by campus
politics which breaks down insularities.
Q.3) d) JNU having a large proportion of impecunious
students is the result of major student struggles in
a) This severe form of illness affects all age groups,
the past.
the old are especially vulnerable.
e) A substantial proportion of its students come from
b) My dad stays so silent of late.
socially and economically underprivileged families.
c) Loss of vision, hearing and memory; falls; injuries;
Q.6)
surgeries and poly-pharmacy as well as social issues

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a) If they don’t trust them, they’ll find all sorts of e) Breathing exercises are often recommended as a
reasons not to agree. way to activate the PNS.

b) But personal trust from alliance and rapport, the

kind that leads to the best outcomes, only develops
Q.9)
through regular personal contact and from believing
the professional has gotten to know them. a) Understanding your leadership strengths, and
particularly your limitations, is essential if you want
c) A psychologist provides a caring atmosphere
to improve your leadership capacity.
complete with couch.
b) It is humility that spurs them to become even
d) A person will go into a relationship with societal
better.
trust: a doctor works to bring them back to health
because that’s what doctors do. c) One thing is true: Leadership is hard work.
e) Trust only happens over time. d) The very best leaders know that they have areas
of weakness and they strive to improve.

e) This is exactly why research suggests that the very

Q.7)
best leaders possess humility.
a) In the West, the phrase has come to be associated
Q.10)
with turning a blind eye to something that is legally
or morally wrong, but the original meaning was that a) However, back in 1966 when he was first
a person should always avoid evil, including in deed. introduced, he was also the first Black superhero in
mainstream comics.
b) “See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil” is a
centuries-old proverb inspired by a Japanese carving b) Every comic book fan knows that Spider-Man
that depicts three monkeys, each with a hand allowed a criminal to escape from him, and that this
covering eyes, ears, and mouth, respectively. criminal later went on to kill his uncle.
c) People caught within sociocultural grievances or c) Nowadays, almost everyone knows the Black
injustices, and the impending sense that nothing will Panther.
ever change.
d) He is a comic book icon that was the star of one of
d) When we can’t stop seeing or hearing it, or else the most successful movies of all time.
are powerless to prevent it?
e) Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby for Marvel
e) But what do we do when we find ourselves in a comics (first appearing in Fantastic Four #52), it was
situation where “evil” is unavoidable? the first time comic book fans throughout the
country saw a Black man portrayed as a powerful
superhero and the king of his nation.
Q.8)

a) Identify an oxytocin-producing memory.

Q.11)
b) Stimulation of the vagus nerve—and thus
a) Neurostimulation can dramatically improve
protection against stress—switches on and off.
people’s brain function and thus their quality of life.
c) In a peaceful environment, constant protection is
b) Depending on the issue, it can permanently heal a
not needed.
problem or, with regular use, allow a person to feel
d) Though breathing out does activate the PNS, and think better, and to carry out actions or
breathing in deactivates it. behaviours in line with who they are.

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c) I’ve been thinking about why neurostimulation, a) In fact, it’s closer in size to Greenland than it is to
and these two techniques in particular, are not South America.
adopted widely, given how effective they are.
b) While Australia and most of Asia are situated on
d) AVE and CES are the most accessible, portable, separate tectonic plates, Greenland shares a tectonic
and affordable means of neurostimulation. plate with North America.

e) Brain injury requires seeing multiple specialists. c) At about 3 million square miles (7.7 million square
km), Australia is the smallest continent on Earth.

d) Although Australia is sometimes called an “island

Q.12)
continent,” most geographers consider islands and
a) The system works like this: photochromic dyes in continents to be separate things.
cyan, magenta and yellow, the standard set of
e) Does that make Australia an island like
pigments used in printing, are mixed into a sprayable
Greenland?
solution.

b) You spray the object—say, a shoe—with the ink.

Q.15)
c) The light saturates the colors, going from
transparent to fully saturated. a) They don’t sport a velvety texture atop the plastic
as often seen on premium headsets such as the Sony
d) Then you place the object in a box with a
WH-1000XM4.
projector and a UV and visible light source.
b) The cans are primarily made up of plastic with a
e) The team tested the system on a model car, a
combination of glossy and matte finishes.
phone case, a shoe and a toy chameleon.
c) The PlayGo BH70, however, feels a tad
inexpensive.
Q.13)
d) Most noise-cancelling headphones in the
a) The one thing missing from a vast range of premium category are well-built and premium-
government projects is a clearly worded contract looking.
that spells out the deliverables of all parties and the
e) We tried out the test and found little difference in
timelines.
the listening experience.
b) Whichever group meets the land requirement,
Q.16)
can also execute the project.
a) Among the disciplines that formed the social
c) A clearly worded contract with the financials spelt
sciences, two contrary, for a time equally powerful,
out in detail would be of great help.
tendencies, at first dominated them.
d) Giving farmers a fair share in the profit of such
b) The second tendency was toward specialization of
projects can generate trust.
the individual social sciences.
e) Between government and farmers, there is a long
c) The first was the drive toward unification, toward
legacy of distrust created over the last two decades
a single, master social science, whatever it might be
by so-called public-private partnerships where
called.
farmers’ land was acquired for a song and given to
builders. d) If, clearly, it is the second that has triumphed,
with the results to be seen in the disparate,
Q.14)
sometimes jealous, highly specialized disciplines

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seen today, the first was not without great a) Heron Farms works much like a standard
importance and must also be examined. hydroponic operation, in which plants are grown in
nutrient-rich water rather than soil.
e) All of these thinkers, and there were many others
to join them, saw the study of society as a unified b) Though Norton dilutes that seawater from 35
enterprise. parts per thousand of salt to just five or 10 parts per
thousand, it still puts an extra burden on the
Q.17)
equipment, which degrades faster in corrosive salt
a) Women are rendered cautious and subordinated water.
by patriarchy, which gives men the social power and
c) That’s not the case in other parts of the world.
legitimacy to make the rules and to police them.
d) So, every week, a local fishing crew brings in at
b) Too often men don’t challenge the systems that
least 380 liters of salt water from off Charleston’s
oppress women because they benefit from their
coast.
complicity.
e) But sea beans are a type of halophyte, a salt-
c) It means rather that individual men’s violence
loving terrestrial plant that can’t grow in pure fresh
keeps all women in a state of fear and self-
water.
monitoring because women can never be sure that it
will not be this man who will stalk, rape, attack or
attempt murder.
Q.20)
d) All men, whether we like it or not, have become
a) Christine Ellis doesn’t like feral cats.
symbols of danger to women.
b) In just over 230 years since their introduction to
e) This is not the same as saying that all men are
the continent, feral cats have wiped out more than a
potential rapists, murderers or abusers.
dozen species that lived alongside Ellis’s people for
Q.18) millennia and pushed others to the brink of
extinction.
a) Landing on Mars and Moon haven’t been a piece
of cake for humans. c) Australia's biodiversity is special and distinctive,
forged over millions of years of isolation.
b) For instance, if Venusian rocks formed in the
presence of water, that might suggest the planet d) As an Aboriginal Warlpiri ranger at Newhaven
was once able to support life. Wildlife Sanctuary in central Australia’s Great Sandy
Desert, she knows what they can do to Australia’s
c) While there are no imminent plans to send people
native animals.
to Venus, scientists are eager to learn more about
Earth’s neighbor, says Campbell, who recently led a e) As she puts it, out there, “There are no stories
team in mapping a large part of Venus’ surface. without cats”.

d) The temperature at the planet’s equator averages

880 degrees Fahrenheit and the atmospheric
pressure is 90 times the pressure on Earth.

e) Landing on Venus is challenging enough for

robotic missions, says Bruce Campbell, a senior
scientist at the National Air and Space Museum.

Q.19)

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adce would be the correct sequence and b would be

Answer Key the odd one.

The para talks about usage of processed food in

1(E) 2(A) 3(B) 4(B) 5(B)
America. a opens the sentence by stating that
processed foods continue to dominate American
6(A) 7(C) 8(A) 9(C) 10(B)
society despite associated health issues. d & c state
reasons for that.e mentions an instance related to
11(E) 12(E) 13(B) 14(B) 15(E) the topic.

16(E) 17(B) 18(A) 19(C) 20(C) b is out of context as it talks about constituents of
food in general.

Solutions Q.5) Answer- B,

aecd would be the correct sequence and b would be
Q.1) Answer- E, the odd one.
abcd would be the correct sequence and e would be
the odd one. a shall precede other statements as it contains the
full name of the university. ‘its’ in e refers to the
b talks about deepfakes and c gives an example. d university mentioned in a. e & c explain contrasting
gives an opinion on the example in c. e states a ideas and are linked by ‘yet’. d further explains the
random fact. reason of such student composition.
No suggestions referred to in b are mentioned
anywhere. It’s out of context.
Q.2) Answer- A,
edbc would be the correct sequence and a would be
the odd one. Q.6) Answer- A,
edcb would be the correct sequence and a would be
‘They’ in d refers to Andrejevic and Rycroft
the odd one.
mentioned in e. ‘Around the same time’ in c refers to
the weekend mentioned in d. ‘The resulting e starts the sentence. d explains further. cb will be
fragments’ in b refer to smaller pieces in c. Thus, pair as the ‘professional’ mentioned in b relates with
edbc will be the correct sequence. psychologist in c.

a talks about geometric frustration which is not a may be related but doesn’t belong to this group as
coherent with other statements. ‘they’ doesn’t refer to anyone.

Q.7) Answer- C,
Q.3) Answer- B, baed would be the correct sequence and c would be
deac would be the correct sequence and b would be the odd one.
the odd one.
‘the phrase’ in a refers to the one mentioned in b. e
‘This illness’ in a refers to ‘depression’ mentioned in showcases a contrasting thought in continuation
e. ‘The risk factors’ mentioned in c explains the with a. d extends the idea of something being
vulnerability stated in a. Thus, deac will be the ‘unavoidable’ in other ways.
correct sequence.
b may or may not be related as it is a personal C is a generic statement and doesn’t seem to be
comment. ‘My’ doesn’t refer to any noun. Hence, it’s related to the specific idea being talked about in
the odd one. other statements.

Q.4) Answer- B,
Q.8) Answer- A,

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edbc would be the correct sequence and a would be The para would explain the process of how a system
the odd one. works in the sequence mentioned above.

The para is about breathing exercises and their e says about where all the system was tested and
relation to PNS. ed is a pair as d details out the not how it works (unlike other sentences), hence,
relation mentioned in e. c specifies the protection odd one.
requirement mentioned in b. Thus bc would be pair
too.
Q.13) Answer- B,
a doesn’t seem to be connected here directly. edca would be the correct sequence and b would be
the odd one.

e starts the para which introduces the existing

Q.9) Answer- C, distrust b/w two parties. ‘such projects’ in d refers to
adeb would be the correct sequence and c would be the ‘public-private partnerships’ mentioned in e. ed
the odd one. is thus a pair. c gives a probable solution to build the
missing trust and a gives further details on it.
a shall be the starter as it introduces the idea of
understanding one’s leadership strengths and b talks about meeting the land requirements and is
limitations. deb elaborate that idea and go on to talk off-topic (distrust), thus the odd one.
about humility.
Q.14) Answer- B,
c just mentions that leadership is hard work. It caed would be the correct sequence and b would be
doesn’t really delve into understanding one’s pros the odd one.
and cons. Hence it’s odd one.
Clearly, the para seems to be about Australia being
considered a continent. c gives a perfect start. a will
Q.10) Answer- B, follow c with the size argument. e then puts up a
cdae would be the correct sequence and b would be question relative to the narrative in a. d tries to
the odd one. throw more light on that.b compares Australia and
Asia which is a new comparison and hence odd one.
c sets the context of Black Panther. d describes who
it was. ae would be the pair linking the description of Q.15) Answer- E,
comics. dcba would be the correct sequence and e would be
b talks about a separate character, Spider-Man, thus the odd one.
will be the odd one.
d talks about noise-canceling earphones in a generic
Q.11) Answer- E, sense and then c talks about PlayGo as an instance.
abdc would be the correct sequence and e would be ba explains the ‘inexpensive feel’ related features
the odd one. mentioned in c .
e talks about the listening experience in general and
a introduces how neurostimulation can be helpful. is unclear which devices it refers to. It’ll be the odd
dc will be pair as ‘these techniques’ referred to in c one.
are mentioned in d.
Q.16) Answer- E,
e is not linked to the thought as it talks about brain acbd would be the correct sequence and e would be
injury in general. the odd one.

a is obvious starter as it mentions two contrary

Q.12) Answer- E, tendencies and c & b talk about those two. d
abdc would be the correct sequence and e would be concludes by stating why one may have triumphed
the odd one. the other.

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e seems out of place as it talks of thinkers which do

not have any other link among the given sentences.
Q.19) Answer- C,
aedb would be the correct sequence and c would be
Q.17) Answer- B, the odd one.
deca would be the correct sequence and b would be
the odd one. a would start as it introduces Heron Farms. edb
would be an apt sequence as they speak about the
d introduces the idea of men being symbols of use of freshwater and then the need for sea water
danger and ec explains what that means. a sort of and its impact in a coherent fashion.
concludes the concept.
c is vague in terms of which case it refers to.
b is the odd one as though related, it moves the
narrative from violence to how men benefit from
favoritism, as opposed to other statements. Q.20) Answer- C,
adbe would be the correct sequence and c would be
the odd one.
Q.18) Answer- A,
edcb would be the correct sequence and a would be a should be the opening sentence as it mentions the
the odd one. name of the lady and other sentences refer to her as
‘she’. db follow a as they describe why the lady
e will start the para, as it first mentions the Venus doesn’t like cats. e would be appropriate to
and Bruce Campbell. D mentions why it is conclude. c talks about Australia’s biodiversity in
challenging. c mentions about learning more and b general while others talk about the dangerous cats.
gives a relatable example.

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Chapter 12: Odd One Out

Introduction
The questions in odd one out has some relationship
between the options except one. Thus, one of the
options will not resonate with the relationship the
other options have. The option will be the odd
option out of the given options.

Example:
Choose the odd one out.
a) Charlatan
b) Hoax
c) Trickster
d) Deceiver
e) Candid

Answer: E
All the options except [e] are the synonymous of
someone who deceives others.
Hence, [E].

Here the relationship between the options was

synonymous.
In the next example we will look at a different kind
of relationship.

Example:
Choose the odd one out.
a) Skiing
b) Boxing
c) Badminton
d) Golf
e) Soccer

Answer: E
Here all the options except E, depict sports which are
individual sports. However, soccer is a team sports.
Hence, [E].
There can be numerous variations in terms of the
relationships among the pairs. Thus, let’s look
forward to some solved examples.

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Options [a], [b], [d] and [e] are similar in idea and
Solved Examples refer to quarrelsome nature. 'Prophetic' means
relating to future.
Hence, [C].
Q.1) Choose the odd one out.
a) Crumbling Q.5) Pick the odd one out.
b) Decaying a) palette
c) Rotting b) brush
d) Corroding c) canvas
e) Slouching d) kiln
e) colours
Answer: E Answer: D
All except [e] are synonyms of each other and mean Options [a], [b], [c] and [e] are words associated with
‘breaking apart’ or ‘falling down’, while ‘slouching’ painting. They are all used for creating a painting.
means ‘sitting with a drooping posture’. Option [d] is the odd one as it refers to a furnace or
Hence, [E]. oven for burning.
Hence, [D].
Q.2) Choose the odd one out.
a) Clarion Q.6) Pick the odd one out.
b) Shrill a) cauldron
c) Sharp b) pot
d) Blaring c) vessel
e) Modulated d) cassock
e) bowl
Answer: E
All the words except ‘modulated’ roughly mean Answer: D
‘loud’, while ‘modulated’ means ‘regulated’ or Options [a], [b], [c] and [e] are synonymous and refer
‘varied’. to vessels or some container. 'Cassock' is a close-
Hence, [E]. fitting garment worn by members of the clergy.
Hence, [D].

Q.7) Pick the odd one out.

a) huffy
Q.3) Choose the odd one out. b) factious
a) Rumour c) diviner
b) Buzz d) snappy
c) Gossip e) None of the above
d) Proclaim
e) Bruit Answer: C
Options [a], [b] and [d] are similar in idea and refer
Answer: D to quarrelsome nature. 'Diviner' means relating to
All except ‘proclaim’ are rough synonyms of future.
‘gossip’. Proclaim means to declare publicly. Hence, [C].
Hence, [D]. Q.8) Pick the odd one out.
a) sloth; energetic
Q.4) Pick the odd one out. b) astute; gullible
a) petulant c) refined; uncouth
b) factious d) resolute; wavering
c) prophetic e) humble; bombastic
d) contentious
e) quarrelsome Answer: A
Options [B], [C], [D] and [E] have pairs of words that
Answer: C are adjectives. Only [A] has a word pair where one is

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a noun (sloth) and the other one is an adjective e) perfect

(energetic).
Hence, [A].

Q.9) Choose the odd one out. Answer: D

a) battery : charge : lawyers Options [a], [b], [c] and [e] are all synonyms that
b) murder : homicide : crows mean perfect or flawless. 'Flecked' means blemished
c) siege : construction : cranes and is the odd one.
d) charm : trinket : finches Hence, [D].
e) parliament : government : rooks
Q.12) Find the odd one out.
Answer: C a) plagiarism
A group of 'lawyers' is called a battery of lawyers and b) embezzlement
the word battery also denotes something used for c) candour
charging devices. A group of crows is called a murder d) pilfering
of crows and murder also relates to homicide. A e) larceny
group of finches is called a charm of finches and a
trinket is also a kind of charm. Likewise, a group of Answer: C
rooks is called a parliament of rooks and parliament 'Candour' means 'frankness'. All the other words
is also a governing body of the government. A group mean 'theft'.
of cranes is called a siege of cranes but the word Hence, [C].
siege is not related to construction. The word crane
can be related to construction. Q.13) Find the odd one out.
Hence, [C]. a) escalate
b) rocket
Q.10) Choose the odd one out. c) ascend
a) number one wood : golf d) augment
b) golden handcuffs : attrition e) plummet
c) walking papers : travel
d) cock of the walk : leader Answer: E
e) bug in the ear : hint 'Plummet' means 'to drop swiftly'. The rest of the
options mean 'to rise or increase'.
Answer: C Hence, [E].
In [A], the phrase 'number one wood' means a golf
club with a long shaft used to hit long shots from the
tee, and hence is related to 'golf'. The phrase 'golden
handcuffs' means financial arrangements with an Q.14) Find the odd one out.
important employee to make him stay with the a) chariot
company and hence is related to 'attrition'. 'Cock of b) buggy
the walk' means someone who thinks that he or she c) wagon
is more important than others in a group and is thus d) coach
a phrase used to describe a 'leader'. 'Put a bug in e) cathedra
someone's ear' means to give someone a subtle
'hint' or 'suggestion'. However, the phrase 'walking Answer: E
papers' refers to dismissal orders given when one is All the options except [e] refer to different types of
fired. Hence, it is not related to travel at all. carts or carriages. 'Cathedra' is a bishop's official
Hence, [C]. chair or throne.
Hence, [E].
Q.11) Choose the odd one out.
a) immaculate Q.15) Find the odd one out.
b) unflawed a) galley
c) impeccable b) bridge
d) flecked c) jetty

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d) anchor e) Lion
e) cabin
Answer: B
Answer: C All the options except 'doe' are the male form of a
[a], [b], [d] and [e] are all parts of a ship. 'Jetty' is 'a species. 'Doe', however is a female deer.
dock or harbour'. Hence, [c]. Hence, [B].

Q.16) Find the odd one out. Q.20) Find the odd one out.
a) fracas a) Tiding
b) brawl b) News
c) fray c) Message
d) row d) Communication
e) bogus e) Deception

Answer: E Answer: E
All the options except [e] mean 'fight'. Bogus means 'Tiding', 'news', 'message' and 'communication' are
'not genuine'. almost similar in meaning. 'Deception' means 'a trick'
Hence, [E]. or 'hoax'; hence the odd one in the group.
Hence, [E].
Q.17) Find the odd one out.
1) Forest
2) Birds
3) Woods
4) Jungle
5) Landscape

Answer: B
All the words except ‘birds’ are related to nature, as
in greenery. Birds may not be related in a similar
manner.
Hence, [B].

Q.18) Find the odd one out.

a) Assembly
b) Federation
c) Conference
d) Gathering
e) Colloquium

Answer: D
The given five words are all terms used for meetings
of people - usually formal. The words 'assembly',
'federation', 'conference' and 'colloquium' are used
for referring formal and official meetings of people.
The word 'gathering' however is rather informal and
there is no official meaning associated to it.
Hence, [D].

Q.19) Find the odd one out.

a) Tiger
b) Doe
c) Bull
d) Dog

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a) Stentorian
Practice Questions b) Laconic
c) Salutary
d) Vapid
Q.1) Find the odd one out. e) Turgid
a) Banter
b) Teasing Q.8) Find the odd man out.
c) Eulogy a) Contemptuous
d) Jeering b) Supercilious
e) Raillery c) Intrepid
d) Disdainful
Q.2) Find the odd man out. e) Scornful
a) Felony
b) Burglary Q.9) Find the odd man out.
c) Benignity a) Halcyon
d) Fraud b) Petulant
e) Arson c) Turbulent
d) Truculent
Q.3) Find the odd man out. e) Violent
a) Bewilder
b) Mystify Q.10) Find the odd man out.
c) Deprecate ATROPHY
d) Muddle a) Waste
e) Perplex b) Weaken
c) Degenerate
d) Develop
Q.4) Find the odd man out. e) Wither
a) Bellicose
b) Argumentative Q.11) Find the odd man out.
c) Contentious a) Colloquial
d) Quarrelsome b) Conversational
e) Capacious c) Spoken
d) Loquacious
Q.5) Mark the word (Odd One Out) that means the e) Restrained
same as the capitalized word.
INCIPIENT Q.12) Find the odd man out.
a) Nascent a) Controversial
b) Innocuous b) Contentious
c) Pallid c) Sober
d) Moody d) Notorious
e) Radiant e) Divisive

Q.6) Mark the word(Odd One Out) that means the Q.13) Find the odd man out.
same as the capitalized word. a) Advantage
VENIAL b) Attraction
a) Pardonable c) Asset
b) Injurious d) Drawback
c) Corrupt e) Benefit
d) Evil
e) Immoral Q.14) Find the odd man out.
a) Elegant
Q.7) Find the odd man out. b) Gorgeous
Very loud or powerful in sound c) Splendid

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d) Beauty
e) None of the above

Q.15) Find the odd man out.

a) Retain
b) Relinquish
c) Resign
d) Return
e) Repel

Q.16) Find the odd man out.

a) Respite
b) Interval
c) Break
d) Lull
e) None of the above

Q.17) Find the odd man out.

a) Birds
b) Fishes
c) Frogs
d) Cows
e) None of the above

Q.18) Find the odd man out.

a) Cricket
b) Hockey
c) Football
d) Chess
e) Ice hockey

Q.19) Find the odd man out.

a) Team : Humans
b) Pack : Wolves
c) Gaggle : Geese
d) Litter : Kittens
e) Bed : Oysters

Q.20) Find the odd man out.

a) Aries
b) Capricorn
c) Toddle
d) Aquarius
e) Libra

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Q.7) Answer: A
Answer Key Only 'Stentorian' means 'very loud or powerful in
sound'. Rest other words have different meaning.
1(C) 2(C) 3(C) 4(E) 5(A) Hence, [A].

6(A) 7(A) 8(C) 9(A) 10(D) Q.8) Answer: C

[a], [b], [d] and [e] are all synonyms which mean
11(E) 12(C) 13(D) 14(E) 15(A) ‘disrespectful or expressing contempt’. ‘Intrepid’
means ‘dauntless or fearless’.
16(E) 17(D) 18(D) 19(A) 20(C) Hence, [C].

Q.9) Answer: A
Solutions ‘Halcyon’ means ‘calm’ or ‘peaceful’. Rest all are its
antonyms.
Hence, [A].
Q.1) Answer: C
Options [a], [b], [d] and [e] are similar in meaning.
They all refer to light, playful and teasing remarks.
Q.10) Answer: D
Only 'eulogy' means 'high praise' or 'commendation'
To ‘atrophy’ is to ‘decline’, ‘degenerate’ or ‘waste
and is the odd one.
away’. All the options except [D] are related to the
Hence, [C].
given word.
Hence, [D].
Q.2) Answer: C
Options [a], [b], [d] and [e] are words with negative
Q.11) Answer: E
connotation and refer to some kind of crime.
All except ‘restrained’ mean talkative & spoken.
'Benignity', on the other hand means 'kindness' and
Hence, [E].
is the odd one in the list.
Hence, [C].
Q.12) Answer: C
All except ‘sober’ mean hot tempered.
Q.3) Answer: C
Hence, [C].
[a], [b], [d] and [e] are all synonyms which mean 'to
puzzle or confuse'. 'Deprecate' means 'to belittle' or
Q.13) Answer: D
'to express disapproval', so it is the right answer.
All except ‘drawback’ mean positive values.
Hence, [C].
Hence, [D].

Q.14) Answer: E
All the options are related to beauty or
Q.4) Answer: E
impressiveness.
[a], [b], [c] and [d] are all synonyms words.
Hence, [E].
‘Capacious’ means ‘spacious’ or ‘roomy’.
Hence, [E].
Q.15) Answer: A
‘Retain’ is the antonym of rest all.
Q.5) Answer: A
Hence, [A].
'Incipient' and 'nascent' are synonyms that mean
'beginning to exist'. The rest of the words do not
Q.16) Answer: E
have the same meaning.
All the options depict discontinuity. Thus, all are
Hence, [A].
similar in nature.
Hence, [E].
Q.6) Answer: A
'Venial' means 'able to be forgiven' or 'pardonable'.
Hence, [A].

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Q.17) Answer: D Q.19) Answer: A

Options [A], [B] and [C] are oviparous, however cows The given relationships denote the collective noun of
are viviparous. the given words.
Hence, [D]. However, collective noun of humans is not team.
Team is the collective noun of horses.
Q.18) Answer: D Hence, [A].
All the options except [D] are team sports. Chess is
not a team sport. Q.20) Answer: C
Hence, [D]. Except ‘toddle’ rest all are zodiac signs.
Hence, [C].

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Chapter 13: Fill In The Blanks

a) define, stall
Solved Examples b) commemorate, transition
c) show, stay
Q.1-10) Complete the sentences by filling the d) display, repair
appropriate pairs of words. Choose the best pair e) emulate, change
that completes the sentences appropriately.
Answer- E
‘Change’ or ‘transition’ for better will suit in the
Q.1) English, the language of ----------- and exclusion,
second blank. However, in the first one, virtues can
can also be the language of mobility and
be emulated (copied as possessed by someone else).
--------------------. Just ‘Commemorating’ (recall) the values will not
a) inclusion, freedom really change anything.
b) privilege, emancipation
c) force, choice Q.4) Now that no one is listening for a long time, the
d) arrogance, utility farmers are ------------ on the demand for a -----------.
e) rich, art a) adamant, agenda
b) quieter, change
Answer- B c) aggressive, deal
‘and’ is used to indicate similar ideas. Hence, d) unyielding, repeal
exclusion and privilege (idea of some characteristic e) dying, law
separating you from the rest) will go together. While
mobility and emancipation (idea of freedom) will go
Answer- D
hand in hand.
‘unyielding’ and ‘repeal’ (will suitably fill the blanks
Remaining options do not fit the context as stated
in the given context)
above.
Q.5) According to the new order, if a couple gives it
Q.2) The State’s ------------ economic achievements
in writing that they do not want the notice ------------,
evolved in ways that are too ----------- to bear
the Marriage Officer can ----------- the marriage.
repetition.
a) given, cancel
a) splendid, obvious
b) publicised, solemnise
b) disheartening, difficult
c) torn, abdicate
c) cheap, easy
d) fired, renounce
d) miniscule, far-fetched
e) issued, negate
e) only, envious
Answer- B
Answer- A
notice can either be ‘issued’ or ‘publicized’.
Only ‘splendid’ would suit to describe the economic
However, solemnize (duly perform a ceremony)
achievements which could be ‘obvious’ to be
would fill the second blank appropriately based on
repeated elsewhere as they were good.
the given context.
Q.3) If, the present generation of peoples’
Q.6) The Supreme Court’s ----------- order in the
representatives, bureaucrats and the general public,
ongoing contestation between large sections of the
--------------- any one or two of his virtues, the
farmers and the Centre over the new farm laws may
scenario will definitely --------- for the better.

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be motivated by a laudable intention to break the suitable. Prospective (expected and likely to happen)
------------ in negotiations. will fill the first blank.
a) interim, deadlock
b) final, agreement Q.10) For --------- economies such as India, this risks a
c) terminal, contract sudden -----------of foreign capital flows with
d) doubtful, tone feedbacks to stocks, bonds and the exchange rate.
e) future, stall a) troubled, issue
b) developing, improvement
Answer- A c) affected, rebuttal
As the investigation is ongoing it’ll be ‘interim’ order. d) emerging, reversal
‘deadlock’ would appropriately fill the second blank. e) developed, increase

Q.7) The infrastructure sector is expected to get a

significant push as it is ----------to put the economy Answer- D
back on a growth ----------------. ‘Emerging’ will suit in the first blank for describing
a) important, way economies like India. ‘reversal’ of foreign flows
b) ubiquitous, trial would be apt in the second blank as we are talking
c) pointless, path about the risks.
d) shrewd, history
e) pivotal, trajectory Q.11-20) Complete the sentence by filling in the
Answer- E blank/blanks with appropriate set of words from
Growth ‘path’ or ‘trajectory’ will be suitable in the the options provided.
second blank. However, ‘pointless’ will not fit in the
first blank as it gives an opposite context to the given Q.11) The stated reason is that the stay would
statement. ‘Pivotal’ (crucial, vital) in turn, will be “----------- the hurt feelings of the farmers” and
perfect. encourage them to go to the -------------table.
a) assuage, negotiating
Q.8) The device has its own ---------- of carrying out b) pacify, top
the first ----------- flight from the surface of another c) transform, talking
planet. d) pressure, decision
a) chance, momentous e) turn, deal
b) mission, powered
c) battery, ever Answer- A
d) energy, small ‘Assuage’ means to pacify. As we are talking about
e) probability, herculean hurt feelings here, ‘assuage’ would suit the first
Answer- B blank. Also, once the feelings are acknowledged, it
‘mission’ and ‘powered’ would fill the blanks would help farmers get to the negotiating table.
appropriately.
Q.12) Currently, there are strict exclusion -------- for
Q.9) The -------------- release of people from their safe the ------ of applicants in many psychedelic studies.
barricades to streets, movies, restaurants, travel a) criteria, pool
places and so on has ---------- the environment. b) pitch, set
a) temporary, green c) riots, collection
b) recent, indicted d) rules, number
c) rejoiced, failed e) forms, list
d) prospective, charged Answer- A
e) final, destroyed ‘Exclusion’ criteria ‘pool’ of applicants would be the
Answer- D appropriate choice
The release would ‘charge’ the environment as it
depicts the energy. Hence, option d would be

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Q.13) We’re pretty good at getting things into our Q.16) There is also an urgent need for the translation
system, but we’re really bad at-------------- what’s in of -------- Adivasi literature into English.
the system. a) pristine
a) figuring b) available
b) prioritizing c) vernacular
c) killing d) modern
d) destroying e) sophisticated
e) choosing Answer- C
‘Vernacular’ (the language or dialect spoken by the
Answer- B ordinary people in a particular country or region.)
The blank indicates an action which we would will make sense as we are talking about translation
perform about the things which are already in the of Adivasi literature.
system. Also, the statement has a positive tone
which is why killing or destroying wouldn’t fit. Q.17) The Citizens Whistle Blower Forum is a civil-
‘prioritizing’ what’s in the system will make more society collective that provides a platform to whistle-
sense. blowers and ------------ on their behalf.
a) litigates
Q.14) New research answers a longstanding question b) fights
about ------------ volcanic eruptions like the ones at c) ruins
Mount St. Helens in 1980. d) argues
a) calm e) dances
b) explosive
c) dormant Answer- B
d) active ‘fights’ would suitably fill the given blank.
e) serene
Q.18) The PIL had stated that IHFL disbursed loans
Answer- B via similar ---------- routes to several large business
Volcanic eruptions can only be ‘explosive’. groups.
As of option c and d, Volcano can be active/dormant a) clear
but not an eruption as talked about in the given b) curious
sentence. c) circuitous
d) direct
Q.15) Throughout the 1950s and the 1960s, a wave
e) fair
of social-reform legislation created a state-
supervised infrastructure that managed ----------- Answer- C
religious institutions and removed The sentence talks about the PIL regarding the
caste-based ------------ on entry. disbursement of loans, therefore ‘circuituous’
a) famous, allowances (indirect and roundabout) will fit the scenario.
b) prominent, restrictions Q.19) The main --------- is that every meritorious
c) criminal, policies student though poor is provided with an opportunity
d) pious, redemption to pursue education with the financial support from
e) anti, completely the banking system with ----------terms and
conditions.
Answer- B a) commitment, mendable
‘prominent’ or ‘pious’ will suit in the first blank for b) guideline, usual
religious institutions. Removal of ‘restrictions’ on c) duty, agreeable
entry makes sense for the second blank. Hence, d) point, tough
option b would be the suitable choice.
e) emphasis, affordable

Answer- E

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As we are talking about financial support,

‘affordable’ terms and conditions will fill the second
blank appropriately. ‘agreeable’ may also fill in the Answer- A
second blank but ‘emphasis’(special importance, If we read a couple of lines of the given para, we will
value, or prominence given to something.) of the understand that the tone is a negative one and the
policy would be suitable in the first blank and not author is talking about the slow pace of such
‘duty’. innovations that may help economists.
In the first blank, ‘underwhelmed’ (failed to impress,
Q.20) Geoscientists have long sought to use tiny disappointed) would thus go with the tone and the
bubbles in erupted lava and ash to ------------some of context
the conditions, like heat and pressure, that occur in
these powerful eruptions. Q.22)
a) coerce For much of the past decade the pace of innovation
b) reconstruct 21. ---------- many people—especially those
c) emulate miserable economists. Productivity growth was 22.
d) dismantle --------- and the most popular new inventions, the
e) disparate smartphone and social media, did not seem to help
much. Their 23. ---------- side-effects, such as the
creation of powerful monopolies and the pollution of
Answer- B the public square, became painfully apparent.
‘reconstruct’ the conditions will be suitable here as it Promising technologies stalled, including self-driving
talks about making the similar conditions again. cars, making Silicon Valley’s evangelists look 24.
----------. Security hawks warned that 25. ------------
Q.21-25) In the given passage, there are blanks, China was racing past the West and some gloomy
each of which has been numbered. Against each, folk warned that the world was finally running out of
five words are suggested, one of which fits the useful ideas.
blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word
in each case. a) sky-rocketing
b) lacklustre
Q.21) c) rising
For much of the past decade the pace of innovation d) pessimistic
21. ---------- many people—especially those e) suspicious
miserable economists. Productivity growth was 22.
--------- and the most popular new inventions, the
smartphone and social media, did not seem to help
much. Their 23. ---------- side-effects, such as the Answer- B
creation of powerful monopolies and the pollution of In line with the disappointing tone, ‘lacklustre’
the public square, became painfully apparent. (lacking in force, uninspiring) growth will fit in this
Promising technologies stalled, including self-driving blank.
cars, making Silicon Valley’s evangelists look 24.
----------. Security hawks warned that 25. ------------ Q.23)
China was racing past the West and some gloomy For much of the past decade the pace of innovation
folk warned that the world was finally running out of 21. ---------- many people—especially those
useful ideas. miserable economists. Productivity growth was 22.
--------- and the most popular new inventions, the
a) underwhelmed smartphone and social media, did not seem to help
b) disappointed much. Their 23. ---------- side-effects, such as the
c) energize creation of powerful monopolies and the pollution of
d) sadden the public square, became painfully apparent.
e) cheered Promising technologies stalled, including self-driving

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cars, making Silicon Valley’s evangelists look 24. For much of the past decade the pace of innovation
----------. Security hawks warned that 25. ------------ 21. ---------- many people—especially those
China was racing past the West and some gloomy miserable economists. Productivity growth was 22.
folk warned that the world was finally running out of --------- and the most popular new inventions, the
useful ideas. smartphone and social media, did not seem to help
much. Their 23. ---------- side-effects, such as the
a) minor creation of powerful monopolies and the pollution of
b) robust the public square, became painfully apparent.
c) malign Promising technologies stalled, including self-driving
d) benign cars, making Silicon Valley’s evangelists look 24.
e) just ----------. Security hawks warned that 25. ------------
China was racing past the West and some gloomy
Answer- C folk warned that the world was finally running out of
‘Malign’ (harmful, bad) side effects is appropriate useful ideas.
here.
a) authoritarian
b) culprit
Q.24) c) considerate
For much of the past decade the pace of innovation d) neutral
21. ---------- many people—especially those e) joyful
miserable economists. Productivity growth was 22.
--------- and the most popular new inventions, the Answer- A
smartphone and social media, did not seem to help China is compared here with the West which is
much. Their 23. ---------- side-effects, such as the considered ‘democratic’ in general. ‘Authoritarian’
creation of powerful monopolies and the pollution of would be apt here.
the public square, became painfully apparent.
Promising technologies stalled, including self-driving
cars, making Silicon Valley’s evangelists look 24. Q.26-30) In the given passage, there are blanks,
----------. Security hawks warned that 25. ------------ each of which has been numbered. Against each,
China was racing past the West and some gloomy five words are suggested, one of which fits the
folk warned that the world was finally running out of blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word
useful ideas. in each case.

a) coerce Q.26)
b) reconstruct When we hold someone 26. ------------, a guilt-prone
c) believer person is likely to hear you, while the shame-prone
d) naive individual reacts with defensiveness and avoids
e) desperate taking responsibility, all in the service of not feeling
their shame. In the 27. ---------- of intimate partner
Answer- D abuse, holding those accountable for their abusive
As the sentence mentions that even the promising behavior is often unsuccessful because of feelings of
technologies stalled, ‘naïve’ would suit in this blank shame. Most attempts to address these behaviors
about the Silicon Valley people. frequently lead to reactions of outright 28. ----------,
anger, or more abuse. Shame can lead to 29.
------------ behavior at the same time, lending itself to
not seeing the harm done. Importantly, shame and
guilt are quite 30. --------- emotions. Guilt feelings
arise when we feel we did something bad. Shame is
about believing we are bad.
Q.25)

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feelings of shame. Most attempts to address these

a) guilty behaviors frequently lead to reactions of outright 28.
b) follower ----------, anger, or more abuse. Shame can lead to
c) leader 29. ------------ behavior at the same time, lending
d) charged itself to not seeing the harm done. Importantly,
e) accountable shame and guilt are quite 30. --------- emotions. Guilt
feelings arise when we feel we did something bad.
Shame is about believing we are bad.

Answer- E a) denial
The first sentence clearly gives us an idea that guilt- b) joy
prone and shame-prone inviduals are being c) reliable
compared.
d) power
The first blank would take something which would
e) betrayal
be common for both kind. Hold someone
‘accountable’ will thus be appropriate.
Answer- A
‘denial’ would suitably fill the blank.
Q.27) When we hold someone 26. ------------, a guilt-
prone person is likely to hear you, while the shame-
prone individual reacts with defensiveness and
Q.29)When we hold someone 26. ------------, a guilt-
avoids taking responsibility, all in the service of not
prone person is likely to hear you, while the shame-
feeling their shame. In the 27. ---------- of intimate
prone individual reacts with defensiveness and
partner abuse, holding those accountable for their
avoids taking responsibility, all in the service of not
abusive behavior is often unsuccessful because of
feeling their shame. In the 27. ---------- of intimate
feelings of shame. Most attempts to address these
partner abuse, holding those accountable for their
behaviors frequently lead to reactions of outright 28.
abusive behavior is often unsuccessful because of
----------, anger, or more abuse. Shame can lead to
feelings of shame. Most attempts to address these
29. ------------ behavior at the same time, lending
behaviors frequently lead to reactions of outright 28.
itself to not seeing the harm done. Importantly,
----------, anger, or more abuse. Shame can lead to
shame and guilt are quite 30. --------- emotions. Guilt
29. ------------ behavior at the same time, lending
feelings arise when we feel we did something bad.
itself to not seeing the harm done. Importantly,
Shame is about believing we are bad.
shame and guilt are quite 30. --------- emotions. Guilt
feelings arise when we feel we did something bad.
a) theory
Shame is about believing we are bad.
b) course
c) idea
a) belligerent
d) realm
b) respectful
e) history
c) harmful
d) fruitful
Answer- D
‘realm’(domain/area/field) would suitably fill the e) amicable
given blank.
Answer- C
Q.28) When we hold someone 26. ------------, a guilt- ‘harmful’ behavior will go in line with the tone set in
prone person is likely to hear you, while the shame- the given context.
prone individual reacts with defensiveness and
avoids taking responsibility, all in the service of not
Q.30) When we hold someone 26. ------------, a guilt-
feeling their shame. In the 27. ---------- of intimate
prone person is likely to hear you, while the shame-
partner abuse, holding those accountable for their
prone individual reacts with defensiveness and
abusive behavior is often unsuccessful because of

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avoids taking responsibility, all in the service of not the enjoyable conversations you had, the good food
feeling their shame. In the 27. ---------- of intimate you ate, and the great family photos you were able
partner abuse, holding those accountable for their to take.
abusive behavior is often unsuccessful because of
feelings of shame. Most attempts to address these a) tricks
behaviors frequently lead to reactions of outright 28. b) tantrums
----------, anger, or more abuse. Shame can lead to c) games
29. ------------ behavior at the same time, lending d) thoughts
itself to not seeing the harm done. Importantly, e) events
shame and guilt are quite 30. --------- emotions. Guilt
feelings arise when we feel we did something bad.
Shame is about believing we are bad. Answer- A
‘tricks’ will fit in here as the statement talks about
a) diversity the mind playing those on us.
b) dark
c) different Q.32)
d) similar We sometimes get stuck thinking that everything
e) strong was so much better, and easier, in the past. It’s one
of the 31. -------- our minds play on us, especially
Answer- C when we are feeling 32. --------- or overwhelmed.
‘different’ will come here as the next line talks about However, rarely is it actually the case that things
the difference between the two. were “objectively” better in the past. Psychologists
refer to this 33. --------- thought pattern as rosy
retrospection. It is a well-studied cognitive bias. It
happens because when we think about the past, we
are more likely to think about people, events, places,
Q.31-35) In the given passage, there are blanks, and things in the abstract. And, when we think about
each of which has been numbered. Against each, things in the abstract, we are more likely to focus on
five words are suggested, one of which fits the positive generalities than the nitty gritty and
blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word sometimes 34. --------- details. Here’s an example: If
in each case. you think back to a holiday you had with your family,
say, five years ago, you’re likely to 35. -----------about
Q.31) the enjoyable conversations you had, the good food
We sometimes get stuck thinking that everything you ate, and the great family photos you were able
was so much better, and easier, in the past. It’s one to take.
of the 31. -------- our minds play on us, especially
when we are feeling 32. --------- or overwhelmed. a) futuristic
However, rarely is it actually the case that things b) vulnerable
were “objectively” better in the past. Psychologists c) ecstatic
refer to this 33. --------- thought pattern as rosy d) cherished
retrospection. It is a well-studied cognitive bias. It e) ignorant
happens because when we think about the past, we
are more likely to think about people, events, places,
and things in the abstract. And, when we think about Answer- B
things in the abstract, we are more likely to focus on ‘Vulnerable’ (exposed/at risk) will go in line with
positive generalities than the nitty gritty and overwhelming to fit in the given scenario.
sometimes 34. --------- details. Here’s an example: If
Q.33)
you think back to a holiday you had with your family,
We sometimes get stuck thinking that everything
say, five years ago, you’re likely to 35. -----------about
was so much better, and easier, in the past. It’s one

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of the 31. -------- our minds play on us, especially you ate, and the great family photos you were able
when we are feeling 32. --------- or overwhelmed. to take.
However, rarely is it actually the case that things
were “objectively” better in the past. Psychologists a) gory
refer to this 33. --------- thought pattern as rosy b) pleasant
retrospection. It is a well-studied cognitive bias. It c) fine
happens because when we think about the past, we d) soothing
are more likely to think about people, events, places, e) deadly
and things in the abstract. And, when we think about
things in the abstract, we are more likely to focus on
positive generalities than the nitty gritty and Answer- A
sometimes 34. --------- details. Here’s an example: If The author says that we tend to focus on positivity
you think back to a holiday you had with your family, of abstract ideas rather than the ‘gory’ (gruesome,
say, five years ago, you’re likely to 35. -----------about violent) details. We needed something antonymous
to positive for comparison which is why ‘gory’ would
the enjoyable conversations you had, the good food
fit.
you ate, and the great family photos you were able
to take.
Q.35)
We sometimes get stuck thinking that everything
a) scary
was so much better, and easier, in the past. It’s one
b) flawed
of the 31. -------- our minds play on us, especially
c) peculiar
when we are feeling 32. --------- or overwhelmed.
d) forgettable
However, rarely is it actually the case that things
e) pure
were “objectively” better in the past. Psychologists
refer to this 33. --------- thought pattern as rosy
retrospection. It is a well-studied cognitive bias. It
Answer- B
As the author already mentions in the previous happens because when we think about the past, we
sentence that it rarely happens. He might as well are more likely to think about people, events, places,
refer to it as ‘flawed’. and things in the abstract. And, when we think about
things in the abstract, we are more likely to focus on
Q.34) positive generalities than the nitty gritty and
We sometimes get stuck thinking that everything sometimes 34. --------- details. Here’s an example: If
was so much better, and easier, in the past. It’s one you think back to a holiday you had with your family,
of the 31. -------- our minds play on us, especially say, five years ago, you’re likely to 35. -----------about
when we are feeling 32. --------- or overwhelmed. the enjoyable conversations you had, the good food
However, rarely is it actually the case that things you ate, and the great family photos you were able
were “objectively” better in the past. Psychologists to take.
refer to this 33. --------- thought pattern as rosy
retrospection. It is a well-studied cognitive bias. It a) cry
happens because when we think about the past, we b) conceal
are more likely to think about people, events, places, c) imagine
and things in the abstract. And, when we think about d) reminisce
things in the abstract, we are more likely to focus on e) presume
positive generalities than the nitty gritty and
sometimes 34. --------- details. Here’s an example: If Answer- D
you think back to a holiday you had with your family, As the author goes on explaining about nostalgia
say, five years ago, you’re likely to 35. -----------about ‘reminisce’(indulge in enjoyable recollection of past
events) would suit in the given context.
the enjoyable conversations you had, the good food

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Q.36-40) Choose the word from each of the given As we are talking about statements made by people,
pair in the paragraph which would grammatically we would use ‘stated’.
and logically fit in the given places. ‘among’ will be used as we are talking about multiple
people in general. ‘between’ is used only to indicate
Q.36) During the first years of my field research the involvement of two entities.
among the Songhay people in the Republic of Niger,
a Songhay i) elder/ii) older taught me an important Q.38) While some people find it easy to use time i)
lesson. We had been treating a man suffering from alone/ii) lonely to think clearly, others do better
what seemed to me a deadly illness. The elder said thinking aloud—in iii) partnership/iv) combination
that the man’s iii) sole/iv) soul had been stolen from with others as sounding boards. If that’s the case, it
his body and that if we didn’t find it, the patient can be hard to take the extra step of asking other
would die. I v) accompanied/vi) supported him to people for their help with our problems. Or even if
the outskirts of the village. When we came upon we can prepare effectively alone, this still requires
mounds of discarded millet husks, he sifted through the discipline to avoid distraction from all the other
the debris in search of the sick man’s soul. Suddenly, issues calling for our v) attention/vi) focus.
he jumped up and proclaimed that the man’s soul
had been liberated. a) ii, iii,v
b) i, iii, v
a) ii, iii,v c) i, iv, v
b) i, iii, v d) i, iii, vi
c) i, iv, v e) ii, iii, iv
d) i, iii, vi
e) ii, iii, iv Answer- B
‘alone’ (by oneself) would fit here as the given
Answer- C context is positive, as against ‘lonely’ (being sad due
‘elder’ would fit in the first blank as we use older just to lack of company) which in fact has a negative
as an adjective. We need a noun here (elder is used connotation.
both as an adjective and a noun) In ‘partnership’ with others is the correct phrase to
‘Soul’ from his body will be apt here. Sole means indicate involvement of two or more people.
only. Calling for ‘attention’ is the appropriate phrase used.
‘Accompanied’ (to go somewhere with) will be
suitable.
Q.39)
Q.37) Cannabis was legalized in Canada in October Why the gap between international and domestic
2018 and is now i) present/ii) available at a variety prices? The OECD assumes government i)
of stores. Interestingly, Health Canada just released interventions/ii) interruptions lead to a gap
the results of its 2020 Canadian Cannabis Survey, between the international and domestic prices.
finding that 27% of Canadians had used cannabis in However, even if the government does not
the last year. Approximately half of those using implement any programme, the gap can still iii)
cannabis iii) noticed/iv) stated that they used it for arise/iv) rise due to domestic and international
medical purposes, with rates of usage particularly factors. Changes in supply and demand conditions in
high v) among/vi) between people reporting poor or
the domestic and international market due to v)
fair mental health.
surprises/vi) shocks such as the COVID-19
a) ii, iv, v pandemic, weather conditions, depressed
b) i, iii, v international price due to subsidies given by other
c) i, iv, v countries, among other factors, can generate a gap.
d) i, iii, vi
e) ii, iii, iv a) ii, iii,v
Answer- A b) i, iii, v
A product is ‘available’ at a store or not. c) i, iv, v
d) i, iii, vi

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e) i, iv, vi d) pushes
e) affects
Answer- E
‘Intervention’ (involvement/interference by state in Answer- B
another’s affairs) would suit the given context. ‘wreaks’ havoc which means to cause or inflict
‘Interruption’ refers to a disturbance. harm/destruction would be suitable in the given
The gap is already there and being talked about. context.
Hence, ‘rise’ will fit.
‘Shocks’ will fill in the last blank as it indicates Q.42) When intrusive thoughts or -------------- occur,
something negative. mindfulness teaches us to respond without
judgment.
Q.40) Convenience is i) addictive/ii) additive. But
a) passes
after transforming our lives, internet-based
technologies are getting to the stage where we have b) schemes
to mind the repercussions of using them. Over the c) introspection
past several months, we’ve seen a iii) d) distractions
convergence/iv) divergence of concerns over free e) processes
speech and privacy on the one hand and the
monopolistic practices of communication technology Answer- D
providers on the other. The communication ‘distractions’ would be in line with the idea of
technology giants, meanwhile, are up against both intrusive thoughts as stated in the given sentence.
governments and more rabid users of their
platforms. The confrontation promises to v) Q.43) The popular image of Muslims as a community
assist/vi) persist. of rulers continues to be derived from the past,
against the present reality of a group ----------- with
a) ii, iii,v great social disadvantage.
b) i, iii, v a) differed
c) i, iv, vi b) afflicted
d) i, iii, vi
c) enhanced
e) ii, iii, iv
d) dipped
Answer- D e) blessed
‘additive’ is used for adding things. ‘addictive’(habit-
forming) would be more suitable here. Answer- B
The statement talks about how different ideas are ‘afflicted’ is followed by with. The phrase means
coming together and hence ‘convergence’ will fit in affected adversely by something.
the second blank.
There is no one (object) to assist. Hence, ‘persist’ Q.44) Acceptability and ------------- are linked to the
(continue/persevere) will be suitable to be used for vulnerability of the minority and the anxiety of the
the confrontation. majority.
a) honour
b) empathy
Q.41-45) Complete the sentence by filling in the c) sympathy
blank/blanks with appropriate set of words from d) virtue
the options provided. e) disability

Q.41) Multi-tasking ----------- havoc on our ability to Answer- B

focus and significantly increases our overall stress As two words are joined by and, they should depict
levels. similar idea. ‘Empathy’ (the ability to understand and
a) debilitates share the feelings of another.) would be suitable
b) wreaks here.
c) kills

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Q.45) The massive negative market price support to Q.48) Though science struggles to be the ----------,
the producers of different products has resulted in the antagonist virus dexterously mutates its skill and
the total negative producer support, overshadowing weaponry before which hopes ------------ and
the increase in the ---------------- support over the antidotes stand redundant.
years. a) significance, dismount
a) production b) saviour, dwindle
b) budgetary c) enemy, die
c) moral d) armour, decry
d) physical e) champion, raise
e) spiritual
Answer- B
Answer- B Basis the given context of science trying to fight the
Given the context of the sentence, ‘budgetary’ virus, ‘saviour’ and ‘dwindle’ would fit appropriately
would appropriately fill the given blank. in the given blanks.

Q.46-50) Complete the sentence by filling in the Q.49) A smaller ------------- of Trump diehards found
blank/blanks with appropriate set of words from ----------in more outlandish prophesies that were fed
the options provided. to them within echo chambers on Twitter, YouTube
etc.
Q.46) Now other platforms have come under a) deck, peace
enewed ------------- for their role in ----------------- the b) team, creativity
attack on the Capitol. c) contingent, solace
a) filing, furthering d) group, material
b) scrutiny, fomenting e) pool, extravagance
c) search, violent
Answer- C
d) upgrade, ending
‘Contingent’ (a group of people sharing a common
e) flash, starting
feature, forming part of a larger group.), group or
pool can fill the first blank.
Answer- B Found ‘solace’ (peace) would only go in the second
We are talking about the attack on the capitol. blank from among the given options.
Hence, ‘scrutiny’(inspection) and ‘fomenting’
(instigate/provoke) would be appropriately used in Q.50) Rather than being ---------- by the OECD
the given context.
numbers suggesting negative support, farmers,
policymakers, and other stakeholders need to
Q.47) We go a step ahead and ------------ our women
understand the pitfalls and ---------------- in the
as goddesses but ---------- them equal rights, and
underlying methodology.
under the latest Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
a) enervated, emergencies
Ordinances, even the right to choose their spouses.
b) quashed, cons
a) name, give
c) fooled, benefits
b) discover, forget
c) glorify, deny d) influenced, pros
d) consider, allow e) swayed, limitations
e) revere, ignore
Answer- E
Answer- C Given the context, only ‘cons’ or ‘limitations can fill
‘Revere’ (respect/admire/worship) or ‘Glorify’ would the second blank.
suit in the first blank as we talk about treating ‘Swayed’ (influenced) by the numbers will be
women as goddesses. However, in the second blank, appropriate. ‘Quashed’ (suppressed/ended) would
only ‘deny’ rights would fit. not fit here.
Thus, option e is suitable.

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mediapersons reportedly found the men in khaki,

Practice Questions -------- them by not even taking their phone calls.
a) statues, hitting
Q.1-10) Complete the sentences by filling the b) alleys, avoiding
appropriate pairs of words. Choose the best pair c) path, rebuking
that completes the sentences appropriately. d) rooms, impelling
e) areas, welcoming
Q.1) We do not need lessons in political morality
from a ---------- that took control of India without any Q.6) When the two sides decided to create a
justification, ruled over it without any ------------, and -----------working group some years ago, they had
left it only when continuance had become agreed that there would be no ------------- or loss of
untenable. life.
a) party, success a) joint, violence
b) regime, compunction b) isolated, ecstasy
c) rule, policy c) new, peace
d) person, guilt d) controlled, death
e) government, logic e) master, births

Q.2) The --------- US Senate confirmation hearings of Q.7) The humanitarian approach that has been
the incoming administration’s principal foreign and expected to be the ------------- of the approach to this
defence policy aides attracted some ----------. conflict, has not always been -------------.
a) recent, attention a) centre, senile
b) only, crowd b) direction, derogatory
c) significant, media c) charity, faded
d) popular, traction d) foundation, weary
e) ageing, journalists e) cornerstone, discernible

Q.3) Some inferences on altered policies are ----------- Q.8) If implemented, this could be the biggest
since such customary policy reviews after changes of ---------- of the regulatory framework for such
government are yet to ------------. ----------companies (or shadow banks) in over two
a) acceptable, happen decades.
b) fruitful, occur a) rectification, forgery
c) awaited, conclude b) overhaul, finance
d) worthless, finalise c) check, non-governmental
e) premature, commence d) victory, small
e) catch, native
Q.4) We have seen ---------- demand in sedans and
SAVs and the demand mix between these two Q.9) A comprehensive solution, one that would
bodytypes is more or less equal with a slight--------- severely ---------- unauthorised fishing and help in an
for SAVs.” ----------- sharing of and sustainable use of resources
a) low, connection by fishermen from both sides, is long overdue.
b) enhanced, more a) cut, inadvertent
c) eccentric, inequality b) hamper, unbiased
d) declined, rush c) ban, amazing
e) robust, preference d) curtail, orderly
e) control, indefinite
Q.5) With the state slipping down the dark ------- of
crime and the police failing miserably in checking it,

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Q.10) To enable small farmers to diversify their crops d) lotion

or ---------- their income, they must have access to e) spite
credit at ------------- rates of interest.
a) increase, higher Q.15) Reservations for Other Backward Classes
b) balance, alarming (OBCs) in educational institutions and government
c) reduce, low jobs have been a matter of -------------- in India over
d) improve, reasonable three decades.
e) impact, open a) contract
b) contention
Q.11-20) Complete the sentence by filling in the c) agreement
blank/blanks with appropriate set of words from d) time
the options provided. e) revelry

Q.11) Any other sector which has access to a low Q.16) Empathy is the capacity to ------------- and even
rate of interest credit has always boomed and ---------- the experience of another.
------------------- so much so it has created a ---------- of a) comprehend, deny
its own. b) showcase, think
a) ballooned, bubble c) understand, feel
b) risen, place d) deliberate, link
c) fallen, transaction e) learn, despise
d) thundered, pile
e) flown, region Q.17) Roads across Manipur are ephemeral,
foregrounding the politics behind their development
Q.12) In recent times, across different countries, we as well as their spatial and --------- nature.
have ------------ the rise of right-wing nationalist a) phenomenal
parties with patriotic nationalism and religion b) temporal
------------ the popular imagination. c) spiritual
a) witnessed, capturing d) monetary
b) experienced, firing e) dances
c) seen, omitting
d) controlled, being Q.18) As the unipolar world has been eclipsed by a
e) captured, gaining levelling of the international playing field, the
------------ effects have been felt across Asia.
Q.13) We must be able to put ourselves in another’s a) ample
shoes, see the world from their -----------, and b) temporary
understand what they are likely thinking and feeling. c) ripple
a) ideals d) direct
b) perspective e) ongoing
c) thought
d) eyes Q.19) The definition of criminal contempt is couched
e) vision in extremely wide language, facilitating the
----------------- of greater restraints on free press, at
Q.14) The concept of romantic competence is the ----------- of the courts.
related to similar ideas, such as mindfulness and a) verification, future
emotional intelligence, often recommended as b) removal, honour
--------- to failing relationships. c) demolition, order
a) catalysts d) application, whims
b) antidotes e) imposition, discretion
c) medicine

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Q.20) The traditional ------------- envisaged between much and who have a simmering history of 24.
"religion" and "nation" in the Western discourse of ------------- and there can be intragroup conflict
modernity has by now been flattened. between different 25. ------------- within a
a) war department or office.
b) dichotomy
c) rivalry a) conditions
d) opportunity b) demands
e) debate c) remuneration
d) perks
Q.21-25) In the given passage, there are blanks, e) circumstances
each of which has been numbered. Against each,
five words are suggested, one of which fits the
blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word
in each case. Q.23) Conflict in the workplace is an 21. -------------
reality of working life, and it can be compounded by
Q.21) Conflict in the workplace is an 21. ------------- the fact that it may come at you from more than one
reality of working life, and it can be compounded by direction at a time. For example, employees may
the fact that it may come at you from more than one experience a conflict between the 22. ------------ of a
direction at a time. For example, employees may job and their obligations to their families, while at
experience a conflict between the 22. ------------ of a the same time there can be a conflict between an
job and their obligations to their families, while at employee and the organization as a whole if the
the same time there can be a conflict between an employee feels unfairly treated and 23. ---------------.
employee and the organization as a whole if the There may be interpersonal conflicts between
employee feels unfairly treated and 23. ---------------. individuals who simply do not like each other very
There may be interpersonal conflicts between much and who have a simmering history of 24.
individuals who simply do not like each other very ------------- and there can be intragroup conflict
much and who have a simmering history of 24. between different 25. ------------- within a
------------- and there can be intragroup conflict department or office.
between different 25. ------------- within a
department or office. a) rejoiced
b) scolded
a) inescapable c) exploited
b) amazing d) gifted
c) incorrect e) appreciated
d) innocuous
e) undermining
Q.24) Conflict in the workplace is an 21. -------------
reality of working life, and it can be compounded by
Q.22) Conflict in the workplace is an 21. ------------- the fact that it may come at you from more than one
reality of working life, and it can be compounded by direction at a time. For example, employees may
the fact that it may come at you from more than one experience a conflict between the 22. ------------ of a
direction at a time. For example, employees may job and their obligations to their families, while at
experience a conflict between the 22. ------------ of a the same time there can be a conflict between an
job and their obligations to their families, while at employee and the organization as a whole if the
the same time there can be a conflict between an employee feels unfairly treated and 23. ---------------.
employee and the organization as a whole if the There may be interpersonal conflicts between
employee feels unfairly treated and 23. ---------------. individuals who simply do not like each other very
There may be interpersonal conflicts between much and who have a simmering history of 24.
individuals who simply do not like each other very ------------- and there can be intragroup conflict

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between different 25. ------------- within a professional ethics, which sociologist Émile
department or office. Durkheim (1957) once thought of as an antidote to
capitalism as a form of amorality, has become 29.
a) oppression ---------. The ethical codes of the professional
b) camaraderie academies have become a 30. ---------. There might
c) wrongdoing be references to gender out of regard to political
d) animosity correctness, but there is hardly a nod to violence.
e) companionship
a) merrily
b) surely
Q.25) Conflict in the workplace is an 21. ------------- c) never
reality of working life, and it can be compounded by d) always
the fact that it may come at you from more than one e) rarely
direction at a time. For example, employees may
experience a conflict between the 22. ------------ of a
job and their obligations to their families, while at Q.27) One of the issues often missing in ordinary
the same time there can be a conflict between an conversation and public discourse is a concern for
employee and the organization as a whole if the ethics. We talk forcefully about management,
employee feels unfairly treated and 23. ---------------. ecology, politics, or the economy, but the ethical
There may be interpersonal conflicts between aspect in a substantial sense 26. ----------- enters the
individuals who simply do not like each other very discourse. Even if it does, it 27. ------------ as a
much and who have a simmering history of 24. pomposity, as a term of piety or even a
------------- and there can be intragroup conflict fundamentalist intolerance. The missingness of
between different 25. ------------- within a ethics in everyday language that is replete with
department or office. pragmatism and utilitarianism is 28. -----------. Even
professional ethics, which sociologist Émile
a) factions Durkheim (1957) once thought of as an antidote to
b) people capitalism as a form of amorality, has become 29.
c) races ---------. The ethical codes of the professional
d) causes academies have become a 30. ---------. There might
e) genders be references to gender out of regard to political
correctness, but there is hardly a nod to violence.

Q.26-30) In the given passage, there are blanks, each a) plays

of which has been numbered. Against each, five b) roars
words are suggested, one of which fits the blank c) boasts
appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each d) emerges
case. e) stays

Q.26) One of the issues often missing in ordinary

conversation and public discourse is a concern for Q.28) One of the issues often missing in ordinary
ethics. We talk forcefully about management, conversation and public discourse is a concern for
ecology, politics, or the economy, but the ethical ethics. We talk forcefully about management,
aspect in a substantial sense 26. ----------- enters the ecology, politics, or the economy, but the ethical
discourse. Even if it does, it 27. ------------ as a aspect in a substantial sense 26. ----------- enters the
pomposity, as a term of piety or even a discourse. Even if it does, it 27. ------------ as a
fundamentalist intolerance. The missingness of pomposity, as a term of piety or even a
ethics in everyday language that is replete with fundamentalist intolerance. The missingness of
pragmatism and utilitarianism is 28. -----------. Even ethics in everyday language that is replete with

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pragmatism and utilitarianism is 28. -----------. Even professional ethics, which sociologist Émile
professional ethics, which sociologist Émile Durkheim (1957) once thought of as an antidote to
Durkheim (1957) once thought of as an antidote to capitalism as a form of amorality, has become 29.
capitalism as a form of amorality, has become 29. ---------. The ethical codes of the professional
---------. The ethical codes of the professional academies have become a 30. ---------. There might
academies have become a 30. ---------. There might be references to gender out of regard to political
be references to gender out of regard to political correctness, but there is hardly a nod to violence.
correctness, but there is hardly a nod to violence.
a) winner
a) worrying b) champion
b) appealing c) cliche
c) bizarre d) crude
d) rudimentary e) obsolete
e) interesting
Q.31-35) In the given passage, there are blanks,
Q.29) One of the issues often missing in ordinary each of which has been numbered. Against each,
conversation and public discourse is a concern for five words are suggested, one of which fits the
ethics. We talk forcefully about management, blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word
ecology, politics, or the economy, but the ethical in each case.
aspect in a substantial sense 26. ----------- enters the
discourse. Even if it does, it 27. ------------ as a Q.31) Inflation remains a major concern for every
pomposity, as a term of piety or even a economy. High inflation is generally believed to be
fundamentalist intolerance. The missingness of costly because it makes the price mechanism a less
ethics in everyday language that is replete with effective 31.------------ in allocating resources
pragmatism and utilitarianism is 28. -----------. Even efficiently (Friedman 1977). One of the most
professional ethics, which sociologist Émile remarkable macroeconomic developments over the
Durkheim (1957) once thought of as an antidote to past two decades has been a significant 32. ----------
capitalism as a form of amorality, has become 29. in inflation across a number of countries. It is agreed
---------. The ethical codes of the professional that the 33. ---------- of monetary policy on price
academies have become a 30. ---------. There might stability has been the main cause of disinflation in
be references to gender out of regard to political these countries (Greenspan 2004). Decisions
correctness, but there is hardly a nod to violence. regarding targeting the level of inflation or stabilising
monetary policy requires knowledge about the
a) different 34.-------------between inflation and its associated
b) weird uncertainty. One of the most important costs of
c) trite inflation is the uncertainty it creates about future
d) novice levels of inflation. This uncertainty makes the
e) innovative decision-making of businesses and consumers more
difficult and reduces the economic 35. ----------
Q.30) One of the issues often missing in ordinary (Golob 1994).
conversation and public discourse is a concern for a) apparatus
ethics. We talk forcefully about management, b) hegemony
ecology, politics, or the economy, but the ethical c) thing
aspect in a substantial sense 26. ----------- enters the d) doctrine
discourse. Even if it does, it 27. ------------ as a e) formula
pomposity, as a term of piety or even a
fundamentalist intolerance. The missingness of
ethics in everyday language that is replete with
pragmatism and utilitarianism is 28. -----------. Even

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Q.32) Inflation remains a major concern for every d) show

economy. High inflation is generally believed to be e) root
costly because it makes the price mechanism a less
effective 31.------------ in allocating resources Q.34) Inflation remains a major concern for every
efficiently (Friedman 1977). One of the most economy. High inflation is generally believed to be
remarkable macroeconomic developments over the costly because it makes the price mechanism a less
past two decades has been a significant 32. ---------- effective 31.------------ in allocating resources
in inflation across a number of countries. It is agreed efficiently (Friedman 1977). One of the most
that the 33. ---------- of monetary policy on price remarkable macroeconomic developments over the
stability has been the main cause of disinflation in past two decades has been a significant 32. ----------
these countries (Greenspan 2004). Decisions in inflation across a number of countries. It is agreed
regarding targeting the level of inflation or stabilising that the 33. ---------- of monetary policy on price
monetary policy requires knowledge about the stability has been the main cause of disinflation in
34.-------------between inflation and its associated these countries (Greenspan 2004). Decisions
uncertainty. One of the most important costs of regarding targeting the level of inflation or stabilising
inflation is the uncertainty it creates about future monetary policy requires knowledge about the
levels of inflation. This uncertainty makes the 34.-------------between inflation and its associated
decision-making of businesses and consumers more uncertainty. One of the most important costs of
difficult and reduces the economic 35. ---------- inflation is the uncertainty it creates about future
(Golob 1994). levels of inflation. This uncertainty makes the
a) alteration decision-making of businesses and consumers more
b) decline difficult and reduces the economic 35. ----------
c) rise (Golob 1994).
d) change a) linkage
e) less b) history
c) abhorrence
Q.33) Inflation remains a major concern for every d) attraction
economy. High inflation is generally believed to be e) collusion
costly because it makes the price mechanism a less
effective 31.------------ in allocating resources
efficiently (Friedman 1977). One of the most Q.35) Inflation remains a major concern for every
remarkable macroeconomic developments over the economy. High inflation is generally believed to be
past two decades has been a significant 32. ---------- costly because it makes the price mechanism a less
in inflation across a number of countries. It is agreed effective 31.------------ in allocating resources
that the 33. ---------- of monetary policy on price efficiently (Friedman 1977). One of the most
stability has been the main cause of disinflation in remarkable macroeconomic developments over the
these countries (Greenspan 2004). Decisions past two decades has been a significant 32. ----------
regarding targeting the level of inflation or stabilising in inflation across a number of countries. It is agreed
monetary policy requires knowledge about the that the 33. ---------- of monetary policy on price
34.-------------between inflation and its associated stability has been the main cause of disinflation in
uncertainty. One of the most important costs of these countries (Greenspan 2004). Decisions
inflation is the uncertainty it creates about future regarding targeting the level of inflation or stabilising
levels of inflation. This uncertainty makes the monetary policy requires knowledge about the
decision-making of businesses and consumers more 34.-------------between inflation and its associated
difficult and reduces the economic 35. ---------- uncertainty. One of the most important costs of
(Golob 1994). inflation is the uncertainty it creates about future
a) reason levels of inflation. This uncertainty makes the
b) focus decision-making of businesses and consumers more
c) desire

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difficult and reduces the economic 35. ---------- their distribution across the country, according to
(Golob 1994). the researchers. Sequencing the venom glands, the
a) discourse group found that while the iii) abundance/iv)
b) thinking abundant of RNA that codes for the toxin proteins
c) power was similar, each krait v) species/vi) specie was
d) well-being producing distinct compositions of proteins (toxins)
using the same set of RNA. “There are molecular
e) state
mechanisms that have been described that can
contribute to this. However, more work is needed to
fully understand this,” he says.
Q.36-40) Choose the word from each of the given
pair in the paragraph which would grammatically a) ii, iii,v
and logically fit in the given places. b) i, iii, v
c) i, iv, v
Q.36) In 1979, India faced a severe flash drought, d) i, iii, vi
affecting about 40% of the country and taking a toll e) ii, iii, vi
on agriculture. An article published that year in the i)
general/ii) journal India International Centre
Quarterly iii) noted/iv) noticed that the big granaries Q.39) Early in the pandemic, Japan was able to keep
of Uttar Pradesh and Andhra were affected, and the its virus caseload manageable with non-binding i)
country suffered a loss of about Rs. 5,000 crores. A requests/ii) orders for businesses to close or
new study has now pointed out that India could
operate with social distancing and for people to stay
experience more such flash droughts by the end of
home. But recent weeks have seen several highs in
this v) sanctuary/vi) century.
new cases per day, in part iii) blamed/iv) ashamed
a) ii, iii,v on eased attitudes toward the anti-virus measures,
b) i, iii, v and doubts are growing as more contagious v)
c) i, iv, v variance/vi) variants spread while people wait for
d) i, iii, vi vaccines and the Olympics draw closer.
e) ii, iii, vi
a) ii, iii,v
Q.37) Unlike any other flying animal, butterflies have b) i, iii, v
i) usually/ii) unusually short, broad and large wings c) i, iv, v
iii) relative/iv) relevant to their body size. By d) i, iii, vi
studying the aerodynamics of butterflies in a wind e) ii, iv, vi
tunnel, researchers have now answered this
question which has confused lepidopterologists Q.40) A squat is the i) act/ii) acting of crouching —
(who study moths and butterflies) for v) ears/vi) of folding the knees with feet flat on the ground,
years. The results suggested that butterflies use a glutes almost down to the floor. A squat can be
clap technique which helps them take off rapidly. “ performed to iii) difference/iv) different depths,
a) ii, iv, v ranging from the deep (where your glutes are below
b) i, iii, v your knees) to shallow (where you bend knees only
c) i, iv, v slightly). It can v) either/vi) neither be done with our
d) i, iii, vi body weight or with added weights like a Kettlebell
e) ii, iii, vi or a barbell.

Q.38) a) ii, iii,v

b) i, iii, v
In a situation where about 58,000 people die in India c) i, iv, vi
every year due to snake bites and three times this d) i, iii, vi
number i) suffer/ii) refer permanent disabilities, it is e) i, iv, v
necessary to take cognisance of the difference
between the venoms of the different species and

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Q.41-45) Complete the sentence by filling in the

blank with appropriate set of words from the
options provided.

Q.41) Samvaad Covid-19 Helpline is a humane Q.46-50) Complete the sentence by filling in the
initiative that helps provide some ---------- to the blank/blanks with appropriate set of words from
families facing grave times. the options provided.
a) action
b) respite Q.46) If you were not paying attention to your
c) disease mental health before 2020, chances are you became
d) trouble --------- of it while house-bound.
e) penury a) bored
b) aware
Q.42) It was when he was 19 yrs that Basit c) nauseous
encountered some people propagating hate and d) evident
---------- ideas. e) sharp
a) ludicrous
b) essential Q.47) Our mission, if we choose to accept it, is to
c) humble embrace nothing, to let it be our guide to a new way
d) extremist of experiencing life in all its -------- and ---------.
e) magnanimous a) journeys, pauses
b) pros, cons
Q.43) Due to the low literacy levels and bad c) forms, energies
connectivity in the town, there is barely any d) blessings, curse
------------ among the people of the global pandemic e) truth, happiness
world is currently facing.
Q.48) The first United Nations High-level Advisory
a) strength
Board was established in June 2018 as a key element
b) awareness
of the efforts to ----------- the U.N. Member States in
c) activity
implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
d) solace
Development.
e) unity
a) entertain
b) fight
Q.44) Doing nothing is the greatest expression of
c) support
privilege, but also of ------------and possibility. d) oppose
a) repentance e) deceit
b) humility
c) arrogance Q.49) With the Monetary Policy Committee ---------
d) intelligence rates, interest rates on loans have been falling quite
e) richness ---------- in the last couple of years.
a) sharpening, slowly
Q.45) With the idea of ‘doing nothing’ gaining b) increasing, decently
importance, we should ask whether these upcoming c) reducing, sharply
technologies will help us wait, or create silence, or d) manipulating, heavily
develop ----------- e) accepting, gradually
a) toughness
b) serenity Q.50) Diplomats are usually able to craft a solution
c) ambiguity to a conflict, but it will not necessarily be the best
d) enthusiasm one for all of the --------- parties.
e) skills a) existing
b) involved

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c) debating ‘joint’ will come in the first blank as we talk about

d) playing two sides. ‘violence’ will come in the second blank in
e) conflicting line with the ‘loss of life’.

Q.7) Answer- E
Answer Key ‘cornerstone’ or ‘foundation’ of the approach would
fit in the first blank. Weary (tired) couldn’t be used
1(B) 2(A) 3(E) 4(E) 5(B) for describing an approach in the second blank.
‘Discernible’ which means noticeable or observable
6(A) 7(E) 8(B) 9(D) 10(D)
would fit in the second blank as we talk about the
11(A) 12(A) 13(B) 14(B) 15(B) humanitarian approach.
16(C) 17(B) 18(C) 19(E) 20(B)
Q.8) Answer- B
21(A) 22(B) 23(C) 24(D) 25(A)
Shadow banks hint us to use ‘financial’ for the
26(E) 27(D) 28(A) 29(C) 30(C) second blank. ‘overhaul’ (a thorough examination of
31(A) 32(B) 33(B) 34(A) 35(D) machinery or a system, with repairs or changes
36(E) 37(E) 38(B) 39(D) 40(E) made if necessary) would rightly fit in the first blank.
41(B) 42(D) 43(B) 44(B) 45(B)
Q.9) Answer- D
46(B) 47(C) 48(C) 49(C) 50(E) As we talk about unauthorized fishing, ‘curtail
(reduce in extent or quantity; impose a restriction
on), or ‘control’ would fit in the first blank.
‘indefinite’ sharing wouldn’t make sense as a
Q.1) Answer- B solution. ‘orderly’ sharing would be appropriate.
‘party’, ‘regime’ or ‘government’ could fill in the first
blank as we talk about ruling over India. However, in Q.10) Answer- D
the second blank, only compunction (guilt) would fit ‘improve’ and ‘reasonable’ perfectly fit in the given
basis the given scenario. blanks.
To increase incomes through diversification of crops
Q.2) Answer- A reasonable rate of interest for credit lines will make
‘Recent’ and ‘attention’ would be appropriate to fill sense.
in the given blanks.
Q.11) Answer- A
Q.3) Answer- E ‘ballooned’ will appropriately fit in along with
‘Premature’ and ‘commence’ (begin) would be boomed. ‘bubble’ will follow in the second blank in
appropriate to fill in the given blanks. This indicates coherence with the given line of thought in the
that the inferences were too early to be made as the statement.
reviews were yet to start.
Q.4) Answer- E Q.12) Answer- A
While any of the given options may come in the first ‘witnessed’ or ‘seen’ may fill in the first blank.
blank, as we read ahead, we can observe that However, ‘capturing’ would be the apt choice for the
‘preference’ would suitably fill in the second blank as second and ‘omitting’ (leave out or exclude)
we talk about the comparison. wouldn’t suit.

Q.5) Answer- B Q.13) Answer- B

Not taking their phone calls in the second part Being in someone else’s shoes clearly hints on using
indicates ignorance. Hence, ‘avoiding’ would fit. ‘perspective’ in the given scenario.
‘Dark alleys of crime’ is a sensible phrase which
means dark and dangerous path of crime. Q.14) Answer- B
‘antidotes’ or ‘medicine’ may fit in. However,
Q.6) Answer- A medicines will be followed by ‘for’ and antidotes by
‘to’.
Thus, we will use ‘antidotes to’

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It’s clear from the first sentence that we are talking

about ‘ethics’ not being talked about much as a field.
Hence, in the given context, ‘rarely’ would suitably
Q.15) Answer- B fill in the given blank.
‘contention’ (heated disagreement) will
appropriately fill in the given blank. Q.27) Answer- D
‘emerges’ will be appropriate to fill in the given
Q.16) Answer- C blank.
Considering the meaning and definition of empathy,
‘understand’ and ‘feel’ would be apt choices. Q.28) Answer- A
Considering the tone of the para, missingness can’t
Q.17) Answer- B be anything but ‘worrying’.
‘Spatial’ and ‘temporal’ nature is usually talked
about in tandem (meaning with respect to space and
time)
Q.29) Answer- C
Q.18) Answer- C Considering the tone of the para, ‘trite’ (dull and
‘ripple’ effects (effect that spreads through someone obvious) would suit the blank.
or something) fit in appropriately in the context of
the statement. Q.30) Answer- C
Considering the tone of the para, ‘cliché’ would be
Q.19) Answer- E appropriate choice for this blank.
‘imposition’ of restraints is the correct phrase. At the
‘discretion’ of courts makes sense as they are the Q.31) Answer- A
ruling body here. Price mechanism has been indicated as a less
effective ‘apparatus’
Q.20) Answer- B
As we are talking about two elements here, Q.32) Answer- B
‘dichotomy’ (a division or contrast between two Development would be ‘decline’ in inflation and not
things that are or are represented as being opposed increase. Mention of ‘disinflation’ in the next line
or entirely different) will be the apt choice. corroborates this.

Q.21) Answer- A Q.33) Answer- B

‘inescapable’ would fit in the first blank as no other ‘focus’ of monetary policy only makes sense in this
word goes in the context of talking about conflict. blank as against other options.

Q.22) Answer- B Q.34) Answer- A

‘demands’ of a job makes perfect sense. ‘linkage’ b/w two elements is what makes sense in
this case.
Q.23) Answer- C
‘exploited’ (take advantage of) would be in line with Q.35) Answer- D
the thought of being ‘unfairly treated’. Basis the context of the para, economic ‘well-being’
would be appropriate to be used.
Q.24) Answer- D
‘animosity’ (hatred) would be coherent with the Q.36) Answer- E
dislike being mentioned on the sentence. We are talking about the article, so ‘journal’ would
make sense. Also, the name of journal follows the
Q.25) Answer- A blank.
It’s a comparison b/w two individuals and/or two The piece of writing would ‘note’ (record in writing)
‘factions’ (groups) having a conflict. and not ‘notice’ (observe).
In the reference of time frame, it’ll be ‘century’.
Q.26) Answer- E
Q.37) Answer- E

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Unlike any other animal indicates that we shall use Given the low literacy levels, use of the word
‘unusual’ in the first blank. ‘awareness’ will be appropriate.
We are comparing the body size and hence we
would use ‘relative’ (with respect to). Q.44) Answer- B
With respect to time frame, clearly ‘years’ is the We need something in contrast of ‘privilege’ as ‘but’
right choice. is being used and also in tone with ‘possibility’.
‘Humility’ would be the apt choice considering the
Q.38) Answer- B given statement.
We are talking about disabilities, thus ‘suffer’ would
fill in suitably. Q.45) Answer- B
A noun form ‘abundance’ is required in the given In line with the concept of ‘doing nothing’ and
blank. ‘silence’, ‘serenity’ (calm or peaceful) will be the
‘Species’ is grammatically correct. right choice.

Q.39) Answer- D Q.46) Answer- B

As it was non-binding, ‘requests’ makes more sense The word needs to be a contrast of ‘not paying
than ‘orders’. attention’. ‘Aware’ would be appropriate in this
The sentence talks about reason for increasing the context.
cases, and hence, ‘blame’ would suit in the context.
‘Variants’ of the virus would be apt to use here in Q.47) Answer- C
this context. Different ‘forms’ and ‘energies’ of life would be
appropriate for the given blank.
Q.40) Answer- E
‘act’, ‘different’ and ‘either’ will grammatically and Q.48) Answer- C
logically fill in the given blanks. ‘Support’ would suitably fill in the given blank.

Q.41) Answer- B Q.49) Answer- C

Providing ‘Respite’ (rest and relief) to the families Falling interest rates indicates the use of ‘reducing’
would be appropriate to use in the given context. and ‘sharply’.
Q.42) Answer- D Q.50) Answer- E
‘extremist’ ideas will go in line with hate being The conflict situation clearly shows that we would
mentioned. use ‘conflicting’ in the given blank.

Q.43) Answer- B

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Chapter 14: Antonyms

Common antonym question types asked in exams
Introduction include:
 Direct Antonym Questions
An antonym is a word having a meaning opposite to
 Selection of correct antonyms of the
that of another word, such as hot and cold, short
underlined/bold words
and tall, high and low etc.
 Choosing 2 antonym pairs out of 4/5 words
 Matching the columns
 Analogy type antonym questions

Q.3) BENEVOLENT
Solved Examples a) beautiful
b) generous
c) smart
Q.1-10) Choose the word from the options which is d) malevolent
most OPPOSITE in meaning to the given word. e) ugly

Q.1) EXODUS Answer 3- D

a) disease Benevolent means kind-hearted. Malevolent which
b) exit means malicious/evil-minded would be the right
c) entry antonym.
d) deadlock
e) chaos Q.4) REPUDIATE
a) urge
Answer 1- C b) dial
Exodus means a mass departure/exit of people from c) renounce
a region. Entry would be the apt antonym. d) approve
e) attack
Q.2) AMNESTY
a) mercy Answer 4- D
b) punishment Repudiate means refuse to accept. Approve would
c) travesty be the antonym.
d) penury
e) perjury Q.5) ANOMALY
a) inconsistency
Answer 2- B b) temper
Amnesty means an official pardon/mercy for people c) righteousness
who have been convicted of political offences. d) error
Punishment would be the appropriate antonym. e) normality

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Answer 5- E Q.10) BREVITY

Anomaly means an error or inconsistency. Normality a) verbosity
would be the antonym. b) conciseness
c) shortness
Q.6) FLAGITIOUS d) pretty
a) wavy e) All of the above
b) virtuous
c) vicious
Answer 10- A
d) hard
Brevity means conciseness or shortness in language.
e) criminal
Verbosity means wordiness would be the antonym.
Answer 6- B
Q.11-15) The paragraph given below has words in
Flagitious means criminal or villainous; wicked, cruel.
Virtuous which means righteous would be the bold against each number. Choose the correct
antonym. antonym of the given word from the given options.

Q.7) FLACCID In New India, everything is 11.) new. Even the

a) free foundations of intelligence and learning have to be
b) rotund laid afresh. With this 12.) noble aim in mind, the
c) flexible Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog has announced a
d) droopy voluntary online examination to encourage Indians’
e) hard curiosity about the cow and the superiority of 13.)
indigenous breeds over foreign ones. The ambition
Answer 7- E is on a 14.) mammoth scale and the sense of all-
Flaccid means loose and flabby. Hard would be the absorbing national importance quite stunning. The
apt antonym. RKA has uploaded an 15.) extraordinary syllabus for
the test on its website — extraordinary in its
complete overhauling of the meaning and definition
Q.8) SYCOPHANT of science and its confidence in heralding in the New
a) stalker Age of the Indian Cow.
b) flatterer
c) follower Q.11)
d) unsubmissive
a) difficult
e) None of the above
b) unique
Answer 8- D c) innovative
Sycophant is a flatterer. Unsubmissive which means d) usual
unwilling to submit would be the nearest antonym e) distorted
of sycophant.
Answer 11- D
Q.9) ESOTERIC New and usual would be the correct antonym pair.
a) naive Q.12)
b) ravishing a) kingly
c) denial b) tainted
d) simple c) undignified
e) obscure d) sophisticated
e) staunch
Answer 9- D
Esoteric is something complex and obscure. ‘Simple’ Answer 12- C
would be the correct antonym. Noble means honorable. Undignified means
dishonorable would be the antonym.

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Q.13) Q.17) (A) Lampoon (B) Act (C) Adore (D) Praise
a) multinational a) A-C
b) severe b) C-D
c) native c) B-C
d) foreign d) A-D
e) aloof e) B-D

Answer 13- D Answer 17- D

Indigenous means originating or occurring naturally Lampoon means to publicly criticize by mocking.
in a particular place; native. Foreign would be the Praise would be the antonym.
suitable antonym.
Q.18) (A) Dissolution (B) Tranquility (C) Agitation (D)
Q.14) Satire
a) colossal a) A-B
b) miniscule b) C-D
c) robust c) B-C
d) feline d) A-D
e) grand e) A-C

Answer 14- B Answer 18- C

Mammoth means huge. Miniscule is small and tiny. Tranquility means calmness. Agitation would be the
antonym.
Q.15)
a) common Q.19) (A) Poetry (B) Monologue (C) Commendation
b) terrific (D) Obloquy
c) unprecedented a) A-B
d) demeaning b) C-D
e) flattering c) B-C
d) A-C
Answer 15- A e) A-D
Extraordinary and common would be the antonyms.
Answer 19- B
Q.16-20) In each of these questions, four words are Obloquy means strong public condemnation.
given of which two words are most nearly the Commendation (praise) would be appropriate
opposite in meaning. Find those two words and antonym.
mark the number of the correct letter combination
as your answer. Q.20) (A) Limpid (B) Incomprehensible (C) Futile (D)
Firm
Q.16) (A) Indifference (B) Affection (C) Abhorrence a) A-B
(D) Odium b) C-D
a) A-B c) B-C
b) C-D
d) A-C
c) B-C
e) A-D
d) B-D
e) Both c & d
Answer 20- A
Answer 16- E Limpid is completely clear and transparent.
Abhorrence and odium mean hatred or disgust Incomprehensible means something which couldn’t
towards someone. Affection would be antonym to be understood easily. Both would make antonym
both of these. pair.

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Q.4)
Practice Questions Column A Column B
A. frugal E. spendthrift
Q.1-5) Match the words given in Column A with B. insipid F. interesting
their respective antonyms in Column B and choose C. ethereal G. careless
the correct match as your answer option. D. discreet H. substantial

Q.1)
Column A Column B a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H
A. facile E. mild b) A-E, B-H, C-G, D-F
B. pungent F. profound c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G
C. indenture G. disagreement d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G
D. augment H. reduce e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H

a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H Q. 5)

b) A-E, B-H, C-G, D-F Column A Column B
c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G A. ephemeral E. innocuous
d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G B. noxious F. cheerful
e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H C. sanguine G. pessimistic
D. sullen H. eternal
Q.2)
Column A Column B a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H
A. virtuous E. unsociable b) A-H, B-E, C-G, D-F
B. industrious F. sinful c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G
C. gregarious G. uneducated d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G
D. erudite H. slack e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H

Q.6-10) Every question contains a paragraph with

a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H words in bold. Choose the option which contains
b) A-E, B-H, C-G, D-F the antonyms of these words in the correct
c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G sequence.
d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G
e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H Q.6) Party insiders say these setbacks are visible to
all but the top leadership. The ‘no-confidence’
Q.3) against Bora saw a letter written to Sonia Gandhi in
Column A Column B August, seeking a change of guard, leaked in
A. gluttonous E. abstemious December. The Congress has also not come up with
B. pertinent F. epilogue a narrative appealing to the voters.
C. urbane G. uncultured
D. preface H. irrelevant a) wins, attractive
b) losses, misleading
a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H c) advances, unappealing
b) A-E, B-H, C-G, D-F d) blows, enchanting
c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G e) None of the above
d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G
e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H Q.7) Restful time spent reading, gardening, listening
to music or even in contemplation can be a balm for
the soul, fortifying a person against the relentless
pace of modern life. In essence, both are equally

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important. In a rush to improve one’s productivity, d) void

one should not fall into a vicious cycle of sleep and e) abundance
work.
a) exposing, irresolute, deteriorate
b) strong, persistent, enhance Q.12) AMALGAMATE
c) resolute, better, firm a) divide
d) All of the above b) intermix
e) None of the above c) disjoin
d) amorphous
e) Both a & c
Q.8) The common people who bought into Trump’s
lies, however, are far less to be blamed than the Q.13) STUPOR
politicians who promoted Trump with evangelical a) agility
fervour so as to consolidate power. This egged b) numbness
c) consciousness
people on to take to the streets to avenge an
d) wound
imagined voter fraud.
e) None of the above
a) urged, revenge
b) discouraged, forgive Q.14) HARANGUE
c) forced, risk a) diatribe
d) begged, loathe b) polemic
e) None of the above c) lecture
d) accolade
Q.9) In the global arena, this was actually about the e) study
self-righteous, sanctimonious, global busybody
Uncle Sam taking a tumble. Q.15) MULTIFARIOUS
a) self-righteous a) diverse
b) polluted b) confused
c) hypocrite c) absent-minded
d) forthright d) singular
e) None of the above e) All of the above

Q.10) China did not mince its words. The foreign Q.16-20) Choose the option which is opposite in
ministry spokesperson, Hua Chunying, harked back meaning to the underlined word in the given
to the US reaction at the time of the Hong Kong sentence and context.
protests of 2019. Q.16) The similarity of their life experiences ends
a) feed here.
b) change a) diligence
c) cut b) disparity
d) reveal c) demeaning
e) None of the above d) resemblance
e) None of the above

Q.11-15) Choose the word from the options which Q.17) In contrast, our Maharashtrian Hindu heroines
is most OPPOSITE in meaning to the given word. lived lonely lives.
a) isolated
Q.11) GALORE
b) garrulous
a) glow
c) thirsty
b) dearth
c) viscosity d) accompanied
e) None of the above

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Q.18) Her parents and siblings supported her

wholeheartedly.
a) ignored
b) discouraged
c) encouraged
d) censured
e) None of the above

Q.19) Johnson and Modi are both at the helm of

troubled and grotesquely unequal societies ravaged
by the coronavirus.
a) protected
b) devastated
c) identical
d) consumed
e) None of the above

Q.20) Boris Johnson would have been a refreshing

exemplar in weary India.
a) chaotic
b) energetic
c) silent
d) exhausted
e) None of the above

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Ethereal(delicate)-Substantial
Answer Key 
 Discreet(careful)-Careless

1(E) 2(C) 3(B) 4(D) 5(B) Q.5) Answer- B

Following pairs would be antonyms:
6(C) 7(A) 8(B) 9(D) 10(D)
 Ephemeral (temporary)- Eternal (forever)
11(B) 12(E) 13(C) 14(D) 15(D)
 Noxious (harmful)-Innocuous(harmless)
16(B) 17(D) 18(B) 19(A) 20(B)  Sanguine(optimistic)-Pessimistic
 Sullen (gloomy)-Cheerful

Q.6) Answer- C
Solutions Setback means a loss or failure. Appealing means
attractive.
Advances (progress) and unappealing would the
Q.1) Answer- E appropriate antonyms.
Following pairs would be antonyms:

 Facile (superficial)-Profound (intense and Q.7) Answer- A

sincere) Fortifying means protecting. Relentless means
 Pungent (strong, powerful)-Mild persistent. Improve means to better.
 Indenture (contract, agreement)- Exposing, Irresolute (hesitant and indecisive) and
Disagreement Deteriorate(worsen) would be the respective
 Augment(increase)-Reduce antonyms.
Q.2) Answer- C Q.8) Answer- B
Following pairs would be antonyms: Egged here means urged. Avenge means revenge.
Discouraged and forgive would be the appropriate
 Virtuous (moral and upright)-Sinful antonyms.
 Gregarious (sociable)-Unsociable
 Industrious (hard working)-Slack (sluggish, Q.9) Answer- D
lax) Sanctimonious means making a show of being
 Erudite (scholar, learned)-Uneducated morally superior to other people; hypocritical.
Forthright means honest and outspoken. The two
would thus be antonyms.
Q.3) Answer- B
Following pairs would be antonyms: Q.10) Answer- D
Mince means cut. Reveal would be the suitable
 Gluttonous (excessively greedy)-Abstemious antonym in the context.
(indulging moderately)
 Pertinent(relevant)-Irrelevant Q.11) Answer- B
 Urbane (refined, sophisticated)-Uncultured Galore means ‘in abundance’. Dearth which means
(unsophisticated) lack of something, would be the apt antonym.
 Preface (introduction)-Epilogue (afterword,
conclusion) Q.12) Answer- E
Amalgamate means to merge or unite. Both divide
Q.4) Answer- D and disjoin would be the antonyms.
Following pairs would be antonyms:
Q.13) Answer- C
 Frugal (economical)-Spendthrift Stupor means a state of near-unconsciousness or
(extravagant in spending money) insensibility. Consciousness would be the
 Insipid (lacking flavor, uninteresting, appropriate antonym.
boring)-Interesting

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Q.14) Answer- D
Harangue means an aggressive and lengthy speech. Q.18) Answer- B
Accolade meaning praise would be the antonym. Supported and discouraged would be the
appropriate antonyms.
Q.15) Answer- D
Multifarious means diverse/various. Singular would Q.19) Answer- A
be the correct antonym. Ravaged means severely damaged and devastated.
Protected would be the antonym.
Q.16) Answer- B
Similarity and disparity (difference) would be the Q.20) Answer- B
suitable antonymous pair. Weary means tired. Energetic would be the suitable
antonym.
Q.17) Answer- D
Lonely means alone/without friends or company.
Accompanied(having a company) would be the
antonym.

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Chapter 15: Synonyms

Direct Synonym Questions.
Introduction 
 Choose the correct Letter Combination.
 Replacing underlined/bold words with
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that synonyms.
means exactly or nearly the same as another word,  Matching the column Questions.
morpheme, or phrase in the same language.  Analogy type questions.

Common types of Synonym questions asked in

entrance exams include:

Answer 2- D
Solved Examples Spurious means bogus or fake. Hence, A-D would be
the synonym pair. Genuine would be the apt
antonym.
Q.1-5) In each of these questions, four words are Harsh means rough or unpleasant.
given of which two words are most nearly the same
in meaning. Find those two words and mark the Q.3) (A) Bestial (B) Amicable (C) Savage (D) Comical
number of the correct letter combination as your a) A-B
answer. b) C-D
c) B-C
Q.1) (A) Vituperation (B) Condemnation (C) d) A-D
Civilization (D) Glorification e) A-C
a) A-B
b) C-D Answer 3- E
c) B-C Bestial means cruel and depraved. Savage (cruel and
d) A-D vicious) would be the synonym. Amicable is friendly.
e) A-C Comical is funny or amusing.
Answer 1- A
Q.4) (A) Qualm (B) Record (C) Pretension (D)
Vituperation means bitter and abusive language
Apprehension
Condemnation means criticism.
Thus A-B will the synonyms pair. Glorification which a) A-B
means admiration/worship would be the antonym. b) C-D
c) B-C
Q.2) (A) Spurious (B) Genuine (C) Harsh (D) Bogus d) A-D
a) A-C e) A-C
b) C-D Answer 4- D
c) B-C Qualm means an uneasy feeling of doubt, worry, or
d) A-D fear, especially about one's own conduct; a
e) B-D misgiving. Apprehension (anxiety or fear that

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something bad might happen) would be the apt b) abandon, relinquish

synonym. c) arise, soar
Pretension is artificiality. d) bother, annoy
e) honour, exalt
Q.5) (A) Repeal (B) Revoke (C) Devastate (D) Ratify
a) A-B Answer 8- D
b) C-D Pester means trouble or annoy someone with
c) B-C frequent requests or interruptions.
d) A-C
e) A-D Q.9) RANKLE
a) run, scuttle
Answer 5- A b) blench, hesitate
Repeal and revoke would be the correct pair as they c) irritate, pacify
mean to cancel/annul something. d) annoy, irritate
Ratify means to confirm/approve. e) shallow, surface
Devastate means to destroy.
Answer 9- D
Rankle means to annoy or irritate someone.

Q.6-10) In each of these questions, a word has been Q.10) CADENCE

given in bold. Select the option which contains a a) rhythm, modulation
pair of words, both of which are synonyms of the b) tryst, depart
word given in bold. c) opening, vacancy
d) masterpiece, classic
Q.6) PENCHANT e) None of the above
a) preference, hatred Answer 10- A
b) liking, fondness Cadence means modulation or inflection of the
c) deliberation, compatibility voice. Hence, rhythm and modulation would be the
d) eloquence, articulation synonyms.
e) trouble, prison
Q.11-20) Choose the word from the options which
Answer 6- B is most SIMILAR in meaning to the given word.
Penchant means liking or affection towards
something. Q.11) TUMID
a) smart
Q.7) DURESS b) swollen
a) coercion, force c) thin
b) friendship, imitation d) short
c) philosophy, reading e) tall
d) hardship, penury
e) inconvenience, effort Answer 11- B
Tumid means swollen (especially with respect to a
body part)
Answer 7- A
Duress means by force and pressure
Q.12) IDOLATRY
a) admiration
b) loathing
c) reverence
d) helplessness
Q.8) PESTER
e) both a & c
a) ascend, descend

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b) bold
Answer 12- E c) eminent
Idolatry refers to extreme love or admiration for d) guilty
someone. Both reverence and admiration would be e) terrified
synonymous to it.
Answer 17- E
Q.13) MANOEUVRE Petrified means so frightened and terrified that one
a) change is unable to move.
b) scheme
c) alter
d) scold
e) hurt
Q.18) FICKLE
Answer 13- B
a) soft
Manoeuvre means to plan or scheme something.
b) capricious
c) diligent
Q.14) HINDER
d) adamant
a) scary e) conducive
b) steer
c) catalyse Answer 18- B
d) obstruct Fickle means quite changing or variable. Not definite.
e) gorgeous Capricious would be the synonym.

Answer 14- D Q.19) ALOOF

Hinder means to obstruct or hamper the course of a) angry
some happening. b) upset
c) joyful
Q.15) MOROSE d) distant
a) sulky e) condemn
b) ill-tempered
c) gloomy Answer 19- D
d) sullen Aloof mean not friendly or forthcoming; cool and
e) All of the above distant.

Answer 15- E
Morose is sullen and ill-tempered, in a bad mood. All Q.20) WOBBLY
the given words are synonymous. a) unsteady
b) firm
Q.16) DEFIANT c) sad
a) cooperative d) pretty
b) obstinate e) All of the above
c) agreeable
d) precise Answer 20- A
e) charming Wobbly refers to something that’s unsteady or
unstable.
Answer 16- B
Defiant is uncooperative and not ready to budge.
Obstinate would be the appropriate synonym.

Q.17) PETRIFIED
a) confident

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e) None of the above

Practice Questions
Q.1-10) Choose the option which is most similar in
meaning to the underlined word in the given Q.6) The court did not find any infirmity in the grant
context. of approval by the Central Vista Committee or the
Heritage Conservation Committee.
Q.1) These frustrations manifest themselves in a a) worth
million mutinies, big and small, all over India. b) reliability
a) complicate c) defeat
b) reflect d) impairment
c) disappear e) None of the above
d) hide
e) None of the above Q.7) With no urban equivalent to the NREGA on the
horizon, there must be an increased impetus on
Q.2) It is my earnest view that journalism functions evaluating, regulating and supporting new forms of
as a conscious breaker of silos. employment.
a) duo a) image
b) groups b) scheme
c) team c) fallacy
d) isolation d) momentum
e) None of the above e) None of the above

Q.8) The use of central agencies to browbeat

Opposition-ruled States is yet another strain on
Q.3) It successfully eschews the plurality of views as federalism.
it focuses excessively on catering to the exclusive a) intimidate
needs of an individual or an interest group. b) convince
a) supports c) caress
b) avoids d) negotiate
c) buries e) None of the above
d) cries
e) None of the above
Q.9) They often self-identify as ‘housewives’ given
Q.4) Its focus is more on capsuling news and the meagre and variable wages they earn and
analysis, which are propelled by metrics and periods of seasonal unemployment.
analytics. a) inadequate
a) catapulted b) massive
b) slowed c) offensive
c) argued d) persistent
d) rushed e) None of the above
e) None of the above
Q.10) Cloaked in a veil of secrecy and mired in
Q.5) As a working political arrangement, the UPA is a opaque processes, the project sailed through
blunted and useless instrument. mandatory approvals and now even the tender for
a) sharp construction has been awarded.
b) dull a) tough
c) attractive b) enormous
d) meaningful c) streamlined

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d) blurred a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H

e) None of the above b) A-E, B-H, C-G, D-F
c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G
d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G
e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H
Q.11-15) Match the words given in Column A with
their respective synonyms in Column B and choose Q.14)
the correct match as your answer option.
Column A Column B
Q.11) A. plebeian E. commoner
B. frivolous F. silly
Column A Column B C. indulgent G. secretive
A. quest E. strain D. furtive H. liberal
B. exertion F. pursuit
a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H
C. nuance G. shade
b) A-E, B-H, C-G, D-F
D. deference H. respect c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G
d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G
a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H
b) A-E, B-H, C-G, D-F Q.15)
c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G
d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G Column A Column B
e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H
A. frail E. acclaim
B. extol F. boisterous
C. dejected G. depressed
Q. 12)
D. vociferous H. feeble
Column A Column B
a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H
A. ornate E. adorned b) A-H, B-E, C-G, D-F
B. potent F. vigorous c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G
C. quirk G. oddity d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G
D. savvy H. astute e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H

a) A-E, B-F, C-G, D-H Q.16-18) Every question contains a paragraph with
b) A-E, B-H, C-G, D-F words in bold. Choose the option which contains
c) A-F, B-H, C-E, D-G the synonyms of these words in the correct
d) A-E, B-F, C-H, D-G sequence.
e) A-F, B-E, C-G, D-H
Q. 16) Back in the beginning of 2020, Art Basel —
one of world’s largest art fairs — was preparing for
its golden jubilee celebrations with great fervor in
Q. 13)
multiple international locations. That is when the
tumultuous effect of the pandemic gripped the
Column A Column B
world. The celebrations and fairs were either
A. intrepid E. dirty cancelled or shifted online. This, perhaps, was the
B. paltry F. vigorous early indication of a change the art market was set
C. filthy G. greedy to witness throughout the year.
D. insatiable H. small a) zeal, calm, left
b) passion, disorderly, grasped

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c) fever, round, isolated

d) greatness, mind-boggling, taken
e) None of the above

Q.17) The brisk procurement by the FCI (Food

Corporation of India) has buttressed farmers’
incomes while it helped the government extend the
food security programme until end November,” he
said.
a) slow, harmed
b) usual, decreased
c) delayed, affected
d) quick, supported
e) None of the above

Q.18) Race has been a constant arbiter of difference,

as have wealth, class, and gender — each of which is
about power and the necessity of control.
a) decision
b) mirror
c) tyranny
d) suave
e) controller

Q.19-20) Choose the option which is most similar in

meaning to the underlined word in the given
context.

Q.19) Myra’s incredible performance in the Chess

finals enthralled everybody in the room.
a) captivated
b) disgusted
c) romanticised
d) disturbed
e) None of the above

Q.20) When he was chosen by Google, he believed

he reached the zenith of his career.
a) penultimate
b) mediocrity
c) nadir
d) pinnacle
e) None of the above

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Answer Key quest: search or hunt for something; pursuit

exertion: physical or mental effort or strain
1(b) 2(d) 3(b) 4(a) 5(b) nuance: a subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or
sound.
6(d) 7(d) 8(a) 9(a) 10(d)
deference: respect
11(e) 12(a) 13(c) 14(d) 15(b)

16(b) 17(d) 18(e) 19(a) 20(d)

Q.12) Answer- A
Solutions
The given words have following meanings:
Q.1) Answer- B
Manifest here means shown or depicted through ornate: highly decorated or adorned
some act. potent: strong, powerful, vigorous
quirk: something strange or peculiar
Q.2) Answer- D savvy: shrewd and knowledgeable. Having good judgement
Silos means in isolation or separately.
Q.13) Answer- C
Q.3) Answer- B
The given words have following meanings:
Eschew means to deliberately avoid something.
Intrepid: fearless and adventurous
Q.4) Answer- A
Propel means to give momentum to something.
Paltry: very small or meagre
Catapult (to send with force) would be the
appropriate synonym. Filthy: dirty
Insatiable: who/which cannot be easily satisfied, greedy
Q.5) Answer- B
Blunted here means dull and of no use. Q.14) Answer- D
The given words have following meanings:
Q.6) Answer- D
Infirmity refers to an anomaly or mistake. Plebeian: very common; unsophisticated
Impairment (some sort of damage) would be the Frivolous: carefree and superficial, not serious, silly
closest synonym here.
Indulgent: broad-minded, liberal, easy-going
Q.7) Answer- D
Impetus means the force or energy with which Furtive: secretive
something moves.
Momentum/propulsion would be the synonyms. Q.15) Answer- B
The given words have following meanings:
Q.8) Answer- A
Browbeat means to bully or intimidate someone. Frail: weak and delicate, feeble
Extol: praise enthusiastically; acclaim
Q.9) Answer- A Dejected: sad and disheartened, depressed
Meagre is insufficient or a very small amount. Vociferous: loud and forceful, outspoken
Q.10) Answer- D
Q.16) Answer- B
Opaque refers to something which is not clear. Its
Fervor refers to zeal/enthusiasm or passion with
cloudy or blur.
which something is done.
Tumultuous means loud, confused and disorderly
Q.11) Answer- E
The given words have following meanings:

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Gripped means that the world was adversely

affected. Q.19) Answer- A
Enthralled means thrilled or captivated.
Q.17) Answer- D
Brisk means very active and fast. Buttress means to
support/strengthen. Q.20) Answer- D
Zenith means the highest point, peak/pinnacle.
Q.18) Answer- E
Arbiter here means controller.

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Chapter 16: Paracompletion

Key words: In every paragraph there are
Introduction 
certain key words that can be easily
identified. If you are able to identify these
Paracompletion questions are easier than reading key words, they will help in solving the
comprehension problems because they are so much questions and reaching the appropriate
shorter, however paracompletions can contain conclusion. Now that we have identified the
difficult vocabulary and confusing meanings. It’s
tricks to solve, let us also look at the tricks
imperative that we take after a powerful
for eliminating the options.
methodology to “unpack” all the little signs and flags
that lead us to the right choice.  Do not get stuck on words.
In these questions we will have a paragraph or a  Do not get stuck on the last line. The last
short passage given, we will need to read it well and line is vastly different from the last thought.
comprehend the conclusion or the main body of the Para-completion in a way is thought
passage. Then, from the given option we will need to completion.
choose an option which would continue the flow of  Last but not the least, avoid extreme
the passage or would come immediately after the answer choices.
part that ends the passage.

Stepwise approach to solve Paracompletion

What cannot be the answer?
questions.
 Identify the gist of the paragraph  Restatement of one of the lines given in the
 Identify the continuing thread of thought passage.
 Continue the thread of thought keep in  Inference based on one of lines from the
mind the 'first thing' passage.
 Inference is the conclusion drawn on the
basis of the given facts. We don't have to
Tricks for solving Paracompletion questions. draw the conclusion but identify it

 Tone of the passage: When a passage is

written it follows a certain tone. This tone
will never be changed abruptly. In case
there is an option in which the tone of the
passage changes bluntly and suddenly, we
can easily eliminate the option. In case of
change of tone, the author will provide
certain hints like the usage of words such as
- but, however, although, though etc.
 Style of the author: Every author has
different style of writing, for example some
authors use a lot of metaphors, simile etc.
While other authors use a very simple
language. While solving the question make
sure that the option matches with the style
of the author.

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b) If we wanted to largely divide the world into

Solved Examples Boomers and non-Boomers; we’ve miserably failed.
c) They are truly the children of Marx and Coca-
Q.1) Mahua Moitra always ends up hitting the right Cola.
chords through her speeches because she ends up d) The generation wars are on.
saying things so many of us would perhaps not
have the guts to say, or things that have been Q.2) Answer- C,
buried under the churn of constant news and the The last line talks about the millennials having lived
many ridiculous things there are to outrage over through two different eras and statement c rightly
these days. But Moitra remembered what’s truly captures that idea by stating two famous
significant. Seen in the context of journalist Priya personalities belonging to separate eras.
Ramani winning the defamation case against her by While the other three seem connected to the same
former Union Minister MJ Akbar, Moitra’s speech topic, they aren’t as appropriate to complete the
about the unnamed woman’s case of alleged sexual para in sequence.
harassment by the former CJI seems to continue
the befitting theme of “speaking truth to power”.
a) But then that’s what Moitra has always been like Q.3) I was recently invited on Clubhouse to lead a
since she arrived in politics. discussion of macroeconomics, and numerous
b) She speaks of issues that are ailing the country as listeners were sceptical of the value of my chosen
a whole, be it farm laws and crony capitalism to field of study. So, allow me a few more words in
fascism. defense of macroeconomics as a useful and at least
c) Lok Sabha TV seems to go from low definition TV modestly scientific endeavour. The first and most
to Ultra HD with her energy bursting onto our important thing to know about macroeconomics is
screens. that a strong negative shock to demand — a sudden
d) And her speech has gone viral. decline, in other words — usually leads to a loss of
output and employment. Nominal wages are sticky,
Q.1) Answer- A, for a complex mix of sociological reasons, and so
The paragraph talks about the bold nature of employers do not always respond to lower demand
Mahua Moitra. Option a continues to build and with lower wages for workers.
strengthen her personality as the last statement a) The third thing to know is that if central banks go
talks about her speech. crazy increasing the money supply, the result will
Other three sentences also seem to talk about her be high price inflation.
but not specifically in the context of her bold and b) Instead they lay some people off, and that can
fearless attitude. lead to a recession.
c) Things do get more controversial, though there is
still a reasonable degree of consensus.
d) Once you get past those propositions and this
Q.2) To be fair, Gen Z members do raise some disagreement, I am skeptical about a great deal of
important issues about the millennial generation. macroeconomics.
Junior millennials do tend to cling on to the ’90s
way more than they should, especially given the Q.3) Answer- C,
fact that a lot of us weren’t old enough then to The last line captures how the employers may/may
make any cherish-able long-term memories. But not respond. Option b further elaborates on this.
one must understand the appeal of the ’90s — it Option a talks about the third thing. As ‘second
was the transitory period from the pre-internet to thing’ is not mentioned yet, that may not be apt
the post-internet era when information was handsy closing. Others are related as well but not apt for
if not readily available 24×7, and this makes the continuation.
millennials the only generation that can boast
about living through two different eras in their
youth.
a) Millennials, as per Gen Z, also need to check the
emojis that they’re using in their texts.

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Q.4) The Warehouse & Logistics Sector is limping

back to a semblance of normalcy after a period of Q.5) Answer- A,
disruption due to the global pandemic. When the Option A continues to talk about entry associated
pandemic threw a spanner in the work and lives of with the mission as referred in the last sentence of
organizations and people, the logistics sector was the given para.
caught at the crossroads. Literally. The remaining three sentences are related to the
a) India can grow into a global manufacturing hub same topic, however, may not come immediately
by following a two-pronged path. after.
b) The biggest hurdle is the uncertainty in terms of
land acquisitions and approvals.
c) Long lines of trucks and other vehicles used to Q.6) In attempting to understand how humans can
transport goods were forced to wait for days before realize their highest potential, I have found it
being given entry at the border to another state. pertinent to take a needs-based perspective. We all
d) The change in behaviour of consumer purchase is have fundamental basic needs, that when severely
adding pressure on the supply chain network and thwarted, cause us all to act in the same
underscores the importance of high-quality, predictable fashion. One of my biggest influences is
compliant and hygienic warehousing spaces. the humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow, who
often pondered on why people could be so cruel.
Q.4) Answer- C, a) Having a safe enough base to explore is essential
Statement c explains the crossroads which is being to growth and health as a human.
talked about in the last statement. The other 3 b) While we can shift our expectations of the future
statements do talk about over time, it takes active work to do so.
manufacturing/warehouses. c) In one unpublished note, he concluded that it’s
due to the “insecurity cycle”:
d) The effects of moving out of poverty were clearly
Q.5) The possibility of life on Mars has excited the visible.
imagination. Among the scientific community, the
current thinking is that life may have existed on the Q.6) Answer- C,
earth’s ruddy planetary neighbour a long time ago. C answers the ‘why’ raised in the last given line.
Understanding this will enrich our studies of the
evolution and nurture of life outside the earth. The
recent NASA mission, Mars 2020, that was launched Q.7) The U.S. response to the COVID-19 pandemic
from Cape Canaveral, Florida on July 30, 2020, has been fractious. Many citizens, spurred on by
landed on the Jezero Crater on Mars on February political leaders and even some health providers,
18, to much celebration. Of special magnificence have not heeded science-based recommendations
was the entry, descent, and landing of the mission’s from our nation’s infectious-disease experts to
Perseverance rover, described as the ‘shortest and wear masks, adhere to physical distancing and
most intense part’. shelter in place. Rather than coming together as a
a) Entering the Martian atmosphere at about nation to slow the spread of SARS-CoV2, far too
20,000 km per hour, the mission had to bring the many Americans in positions of power have chosen
Perseverance rover to a halt on the surface in just to ignore, downplay or politicize these
seven minutes. recommendations while supporting dangerous
b) During the complicated landing process, using a antiscience beliefs and behaviors. They have opted
camera eye, the rover checked the ground below to instead to favor individual freedoms over our
avoid hazardous terrain, all in a few breathtaking collective common good.
minutes.
c) The rover will test out technologies that could a) What has happened to our collective American
help sustain the presence of humans there in the brain?
future. b) What has caused our powerful nation to
d) NASA’s exploration of Mars has focused on succumb to distorted beliefs that have no basis in
finding traces and trails of water that may have science-based reality?
existed, and relate it to finding evidence of ancient c) As brain scientists who study and treat people
life. with neurodegenerative disorders such as

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Alzheimer’s disease, we are keenly aware of the b) But even that experiment would not last more
brain basis of human beliefs and behaviors. than five years, thanks to the power-hungry
d) As a result, more people have died in the U.S. generals of Tatmadaw.
from COVID-19 than in any other country, and our c) They demand the Generals free the detained
nation has one of the highest per capita death rates elected leaders and restore democracy.
in the world. d) The protesters have called for civil disobedience,
stoppage of work, sit-ins and mass demonstrations.
Q.7) Answer- D,
Statement d rightly captures the result of the Q.9) Answer- B,
action/decision mentioned in the last given line. ‘That experiment’ in B refers to the constitution
situation mentioned in the last couple of lines.
The other statements talking of protests/protestors
Q.8) In almost every country across the world, news seem related but do not suit as the immediate next
media has been facing the challenge of dwindling line in the given para. Option B is the best out of all
revenues. This has a direct impact on the quality the given options.
and quantity of journalism, because there’s simply
not enough money to hire good journalists, to
spend on news gathering, and to report on
everything that needs to be reported. Across the Q.10) In the last couple of years, things have
world, newspapers and magazines that thrived in changed, and how! We can now spot wild animals
hard copy have been forced to shut down, reduce from the rooftops of our houses! They fearlessly
their number of pages, go online, and wither away. come near us. Markha Valley now attracts many
a) The problem is not the internet. tourists and wildlife conservationists who brave the
b) What news websites or any kind of content cold winter winds for wildlife sightings, especially
websites earn is a pittance. of the world’s most elusive big cat – the snow
c) Journalism is a public good, the fourth pillar of leopard. They visit the Hemis National Park in
democracy. Markha Valley between the months of December
d) People log on to these social media sites partly and March each year and take back stories and
to know what’s happening in the world. memories of snow leopard sightings.
a) What caused the change?
b) I wondered if I could do something for wildlife
conservation.
Q.8) Answer- A, c) Scarcity of food made people turn to the only
The last line given, talks of a negative repercussion available alternative – hunting.
and then a continues to mention about what the d) My wish to see a wolf up close remained
problem could/could not be. unfulfilled.

Q.10) Answer- A,
Q.9) Myanmar’s military has been one of the most The para majorly presses the point that how (unlike
consistent enemies of democracy. In the past, earlier times), we are easily able to spot wild
challenges to its powers were met with brutal animals. The rhetorical question in option a,
crackdowns. Still, the junta has continued to face confirming this change, would be the right one in
popular resistance. The crackdown on the protests sequence.
of August 8, 1988 did not prevent the ‘saffron
revolution’ of 2007 — protests led by Buddhist
monks. Than Shwe, the then leader of the country, Q.11) Policymakers during the Cold War soon
suppressed them but had to offer a new recognised that dealing with China requires a
Constitution in 2008 as a compromise. This framework that is tailored to India’s circumstances.
Constitution was the basis of the partial transition This means an advantageous realpolitik where India
to democracy in 2015 when the NLD came to leverages the international environment to
power. augment its power potential and cultivate a
a) But protests have only grown by the day. network of partners. It also implies a sophisticated
understanding of what it means to live with China

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in a common Asian and South Asian neighbourhood artists have won. Hailing from Cherai, a small
with overlapping peripheries extending to beach-side town in Ernakulam, Shibu’s paintings
thousands of kilometers with many small nations have always dealt with global themes. Among his
sandwiched in between. critically-acclaimed works is ‘The Desert’ which won
him third place at the 24th Aydin Dogan
International Cartoon competition held in Turkey in
a) It is disconcerting to see India’s contemporary 2012. It portrays blue whales jumping out of sand
discourse mystify China. dunes in a golden-brown desert.
b) India has struggled to find that equilibrium a) Art is akin to meditation for me.
between shaping not only a balance of power but b) “There was no better way to portray global
also a balance of interests. warming,” he says.
c) But this is unviable for two reasons. c) Across a vast expanse of caked brown earth
d) The disengagement process with China is the walks two men, carrying a precious drop of water.
beginning of the end of a major regional crisis. d) Organised by the Russian Ecological Movement,
the contest has artists from around the world
Q.11) Answer- B, sending in their works.
‘That equilibrium’ mentioned in option b relates to
the situation of handling China in the South Asian Q.13) Answer- B,
neighbourhood. Thus b follows. The last sentence talks about what the painting in
question portrays. Statement b continues that
description.
Q.12) Basil Joseph Varghese from Kochi has just
completed painting a bowl of fruit. It took him two
days and he is satisfied with how it has turned out.
“He will either keep it for himself or sell it,” says his Q.14) India played a signature role in drawing the
mother Saju Joseph. Basil is 23 years old and has world together to oppose the apartheid
Asperger’s Syndrome, which comes under Autistic government of South Africa, and it took till 1962 to
Spectrum Disorders. “He is trained by artist Ashil override the sovereignty shield used by the
Antony and the sessions have helped him a lot in government to continue oppressing the Black
improving his skill. Now, not a day passes when he population. India stayed firm from the 1950s till a
does not draw. I cannot express my happiness to resolution was adopted and a United Nations
see him sell his works and earn a living out of it. Special Committee Against Apartheid was set up by
a) Once an order is placed, it will take about a week the United Nations
to finish the work, and volunteers from the a) India’s work, in consistently creating awareness
organisation help in shipping it. and resistance against the demonisation of Nelson
b) Through this space, I want to showcase the Mandela via the Rivonia trial in 1963, checked the
abilities, skills, and talents of people with disability. Apartheid regime from awarding him the death
c) It has helped improve his confidence a lot,” she sentence.
says. b) It was not something that was forced down
d) While proceeds go directly to the artists, Vineet India’s throat by its colonial rulers.
charges a nominal fee for the sale of artworks. c) A democracy that does not ensure and secure
universal rights for all is a democracy only in name.
d) India was a member of the first Human Rights
Commission, which was to draft the ‘international
Q.12) Answer- C, bill of rights’.
Option c is in line with the ‘quote-unquote’
comment which continues and finishes. No other Q.14) Answer- A,
statement would be apt. The para talks about the role of India in fighting
against ‘Apartheid’. Option a continues that
thought.
Q.13) International recognition is not new to Shibu,
who has won a number of awards on various global
platforms, which few other professional Indian

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Q.15) As far as shrinkage in output is concerned, it c) Letter in the pocket, he left whistling, the snake
is the unavoidable lockdown that needs to be in his backpack.
blamed rather than the government’s d) The young man from the Irula community stood
mismanagement of the economy. The associated like a statue while his eyes swept the trees and
inequalities though cannot be delinked from policy bushes.
and, as political opponents will argue, COVID-19-
linked income inequities ought to have been Q.16) Answer- B,
addressed through higher taxation of the rich. Even Option b rightly captures the response of the
though such criticism does not lack wisdom, it narrator as to what could be done after they
appears that the philosophy underlying the spotted the garden snake refered as ‘a visitor’.
government’s economic policy framework has
changed, a change that has not received adequate
attention. In what follows, we shall address the
issue from a pure economist’s point of view. Q.17) Evenings are chilly in Bogota, the world’s
a) In this context, it is well worth our while to third-highest capital. And 10,000 feet above the
pursue Volume 1 of the Economic Survey 2020-21. ground, the Monserrate mountain top, a major
b) India is less poor now, having risen to the rank of tourist attraction in Colombia, makes one shiver
an emerging market economy. even during daytime. I still remember the
c) Given the nature of the products on which the magnificent view from atop the mountain —
excise duty has gone up, prices of commodities will Bogota twinkled brightly as the city lit up like drops
rise in general, directly or indirectly. of gold, a fitting spectacle after a hectic, unforgiving
d) With annual output shrinking by an estimated hike. Finding myself a bit handicapped at not
7.7%, it is straightforward to conclude that knowing even a bit of Spanish, I surrendered to the
unemployment has risen significantly. maitre d’s recommendation and ordered a glass of
vino caliente.
Q.15) Answer- A, a) As a cold breeze came to haunt me, I brought the
The paragraph discusses the situation of glass close to my face, soaking in the warmth
vulnerability of low-income groups which was before taking a sip of vino caliente.
exposed and worsened by COVID-19. The narrative b) I was content with the blissful, heavenly taste of
then moves on to suggest as to how it could be mulled wine, but the best part was yet to come.
addressed. Option a supports the narrative and c) Evenings generally bring with them cold winds
would be apt in sequence. against the backdrop of a city shimmering
beautifully like gold.
d) Tourists’ medicine, he called it.

Q.16) The origin of our irrational fear of snakes is Q.17) Answer- D,

too old to be tackled rationally, but there are ‘vino caliente’ mentioned in the last sentence is
exceptions and this account is about one of them. being described as ‘Tourist medicine’ in line with
About five years ago, before the deafening sounds the thought and story expressed in the para. Other
of traffic conveying children to their school at one options also suit the given para but option d will be
end of our colony began, a sudden uproar in the immediate next.
garden downstairs prompted us to leave our
comfortable chairs on the veranda to investigate.
“Paambu!” Snake! Since an overgrown park lies
close to our house, we hoped it wasn’t a cobra
fleeing from early morning walkers or a contingent
of stray dogs that might have alarmed it. But no! It
was a brilliant translucent green “garden” snake.

a) “Look! It’s harmless.”

b) Fearing for our playful Labrador and unsure of
the mood or degree of danger the visitor posed, we
wondered what to do.

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Q.18) A team of five immediately left for the spot. a) The rest of the world need not be held hostage
They have made some measurements of the to the American constitutional set-up for freedom
topography near the locations but access is difficult. of expression.
They also undertook an aerial survey. What we b) But it’s been hijacked for disinformation
know so far is almost entirely based on an analysis operations, and to fan the flames of political
of satellite imagery, with some ground polarisation, hate speech, misogynistic abuse,
observations. Ground-based measurements are terrorist propaganda — all the stuff that gives rise
critical to supplement this but the prevailing to the moral panic.
conditions aren’t conducive. These are glaciers at c) We have to make a distinction between good
an elevation of 5,000-6,000 metres. Himachal democratic governments and bad authoritarian
Pradesh has 10,000 glaciers, Uttarakhand has 1,000 inclines.
glaciers — and all are in extremely inhospitable d) I get very nervous when governments gang up to
locations. Normally, access to these regions is only try to control what is fundamentally a platform for
possible in the summer, and it’s not easy even then. speech.
That’s why our knowledge of glaciers is limited and
this is inadequate. Q.19) Answer- B,
a) Ideally, before projects are conceived, there are B captures the alternative uses of the internet in
expert assessments done and these are expected to contrast with advertising as mentioned in the last
be followed. line. It would be appropriate in sequence.
b) We are about 90% certain that this was caused
by a combination of a large piece of rock, possibly
from a mountain peak, breaking off.
c) Scientists from the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Q.20) A legislature without a Council of Ministers or
Geology (WIHG), Dehradun were among the first a Council of Ministers without a legislature is a
teams of experts to leave for an examination of the conceptual absurdity. In our constitutional scheme,
causes of the disaster. a legislature is the law-making body and a
d) That makes satellite analysis or aerial surveys legislative proposal is initiated by the government,
critical but they have their limitations. which is responsible to the legislature. Neither can
the legislature exist without a Council of Ministers
nor can the Council of Ministers exist without a
Q.18) Answer- D, legislature. Similarly, a legislature that is partly
D mentions why aerial surveys become critical. The elected and partly nominated is another absurdity.
situation is captured in the last sentence of the In fact, a simple amendment in the Government of
given para. Thus it would be the appropriate Union Territories Act, 1963 can create a legislature
follower. with more than 50% nominated members.
a) Resigning from the membership of the House is
every member’s right.
b) The Puducherry development has tremendous
political significance.
Q.19) It doesn’t help to talk generically about the c) How can a predominantly nominated House
Internet. It’s about this idea that the Internet itself promote representative democracy?
has been hijacked by a small group of companies d) Nomination as such is not new to the Indian
that are rewiring it. They are substituting their own legislature.
proprietary technical standards, interfaces and
codes for the earlier generation of shared and open Q.20) Answer- C,
technical protocols that defined the open Internet. The last couple of sentences challenges the
They control audience data, which is the currency nominated members representing the legislature.
upon which this walled-garden version of the Option c, therefore, raises the apt question in
Internet works. They also control advertising, which sequence.
is the money underpinning the so-called free
Internet. This rewiring of the Internet was one to
bring about the online advertising system with
hyper-targeted ads.

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Q.3) NASA's $2.7 billion Perseverance rover has

Practice Questions made a precise landing on the floor of Mars's Jezero
crater, which scientists believe was filled with water
Q.1) Parliamentary privileges are a set of rights and 3.8 billion years ago. Two kilometers away sits the
immunities that are essential for the functioning of rover's primary target: a fossilized river delta,
Parliament. The right to free speech in the House, created as muddy water spilled into the crater—
guaranteed to the Commons since 1689, and the ideal for preserving signs of life. But before
right to call for evidence and witnesses, are central Perseverance starts the long climb up into the delta,
to the role of the legislature. In our Constitution, to drill samples that will eventually be returned to
both Parliament and State Assemblies were Earth, it will examine the rocks beneath its six
conferred with the same privileges as the Commons. wheels. The rover landed near outcrops of rock
a) Politically, the Assembly is the voice of the people layers that may have originally been laid down
of a State and their discussions are an expression of before and after the lake and the delta.
popular will. a) This shows that the capabilities of Perseverance
b) However, this framing is misleading. are limited.
c) Apart from discussions about judges, no other b) First, the rover will continue its monthlong
speech is barred for legislators in the text of the commissioning phase and then deploy its attached
Constitution. experimental helicopter, Ingenuity, for the first
d) The argument goes: Unlike the House of rotor-powered flight on another planet.
Commons, the powers of State Assemblies are more c) The NASA team will probe these rocks for their
limited. origin; if volcanic, the radiometric dates derived
from them could provide clues to the nature and
timing of the brief period when water flowed—and
Q.2) Chimpanzees act cooperatively in the wild, but life might have flourished.
whether they afford benefits to others, and whether d) The project turned out to be pretty successful.
their tendency to act prosocially varies across
communities, is unclear. Here, we show that
chimpanzees from neighboring communities provide Q.4) One reason scientists and laypersons alike are
valuable resources to group members at personal interested in personality is that the concept is so
cost, and that the magnitude of their prosocial intuitive. It corresponds to our basic observation
behavior is group specific. Provided with a resource- that individual behavior is organized into patterns
donation experiment allowing free (partner) choice, and that those patterns vary between
we observed an increase in prosocial acts across the individuals.Science, for its part, is interested in
study period in most of the chimpanzees. When description, and personality models describe people
group members could profit (test condition), —and the differences between them—in useful
chimpanzees provided resources more frequently ways. A popular and well-studied model is the Big
and for longer durations than when their acts Five, which measures five basic and relatively stable
produced inaccessible resources (control condition). traits: Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness,
Extraversion, and Conscientiousness.
a) For example, the psychologists Stephen Soldz and
George Vaillant of Harvard Medical School (1999)
a) Strikingly, chimpanzees’ prosocial behavior was examined data from 163 men followed prospectively
group specific, with more socially tolerant groups for over 45 years.
acting more prosocially. b) Individual differences in levels of these traits are
b) This behavior points to an egoistic motive yet assumed to account for observed differences in
does not rule out the very act being prosocial. patterns of behavior.
c) Humans regularly confer benefits on others, even c) One outcome domain attracting much attention
at a cost to themselves. among personality researchers is longevity.
d) Typically, the experimental paradigms used to d) Personality, it turns out, can help us do that as
investigate prosociality in chimpanzees have well.
prioritized experimental rigor at the expense of
ecological validity.

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Q.5) The researchers write that high-status Q.7) The headline of this week’s National Interest
individuals “can more easily afford to make fun of isn’t a typing mistake. Neither is it a reference to any
themselves” and that “the use of self-deprecating meat someone may detest or relish. If it sounds like
humor by low-status individuals may be a rude cheap shot, it is because it’s intended to be
counterproductive, suggesting depression, so. It is inspired by a real-life parallel, to make an
defeatism, subordination, low self-esteem, and/or important point at a time when in our judicial
low mate value. On the other hand, if an individual system, the original dictum — bail is the rule, jail an
has achieved high social status, they are unlikely to exception — has been reversed. Ask any crime
have truly low conscientiousness, extraversion, or reporter worth her knowledge of the IPC, what do
emotional stability, and they must show reasonable police officers say in private about the tactic tried,
agreeableness often enough to make friends and win tested and perfected over decades to curb crime in
support.” their districts or states.
a) It is called “burking” crime, because curbing crime
through old-fashioned policing, investigation,
prosecution is onerous and uncertain in its outcome.
a) But most people can’t countersignal. b) And if the default order is to deny it, it corrupts
b) In short, low-status people who countersignal the idea as much as the police ‘improving’ its crime
lower their status even more. But high-status people counts by not counting.
who countersignal increase their status even more. c) It is a challenge to decide which institution has
c) If one is already a respected person, declined over the recent decades, the police or the
countersignaling conveys positive information about judiciary.
them. d) Rule is bail, not jail.
d) If one is not, then countersignaling can backfire.
Q.8) Whichever way one looks at it, Xi Jinping’s
Q.6) There are two broadly accepted roles of a announcement that China has abolished absolute
representative such as an MP in a democracy. One is poverty is an epochal event. From being one of the
that they are agents of the voters and are expected poorest societies on earth, and accounting, along
to vote according to the wishes and for the benefits with India, for the overwhelming bulk of the world’s
of their constituents. The other is that their duty to absolute poor, China has now reached a level of per
their constituents is to exercise their judgement on capita income that is close to the global average
various issues towards the broader public interest. In (measured using purchasing power parity, or PPP).
this, they deliberate with other MPs and find a And it has raised a claimed 850 million people out of
reasonable way through complex issues. The anti- poverty.
defection law turns the concept of a representative
on its head.
a) The Tenth Schedule to the Constitution must be
repealed. a) As with all Chinese statistics, there is some quibble
b) It makes the MP neither a delegate of the about the numbers.
constituency nor a national legislator but converts b) As has been frequently commented, India and
them to be just an agent of the party. China were at comparable levels of development
c) In India, this chain of accountability has been and income 40 years ago.
broken by making legislators accountable primarily c) What India can claim, more modestly than China,
to the party. is that it is no longer the country with the largest
d) Look at the contrast with other democracies. number of absolutely poor people.
d) For India, it would be half the population at that
higher level, and about a tenth at the lower level.

Q.9) Higher education institutes in India should re-

model their assessment system to make them
aptitude-based, the University Grants Commission
(UGC) has suggested in its book, ‘Quality Mandate’,
released last week. The ‘Quality Mandate’ is a

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roadmap to improving higher education in India reasonable restrictions to free speech). While there
through various reforms, including in terms of is not much that is wrong with the Code of Ethics per
improving quality of teachers, imparting life skills to se, what is problematic is that it will take little to
students and changing the assessment pattern. bring this regulatory mechanism to vicious life.
a) The mandate was adopted by the commission According to the rules, “Any person having a
during a vice-chancellors’ meeting in 2018, following grievance regarding content published by a publisher
which the commission launched several schemes for in relation to the Code of
universities to follow.
b) OBE starts with the clear statement of what Ethics may furnish his grievance on the grievance
knowledge, skills, and attitude a graduate will be mechanism established by the publisher.”
able to demonstrate in a clearly measurable way, as a) So, literally anyone could force a digital platform
having acquired on the successful completion of the to take up any issue.
programme, it added. b) Some amount of tightening of policy is inevitable
c) Under OBE, each student is expected to achieve a given new challenges.
particular goal by the end of the academic period. c) The new rules have increased the compliance
d) One of the prominent topics the book talks about burden for social media platforms too.
is the evaluation system. d) There is no denying that there are problems with
online content, which the government has rightly
highlighted now.

Q.10) Successful foreign policymaking, like love and

dancing, is almost entirely dependent on timing. Q.12) If you are a logical person, you can either
Unfortunately, at the present time, the new, sunny, believe in God or in life insurance. You can’t believe
administration of Joe Biden—with its utopian in both. But most people I know believe in both.
Wilsonian outlook—is in for a period of jarring realist They pray to God and pay their premiums. I do
education. The major players of the Indo-Pacific neither.I used to believe in God, but not anymore. I
must not wait around for the superpower to come to blame Modiji for that. When he said, “Be
its senses about its competition with China (which it atmanirbhar’, I decided I’ll no longer depend on a
will ultimately surely do), but instead use this Being whose existence, according to Twitter, is a
interlude to help themselves, if Beijing’s disputed claim. Did I then go and buy life insurance?
aggressiveness is to be contained. No, that’s where things get complicated. I find the
a) As always in international relations, the devil is in very concept of life insurance morally suspect and
the detail. existentially contradictory. Let me explain.
b) But sadly, it will take the naïve Biden team a a) I once asked an agent from a leading firm what
couple of years to see geostrategic sense. happens if I’m bitten by a zombie and become a
c) For there are two intellectual problems that will zombie myself.
hamstring the Biden team in the near term: The b) What bothers me more than the built-in improbity
unfeasibility of its dual-track approach to China, and of life insurance is the hypocrisy embedded in it.
its lack of concrete policy options for how ‘to work c) The whole idea of life insurance is that you go on
more closely with allies’ in the Indo-Pacific. paying little sums of money to someone so that you
d) Both these analytical impediments can and will get a big sum of money AFTER you die.
ultimately be overcome. But doing so will take d) What no agent will tell you is that you won’t get
precious time. the death benefit if you are hanged while fighting for
your country’s freedom.
Q.11) The three-tier regulatory mechanism will seek
to redress complaints with respect to the digital
platforms’ adherence to a Code of Ethics, which Q.13) The celebration of National Science Day with
among other things includes the ‘Norms of the basic objective of spreading the message of
Journalistic Conduct’, compiled by the Press Council science and its importance in improving the lives of
of India, the Programme Code of the Cable people, must be taken forward in the days ahead
Television Networks (Regulation) Act, as also a and should spur a national reawakening instead of
negative list of content that shall not be published being just a ritual. India has a long history of secular
(essentially what one would encounter under law as enquiry and free thoughts. From Aryabhata,

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Varāhamihira and Bhāskarācārya to the great Ford’s output of a century ago: it claims to have
scientists of modern India, the tradition of produced half a million cars in 2020.
illuminating the world of science continues. a) But there is a hitch.
Illustrious women like Janaki Ammal (botanist), b) This has generated understandable excitement
Asima Chatterjee (chemist), Bibha Chowdhuri among industry observers.
(physicist) and Gagandeep Kang (medical scientist) c) After oil was struck at Spindletop in Beaumont,
have kept this flame burning. Texas in 1901, the United States quickly became the
a) Collectively, we have to take forward the legacy world’s largest oil producer.
instead of wasting our time indulging in d) It suggests a resurgent industry that can still be
obscurantism, unscientific and unsubstantiated managed in familiar ways, but which can also meet
claims. the existential threat of global warming head-on by
b) Raman, as a person, was not beyond criticism. mass building electric cars to eliminate CO2-emitting
c) The revised guidelines of the Education Ministry engines.
this January, about prior permission to be taken,
under certain circumstances, before conducting even Q.16) Uniquely, perhaps, the Antarctic Treaty parties
online/virtual conferences, etc., caused anxiety commit themselves to consensus. They find ways to
among some scientists and academics who had accommodate diverse parties to their own interests,
voiced their displeasure. experiences and ambitions. But the future of
d) It seems very thoughtful and rational that our Antarctica is tied up with wider debates about how
National Science Day celebrates a discovery and not we manage some of the remotest parts of the Earth
the birthday of its discoverer. Raman, as a person, at a time of intensifying climate change and resource
was not beyond criticism. pressures. For most states, the Antarctic is akin to
the high seas, the Moon and the deep seabed –
areas of common heritage that belong to the
Q.14) In modern western society, time for oneself, collective international community. But how long
alone and in private, is taken for granted. Since the will the mining ban remain in place?
late 19th century, access to solitude has been central a) And are disagreements in fishing and
to understanding of privacy, which was defined in an environmental conservation a prelude to potential
influential article from the 1890 Harvard Law Review conflict over Antarctica itself?
as ‘the right to be let alone. But this was not always b) Would Antarctica ever be used as a military
the case. testing ground?
a) Finding space to be alone was a challenge for the c) The agreement was notable because the
rich and poor alike. ownership of Antarctica was contested.
b) In medieval Europe, when life was a far more d) For the first time, in the midst of the Cold War,
communal experience than it is today, solitude was the then three nuclear-weapon states agreed to
considered ‘the worst form of poverty. transform a continent into a nuclear-free zone and,
c) This reminds us of a problem that has faced along with other parties, such as Australia and
people for much of history. Argentina, committed themselves to a new
d) The asceticism that some of these religious governance regime.
lifestyles embraced also reflected something
fundamental about medieval views of solitude – it
was a punishment

Q.15) More than a century on, and the world

watches Tesla to see if it is able to do for battery
electric technology what Ford did with the gasoline-
fuelled internal combustion engine. The company is
working to extend into its battery plants the Ford
principle of production without stops and starts,
even as it steps up its investments for manufacture
at scale. Tesla’s immediate target is a little under half

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Q.17) Europe’s longest river weaves through what Q.19) Tanvi Shah is known for the international
has come to be seen as Russia’s heartland, from the flavour she brings to her tracks. Every time a music
Valdai Hills northwest of Moscow to its delta near composer calls her, it is probably to bring in the
Astrakhan where it empties into the Caspian Sea. ‘world music’ vibe to a number. When composer
The Volga also links numerous peoples, including Girishh Gopalakrishnan called her one day during the
Bashkirs, Mari, Tatars, Udmurts, and Russians, all of pandemic-induced lockdown, the request was
whom live near its shores. Yet, though its length something similar, but it had to do with a Tamil
exceeds all other rivers in Europe, the Volga is still classic number.
significantly shorter than several of Russia’s Siberian a) The song, which she co-wrote with AR Rahman,
arteries and, though renowned regionally, the river won her a Grammy, and life has not been the same
nevertheless remains somewhat inconspicuous since.
among the world’s ‘greatest’ rivers. b) As a singer, I have learnt and grown, and take
a) The waterway is almost exclusively a backdrop for every day as it comes.
human societies and is barely seen as a natural c) For Carvaan Lounge Tamil, a concept by Amazon
object until a brief final chapter on the effects of Prime Music and Saregama, which re-imagines hit
Soviet canal building. retro Tamil numbers, Tanvi and Girishh have taken
b) One thing the book is decidedly not, however, is on a 1965 track, ‘Unnai Kaanadha Kannum’ from
environmental history. Idhaya Kamalam, sung by P Susheela and composed
c) From the earliest proto-states of the Jewish-led by KV Mahadevan.
Khazars and the Islamic Bolgars to contemporary d) Tanvi, whose recent work can be heard in the
negotiations about the waterway’s status as a Yuvan Shankar Raja composition ‘Scream of
Russian river, Hartley treats the reader to captivating Darkness’ song from the Vishal-starrer Chakra, is
stories of conflict, conversion, trade, famine, very much an accidental singer.
migration and myth.
d) It is certainly less thought about, spoken of or
eulogised than the Nile, the Amazon, the Mississippi,
the Yangtze or, perhaps, even the Danube. Q.20) Over the centuries, claims of cannibalism have
been used repeatedly to justify slavery and
Q.18) It came to him in a dream, Dmitri Mendeleev imperialism. Indigenous Americans and enslaved
told a friend. He hadn’t slept for three days worrying Africans, it was said, were uncivilised and un-
how to classify the elements. Exhausted, he fell Christian people, whose savagery could be curbed
asleep and the answer came. Sadly, this may not be only by European control. After the Atlantic slave
true. To begin with, Mendeleev – born in Siberia in trade came to an end, these ideas gained in
1834 – had been thinking about the question since strength. In the late 19th century, as a new
at least 1860, when the atomic weights of the generation of imperialists began to push for colonial
elements had been established. By 1869 he was renovation, they revived older arguments about
professor of chemistry at St Petersburg and writing a savagery and civilisation to make their case.
textbook for his students. a) Marines raided Vodou ceremonies, arresting and
assaulting participants and destroying ritual objects.
b) The dental calculus of 16 individuals buried in
a) Having finished the first section, he paused to Megiddo and Tel Erani, is analysed by the
consider which group of elements to cover next. researchers.
b) Dmitri Mendeleev identified a general theory c) Every foreigner’, St John wrote, ‘knows that
underlying all elements on 1 March 1869. cannibalism exists.’
c) He saw that its structure implied the existence of d) A key point of reference was Haiti, whose
then-unknown elements, eight of which he revolutionary struggle against the French had led in
successfully predicted. 1804 to the creation of the world’s first black
d) He made cards of the 63 known elements and republic.
played with them in a form of ‘chemical solitaire’
until he had worked out what we know as the
Periodic Table.

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The last sentence mentions some statistics and

Answer Key Option a gives a judgement on the same in
continuation with it.
1(C) 2(A) 3(C) 4(B) 5(B)
Q.9) Answer- A,
The mandate in Option a refers to the ‘Quality
6(B) 7(A) 8(A) 9(A) 10(C)
Mandate’ being talked about in the given para.

11(A) 12(C) 13(A) 14(B) 15(B) Q.10) Answer- C,

Option c appropriately captures the challenging
16(A) 17(D) 18(A) 19(C) 20(D) situation with China that persists. It will be the right
one in sequence.

Solutions Q.11) Answer- A,

A reiterates and reaffirms the clause mentioned in
the last given sentence in a concise way and hence
Q.1) Answer- C,
would be the apt conclusion statement.
Option c captures as to what holds as per the
constitution in continuation with the reference
Q.12) Answer- C,
mentioned in the last sentence of the given para.
C rightly captures the contradictory concept
mentioned in the last sentences about life insurance.
Q.2) Answer- A,
Option a rightly captures the result of the
Q.13) Answer- A,
experiment and its conditions mentioned in the
As the last couple of sentences talk about multiple
preceding sentences.
contributors. Option a suitably starts with ‘collective’
to indicate the same and continues the thought
Q.3) Answer- C,
forward.
‘These rocks’ in option c refers to the rock layers
mentioned in the last line given.
Q.14) Answer- B,
Option b rightly captures the alternate thought to
Q.4) Answer- B,
‘right to be let alone’ as set by the contrasting tone
‘these traits’ in B clearly refers to the five traits
in the last given sentence via ‘but’.
mentioned in the last given line.
Q.15) Answer- B,
Q.5) Answer- B,
Option b rightly captures the reaction for the high
Option b rightly captures the brief of what is
target mentioned in the last line.
mentioned in the given para as a conclusion to
complete it.
Q.16) Answer- A,
The last line asks a question and option a seems to
continue the though with an additional one. Thus,
Q.6) Answer- B,
it’’ll be an appropriate one in sequence.
‘It’ in option b refers to the law mentioned in the last
line of the para and the statement further elaborates
Q.17) Answer- D,
on it.
Option d rightly compares The Volga with other
‘greatest rivers’ as signified in the last line and hence
Q.7) Answer- A,
will be the correct one in sequence.
The para talks about how the approach towards
crime and criminals have changed. Option a seems
Q.18) Answer- A,
to rightly capture the tactic mentioned in the last
Statement a mentions the completion of one section
line as given in the para.
w.r.t the textbook mentioned in the last line, and
thus clearly continues the sequence of events
Q.8) Answer- A,
mentioned in coherence.

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Q.19) Answer- C, Q.20) Answer- D,

C is the only option which continues the discussion D rightly talks about a key point of reference basis
on Tamil number as discussed in the given para. the arguments mentioned in the last line.

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Chapter 17: FIB Homophones

Solved Examples
Ans – B]

Q.1. Mina has always acted as per her

____________________. Heir is somebody who acquires, or is assigned
to acquire, the property of another while hair
is (mark) a pigmented fibre of keratin which
A) Principals develops from a follicle on the skin of people
B) Principle and different well evolved creatures.
C) Principles
D) Principels

Q.3. Mizoram was _______________ by

Ans – C] severe flooding last monsoon.

A principle is a standard, a law, a rule, or a A) effected

reality. A principal is the superintendent of a
school or an individual who's responsible for B) affect
specific things in an organization. The
C) effects
principal is additionally a descriptor that
implies unique, first, or generally significant. D) affected

Ans – D]

Q.2. With no one to take the family name

forward, the king died ____________.
Affect is generally an action word, and it
intends to effect or change. The effect, then
again, is normally a thing that you would use
A) hareless
to show the consequence of a change.
B) heirless

C) hairless
Q.4. Even though the author claims his new
D) airless work does not ______________ to his
previous novel, it actually does contain a

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reference in the book's second chapter.

Q.6. It was hard to decide for Ron,

__________ to go out or stay indoors due to
A) elude
the uncertain _________.
B) alude

C) ellude
A) whether/ weather
D) allude
B) weather/ whether

C) whether/ whether
Ans – D]
D) weather/weather

Allude is demure, to allude is to allude to

Ans – A]
something in a roundabout way. Elude
intends to dodge/keep away from.

Weather alludes to the condition of the

environment (e.g., temperature, wind, mists,
downpour). Whether is a combination with a
Q.5. Travelers should not leave their comparative significance to "if" (e.g., I puzzle
belongings in the ________________. over whether it will rain.)

A) isle

B) aisel Q.7. When Mizuka’s bike broke down, a

neighbour kindly _________ it home for her.
C) isel

D) aisle
A) toed

B) towed
Ans – D]
C) toad

D) tow
An aisle is a way among lines and seats in a
structure, like a congregation, theater, or
assembly room nonetheless, an isle is an
Ans – B]
island, typically a little one. ... An aisle is
something that you find on a plane. An isle,
then again, is an island.
Toe is a thing that alludes to one of digits
toward the finish of your foot. Tow can be an
action word that signifies "haul something

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behind you" (as a rule with a vehicle) or a Ans – C]

thing that alludes to the demonstration of
towing.
"All ready" is an expression signifying "totally
arranged," as in "When I put my
jacket on, I'll be all ready." "Already,"
nonetheless, is an intensifier used to
portray something that has occurred
Q.8. It is doubtful whether the government before a specific time, as in "What do
will ever ________ to the nationalists' you mean you'd prefer to remain at
demands for independence. home? I've already got my jacket on."

A) accede Q.10. Do you keep ___________ and goats

on your farm?
B) exceed

C) axcede
A) foul
D) aceede
B) fowl

C) fawl
Ans- A]
D) fowls
Exceed intends to be bigger or more
noteworthy in amount, to go past a cut-off.
Accede intends to assume the obligations of
Ans – B]
an office, to consent to, to be involved with a
settlement, to yield to requests.

Foul is a descriptive word that implies terrible

or unsavoury. Fowl is a thing that alludes to
birds.
Q.9. Watching videotapes of my mechanics,
making sure that everything is __________.

Q.11. All the while we can ___________ that

A) allready
the overall disguise of the political
B) already matter isn't culpably concurring with
the trends.
C) all ready

D) none of the above

A) educe

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B) adduce the audience, _______________ in their

applause.
C) aduce

D) edduce
A) basked

B) basqued
Ans – A]
C) basking

D) basquing
As verbs the distinction between ADDUCE
and EDUCE is that ADDUCE is to
present or offer, as a contention,
Ans – C]
section, or thought which bears on an
articulation or case; to refer to; to
affirm while EDUCE is to draw out or
bring out; inspire or summon. Bask – To take incredible delight or fulfilment
OR To open oneself to a charming warmth.

Basque – A lady's snug bodice OR language of

the Basque public.
Q.12. Mr. Raman has a habit of always
making much ___________ about trivial
things. Q.14. Anna knew Sana was not her best
friend when Sana made a __________ about
Ana’s weight in front of the whole class.
A) adieu

B) ado A) gibe
C) adeiu B) jibe
D) none of the above C) vibe

D) jybe
Ans – B]

Ans - B]
Adieu – the French word for farewell.

Ado – to make complain, insignificant Jibe - To jibe is to jeer or annoy.

disarray, or talk.
Vibe - A particular mind-set or emanation
encompassing an individual, thing, or spot, as
detected or felt by someone else.

Q.13. Ricky the master magician stood before

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A) laama

B) lama

C) llama

D) llamo

Q.15. The walls are filled with miniature Ans - C]

portraits, mirrors with _________ frames and
old family photographs.
A llama is a creature that lives in the Andes
mountains in South America. The llama is a
A) gilded pack creature that additionally gives wooly
fleece, meat, and milk. A lama is a title for a
B) guiled
Tibetan or Mongolian Buddhist otherworldly
C) guild pioneer, a cleric a priest of Lamaism.

D) guilded

Ans - A] Q.17. She always thought that men with the

initial ‘A’ in their name were ________ for
her daughter.
To gild is to cover with a layer of gold.

A) ginxed
Guild is a thing alluding to a relationship of B) jynxed
individuals with similar interests, exchange,
or pursuits. It additionally functions as an C) jinked
action word significance to shape a guild;
D) jinxed
however, this sensitivity is infrequently
utilized.

Ans - D]

Q.16. The ________ was the only beast of Jinx - someone or something that brings
burden known to the South American natives misfortune.
before the arrival of the Spaniards and is
Jinks - alter course out of nowhere and deftly,
highly serviceable on the difficult trails of the
as when evading a follower.
Andes.

Q. 18. Samara ______________ the cloth out

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in the sink which she used for preparing juice. open.

A) wrung Pride - the quality or condition of being

pleased, inordinate confidence.
B) rung

C) wringed

D) ringed
Q. 20. He opened the entryway for Eliza and
took the ________ of staple goods from her.
Ans - A]

A) sac
Wrung - press, and wind (something) to
B) sack
compel fluid from it.
C) sacs
Rung-level help on a stepping stool for an
individual's foot/a fortifying crosspiece in the D) sacks
design of a seat.

Ans - B]

Q. 19. Japanese take ________ in their

Sac – a depression inside a creature, encased
culture and norms and hence their culture
by a layer and containing air, fluid, or strong
and tradition is still intact in most part of the
constructions/ the enlarged layer
country even after so many wars and
encompassing a hernia, sore, or tumour.
calamities.

Sack - an enormous pack produced using a

A) pride
harsh hefty material, paper or plastic, utilized
B) pried for conveying or putting away things/to tell a
worker that he/she can presently don't work
C) pryed
for you (due to terrible work, awful conduct,
D) preid and so forth).

Ans - A]
Q. 21. Had she at any point had the option to
breathe freely without the ____________ of
Pried is the previous tense of pry, which her fate clamping her chest?
implies either to be too intrigued by the
undertakings of another or to pry something

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A) wise C) wayne

B) vice D) none of the above

C) vise

D) wice Ans - A]

Wane – to diminish in size, degree, or

degree/to fall progressively from force,
flourishing, or impact.
Ans - C]
Wain – a cart or truck

Vise – a metal device with versatile jaws

which are utilized to hold an article solidly set
up while work is done on it, normally Q. 23. After being stuck in heavy snowfall,
appended to a workbench. Pooja only had the option to take the less
travelled _________ road to reach her
shooting location.
Vice – A vice is a training, conduct, or
propensity for the most part viewed as
unethical, corrupt, criminal, impolite, no-no, A) torturous
debased, or debasing, freak or distorted in
B) tortuous
the related society. In more minor utilization,
vice can allude to say the least, a negative C) tortuos
character attribute, a deformity, an ailment,
or an awful or unfortunate propensity. D) tortorous

Wise - having the information or experience Ans - B]

to settle on great and reasonable choices and
decisions.
Tortuous signifies "winding" or "slanted,"
though Torturous signifies "agonizingly
Q. 22. At the point when the agents ran out unsavoury.
of leads, the power of the homicide
examination began to _____.

Q. 24. Young people often chafe under the

A) wane _________ of parental control.
B) wain

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A) yok position of shelter/assurance, the most

famous being Noah's ark in the story Noah's
B) yolk
ark.
C) yoke

D) yolke

Q. 26. Even after years of fight and abuse it

was hard for Cynthia to cut the ______ with
her family.

Ans - C]
A) cord

B) chord
Yoke alludes to subjugation, bondage, or
something that ties or interfaces (individuals, C) corde
creatures, thoughts, or things). As an action
D) chorde
word, yoke intends to consolidate. The noun
yolk refers to the yellow part of an egg.

Ans - A]

Q. 25. Noah's ______ is story about a CHORD implies melodic notes played
worldwide flood that destroyed everyone together into a pleasing sound; however, a
and everything on the Earth except the CORD is a thick string or a piece of wire.
people and animals on Noah's enormous
boat, the ___________.

Q. 27. The officer thought _____________

A) ark, arc
force was the only way to deal with the
B) ark, ark criminals.

C) arc, ark

D) arc, arc A) bruite

B) brut

Ans - B] C) brute

D) bruit

In a story, the arc is the beginning, focus, and

objective of a plot and subject. An ark is a

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Ans – C] C) kernel

D) colonel

Brut - dry, as champagne

Brute – a monster; a brutal individual; Ans – D]

savage; unfeeling

A kernel is the consumable bit of a seed, nut

or organic product that is inside a stone or
shell. A colonel is a high-positioning official in
a military or aviation based armed forces.
Q. 28. The __________ Nayana received from
A colonel positions higher than a lieutenant
her superior proved to be helpful for her in
colonel and under a brigadier general.
battling depression.

A) counsel
Q. 30. Since it was the hotel’s golden jubilee,
B) council
new room bookings got ____________
C) counsil breakfast and dinner on their reservations.

D) councel
A) complimentary

Ans – A] B) complementary

C) complemantery

A council is a gathering of people, assembled D) complimantery

or picked by the people for a particular
reason. The word 'counsel' is just one more
word for guidance, thought or bearing. Ans – A]

Complimentary signifies "communicating a

commendation" or "positive." It can likewise
Q. 29. Mr. Shaw threw a grand party at his
signify "free" concerning things or
villa when he retired as a
administrations given as a graciousness.
_____________________ from the army.
Complementary alludes to improving or
stressing the characteristics of someone else
or thing.
A) kernal

B) collonal

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Q. 31. Chitra was tired and utterly frustrated utilized in warming, ventilation, and cooling
with her husband’s seemingly _________ (HVAC) to convey and eliminate air/duct tape
personality. is a silver-hued tape utilized for impermanent
fixes.

A) Duel

B) Dual
Q. 33. The ___________ of Raigad was built
C) Dule
as the place of throne, i.e., the capital, of
D) Doal Maratha Empire by Hirojee Indulkar on the
orders of the Chhatrapati

Ans – B]
A) Fourte

B) Forte
Dual is two, or twofold, however a duel is a
battle between two people. C) Fourt

D) Fort

Q. 32. As soon as Maya saw her fiancé, she Ans – D]

__________ her head under a sheet to hide
so that she doesn’t get caught cheating on
him. Fort is a fortified protective construction
positioned with troops while forte is a
strength or ability or forte can be an entry in
A) duct music to be played boisterously; a noisy part
of music.
B) ducked

C) duked

D) ducted
Q. 34. Seema couldn’t see the crocodile
across the lake and stepped into the water
Ans – B] due to _______ in her eyes that blurred her
vision.

Duck - to drop your head down rapidly with

the goal that you are not seen or hit by A) mote
someone/something. B) moat

C) moate
Duct - Ducts are conductors or sections

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D) mort family ______________ every bite they had

of the new chocolate cake she had baked.

Ans – A]
A) Savour

B) Savered
Mote - a minuscule piece of a substance; a
bit. C) Savoured

Moat - a long wide channel that is burrowed D) Savared

around a château and loaded up with water
to make it hard for adversaries to assault.
Ans – C]

The word savour is made from the Latin word

Q. 35. Capt. Peralta was a brave navy officer
sapor, which intends to taste, relish. Saver
who joined the Indian _______________
depicts a person who saves something, a
Academy in 1999 and died in the line of duty.
person who grasps things, limits utilizations.

A) Navel

B) Naval
Q. 37. The serial killer _______________ on
C) Naival lonely women frustrated with their jobs and
personal lives.
D) Naivle

A) preyed
Ans – B]
B) prayed

C) preyad
Naval is a modifier signifying "identified with
a nation's naval force," so we possibly utilize D) praiyed
this when talking about ships or
transportation (particularly military boats).
Navel is a thing signifying "the little round Ans – A]
piece of the midsection left after the
umbilical string has been eliminated" as such,
it's a tummy button. To pray is to make an appeal to a heavenly
being or an object of affection. In a non-
severe setting, "pray" can similarly mean
"trust for something to occur."
Q. 36. Meena was such a good chef that her

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As an activity word, prey expects to pursue C) ville

and execute something (ordinarily for food),
D) viale
in spite of the way that it can connote
"exploit" even more generally.

Ans – B]

A vial is only a little glass bottle that contains

a substance or medication. "Vile" is
detestable.
Q. 38. Sudha’s determination did not
______________ and she kept working
harder until she was a success.

Q. 40. The choices of today’s modern women

___________ greatly from the ones who
A) waved
were born two-three decades ago.
B) waivered

C) waver
A) very
D) waived
B) wary

C) vary
Ans – C]
D) varied

Waiver insinuates surrendering

Ans – C]
straightforwardly over something while
waver is to wallow in conviction or to be
uncertain in making a choice.
The verb vary expects to differentiate,
change, improve, or wander off track.
Additionally, vary expects to make changes
(to something) so that it's not, for the most
Q. 39. Sameera looked at the chemical part, the same.
_________ and thought whether she should
Both a modifier and a qualifier, very is a
toss it in the garbage or use it for her next
sincere word that infers truly, absolutely, or
experiment.
inconceivably.

A) vile

B) vial
Q. 41. Writers often use the word _______
when they're quoting material with spelling

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or grammatical errors from another source.

Sic - Used to show that a referred to section,

especially one containing an error or unusual
A) sik
spelling, has been held in its remarkable
B) sick construction or formed intentionally.

C) sic Sick - Experiencing or affected with a genuine

illness; sickly.
D) seek

Ans – C]

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Chapter 18: Right Use Of Word

Solved Examples
C) With
D) By
Q.1 He is more mischievous than
Ans
. _____________ .
- B)
The straightforward clarification is that
A) me
"important to" is something you esteem,
B) I am
while "important for" is something you need,
C) I or that will help you somehow or another.
D) we
A good example is:
Ans
- C) It is important for you to recover ~ your life
In formal English, particularly in a proper will be improved by getting back to wellbeing.
report, for example, a business letter or a
school task, most local speakers accept that It is important to your family that you recover
the subject pronouns I, he, she, we, and they ~ they put a high worth on you being sound.
are right after than. In this way, in the event
that you need to sound learned and right, it is
more secure to use "better than I". Q.4 We all congratulated her ______________
. the marriage.

Q.2 He did not __________ the importance of A) For

. saving.
B) In
C) To
A) knowing
D) On
B) Knew
C) Know Ans
D) Knows - D)
The preposition 'on' is utilized while
Ans communicating one's acceptable wishes in
- C) the context of a glad occasion.
"didn't knew" is an off-base sentence. The Congratulations can be offered as recognition
right sentence is "didn't know" on the for someone's accomplishment. In that
grounds that in negative and inquisitive of context, the preposition to utilize is 'for'.
past indefinite tense we use verb first form.

_________________ the teacher came, they

Q.3 She had no idea how important she was Q.5 all stopped screaming and sat on their
. ___________ me. . respective seats.

A) For A) Until
B) To B) As soon as

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C) No sooner
D) As
Q.9
Ans . She was ___________ smart to be confused.
- B)
As soon as is used to show that one thing A) Very
happens following another. B) Too
C) Not
D) Much
Q.6
. If I were rich, I _____________ help poor kids. Ans
- B)
A) Will In such type of sentences, if adjective is
B) would have followed by 'to be' then it's always too
C) Would something to be something.
D) no word needed to fill in the blank

Ans Q.1 ____________ you work hard, you won't

- C) 0. succeed.
Since the word following the blank is help and
not helped hence the answer is would and A) Until
not would have. B) Unless
C) No sooner than
D) In case
Q.7 They would have come if you ___________
. them. Ans
- B)
A) Informed We use the combination unless to signify
B) had informed 'except if'. The clause which follows unless is
C) would have informed a subordinate condition (sc): it needs a main
D) Inform clause (mc) to make a total sentence. At the
point when unless precedes the main
Ans condition, we utilize a comma: Unless [SC]it
- B) downpours, [MC]we'll go for a cookout by the
In the third conditional, we use a past perfect stream tomorrow.
tense in the if-clause and would have + past
participle in the main clause.
Q.1 If I _______________ prince, you would be
1. my princess.
Q.8
. We were looking forward ___________ you. A) was
B) was the
A) to meet C) were a
B) of meeting D) were
C) to meeting
D) to meet with Ans
- C)
Ans In the second conditional, we use past simple
- C) in the if-clause and would + infinitive in the
To + ing form is used after look main clause.
forward/looking forward.

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Q.1 Ans
2. I have not seen him _________ 20 years. - A)
When two nouns are connected with, the
A) in verb agrees with the former.
B) for
C) from
D) by Q.1 The manager has been missing _________
6. last week.
Ans
- A) A) from
When it is about duration use 'in'. B) since
C) for
D) in
Q.1
3. They left the party an hour _______. Ans
- B)
A) back Since is used to present the starting point of
B) before an action that continues in the present and
C) ago takes the usage of the present perfect or
D) ahead present perfect continuous tense verb. From
is used to present the starting point of action.
Ans Hence, Since will be used to fill in the gap.
- C)
When referring to something that heppened
in the past it is better to use 'ago' rather than Q.1
back, before, ahead. 7. One of the children ________ sick.

A) are
Q.1 The number of students _______ less than B) is
4. last time. C) Either A) or B)
D) Neither A) nor B)
A) is
B) are Ans
C) A) or B) - B)
D) neither A) nor B) needed One of the children is singular because it is
talking about just one child hence the blank
Ans will be filled with “is”.
- A) is
Here we are talking about “number” and not
“numbers” of students, number is singular Neither the employee nor the employer
hence 'is' will be used to fill in the gap. Q.1 __________ present to elaborate about the
8. happenings.

Q.1 Payal with her friends ___________ arrived A) was

5. for the party. B) were
C) has
A) has D) have
B) have
C) is
D) was Ans

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- A) A) Watch over
Use a singular verb after neither/nor. B) Look
C) Watch out
Q.1 Why don't you sleep __________ it and then D) Watch
9. let me know what you decide?
Ans
A) over - C)
B) through Watch out' means to to be vigilant or alert.
C) on
D) in
He was a sober man except on holidays when
Ans Q.2 he would lock himself away and drink
- C) 3. _____________.
Sleep on it is a phrase which means to think
more about something overnight and make a A) like a child
decision about it later B) like a man
C) like a bird
D) like a fish
Q.2 She thought it is wise to let him ___________
0. his hangover. Ans
- D)
A) sleep on Drink like a fish' means to drink excessive
B) sleep off amounts of alcohol.
C) sleep in
D) sleep through
Q.2 The kidnappers locked their sister
Ans 4. _____________ in a psychiatric hospital.
- B)
Sleep off is a phrase which means to dispel A) out
the effects of or recover from something by B) in
going to sleep. C) far
D) away

Before the contest, he said to the other Ans

Q.2 contender, "why not, bring it __________, - D)
1. let's see what you got" Lock away means to put (something) in a
locked container, place, etc. far away for a
A) up long time.
B) in
C) on
D) over As she was speaking on the phone she forgot
her keys inside and locked herself _______ of
Ans Q.2 the house and had to spend the entire night
- C) 5. on the porch.
"Bring it on" is a phrase used to express
confidence in meeting a challenge/contest. A) out
B) over
C) away
Q.2 ______________ for snakes and other D) along
2. venomous reptiles in that dense vegetation.

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Ans Q.2 I decided to follow ______ on the case with

- A) 9. phone calls.
If you lock yourself out of a place, such as
your house, you cannot get in because the A) over
door is locked and you do not have your keys. B) up
C) by
D) through
Q.2 As he was leaving for an another city, she saw
6. her son _________ at the train station. Ans
- B)
A) away Follow up means to pursue or investigate
B) off something further.
C) over
D) out
Q.3 Enjoy some invigorating fresh air and walk
Ans 0. ________ the excesses of the festive season.
- B)
See off' means to to go to the place that A) over
someone is leaving from in order to say B) away
goodbye to them. C) off
D) out

Q.2 Tourists have been scared _________ by the Ans

7. recent violence in the city. - C)
Walk off means to take a walk in order to
A) off undo the effects of a heavy meal.
B) away
C) out
D) Both A) and B) Q.3 ______________ for snakes and other
1 venomous reptiles in that dense vegetation.
Ans
- D) A) Watch over
Scare off/away means to go away and stay B) Look
away because of fear or because of possible C) Watch out
trouble, difficulty, etc. D) Watch

Ans
Q.2 His landlord had to chase him _________ for - C)
8. his rent. Watch out' means to to be vigilant or alert.

A) up
B) away Q.3 Why has she ___________ a promising career
C) out 2. in fashion?
D) on
A) thrown off
Ans B) thrown up
- A) C) thrown out
To contact or find (someone) usually in order D) thrown over
to get something.
Ans
- B)

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To throw up means to vomit or to abandon or A) off

give up something, especially one's job. B) up
C) over
D) through
Q.3 As he couldn't go any farther he __________
3. outside the cottage. Ans
- B)
A) pulled over Set off means to cause someone to start
B) pulled up doing something, especially laughing or
C) pulled out talking/ begin a journey.
D) pulled in

Ans Q.3
- B) 7. Be careful not to run _________ debt
Pulled up means - (of a vehicle) come to a
halt. A) over
B) in
C) into
Q.3 As he was driving rashly, he was D) off
4 _____________ for speeding.
Ans
A) pulled over - C)
B) pulled up To run into means - to get into bad situation
C) pulled out like an accident or to experience difficulties,
D) pulled in etc.

Ans
- A) Q.3 No, we just thought that you might have run
Pulled over means - (of the police) cause a 8. _________ her before.
driver to move to the side of the road to be
charged for a traffic offense/ (of a vehicle) A) into
move to the side of or off the road. B) across
C) over
D) through
Q.3
5. "I stopped ______ to visit him and his wife" Ans
- B)
A) up To run across means to meet or find someone
B) off by chance.
C) on
D) over
Q.3 The other soldiers narrated stories of his
Ans 9. valour and how he put _______ a brave fight.
- B)
Stopped off means to pay a short visit en A) up
route to one's ultimate destination. B) on
C) over
D) through
Q.3 Anything will set him _______ laughing and
6. then talking. Ans
- A)

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To put up with someone means to offer or D) away

show a particular degree of resistance, effort,
or skill in a fight or competitive situation. Ans
- A)
To put off means to cause someone to lose
Q.4 He wanted to be a surgeon, but the thought interest or enthusiasm/ postpone something.
0. of night shifts put him ________.

A) off
B) out
C) over

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Chapter 19:Prepositions
Solved Examples
Q.3. Before the police could break __________
Q.1. It's the narrative __________ one of those Dr. Vishwa's lab, his entire research and apparatus
never-ending survivors - a specialist at being were all burned and turned into ashes.
abandoned.

A) in
A) by
B) into
B) of
C) by
C) at
D) at
D) either A or B

Ans - B)
Ans - D)
If the place is mentioned, then it is ‘break
Narrative means story. A story can be 'by' into’ otherwise it's ‘break in’ - for e.g. : Thieves broke
someone or 'of' someone. in / Thieves broke into my house.

Q.2. He found the knife hidden _________ the Q.4. Vishal couldn't help his clients with the
table ____ a table cloth. particular type of real estate they were looking
________ to invest in that year.

A) under, by
A) in
B) on, through
B) at
C) at, by
C) for
D) under, through
D) either A or B

Ans - A)
Ans - C)
It is never 'hidden through' but always
'hidden by' which eliminates options B and D. Things It's always 'searching for/ looking for’
are either under the table or on the table, which something.
leaves us with option A.

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Q.5. We should be appreciative of the

endowments that the almighty has bestowed
__________ us. Ans - B)

We say we come/came across

things/people when we run into them whereas
A) on when someone comes to our place, we say she/he
came over.
B) with

C) for
Q.8. After hours of debate and discussion, the
D) upon
jury finally had to agree __________ the winner of
the contest as Tyrion - the magician.

Ans - D)

It's always bestowed upon and not A) upon

bestowed on.
B) on

C) with
Q.6. Reshma had to call _________ sick at work
D) for
due to last night's party.

Ans - A)
A) on
One always agrees 'upon' something rather
B) by
than agree 'on'.
C) in

D) as

Q.9. Layla was accused ___________ indulging

Ans - C) in insider trading at her previous company due to
which she was immediately fired from her job.
It's always ‘call in’ at work and not call at.

A) for
Q.7. On the way to office Ashna came
_____________ a school kid who had bunked school B) of
to go out and play with friends.
C) in

D) with
A) over

B) across
Ans - B)
C) through
One is always 'accused of’ doing something
D) to and not accused with/for/etc.

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D) through

Q.10. Shamira told __________ Shamir about his

cheating without his knowledge to the examiner,
Ans - C)
though she hadn't planned to do so initially.
“Amazed by” is usually used when referring
to a person. “Amazed at” is usually used when
A) for referring to something which is non-living, like a
person's attribute or a feeling or a fact.
B) on

C) to
Q.13. It's the narrative __________ one of those
D) with
never-ending survivors-a specialist at being
abandoned.

Ans - B)

To 'tell on' someone means to inform about A) by

bad behaviour to someone in charge/power about
B) of
someone else.
C) at

D) either A or B
Q.11. Since Aamna had failed to comply
__________ the rules, she was eliminated from the
game.
Ans - D)

Narrative means story. A story can be 'by'

A) with someone or 'of' someone.

B) to

C) by Q.14. After a super heavy workout, Gracie did not

attend gym _________ three days ___ a row.
D) through

A) from, in
Ans - A)
B) in, on
One always complies 'with' the rules.
C) for, in

D) either A or C
Q.12. The audience was amazed _____________
Rohit's genius Rubik's cube solving skills.

Ans - C)

A) by After a super heavy workout, Gracie did not

attend the gym for three days in a row. Something is
B) from always 'in' a row and 'for' days rather than 'from'
C) at days.

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D) into

Q.15. Zeeshan asked Samaira to stop picking

fights __________ who gets the custody of Asmara.
Ans - B)

Turn out means prove to be the case.

A) over

B) for
Q.18. Pooja showed great courage _______ the
C) about face of such uncertainty.

D) either A or C

A) on

Ans - A) B) in

Fight over' means to argue about who gets C) at

access to someone or something. 'Fight for' means
D) through
to fight to save/help something.

Ans - B)
Q.16. They were unable to fetch the necklace
from the sea because it sank _________ the bottom. It's always 'in the face of' something.

A) at Q.19. The Queen's gown was ___________ only

highest form of pure silk.
B) to

C) in

D) either A or B A) by

B) of

C) from
Ans - B)
D) either A or C
In and at shows position. ‘To’ indicates
ideas such as movement and direction.

Ans - B)
Q.17. People were looking forward to the Chief Of shows the material with which
Guest but he turned ______ to be a deadly bore. something is made.

A) up Q.20. The sprinter had run ______ of breath

before collapsing to the ground and passing away.
B) out

C) as
A) out

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B) under Ans - B)

C) on Queries/ questions are always directed 'on'

something.
D) over

Q.23. Maria had no qualms _____________

Ans - A)
cheating on her partner.
To indicate a shortage of something, we
always use 'out of', hence A is the correct option.
A) with

B) about

C) over

D) on

Ans - B)
Q.21. Put a little amount of cinnamon ________
the curd. About' is used with qualms.

A) onto Q.24. Dani, the sales representative pushed the

item __________ every chance.
B) into

C) in
A) in
D) over
B) over

C) at
Ans - B)
D) on
something is always put 'into' something.

Ans - C)
Q.22. The CBI questioned him _______________
his whereabouts the evening of the wrongdoing. With chance 'at' is the apt word to be used.

A) over Q.25 Meera was looking forward to

________________ her superiors at the party.
B) on

C) about
A) meeting
D) for
B) meet

C) see

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D) on Q.28 Megha totally surprised and captivated her

audience ______ her magic performance.

Ans - A)
A) with
‘When to’ is utilized as a preposition, it is trailed by
an 'ing' structure. B) by

C) at

D) on

Q.26. Enya was the only one who couldn't agree

________ the argument on animal killing for eating
Ans - A)
purposes.
‘Surprise with' is used when you want to
convey how one surprises the other.
A) over

B) with
Q.29. Dani, the sales representative pushed the
C) at item __________ every chance.

D) on

A) in

Ans - B) B) over

We always agree/disagree 'with' an C) at

argument/opinion.
D) on

Q.27. Ramya was prepared to prevent anyone

Ans - C)
___________ entering her master's gate when he
was meditating. With chance 'at' is the apt word to be used.

A) in Q.30. When he got a decent line of work he got

hitched _______ his childhood love.
B) for

C) from
A) with
D) by
B) to

C) by
Ans - C)
D) on
Prevent is followed by from + ing form.

Ans - B)

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One is always hitched 'to' someone. Hitched C) under

means married/engaged.
D) out

Q.31. Since Kalman was drinking and driving, he

Ans - D)
ran ______ few sleeping homeless people on the
road. Watch out means to be alert/vigilant.

A) onto

B) over

C) into

D) on

Q.34. Revathi walked the entire distance from her

office to home _______ foot that day.
Ans - B)

Run over / Ran over someone means to

drive over the person/thing infront of you. A) on

B) by
Q.32. The report from _____________ the C) with
borders is very disturbing for the Indian government.
D) through

A) under
Ans - A)
B) over
One always walks 'on foot'.
C) inside

D) across
Q.35. Infuriated by the customer service, Reema
asked to speak ________ the manager of the bank at
last.
Ans - D)

Across means from the other side. Hence,

the use of the word across is apt here. A) with

B) to
Q.33. One must watch _____ when cycling on a C) for
busy road, it's always risky.
D) on

A) over
Ans - B)
B) around

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To speak with somebody has the undertone Q.38. Shaman reached an hour late ________ the
that there is a discussion that two individuals are airport to pickup his fiance.
talking together. "To speak to" somebody means the
chance of one individual talking at another as in a
censure, higher ranking than junior or authority A) on
figure to subordinate. "To speak with" is the more
amicable adaptation. B) at

C) in

Q.36. Sasha doesn’t get __________ with her new D) Either A or B

colleague who always seems to be condescending.

Ans - B)
A) over
‘at’ preposition is used for a place
B) on

C) along
Q.39. Natasha was totally mad _____ secretary
D) in for not reminding her about her super urgent
meeting with the board of directors.

Ans - C)
A) at
If people get along, they like each other and
are friendly to each other, when they don't get along B) on
it is the opposite.
C) with

D) over
Q.37. The release of the new movie has been
postponed ___________ New Year's eve.
Ans - A)

One is always 'mad at' something/someone.

A) by

B) until
Q.40. Anil was frustrated and wanted to put an
C) till
end ____ his boss' snide remarks about his
D) Both B and C promotion.

Ans - D) A) on

Either B or C can be used here. B) to

C) at

D) over

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Ans - B)

We always put an end 'to' something.

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Chapter 20: Poems

that his father was not there and
Solved Examples the vapour (shadow) which the
child was looking at flew as the
child cried, which definitely tells us
that he was imagining his father by
looking at a shadow which
Instructions:
resembled him and later flies away.
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions.

What cannot be a suitable title to

Father, father, where are you
Q.2. the above poem?
going?
Goodness, don't walk so fast!
A) Father's ghost
Talk, father, address your kid,
B) A lost child
Or, in all likelihood, I will be lost.'
C) Lost father
The night was dull, no father was D) A child's dream
there, E) Missing father
The youngster was wet with dew;
The soil was profound, and the kid Ans- A)
sobbed, Since it is nowhere hinted in the
Also, away the vapour flew. poem that the child is looking at his
father's ghost though it is
mentioned as a shadow, we can't
Q.1 Who is the child addressing to?
assume it's a ghost.

A) To his mother dressed as father

B) To god
C) To a ghost in the woods Instructions:
D) To his father who is busy sleeping Read the poem below and answer
To a shadow of his father he is the following questions.
E) imagining about
Notwithstanding the tempests,
Ans- E) excellence shows up like
In the first paragraph, it is said that
it was continually going to.
the child is calling on to his father
Regardless of the haziness,
who is walking fast and not listening
to his pleas, in the second the light returns.
paragraph however it is revealed

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Notwithstanding your misfortune, The poem is written to inspire the

your heart will be reader, hence the poet would never
full once more. agree to statement in option B) as
Notwithstanding the breaking, in the entire the writer talks about
how things will get back better even
your heart will feel
if everything seems difficult now.
like it has a place in the
place where there is bliss again.

Instructions:
Read the poem below and answer
Q.3 What is the genre of the poem?
the following questions.

A) Action Forever we stay unmindful of things

B) Inspiration in future,
C) Heartbreak lost to the past and persevering
D) Love through our torture.
E) Fantasy
Forever we take risks to settle our
Ans- B) scores,
The poem conveys that no matter losing a few fights and winning a
what the circumstances are now, few wars.
things will be bright and fine again.
This puts it in the inspirational Forever asking for all to hear
category. trusting somebody will hear,
forever crying delicately however
always failing to cry a tear.
Which of the following statements
Q.4. the poet would not agree with? Forever silently hides behind a
disguise,
Life goes on and gets better yet, the confidence in forever keeps
gradually if you keep working your our hearts alive.
A) part
Once everything is lost, there is no
B) hope What cannot be a suitable title for
No matter how hard, the storm will Q.5 the above mentioned poem?
C) pass
You heart won't hurt forever, it will A) Hopeful Forever
heal no matter how hard it seems B) Holding on Forever
D) now C) Everlastingly Disguised
You must keep working hard to
D) Past and Future
E) overcome your failures
E) Perpetual Hope

Ans- B)
Ans- D)

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All the other options relate to the

entire essence of the poem, Also, my heart doesn't pulsate.
however option D) only talks about It is as yet inside my chest.
the Past and Future which are only My tears continue falling
talked about in the beginning 2
also, my head won't rest.
sentences of the poem.

However, I must choose to

to travel through this life.
Which figure of speech is used in
Interminably endeavoring
Q.6. the second last line of the poem?
to fill this aching that is rife.
A) Litotes
B) Metonymy
Q.7. What is the tone of the poem?
C) Personification
D) Alliteration
A) Sad
E) Hyperbole
B) Mournful
C) Gratifying
Ans- C)
In the second last line of the poem, D) Affectionate
forever is given the human quality E) Inspirational
of 'hiding' behind a disguise.
Ans- B)
The poet is mourning the loss of a
loved one from his/her life which
can be ascertained from the 2nd
stanza’s 3rd line.
Instructions:
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions. What is the conclusion of the
Q.8. poem?
The plates will in any case move
also, the mists will in any case The poet will continue to live and
spew. A) endeavor the pain of his loss.
The sun will gradually rise The poet will strive to live happily
what's more, the moon will follow B) even if it hurts.
too. Poet will choose death over his
C) heartache.
Nothing lasts forever, not even the
Life's magnificence will continue
D) biggest pains.
to flourish around,
E) People gradually move on.
however, presently that you are no
more,
Ans- A)
these birds have no sound.
In the first three stanzas the poet is

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saying how natural things will has an end to it and gets replaced.
continue as usual and drawing
inspiration from that in the last
stanza the poet is saying that 'he Q.10 What could be a suitable title to
must continue to live even if it . this poem?
means to bear the pain of loss'
A) Forever exists
B) Nature's Farewell
Instructions: C) Inevitable death
Read the poem below and answer D) The accurate principle of nature
the following questions.
E) The cyclicity of birth and death

Nature's first green is gold,

Ans- E)
Her hardest tone to hold. As the poem talks about the
Her initial leaf's a flower; beginnings and endings of
In any case, just for an hour. everything in nature and how this
cycle goes on, option E) is apt.
At some point leaf dies down to
leaf.
So Eden sank to grief, Instructions:
So dawn goes down to day. Read the poem below and answer
Nothing gold can stay. the following questions.

In all tumultuous excellence lies an

What message the poet is trying to injured art.
Q.9. convey through the poem? Wonderful yet torn, unleashing
destruction on my heart.
A flower has a short life just like all Covered by insecurities, dazed by
A) the good things in life all.
Nature cannot hold the crops fresh I love the manner in which you stay
B) forever there and barely notice me at all.
C) Gold cannot stay as gold forever
Nothing is permanent, every good
thing dies and gets replaced by Q.9. What is the poem about?
D) another good thing
E) Old is gold A) An unrequited love
B) Bored person's musings
Ans- D) C) Art teacher's complaint
The poet has given different D) Lovers Request
examples from green shoots to E) Sickness and Recovery
flowers and their decay, how dawn
comes down to dusk and so on just
Ans- A)
to explain that everything in nature

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The poem talks about the hurt it also, how you endured.
causes the poet to look at the art
his beloved is and how it wreaks You endured.
havoc on his heart, how his beloved
fails to notice him. Hence, option A)
is apt.
Q.11 What is the central message of the
. poem?

Which figure of speech is used in Change takes time and time is all it
Q.10 the second sentence of the poem's A) takes
. stanza? Time heals not to make you forget
B) but to make you stronger
A) Litotes Don't forget how you survived
B) Oxymoron C) through your sufferings
C) Paradox D) Time is the key
D) Tautology E) Time heals all the wounds
E) Synecdoche
Ans- B)
Ans- B) The poem talks about how time
When two opposing characteristics teaches you a lesson and does not
of exactly the same thing are just heal your wounds, it leaves
referenced immediately, it is called scars for you to remember what
oxymoron. you went through and came out
stronger.

Q.12 What cannot be a suitable title for

Instructions: . the poem?
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions. A) Time is Key
B) Time's lesson
Time doesn't mend wounds C) Time, the healer
to make you neglect. D) Scars in Time
It doesn't recuperate wounds to E) People change with time
delete the recollections.
Ans- E)
Time leaves you with a scar The poem doesn't talk about people
to help you to remember how you changing, hence option E) is apt
battled through it. here.
Time leaves you with a scar
to help you to remember how you Instructions:
drained Read the poem below and answer

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the following questions. Ans- E)

The poem doesn't mention how
Valleys are best seen from the tops. truth can be a day saviour, hence
Mountains from their bases. option E) is apt.
The sea from the shore.

Maybe this is the reason we depend

on other's eyes
to see ourselves plainly.

Perhaps this is why we battle to

entirely see
what our identity is. Instructions:
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions.
Q.13 From the following what would the
. poet agree with the most? The Years have cruised by,
In the blink of an eye,
A) Uncover the secrets for all to know Snapshots of trouble,
Secrets must be kept safe else they and, euphoria has flown by.
B) spoil relations
Secrets are good to keep a family
Individuals I adored,
C) together
Have come and have gone,
D) Secrets are a must in a relationship
Be that as it may, the world never
E) One must not keep secrets stopped,
And we all carried on.
Ans- B)
The poet tells how secrets must not
Life wasn't simple,
be uncovered because they have
As the battles were always there,
the power to tear apart
Occupied with times that it made a
relationships and hurt loved ones.
difference,
Times I simply couldn't have cared
less.
Q.14 What cannot be a suitable title for
. the poem?

From the following what would the

A) The thing about secrets Q.15 poet agree with the most?
B) Lessons about secrets
C) Uncovering secrets Time flies and people move on with
D) Truth of secrets A) all the good and bad in their past
E) Truth saves the day Time is slow when you are having a
B) good time

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C) Happiness is elusive pulsating quick,

Good times fly by however troubles Cause no one prefers me; I'm
D) don't constantly picked.
The poet cared for and conquered The grin I once had all over is
E) the battles of his life currently gone,
I'm in isolation, never had anyone.
Ans- A)
The entire poem talks about how I can't clear out the tears that I've
time flies by the good and the bad cried,
and battles the poet had to face I'm torn and broken, seeping inside.
about which he didn't worry much. The injuries will not mend, scars will
not go away,
I just can't take this one more day.
What cannot be a suitable title for
Q.16 the poem?
Q.17 What is the poem about?
A) Time flies
B) Deep wounds don't heal A) Death of someone
C) Lessons from time B) A victim of bullying
D) World moves on C) A Parent's Plea
E) Good times, Bad times D) Nature's cry
E) A suicidal teenager
Ans- B)
The poet is saying that no matter Ans- B)
how good or bad the time was, the In the third sentence of the first
world eventually moves on from it stanza, the poet asks why they are
which implies that nothing stays being rude to him and in the next
forever and no matter how deep stanza he talks about how he is
the wound, it heals. Hence, option constantly picked, this all suggests
B) is the correct choice. that the poem is about a victim of
Instructions: bullying.
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions.
What cannot be a suitable title for
Living in dread, day in day out, Q.18 the poem?
Let me be, I simply need to want to
shout. A) Effects of Bullying
At the point when you call me B) Wounding words
names like idiotic and fool,
C) Bullied bad
I don't comprehend, for what
D) A Hurting heart
reason are you so cruel?
E) Pain of Love

My stomach hurts, my heart's

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Ans- C) The poem is asking the reader to

As the poem is about a victim of not give up when everything seems
bullying, only option E) seems to be wrong and to hang in there until
unsuitable as it talks of love, which things get good again, hence we
is not mentioned once in the poem. can conclude it to be an inspiring
poem.

Instructions:
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions. From the following options, what
would the poet agree with the
Q.20 most?
When everything's obscurity
And you feel so alone,
At the point when the downpour
doesn't stop No matter what, day comes after
What's more, you can't make it the night and so do good days after
home, the bad ones, so don't lose hope
At the point when it feels A) and wait for the good times
everything is lost B) Good days are hard to come
And you simply want to run, C) Sun comes up after the moon
It can't rain for eternity, It's easy to be motivated during
good times but it's only in the bad
Just wait for the sun.
times that we realize what are we
D) made of our strength
When family is torment,
E) Bad times are hard to forget
When companions can't be found,
When you simply want to shout
Ans- A)
However, you can't find your sound,
The poet has talked about not
When it's all your flaw, giving up in bad times, only option
And you think that you're done, A) goes with this context.
Just wait for the sun.
The daylight will come.
Instructions:
Read the poem below and answer
Q.19 What is the tone of the poem? the following questions.

A) Scaring Winter talks

B) Hopeful in thunders
C) Pleading and lullabies fall
D) Inspiring with the snow.
E) Grateful Some buoy
through the air
Ans- D) like specks

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of enchantment,
and a few
settle like dreams Instructions:
that didn't want Read the poem below and answer
to be caught. the following questions.

There is no reason to feel grieved

From the following options, what in the event that your way has not
can be a suitable title to the above been clarified to you yet.
Q.21 poem? At the point when you stay
consistent with your soul,
A) Winter's lullaby valiant in real life,
B) Flecks of snow also, listen ever to the
C) Magic of winter little directing voice in your heart,
D) Winterfall you discover the universe before
long brings up its place for you,
E) Thunders of winter
and afterward drives you there
tenderly by the hand.
Ans- A)
The poet talks about how winter
talks in thunders and lullabies, Q.23 What is the poem about?
lullabies that seem to be falling
with the snow, where some A) Consoling a grieving heart
lullabies are like magic and some B) Helping a friend move on
fall like dreams without getting C) A teacher's note
caught. D) A teenage love
E) Parting ways

Which figure of speech is Ans- A)

employed in the first sentence of The poet talks about how one
Q.22 the poem? doesn't need to be grieved about
the unknown things but rather one
A) Synecdoche should be consistent and strong.
B) Personification Hence, option A) is correct.
C) Metonymy
D) Irony
E) Tautology

Ans- B)
Winter is being given the human
quality of 'talking', hence the figure
of speech used here is - What cannot be a suitable title for
Personification. Q.24 the poem?

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and even when we don't have

A) The hand of fate anyone else, we always have
B) Mystery god ourselves.
C) Words of wisdom It's important to not forget why we
are put on this planet and make
D) The gift of fate
D) each and every moment count
E) Guiding universe
Live life to the fullest and know that
we have ourselves when we have
Ans- B) E) no one.
The poem nowhere mentions any
kind of mystery god, all the other
Ans- C)
options are relevant to the content
Option C) captures the essence of
of the poem, hence option B) is the
the poem in the most accurate way.
correct choice here.

Instructions:
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions.
What would be a suitable title to
I believe the pulsating in our veins Q.26 the poem?
was put there to remind us
that in any event, when we feel A) Good times vs Bad times
alone in the world,
B) Keep on Moving
a piece of us still walks on,
C) You ain't Alone
that even at our lowest
D) The Marching Heart
we carry something within us
E) Direction of God
that we can lean on and go to,
that in any event, when there is
Ans- D)
nobody else,
The poem talks about our heart
we always have ourselves.
which keeps on beating no matter
how broken the world feels on the
outside. It tells us we have
What would the poet agree with ourselves when we have no one.
Q.25 the most? Hence option D) is perfect.

Keep walking alone, you will find

A) your way
B) Helping others to help yourself
C) Our heartbeat reminds us that
some part of us keeps marching on

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Instructions: the most?

Read the poem below and answer
the following questions. It's important to not forget why we
are put on this planet and make
Life is short, however I keep this A) each and every moment count
from my kids. Life is good but short and many
Life is short, and I've shortened times it can get confusing but
mine always remember to be optimistic
in 1,000 delectable, not B) about it
recommended ways, World is a cruel place but not
in 1,000 delectably not always, sometimes it's just a delight
recommended ways C) to be alive
I'll keep it from my kids. Life is short and the world is awful
but still one's got to live and hence
The world is at any rate it is important to teach the
half awful, and that is a moderate youngsters to look at the bright side
guess my dear, however I keep this D) of things.
from my kids. Live life to the fullest and know that
For each saved bird there is a stone we have ourselves when we have
tossed at a bird. E) no one.
For each adored kid, a kid broken,
stowed, Ans- D)
drowned in a lake. Option D) captures the essence of
the poem in the most accurate way.
Life is short and the world
is at any rate half awful, and for
each good
stranger, there is one who might
break you my dear,
though I keep this from my kids.
Q.28 What would be a suitable title to
. the poem?
I'm attempting to sell them the
world.
Any respectable real estate agent, A) Selling life, selling world
strolling you through a real B) Keep on Moving
shithole, chirps on C) Life's good
about the good bones: This place D) The awful world
could be excellent, E) Beautiful details
isn't that so? You could make this
place delightful. Ans- A)
In the last stanza, the poet
mentions how she is trying to sell
Q.27 What would the poet agree with this world to her kids by talking

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about all the good things about it. Live life to the fullest and know that
Hence option A) is perfect. we have ourselves when we have
E) no one.

Instructions: Ans- D)
Read the poem below and answer Option D) captures the essence of
the following questions. the poem in the most accurate way.

At the point when despair for the

world fills in me
and, I wake in the night at the least
sound
in dread of what my life could be,
I go and lie where the wood drake
rests in his magnificence on the Q.30 What would be a suitable title to
water, and the extraordinary heron . the poem?
feeds.
I come into the tranquility of wild A) Nature's Calm
things B) Crazy Wild
who don't burden their lives with C) Tumultous times
the forethought D) Frenzy of Nature
of misery. I come into the presence E) Nature and Wild
of still water.
What's more, I feel above me the
Ans- A)
day-daze stars
The poet talks about the calming
holding up with their light. For a
effect of nature on her mind, hence
period
option A) is apt here.
I rest in the finesse of the nature,
and am free.

Instructions:
What would the poet not agree Read the poem below and answer
Q.29 with? the following questions.

Nature is peaceful because it

doesn't burden itself with negative What would the poet not agree
A) thoughts about future Q.31 with?
The poet goes and rests in the wild
amidst nature when things get Nature is peaceful because it
B) overwhelming for her doesn't burden itself with negative
When in stress and worry one A) thoughts about future
C) shouldn't rely on nature for therapy B) The poet goes and rests in the wild
Nature teaches us freedom from amidst nature when things get
D) overwhelming thoughts overwhelming for her

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When in stress and worry one can live in eminent joy,

C) shouldn't rely on nature for therapy why can't we?
Nature teaches us freedom from Allow me to dream
D) overwhelming thoughts
Live life to the fullest and know that What would be a suitable title to
we have ourselves when we have Q.33 this poem?
E) no one.
A) Dream to Win
Ans- D) B) Permission to Dream
Option D) captures the essence of
C) Mission Dream
the poem in the most accurate way.
D) Nature's Vision
E) A Parallel Universe

Q.32 What would be a suitable title to

Ans-
. the poem?
As the poem concludes with "Allow
me to Dream", with every sentence
A) Nature's Calm
ending with the poets ask about
B) Crazy Wild dreaming, the apt title to this
C) Tumultous times poem, only looks to be Option B).
D) Frenzy of Nature
E) Nature and Wild

Ans- A)
The poet talks about the calming
effect of nature on her mind, hence
option A) is apt here.

Which figure of speech is

employed here - "Even if universes
like that exist and can live in
Instructions: Q.34 eminent joy" ?
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions. A) Synecdoche
B) Metaphor
As I look across a field of green, C) Onomatopoeia
I dream. D) Personification
I look to the stars and marvel E) Litotes
exactly how far,
and, I dream. Ans- D)
I long for universes past where Since, universe is given the human
harmony and love are one, quality of living, it is personification.
thus I dream.
Even if universes like that exist and

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Instructions:
Read the poem below and answer Q.36 What cannot be a suitable title to
the following questions. . this poem?

I'm no one! Who are you? A) A nobody than somebody

It is safe to say that you are no one, B) I am a nobody
as well? C) Nobody vs Somebody
So now there's a couple of us - D) World of somebody's
don't tell anyone! E) Grow up to be somebody
They'd publicize - you know!
How bleak to be someone! Ans- E)
To be open like a frog The poem's central idea is to be
To disclose one's name the entire free from the tag of being
day "someone", while option C) talks
To a respecting bog! the opposite, option C) cannot be a
suitable title.

What is the central message of the

Q.35 poem?

A) Better somebody than nobody

How important it is to be Instructions:
B) somebody! Read the poem below and answer
C) It is tiring to be someone the following questions.
D) It is beautiful to be someone
E) There's a freedom in being nobody We alone can downgrade gold
by not being mindful
Ans- E) if it falls or rises
The poetess is asking the reader to in the marketplace.
cut down the burden of being
someone with all the society labels Any place there is gold
and just be the human you are, there is a chain, you know,
because when you're nobody you furthermore, if your chain
can be anybody and you don't have is gold such a lot of the more
to keep posing to be that somebody terrible
infront of the world for your entire
for you.
life.

Quills, shells
what's more, ocean molded stones

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are all as uncommon. C) Choose plenty over scarce

D) Live in Abundance
This could be our revolution: E) Code of Abundant Life
to cherish what is abundant
as much as what's scant. Ans- E)
The poem's central idea is to be
free from the tag of being
"someone", while option C) talks
the opposite, option C) cannot be a
suitable title.

Instructions:
Read the poem below and answer
the following questions.

Q.37 What is the poet trying to convey? Think about this little residue here
running in the hourglass,
Plenty things are cheap because By atoms moved;
A) they're readily available Could you accept that this the body
Value the plenty just as you value was
the scarce things and then the Of one that was adored?
expensive things won't matter as Furthermore, in his mistress' fire,
B) much playing like a fly,
C) Boycott scarce things Gone to ashes by her eye:
It is in our hand to maintain the Indeed; and in death, as life,
demand and supply of plenty and unblessed,
D) scarce things To have it communicated,
Thoughts become things and so we Indeed, even remains of darlings
should think more innovations of discover no rest.
E) producing scarce things

Ans- B)
As the poem concludes on the point
to cherish the plenty as much as the
scant, option B) is apt.

What cannot be a suitable title to

Q.38 this poem? Q.39 What is the poem about?

A) Plenty vs Scarce A) It is about a woman who has kept

B) Scarce Revolution the remains of her child after

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his/her death in an hourglass this contorted body..

The poem is about a man who has for these roots to be unbound
kept his lover's ashes in an from the getting a handle on
B) hourglass earthen ice - the
C) About death of a queen past period of fanged nor'easters
A kingdom's sacrifice of their snapped
beloved ruler to protect the me uncovered - leaving me
D) kingdom from harm destroyed and dulled
This poem is about timelessness of alone with hardened appendages
E) love lifted to confront
the hard scowl of elderly person
Ans- B) winter
The poem suggests the hourglass with not a piece of mercy to be
contains of the ashes of the man's acquired
mistress who he adored, hence
option B) is apt here.

Q.40 What cannot be a suitable title to

. this poem?

A) Timeless love Q.41 What is the poem about?

B) Reunion of love
C) The love tragedy The poem is about a kid named
April who was missing from her
D) Psychotic lover
A) home
E) My immortal mistress
B) It is about a summer's love
It is about a school reunion of long
Ans- B)
C) graduated alumnis
The poem is not about love or
It is about an elderly person waiting
reunion, it is a description of weird
for April(summer) to come and
and strange obsession, almost
replace winter and bring health and
psychopathic behaviour of a man
D) warmth to her
after passing away of his loved one.
This is about the time after a crisis
when the world is in order to be
E) rebuilt

Instructions:
Ans- D)
Read the poem below and answer
The way the poet describes her love
the following questions.
for the month of April, and how the
cold winter contorted her body and
O April she is relieved to see summer here
how I've ached for your return again in a hope of warmth and
to inhale new life into comfort, option D) seems to be a

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 256

fitting choice. desperate men,

What's more, dost with toxic
Which figure of speech is substance, war, and ailment abide;
employed here - " O April, how I've Also, poppy or charms can make us
Q.42 ached for your return" rest too
Also, better than thy stroke; why
A) Tautology swell'st thou at that point?
B) Personification One short rest past, we wake
endlessly,
C) Simile
And, death will be no more; Death,
D) Apostrophe
thou shalt die.
E) Litotes

Ans- D)
An apostrophe is a direct address to
an object or idea.
What is the last stanza of the poem
Q.43 about ?

Instructions: A) Live well before you die

Read the poem below and answer The last stanza talks about how
the following questions. B) death is just a form of rest
C) Death is scary but unavoidable
Death, be not pleased, however
D) Everyone's got to die someday
some have called you
It is about how after death which is
Strong and loathsome, for thou
just a rest, our souls live eternally
craftsmanship not really;
and hence it is death of death
For those whom thou think'st thou
E) because there is no death.
dost oust,
Pass on not, helpless Death, nor yet
Ans- E)
canst thou murder me.
The poet talks about how other
intoxicants also puts one to rest just
From rest and rest, which yet thy
like death does, also in the last
pictures be,
sentence the poet says, one
Much delight; at that point from
awakens eternally after death
you significantly more should
hence it is not death and death
stream,
shall die
Also, soonest our best men with
you do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's
conveyance. Which figure of speech is
employed here -"Death, thou shalt
Q.44 die"
Thou craftsmanship slave to
destiny, possibility, rulers, and

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 257

A) Apostrophe
B) Personification A) An apostrophe is a direct
C) Simile address to an object or
Ans- idea.
D) Epigram
E) Litotes

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Chapter 21: Parasummary

valuable information. Two options might be
Introduction equally true but one will talk about the
essence, while the other will focus on the
As the name suggests, Parasummary questions
consist of a paragraph or a short passage and we insignificant details.
have to find the best summary of that passage.  Once you are convinced, you can choose
the right answer.
A passage may contain more than one message. Our
purpose should be to identify the main idea or the
central theme around which the passage revolves.
We should not get distracted by the irrelevant points
or facts stated in the passage. Before summarizing,
we have to ensure that we have understood the
passage well.

The best way to solve a Parasummary question is as

follows:
 Read the passage carefully; you must try to
understand the passage.
 Once you have understood the passage, you
must try to pick the subject matter of the
passage.
 With this logical link between the subjects,
you must start comparing the options. The
right option must not have anything apart
from what is given in the passage; the right
option must not distort information, and
lastly, the right option must not leave out
any critical information.
 You must look for the differences between
the options. You should see if the passage
has any hint that helps you understand
which option is better and which is not.
 Start with the elimination process, checking
out those options that you feel have flaws
in them.

 If two options are very close, you should

mark the one that maintains the focus. The
essence is more important than the less

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 259

a) Witchcraft is extremely harmful to society.

Solved Examples
b) People were hardly executed for witchcraft in the
Q.1) The human masquerade has got something to world during the early modern era.
do with how our brain works. During the Palaeolithic
age, while modern humans were still evolving, it c) Germany stood apart from others when it came to
made good sense to cluster together in groups. criminal laws on witchcraft.
Having a brain that likes to belong made our
d) One cannot talk about witches without
ancestors stronger and more likely to survive
mentioning Germany.
attacks, the cold and other adversities. Besides, on a
basic biological level, our bodies need social contact.
We need physical closeness to maintain homeostasis
or physiological stability. Hugs, caresses, smiles and Answer- C,
Option c most appropriately captures the essence of
a glance in the eyes are potent biochemical signals
the given para which talks about the criminal laws
to our brain, giving our immune system a boost and
and practice of witchcraft in Germany.
activating the relaxation response in the body. The
pleasure and comforting feelings that we derive Options a & b have not been explicitly mentioned in
from social interaction are the result of precisely the passage. They may or may not hold true.
these biochemical processes. Option d escapes the mentioning of criminal
laws/trials which is significant in the given context.
a) Social interaction helps humans remain sane,
stable, and relaxed.

b) Extroverts are more likely to achieve success in Q.3) Some of the most pressing moral issues we face
life. today arise from how humans treat nonhuman
c) During Palaeolithic age, humans hardly interacted animals, especially in farming and scientific
with one another. experiments. High-intensity or ‘factory’ farming
raises the biggest questions because of its sheer
d) Homeostasis is extremely important in homo scale, and because routine practices there, once we
sapiens. look closely, often appear shocking. Vast numbers of
animals spend much or all of their short lives in
confined, sunless spaces, and experience a
Answer- a,
combination of stress, monotony and pain. Is this
The para talks about the importance of social life
and interaction in human lives and what kind of wrong, and what kind of wrongness is it? These
positive impact it has on their wellbeing. Option a questions are often approached within a utilitarian
appropriately captures this idea. framework, which holds that the reduction of
Option b talks about extroverts and their success suffering and promotion of experienced wellbeing
which is not being discussed. comprise our basic goals in moral affairs. That view is
Option c negates what is mentioned in the para. readily applied to our treatment of animals, as seen
Option d captures only one point about homeostasis. especially in the work of the Australian philosopher
Q.2) It makes sense to focus on Germany when we Peter Singer.
talk about witches. Conditions for witch trials were,
unfortunately, very good in large parts of the Holy a) Treatment of animals by humans for utilitarian
Roman Empire. The country consisted of hundreds purposes is a critical moral dilemma we face today.
of principalities, and most of these could pass their
b) Using animals for farming and scientific
own criminal laws. They had their own criminal
experiments is frowned upon by society.
courts, many staffed by incompetent lay judges who
were nevertheless empowered to use torture. About c) ‘Factory’ farming has raised the eyebrows of
half of all the people executed for witchcraft in the many, considering the inhumane conditions they
early modern period came from Germany. keep animals in.

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d) Assault on animals is a criminal act and is Option d is close call but is more of a conclusion
punished across the world. rather than a summary.

Answer- A, Q.5) Conventional wisdom depicts moral struggle as

Option a rightly captures the essence of the an internal conflict between a higher moral self and
paragraph about the moral code relating to suffering an untamed dark side. This picture pervades popular
of animals. imagination: the angel and the devil on either
Options b & c are true as pointers but do not shoulder, the ‘two wolf’ parable, the Ego and the Id,
integrate the entire idea being presented in the the ‘true self’ and the ‘false self’. It resonates with
para. religious traditions that place us between angels and
Option d mentions the act being a crime which is not
animals in a Great Chain of Being, leaving us torn
talked about.
between higher and lower, spirit and body, good and
evil, the demands of conscience and the lure of sin.
Q.4) One way of looking at human creativity is as a
a) Man is stuck between the positive and the
process of pulling balls out of a giant urn. The balls
negative sides of his own moral self.
represent ideas, discoveries and inventions. Over the
course of history, we have extracted many balls. b) The ‘two wolf’ parable rightly applies to human
Most have been beneficial to humanity. The rest beings.
have been various shades of grey: a mix of good and
bad, whose net effect is difficult to estimate. What c) Religions place human beings exactly between
we haven’t pulled out yet is a black ball: a angels and daemons.
technology that invariably destroys the civilization
d) Wisdom comes from Ego and the Id; the two sides
that invents it. That’s not because we’ve been
of the same coin.
particularly careful or wise when it comes to
innovation. We’ve just been lucky.

a) Pulling balls out of a giant urn is one of the most Answer- A,

creative exercises and has always been beneficial to The para talks about the fact that how we are stuck
humanity. between the good and the bad portions of ourselves
and our conscience. Only a rightly captures the
b) Human creativity is represented by ideas, entire idea and summarizes it.
discoveries and inventions made by them. Options b & c capture individual points and not the
entire summary.
c) Humans have made numerous discoveries and
Option d can’t be concluded from the given info.
inventions, however, it’s just a coincidence that
humans have not yet been able to devise a
Q.6) Humans, like all mammals, are heat engines;
technology and use it at a scale that would destroy
surviving means having to continually cool off, like
the creators.
panting dogs. For that, the temperature needs to be
d) Innovation is a boon to mankind unless we pull a low enough for the air to act as a kind of refrigerant,
black ball out of the urn. drawing heat off the skin so the engine can keep
pumping. At seven degrees of warming, that would
Answer- C, become impossible for large portions of the planet’s
The paragraph talks about creativity & innovation by equatorial band, and especially the tropics, where
giving an example and discussing the possibility of an humidity adds to the problem; in the jungles of Costa
invention which could be destructive for society.
Rica, for instance, where humidity routinely tops 90
Option c captures this idea in a holistic way.
per cent, simply moving around outside when it’s
Option a focuses on the exercise and not the
over 105 degrees Fahrenheit would be lethal. And
implication that the author tries to convey.
Option b talks of ‘human creativity’ in general. the effect would be fast: Within a few hours, a

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human body would be cooked to death from both

inside and out.

a) Where temperatures are higher than 100 degrees, Answer- D,

a human body would burn inside out. The author talks about the unnecessary pressure on
kids to make up for the lost learning and why it
b) Humans fry in higher temperatures and would die shouldn’t be pursued.
in extremely humid conditions. D summarizes the given info appropriately.
A captures the opposite of what the author seems to
c) It’s important for a human body to cool off
believe in.
continuously for survival, which is why air needs to
B captures the info only about the parental role.
be cool enough for the body to give off heat. C is just a generic statement about the ‘break’ in
d) Mammals are heat engines and need to cool off academics and doesn’t capture the main idea in the
rapidly, and it’s deadly for them to move outside in given para.
hot and humid regions.
Q.8) The connection between slavery and fossil fuels,
Answer- C, however, is more than metaphorical. Before the
The para talks about the ability of human body to widespread use of fossil fuels, slaves were one of the
cool itself and why is it important. Option c captures main sources of energy (if not the main source) for
the idea most appropriately. societies stretching back millennia. Prior to the
Industrial Revolution, nearly all energy to power
societies flowed from the natural ecological cascade
Q.7) Much of the debate has focused on how to help of sun and food: the farmhands in the fields, the
pupils “catch up” on their “lost learning”. This animals under saddle, the burning of wood or
narrative is profoundly unhelpful and potentially grinding of a mill. A life of ceaseless exertion.
damaging, due to the psychological pressure it
places on children and young people. It’s our a) Nearly all tasks were accomplished through
national obsession with summative assessment that human and natural energy resources like the sun,
makes children feel that they have “fallen behind” if prior to Industrial Revolution.
they haven’t learned certain things at certain times.
b) Fossil fuels came into widespread use much after
But in every year group, pupils are at various stages
the period of slavery.
of cognitive, physical and emotional development.
There is no such thing as “behind”, there is only c) Fossil fuels have been the widespread source of
where children are at. Besides, if we truly believe energy post the industrial revolution, before that
that everyone can be a lifelong learner, then a few only sun was dependable.
months of parents struggling to teach phonics is a
brief bump on their educational journey. d) Man was the major source of accomplishing a task
in earlier times when there were no bots.
a) Pupils need to catch up on the lost time due to the
pandemic and focus on academics really hard.

b) Parents’ role enhanced in enabling kids to learn, Answer- A,

while they were on a year-long break due to COVID- Option a captures all the points and makes a good
19. summary while the remaining options states singular
points, option c Focuses on "Only sun" and Option d
c) One’s educational journey needs to continue is generic
without any break.

d) Learning has to be lifelong and we need to stop Q.9) For some, grief resolves more quickly when the
focusing on the time lost for learning as it is joy of something new replaces what was lost, as in
psychologically harmful to kids. remarriage after a divorce. For others, the addition

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may add joy without reducing or eliminating the ‘strangers’ which is not the case as mentioned in the
grief. The co-occurrence of the joy in new and pain given para.
in the loss can complicate the grief process as the Q.11) Whether we realize it or not, many of our
person tries to hold space for both experiences. relationships are built on a foundation of superficial
chatter, mutual disdain for others, and anxious focus
a) Grief resolution varies among people and not all on those we love. It’s only human to maintain a little
handle it well. distance by talking about the weather, or to riff on a
b) While for some a new addition can ameliorate third person. We do this because a two-person
feelings of grief, others will need to make room for relationship is fundamentally unstable. When you
both their grief and their excitement. both hate or like the same person, this twosome
suddenly becomes a lot less anxious.
c) The co-existence of joy in the gain, and pain in the
loss is the reality of life. a) People who are close to one another also
accumulate hatred for the same people.
d) A new thing often replaces the one we no more
have, however, it may not apply to all. b) Friendships are largely based on a mutual
like/dislike.

Answer- B, c) Superficial connection is the basis of most

Option b rightly captures the two thoughts relationships around us and it’s only natural to be
mentioned in the given para. connected basis of liking/hatred for a common
‘third’.

Q.10) Deep conversations may be an important way d) A two-way relationship is always unstable and
to connect with those we care about in these needs a third person to stabilize it.
difficult times, but they are always a good idea. They
are the foundation of strong intimate relationships—
those “we talked all night” conversations when Answer- C,
dating, or those seemingly rare but cherished, Option a talks about people who are close, that’s not
heartfelt times when you lowered your guard and the primary discussion.
spoke from your heart with someone you trust. They Option b talks about friendships in general.
connect you to the human race, to those important Option d mentions the state of relationship b/w two
in your life, and in some way to yourself. people as ‘always unstable’ which may or may not
be true. Also, it doesn’t capture why.
a) Deep conversations are the foundation of close
relationships and they help you connect better to
the people you trust and more importantly to your
own self. Q.12) The teaching methods of science in India at
b) Regular conversations are an important aspect of the school and college levels are not conducive to
human relationships and must be taken seriously. fostering scientific inquiry and thinking in students.
The syllabus for science is huge and a teacher’s focus
c) Deep conversations with strangers may impact the is on completing the prescribed syllabus, rather than
mind of human beings and may make them quite ensuring that the subject is discussed threadbare in
vulnerable overtime. the classroom and concepts are fully understood by
the students. The examination system still continues
d) Those were the best times when one could talk all
to test the memory power of students rather than
night with someone close.
the knowledge acquired and understanding of
Answer- A, concepts. In addition, the science education system
The para is about deep conversations with those we is now largely oriented towards preparing students
care about and hence option a will be apt. Option c for entrance examinations to pursue the engineering
also talks about deep conversations but with and medical streams with an eye on bright and

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highly remunerative careers. Hardly any bright b) Cyber power is the new ammunition that
student does graduation in science with an objective countries are arming themselves with to fight the
of pursuing scientific research as a career. We need technology battles and it figures that India lags
to foster scientific thinking in young minds; we need behind.
to lighten our science syllabus at every level,
c) Cyber Warfare is the tool of past and focus is now
transform teaching methods to spur the scientific
shifting to newer mechanisms like bio weapons.
curiosity of the students and create an interest for
scientific inquiry, apart from providing necessary d) China is going to be the new world leader in terms
infrastructure such as laboratories, at the school and of technology warfare.
college levels.

a) Entrance examinations have become the sole Answer- B,

purpose of young and bright minds in the 21 st The para talks of the current importance of cyber
century. warfare as a weapon for any country.
Option b captures the same and is thus appropriate.
b) Science is a field that one needs to pursue with an Option a talks of India’s dependency on Chinese
inquisitive mind and not just memorising stuff. imports as a whole.
Information captured in Option c is not given the
c) Science teaching methods need to be improved in
para.
India at both the school and college levels, so as to Option d can’t be certainly concluded from the given
evoke inquiring minds rather than just focusing on info.
finishing the syllabus and clearing competitive
exams.
Q.14) The cataclysm in Ethiopia’s Tigray region and
d) Indian schools have a curriculum which just the country’s humanitarian crisis give rise to
focuses on scoring good in exams and do not give concerns of long-term regional deterioration.
importance to extra-curriculars. Without a clear framework for peace-building, post-
conflict reconstruction and transitional justice, the
Answer- C, country is at risk of drastically postponing both
The given para is about teaching methods of science political and economic recovery. This has
in India and how they need improvement. implications not only for Ethiopia but also for the
Option c is the only one to capture the entire info on entire Horn of Africa region which is already plagued
that. Options a and b is regarding Teaching methods by low-level conflicts, uneven economic
of Science and d talks about School curriculum. development, border disputes, continued food
insecurity, climate change, a precarious political
situation, and a dire refugee crisis.
Q.13) Cyber warfare is the future tool that
adversarial nations and players will use to launch a) With no efforts for peace building, Ethiopia is at
attacks. And it seems that India is very poorly high risk to be plagued by social and political
prepared to deal with this (Page 1, “Chinese cyber instability.
attack foiled: Power Ministry”, March 2). India must
re-examine its dependency on Chinese technology in b) Climate change, Food insecurity and inequality are
all critical areas. With China aiming to achieve global only some of the challenges faced by the world.
leadership in critical and future technologies, such as c) Without a proper plan to resume political stability
artificial intelligence, robotics, biotechnologies, as and economic growth, conflict ridden Ethiopia might
well as medical and agricultural advances, cyber impact the entire African region which is already
vulnerability is the new reality before the world. facing multiple issues.
a) India’s dependency on China for imports is only d) Refugee crisis has only worsened in whole of
rising with major technologies like AI, Robotics, Africa post the pandemic situation.
Medical advances etc.

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according to research published by Brigham Young

Answer- C, University. Some researchers even say that
The para talks about the humanitarian crisis in loneliness increases heart disease, dementia and
Ethiopia and how its worsening the overall life death rates. The pandemic has turned a bad
situation in the region. Option c captures this. situation worse, with some studies showing as much
Option a is just rephrasing of second sentence in the as a 90 per cent rise in loneliness globally. Public
given para and would not be apt as a summary.
health experts in many countries have been debating
Option b captures the points as ‘only’ challenges and
how to address the “loneliness epidemic” that
is thus invalid.
Option d doesn’t capture all the points about the confronts and corrodes modern life.
worsening and spread of crisis. a) Loneliness is fruitful in these modern times and is
Q.15) In the traditional understanding of a campus in
believed to be a significant part and parcel of one’s
India, students who focus solely on academics are
life.
seen as role models, achievers and good citizens,
and student protesters as rebellious, unruly, and b) Loneliness is found to be more harmful than
bringing their institutions into disrepute. Such lazy diseases like obesity and with the ‘pandemic’
categorization ignores the very purpose of education worsening the issue, experts have been debating to
and the conceptualization of a campus. In Tagore’s find solution.
words, an educational institution should not be “a
c) Social isolation has increased with the pandemic
dead cage in which living minds are fed with food
and so has the occurrence of heart diseases.
that’s artificially prepared”. Institutions are not
merely spaces where knowledge is imparted to d) As “Loneliness Epidemic” remains a challenge in
passive recipients; they are spaces where there is the modern life, scientists suggest changes in
debate, discussion, contestation. everyday routine to address the same.
a) The very purpose of education and campus is lost
when we ignore the extra-curriculars.
Answer- B,
b) Educational institutions need to be celebrated as
The para talks of loneliness and its negative impact
places where there is debate and acceptance of on one’s life as is rightly stated in option b.
diverse thoughts and ideas rather than just praise for Option a mentions the benefits of loneliness as
academic excellence. against its negative impact.
Option c and d can’t be specifically concluded from
c) It’s vital to keep the rebel students in check in
the given para.
order to maintain the reputation of any educational Q.17) In a deeply patriarchal society, generations of
institution. women have had their own battles to fight.
d) The concept of a campus is built upon the Pioneering women in the 1950s broke the glass
meritorious and successful students which study ceiling to a great extent to pursue careers; the next
there. generation established themselves as the second
bread earners in their families; now it is the turn of
the present generation of women to provide for
Answer- B, themselves and demand an unemployment
Option b appropriately captures the role of colleges allowance if, owing to circumstances, they need to
and institution campuses and what it needs to be, as stay at home. The compensation is not for the ‘love’
mentioned in the given para.
that is often attributed to women; it is for the full-
time work they do at home, which is often done for
Q.16) The French philosopher, Jean-Paul Sartre, was many compulsions other than love.
wrong. Hell is not other people, but the lack thereof.
a) Women have fought various battles for
Social isolation and the resultant loneliness are more
themselves over generations and now they need to
lethal than smoking 15 cigarettes a day or obesity,

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fight one for unemployment allowance too for the stick better if they also tend to educate people or at
work they do at home. least evoke an argument/discussion.

b) It’s time that we challenge the deeply patriarchal

society and fight for more positions for women in Answer- D,
the boardrooms. The para talks about how memories help us create
powerful stories. The narrative is summarized rightly
c) Paying women for the full-time household work by option d.
they do would further discourage the society in Options a, b and c are either singular points or
general to accept women in various careers and conclusions which are derived from the given para.
roles outside the ambit of ‘household’. They do not capture the entire aspect.
Q.19) One argument Danaher presents for the view
d) The time has come when women need not be the that life would be meaningful in a workless world
second bread earners in their family. emphasizes that today, most people’s work
undermines meaning. The work of most people in
Answer- A, the world is repetitive, uninteresting, emotionally
In relation to option b, nothing has been mentioned degrading, intellectually dulling, and exposes them
about boardrooms in the given para. to intimidation by supervisors and co-workers. Many
Option c and d are more of conclusions (rather than people leave work at the end of the day feeling
summary) which may arise from the passage. emotionally and physically drained. And most do not
Q.18) We string together memories to create stories autonomously choose to work; they work because
— not just our own, but that of our families, our they must, and they wouldn't work if they had the
friends, neighbours, communities, the place we live means to avoid it. In all these ways, work seems to
in (or would like to live in), the planet we wish to diminish life’s meaning for many, and freeing them
leave for our children — and we pass on these from it may well free them to have more meaningful
stories to others we wish to bring around to our way lives.
of seeing and understanding the world we inhabit.
These stories need not be made up of memories of a) Work is one of the most important aspect of
places, people, things or events we have human life and thereby any decision regarding it
encountered at first hand. We often take the should be autonomous.
memory-strings given to us by others and weave b) Danaher argues that life would be more
them with our own to create new memories, new meaningful in a workless work as most are involved
narratives, new stories, which, we, in turn, pass on in work which is emotionally and physically
to others. If these stories also serve to edify, degrading and not chosen for.
educate, instruct, paint a moral, or clinch an
argument, then they become so much more c) All work done by humans is routine and
believable and powerful. uninteresting and diminishes the meaning in their
life.
a) We combine various memories and create stories
by adding additional twists, to be passed on to d) People who choose their work with free will
others for recreation. would be happier than the rest.

b) Stories are an excellent way of tying up shared

memories and passing them on to our loved ones. Answer- B,
The para discusses Danaher’s argument about the
c) Our friends and communities are an integral part role of work in one’s life. Only option b rightly
of the memories we make and the stories we create captures it as none other even mentions ‘Danaher’
out of them. and are mostly generic arguments.
Q.20) Wealth creators or wealth creation need not
d) As we create and share stories which we string be vilified. The former can serve as symbols of the
together through our and others’ memories, they engines of growth. Indeed, the Indian prime minister

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is known for his generous views on wealth creators.

The problem per se lies not in wealth creation but in
the distribution of wealth. This process is marked by
horrific inequalities that, studies say, have been
further aggravated by the pandemic. Research by
international agencies found that in 2020, the
wealth of global billionaires rose by 3.9 trillion
dollars while the combined earnings of global
workers fell by 3.7 trillion dollars. One of the
consequences of this anomaly has been a rising
backlash against private wealth. India has not been
immune from this development and neither can this
collective animosity be blamed on mischievous
political agenda or residual romanticism for a
socialist ethos.

a) Wealth creation is an important issue that

societies need to address in order to reduce financial
inequalities.

b) The rising inequality in societies is the cause of

concern for international agencies.

c) Wealth distribution and not creation is where

problem lies and inequalities between the rich and
the poor are rising with India being no exception.

d) As the wealth of billionaires rose and that of

workers fell in 2020, focus of the governments has
shifted from wealth creation to job creation.

Q.20) Answer- C,
The given para is about wealth creation &
distribution and its characteristics.
Option c captures both these aspects.

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b) Remote learning is a big challenge in India as not

Practice Questions all kids have enough resources to completely rely on
online education.
Q.1) Over the years, across nations, it is sustained
demands by citizens that have earned us many of c) While transforming lessons into an online module,
the precious rights we enjoy today, including the various factors need to be taken care of.
eight-hour workday, women’s right to vote, and
equal pay. We also see around us the consequences d) Third wave of online learning is expected to be
of turning a blind eye to some of these protests. Reni smoother than the first two.
village in Uttarakhand, which was the centre of the
Chipko movement in the 1970s, bore the brunt of
the landslide that killed 62 in the region recently. Q.3) Medicinal cannibalism seems to have existed
Many of the women who live in Reni now were around the world, with nearly every body part
children when they hugged the trees protesting ending up in some concoction. Chinese compounds
against commercial logging. Scientists have time and included human organs as well as nails and hair,
again questioned the model of development in the while, in early Greece, human blood was thought to
region, including massive dam projects and rampant treat epilepsy. And even as they were decrying
deforestation. cannibals in the New World as savages, Europeans
were routinely consuming human parts as medicinal
a) Many have questioned the development model in
treatment. Followers of 16th-century Swiss physician
the Reni village in Uttarakhand over the years.
Paracelsus, for example, sought to cure dysentery
b) Deforestation and subsequent landslides have with medicines that contained powdered human
been a burning issue in Reni village of Uttarakhand skulls, and in 17th-century England pulverized
mummies were used in treatments for epilepsy and
c) While we do enjoy the benefits of perseverant stomachaches.In some cases, not just any mummy
demands as citizens, we also face serious would do: one concoction called for the body of a
repercussions when we ignore some protests like redheaded man who had died from hanging.
Chipko in Reni village.
a) Chinese compounds have been known to include
d) Citizens have gained rights like eight-hour human body parts for ages.
workday, right to vote etc. through massive protests.
b) Medicinal cannibalism used to exist in various
forms with treatments including usage of powdered
skulls for dysentery.
Q.2) Remote learning has left parents and educators
scrambling for tools that can engage kids online. For c) Pulverised mummies are used for treatment of
most kids, the first iteration of remote learning was heart-attacks and diabetes
dull and uninspiring at best. Hopefully, the second
wave of remote learning, where schools have had six d) Cannibalism is practiced across the world with
months rather than two weeks to prepare, will be nearly every body part being used for consumption
more engaging and produce better learning during celebrations.
outcomes. However, simply swapping classroom
lesson plans to screen lesson plans will not be
enough.

a) Remote learning has been a challenge for kids,

however, learning outcomes may turn better once
schools invest enough time to prepare.

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Q.4) Mankind’s relentless pursuit of physical beauty d) A pumice stone is a better and more hygenic way
is nothing new (the use of cosmetics dates back to of removing dead cells from heels.
ancient Egypt and Rome) but the methods we use to
Q.6) You’ve been on a health kick and have been
achieve that “perfect look” have certainly evolved.
bingeing on baby carrots as your afternoon snack.
Gone are the days of bathing with a bar of soap,
You look in the mirror one day and notice a slight
dabbing on natural perfume, and applying subtle
orangeness to your skin tone. Are you imagining
cheek rouge. Americans spend billions of dollars
things? Maybe not! Carrots and other orange fruits
each year on a dizzying array of beauty products. As
and vegetables are rich in a pigment known as beta-
exemplified by the 9 trendy—albeit bizarre—beauty
carotene. In humans, this pigment is converted to
regimens, some people will stop at nothing to
vitamin A by specialized cells in the small intestine.
maintain a youthful appearance. Just how far would
When high levels of beta-carotene are consumed,
you go to achieve that youthful glow?
not all of the pigment is converted to vitamin A.
a) Gone are the days when focus was on being a Some of it is circulated in the blood stream. If these
good person at heart. high levels are sustained for some time, the skin may
begin to take on an orange hue, a condition known
b) People are extremely obsessive with how they
as carotenemia.
look.
a) In humans, Vitamin A is made by specialised cells
c) Though the desire of physical beauty has always
in the small intestine and is need by body in
existed, the evolved methods and money people
unusually large quantities.
have started to spend has been mind-boggling.
b) When high quantities of beta-carotene rich
d) Mental and emotional quotient supersedes
veggies and fruits like carrots are eaten, it may lead
human appearance for an overall personality.
to carotenemia, a condition wherein skin turns
orange.

Q.5) When a pumice stone isn’t enough, some c) Baby carrots are an important source of Vit A and
people turn to fish to soften their heels. “Fish should be consumed on a regular basis.
pedicures” are popular in Europe and Asia, and run
d) Some of the unused beta-carotene circulates into
between $40 and $100. The practice is slowly
blood stream and turns hair into orange color.
popping up in American salons—though some states
have cited hygienic issues and banned the
treatment. Prior to a traditional pedicure, clients
Q.7) Modern society is industrial society. To
soak their feet in a pool with over 100 garra rufa fish
modernize a society is, first of all, to industrialize it.
(from the family Cypriniformes), which nibble away
Historically, the rise of modern society has been
dead skin to leave feet soft and refreshed. No, the
inextricably linked with the emergence of industrial
garra rufa is not related to the piranha, and no, the
society. All the features that are associated with
procedure isn’t recommended for those with ticklish
modernity can be shown to be related to the set of
feet.
changes that, some 250 years ago, brought into
a) Fish pedicure is a traditional practice which is being the industrial type of society. This suggests
regaining popularity in Europe. that the terms industrialism and industrial society
imply far more than the economic and technological
b) Otherwise popular in Europe & Asia, fish
components that make up their core. Industrialism is
pedicures are gaining traction in America for heel
a way of life that encompasses profound economic,
softening.
social, political, and cultural changes. It is by
c) Pedicure is an age-old practice of softening the undergoing the comprehensive transformation of
heels and is mostly done by fish in American salons. industrialization that societies become modern.

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a) Modernisation of a society is linked with between Hindus and Muslims necessitated the
industrialization and the related economic, social, creation of two independent states—India and
political, and cultural changes which come along. Pakistan—as opposed to a single unified India.

b) Modern society often faces cultural challenges a) Gandhi’s campaigns which earlier focussed to fight
with older generations. for the reputation of Indians, later ended up securing
completed independence though by dividing the
c) Industrialisation happened around 250 years ago
country basis religion.
and since then the societies have not been the same.
b) Gandhi’s campaigns ultimately turned to fighting
d) People have to undergo vivid transformation
for complete national freedom from just opposing
when societies modernize and become service-
the second-class status given to Indians under the
oriented.
British.

c) The overthrow of the British rule was more of a

Q.8) There is no consensus on what a slave was or on painful moment than of joy due to the division of
how the institution of slavery should be defined. India and Pakistan.
Nevertheless, there is general agreement among
d) People followed Gandhi like God as he gained us
historians, anthropologists, economists, sociologists,
the freedom and help prevent the division of country
and others who study slavery that most of the
basis the religion.
following characteristics should be present in order
to term a person a slave. The slave was a species of
property; thus, he belonged to someone else. In
Q.10) Sophisticated scanning technology is revealing
some societies slaves were considered movable
intriguing secrets about Little Foot, the remarkable
property, in others immovable property, like real
fossil of an early human forerunner that inhabited
estate. They were objects of the law, not its subjects.
South Africa 3.67 million years ago during a critical
Thus, like an ox or an ax, the slave was not ordinarily
juncture in our evolutionary history. Scientists said
held responsible for what he did.
on Tuesday they examined key parts of the nearly
a) Most academicians including historians, complete and well-preserved fossil at Britain’s
sociologists etc. agreed that a ‘slave’ by definition national synchrotron facility, Diamond Light Source.
was like a property and belonged to someone else. The scanning focused upon Little Foot’s cranial vault
— the upper part of her braincase — and her lower
b) Slavery has been differently viewed by historians,
jaw, or mandible. The researchers gained insight not
anthropologists, economists, sociologists, and others
only into the biology of Little Foot’s species but also
who study slavery.
into the hardships that this individual, an adult
c) Slaves were the backbone of an agrarian society female, encountered during her life.
and were the important pillars of the economy.
a) Little Foot is 3.67 million years old and is believed
d) Slavery is an institution which has evoked never- to live a life full of hardships in South Africa.
ending debates among the historians.
b) Researchers are gaining insights into the life of old
fossils through the new sophisticated technologies.

Q.9) Initially, Gandhi’s campaigns sought to combat c) Through scanning technology, not only the
the second-class status Indians received at the hands biology, but also the Little Foot (fossil) individual’s
of the British regime. Eventually, however, they usual life is being examined and revealed at
turned their focus to bucking the British regime Diamond light source.
altogether, a goal that was attained in the years
d) ‘Diamond Light Source’ is one of the most popular
directly after World War II. The victory was marred
facilities in Britain for scientific research.
by the fact that sectarian violence within India

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c) A new research says that OSCA helps people sense

particle sizes in food which may further help
discover details around our sense of taste.

d) As per the new fruit fly research, family of

Q.11) With COVID-19 severely impacting the proteins called TMEM63 enable us make better food
operations of the automotive sector and related choices.
industries, the natural rubber requirement of tyre
companies is likely to fall to 9 lakh MTs this year,
although automotive and tyre companies predict Q.13) The idea that arrogance is bad news, both
even lower consumption, which means the net gap personally and psychologically, isn’t new. Sixteenth-
between production and demand will be only 2 lakh century philosopher Michel de Montaigne was
MTs this year. Also, the industry has a carry forward convinced it led to dogmatic extremism and that it
stock of 3.5 lakh MTs and therefore India need not could result in political violence. Dogmatic zeal, he
import any rubber this year, said an official in charge famously said, did wonders for hatred but never
of production data at the Rubber Board. pulled anyone toward goodness: “there is nothing
more wretched nor arrogant than man.” But the real
political problem is not arrogant individuals per se,
a) Due to the impact of COVID-19 on the automotive but arrogant ideologies. These are ideologies built
and ancillary industries, the demand of rubber has around a central conviction that “we” know (the
seen a decline and India might not need to import secret truths, the real nature of reality) and “they”
this year. don’t. To those in the grip of such an ideology,
countervailing evidence is perceived as an existential
b) As the rubber industry has enough carry forward threat—to “who we are,” to the American Way, to
stock, India doesn’t need to import anymore. the white race, and so on. The arrogant ideology, in
other words, makes itself immune to revision by
c) The tyre and automotive companies are seeing a
evidence; it encourages in its adherents what José
continuous decline in the rubber demand post
Medina has called “active ignorance.”
COVID-19
a) Arrogant ideologies have destroyed the self-
d) The gap between production and consumption of
confidence of many individuals in the society.
Rubber is projected at just 2 lakh this year.
b) Arrogant ideology and not arrogant individual is
the real political problem which makes people
Q.12) Most people prefer their ice-cream to be “actively ignorant”.
creamy and not frozen. Though the flavour is the
c) Arrogance is a political problem revolving around
same, the change in texture makes it less appetizing.
one’s ignorance.
By studying fruit flies, researchers have now found
that a family of proteins called OSCA/TMEM63 plays d) Arrogance is the culprit which has psychologically
an important role in sensing particle sizes in food. destroyed many.
These proteins are also found in humans and
researchers say that the new findings could help Q.14) The male superb lyrebird of Australia is known
shed light on some of the nuances of our own sense for its astounding abilities to mimic the songs of
of taste. other birds and for almost perfectly replicating
human-generated sounds such as camera shutters
a) Texture is extremely important in food; it makes and, sadly, chainsaws. Now, new research finds that
people senses more responsive. these maestros of impersonation sometimes
reproduce the sounds of an entire multi-species
b) Its no wonder that a considerable percentage of
flock while courting females and during mating,
people like their ice-cream creamier.
reports Jake Buehler for Science News. The study,

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published last week in the journal Current Biology,

explains that the male lyrebirds are specifically
recreating the sounds a group of birds makes when a
predator shows up.

a) Male lyrebird of Australia are well-known for Q.16) For those within the intellectual property
mimicking the human-generated sounds. system, the escalator is famous for its association
with “trademark genericide.” Genericide occurs
b) New research finds that the male lyebirds have
when trademarks become so famous that they cease
the amazing ability to replicate the sound of multi-
to identify the source of goods or services in the
species bird flock, made when a predator comes.
minds of consumers and instead become names for
c) Jake Buehler reported the lyrebirds’ astounding the goods themselves. “Escalator” is right up there
ability to mimic the sounds of every other bird. with “aspirin,” “cellophane,” and “kitty litter” as an
example of a brand that morphed into its product.
d) The journal ‘Current Biology’ published shocking
And it’s true that the intellectual property story of
content about the ability of male lyrebirds to
the escalator is, in part, how Charles Seeberger’s
replicate sounds.
brand of moving staircases grew to symbolize the
thing itself. But the larger story is about the cultural
phenomenon, an invention that transformed the
Q.15) The existence of lymphatic vessels surrounding way we interact with the world. How people move.
the brain was confirmed only recently — in 2015 — How sales are made. How the built world is
but scientists have long known that they exist constructed.
elsewhere in the body, mingled among the veins and
arteries that supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues a) When the brand becomes synonymous of the
and organs. This network of tiny, thin-walled tubes product itself, (like “Escalator”, “Aspirin” to name a
acts as the body’s molecular trash collection system. few), it brings about a change in the way we interact
The vessels collect the clear fluid called lymph that with the world.
leaks from the bloodstream — filled with immune
b) Certain trademarks become too famous that turn
cells as well as proteins and molecular debris. These
into the product identity itself.
are transported to lymph nodes, small structures
throughout the body that filter out the harmful c) An invention which changes the way we live, is
waste. difficult to spot.

a) The presence of lymphatic vessels surrounding the d) The cultural changes brought about by the
brain and elsewhere in the body is a surprise to the “trademark genericide” are not adapted easily.
scientists.

b) Scientists have long known about the presence of

Q.17) To clean up an oily mess, one might reach for
lymphatic vessels in the body, which collect lymph
dish soap. But for cleaning tar out of the eyes,
and transport them to lymph nodes for filtering out
throats and nasal passages of sea turtles, a common
the harmful waste.
sandwich condiment proved to be a better option
c) Lymphatic vessels exist only around the brain and this week following an oil spill in Israel. Employees at
help in excretion of waste through the lymph nodes. Israel's National Sea Turtle Rescue used mayonnaise
to treat 11 endangered green sea turtles that
d) The presence of lymphatic vessels in the brain has
washed ashore covered in tar, reports Nicoletta
not been known to scientists for a longer time.
Lanse for Live Science.

a) National Sea Turtle Rescue employees treated the

sea turtles with compassion after the disaster.

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b) Nicoletta Lanse for Live Science reported the oil German 88mm over Cologne. While the bomber
spill in Israel and how turtles were left to die. returned safely to the 91st Bomb Group’s home
airfield at Bassingbourn, it left ground crews with a
c) The locals were shocked upon seeing the scientists
massive repair job. The nose and wings of Little Miss
use mayonnaise to clean up the oily mess.
Mischief were almost untouched, but the aft
d) Unlike the usual choice of soap, authorities in fuselage, ball turret, and waist area were a mess. In
Israel used Mayonnaise to treat sea turtles from oil order to return the bomber to action, ground crews
spill in Israel. went shopping for a donor aircraft.

a) ‘Little Miss Mischief’ was quite popular during

American bombing campaign in 1944 and was
Q.18) Foreigners were to blame, said one political quickly taken for repairs post damage.
faction, charging that immigrants were bringing the
contagion into the country and spreading it from b) The Eighth Air Force needed all possible fighting
person to person. Another political group argued resources during the American bombing in Europe
that it arose locally and was not contagious. A and therefore had to keep spare bombers ready.
fiercely divided medical community took opposing
c) A bomber once damaged couldn’t be repaired
sides in the argument over where the contagion
easily during mid twentieth century.
came from and disagreed on how best to treat the
disease. Federal, state and local officials and those d) Heavy repairs to damaged bombers were
with resources fled the city, while a huge number of common during the American bombing in Europe,
people of color—falsely believed to be immune— one called ‘Little Miss Mischief’ had sent the crew
stepped up to care for the sick and to transport the searching for a donor aircraft.
dead, even as their own communities were
disproportionately hit by the disease.
Q.20) At least until recently, the means to find a
a) While political groups argued, medical community
viable and affordable energy solution is more
were divided on the origin of contagion. Many
important than making solar cells aesthetically
people of color helped take care of the sick as
pleasing or beautiful. Traditional solar panels on
officials with resources left the city.
American rooftops aren’t exactly subtle or pleasing
b) Medical community couldn’t decide on the best to the eye. They’ve been an eyesore for neighbors at
way to treat the disease, which was contested to times, and surely a pain for homeowners
have come from outside. associations to deal with, but the benefits to the
environment are substantial. So, where’s the
c) The contagion had spread locally and the sick
balance? Today, companies are striving towards
were taken care of by the internal members only.
better looking and advanced solar technology, such
The involvement of medical community was
as building-applied photovoltaic (BAPV). This type of
negligible.
discreet solar cell is integrated into existing roof tiles
d) Political parties were at each other’s throat or ceramic and glass facades of buildings.
regarding the source of contagion and the best way
a) Solar cells have been the most viable renewable
to fight the disease.
energy source in the recent times.

b) Solar panels in America have been an eyesore for

Q.19) During the American bombing campaign in the neighbors.
Europe, the Eighth Air Force needed every fighting
c) Solar technology needs to be much better looking
aircraft it could get, which often meant making
if we have to make it part and parcel of our lives in
heavy repairs to severely damaged bombers. In
the long run.
October 1944, a B-17G nicknamed Little Miss
Mischief absorbed a devastating blast from a

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d) Although, so far, the focus in the usage of solar Option a mentions about high requirement which is
cells has been not more on aesthetics but on not given.
functionality and the fact that it is environment- Option c suggests regular intake, which isn’t as such
friendly, companies are now figuring better looking mentioned.
advanced tech. Option d mentions change in hair color while the
para talks about change in skin tone.

Answer Key
Q.7) Answer- A,
1(C) 2(A) 3(B) 4(C) 5(B) The para talks about the relationship between the
modernization and industrialization. A captures this
6(B) 7(A) 8(A) 9(A) 10(C) well.
As in option b, nothing has been mentioned about
11(A) 12(C) 13(B) 14(B) 15(B) older generations specifically.
C & d do not bring out this relationship
16(A) 17(D) 18(A) 19(D) 20(D)

Q.8) Answer- A,
The para talks about the slave and the characteristics
Solutions associated with the practice. Statement A captures
this well.
Q.1) Answer- C,
While a, b, and d partly capture some of the given Q.9) Answer- A,
points, option c seems to be the appropriate one Option a rightly captures the essence of the given
with all aspects being captured. para.
Option b is close but fails to capture the point about
Q.2) Answer- A, the India-Pakistan division.
The given para talks about the remote learning and
its impact. Option a rightly captures the idea.
Option b could be one of the challenges but has not
been explicitly mentioned. Q.10) Answer- C,
Option c captures a generic point. Only option c is able to appropriately brief the given
Option d, there is no third wave mentioned in the para with necessary details and facts about the
given para. fossil. Option d gives a fact, option a misses out on
technology and option b misses out on little foot.
Q.3) Answer- B,
Only option b talks about medicinal cannibalism Q.11) Answer- A,
which is the subject of the given para. The para is about the rubber import needs of India in
the light of changing scenarios due to COVID-19, as
Q.4) Answer- C, summarized rightly by Option A.
Option c captures the point about the evolved
methods of pursuing beauty and is in line with what Q.12) Answer- C,
is there in the given para. The given para talks about the role of specific
proteins in sensing the taste. This idea is captured by
option c.
Q.5) Answer-B,
The para is about the growing popularity of fish Q.13) Answer- B,
pedicure in America and is in line with option b. The given para discusses the nitty gritties of
‘arrogance’ as an idea. Statement b rightly captures
Q.6) Answer- B, all the details.
The para describes the development of condition
known as carotenemia. Option b summarizes the Q.14) Answer- B,
process the best.

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The para talks about the ability of male lyebirds to Option b focuses on the decision making by medical
mimic songs and the new research findings around community which is not the point.
it. Option b captures the idea. Option c states that medical community didn’t
involve, which can’t be interpreted from the given
Q.15) Answer- B, information
The para is about the presence and function of In reference to option d, while it is mentioned that
lymphatic vessels. Option b captures all the points political parties had varied opinions, it can’t be
correctly. concluded that they were at each other’s throats.

Q.19) Answer- D,
The para talks about the need of immediate repairs
Q.16) Answer- A, to deal with the demand of aircraft, which is
The para is about the ‘trademark genericide’ and the captured appropriately in option d.
cultural impact of the phenomenon. It showcases a
couple of brands’ examples.
Option b fails the capture the ‘cultural’ aspect.
Option c is a generic statement about invention. Q.20) Answer- D,
In ref to option d, nothing is mentioned about the Option d talks about the shift towards the aesthetic
difficulty level of adoption. appeal of solar panels as discussed in the given
passage.
Q.17) Answer- D, Option a mentions solar cells as ‘the most’ viable
The given para puts forward the point of unusually which may or may not be true.
using mayonnaise rather than soap to clean up oil Option b is just the reiteration of the second
spill in Israel. Option d captures this point sentence in the given para.
completely. Option c states the visual appeal of solar panels as a
must have, while the para just states its growing
Q.18) Answer- A, importance.
The para talks about the spread of the disease and
how various political and medical reps had their own
notions around it.

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Chapter 22: Figure of Speech

Solved Example The new minister is sly as a fox.

Q.1. Identify which figure of speech is used in A) Personification

the following sentence: B) Paradox
C) Simile
D) Hyperbole
He's so smart that he can beat god at
academics.

A) Personification
B) Paradox
C) Simile Ans-
D) Hyperbole
C)
A simile is a figure of speech that
includes the correlation of one thing with something
Ans- D)
else of an alternate kind, used to make a portrayal
The above sentence employs too
more insistent or striking.
much exaggeration, hence hyperbole.

Q.4. Identify which figure of speech is used in

Q.2. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:
the following sentence:

Harshad Mehta was "The Bachchan of

Martha is a very bright student, yet
Bombay Stock Exchange".
sometimes the stupidest.

A) Personification
A) Antithesis
B) Metaphor
B) Paradox
C) Simile
C) Oxymoron
D) Hyperbole
D) Hyperbole

Ans- B)
Ans- C)
A metaphor is an inferred simile. It
When two opposing characteristics
doesn't express that one thing resembles another. It
of exactly the same thing are referenced
accepts and continues as though the two were one.
immediately, it is called an oxymoron.

Q.5. Identify which figure of speech is used in

Q.3. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:
the following sentence:

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Sadness and gloom walked through the An apostrophe is a direct address

doors of the cunning men. to a personified object or idea.

A) Personification
B) Alliteration Q.8. Identify which figure of speech is used in
C) Simile the following sentence:
D) Hyperbole
Suman sells sea shells by the sea.

Ans- A) A) Personification
When inanimate objects and ideas B) Alliteration
are given human-like characteristics, it's C) Repetition
personification. D) Antithesis

Q.6. Identify which figure of speech is used in Ans- B)

the following sentence: Alliteration is the usage of the
same letter or sound at the beginning of words in a
That deafening silence gave me chills. sentence.

A) Antithesis
B) Paradox Q.9. Identify which figure of speech is used in
C) Oxymoron the following sentence:
D) Hyperbole
To infinity and beyond.

A) Climax
Ans- B) Anti-climax
C) C) Litotes
When two opposing characteristics D) Hyperbole
of exactly the same thing are referenced
immediately, it is called an oxymoron. Ans-

Q.7. Identify which figure of speech is used in A)

the following sentence: A climax is a figure of speech
where progressive words, expressions, conditions, or
"O winds, take me with you into the arms of sentences are orchestrated in ascending order of
my lover." significance.

A) Apostrophe
B) Personification Q.10. Identify which figure of speech is used in
C) Simile the following sentence:
D) Epigram
The war resulted in a lot of collateral
damage.
Ans- A)

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A) Pun Q.13. Identify which figure of speech is used in

B) Euphemism the following sentence:
C) Simile
D) Irony You need to rest, eat, and get home safely.

A) Litotes
Ans- B) B) Epigram
Accidental loss of lives is replaced C) Pun
with collateral damage to reduce the harshness and D) Anti-climax
unpleasantness of the sentence, hence euphemism.

Ans- D)
Q.11. Identify which figure of speech is used in Anti-climax alludes to a figure of
the following sentence: speech where proclamations step by step slip
arranged by significance in descending order.
All the world's a stage.

A) Personification Q.14. Identify which figure of speech is used in

B) Metaphor the following sentence:
C) Simile
D) Hyperbole The rustling of the leaves sounded familiar
here.

Ans- B) A) Personification
A metaphor is an inferred simile. It B) Onomatopoeia
doesn't express that one thing resembles another. It C) Metonymy
accepts and continues as though the two were one. D) Synecdoche

Q.12. Identify which figure of speech is used in Ans- B)

the following sentence: Onomatopoeia is a figure of
speech that phonetically copies, takes after, or
A child is a father of the man. proposes the sound that it depicts.

A) Metaphor
B) Paradox Q.15. Identify which figure of speech is used in
C) Oxymoron the following sentence:
D) Epigram
The pen is mightier than the sword.

A) Personification
Ans- B) Metonymy
D) C) Synecdoche
An epigram is a figure of speech D) Hyperbole
that energizes, amazements, or commands notice.

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Q.18. Identify which figure of speech is used in

Ans- the following sentence:

B) She was chatting non-stop after

"The pen is mightier than the meeting him, to which he remarked "You're the
sword" contains two instances of metonymy. "Pen" quietest person I have ever met".
and "sword" are regular words, yet when filled in for
"composed words" and "military power," their A) Irony
importance becomes significantly more B) Paradox
representative. C) Antithesis
D) Hyperbole

Q.16. Identify which figure of speech is used in

the following sentence: Ans- A)
It is said to be ironic when
He said, "check out my new wheels". something opposite is said of a situation for a
greater impact.
A) Synecdoche
B) Metonymy
C) Simile Q.19. Identify which figure of speech is used in
D) Apostrophe the following sentence:

He was handing out paper flyers that had

Ans- A) "SAVE TREES" written on them.
If he said, "check out my new
wheels," "wheels" is an example of a synecdoche, A) Pun
used to refer to a "car." A part of a car, in this B) Litotes
example, represents the whole of the car. C) Irony
D) Epigram

Q.17. Identify which figure of speech is used in

the following sentence: Ans- C)
It is indeed an irony to be wasting
The place was too scary, there was no one paper that comes from trees by writing "save trees"
except for a deadly live cat. on them.

A) Anaphora
B) Paradox Q.20. Identify which figure of speech is used in
C) Oxymoron the following sentence:
D) Antithesis
It was almost like a hurricane, and he said
"Well, the weather is not so great today"
Ans- C)
When two opposing characteristics A) Litotes
of exactly the same thing are referenced B) Pun
immediately, it is called an oxymoron. C) Irony
D) Epigram

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A litotes is an indirect method of

saying something, utilizing something contrary to
Ans- A) your planned significance to outline what you're
A litotes is an indirect method of attempting to say. The negative of one thing is
saying something, utilizing something contrary to utilized for communicating the positive of its inverse.
your planned significance to outline what you're
attempting to say. The negative of one thing is
utilized for communicating the positive of its inverse. Q.23. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:

The ringing of bells and the whooshing of

the winds reminded me of the good old times at the
temple.
Q.21. Identify which figure of speech is used in the
following sentence: A) Personification
B) Onomatopoeia
If it has to happen, either it will happen or it C) Simile
won't happen. D) Hyperbole

A) Metonymy
B) Paradox
C) Tautology
D) Eponymy Ans-

B) Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that

Ans- phonetically copies, takes after, or proposes
C) the sound that it depicts.
A tautology is an articulation or expression that says
exactly the same thing twice, simply in an alternate
way. Thus, a tautology is typically unfortunate, as it Q.24. Identify which figure of speech is used in
can make you sound wordier than you should be and the following sentence:
cause you to seem silly.
How many times do I need to tell you that
you have to stay out of my business?
Q.22. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence: A) Tautology
B) Climax
Well, your advice on her anxiety issues was C) Rhetorical question
less than smart. D) Synecdoche

A) Metonymy
B) Litotes Ans- C)
C) Tautology A rhetorical question is one asked
D) Climax not to acquire data but rather to state all the more
decidedly the undeniable response to what exactly is
being inquired.
Ans- B)

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C) Simile
Q.25. Identify which figure of speech is used in D) Hyperbole
the following sentence:

Dr. Adams is no more with us today. Ans- B)

A synecdoche is a figure of speech
A) Tautology whereby the part is taken for the entire, the entire
B) Paradox for the part, the species for the genus, and the other
C) Antithesis way around, as in the utilization of 'head' to
D) Euphemism represent entire creatures.

Ans- D) Q.28. Identify which figure of speech is used in

Died' is replaced with 'no more' to the following sentence:
reduce the harshness, unpleasantness of the
sentence, hence euphemism. "Hail most divine peace, please give me an
indication of your presence in this rotten world".

Q.26. Identify which figure of speech is used in A) Metonymy

the following sentence: B) Apostrophe
C) Personification
There was an uproar on Wall D) Metaphor
Street today due to the upward rally as the economy
came out of the crisis swiftly.
Ans- B)
A) Metonymy An apostrophe is a figure of speech
B) Paradox by which an actor turns from the audience, or
C) Simile authtorom the reader, to address an individual who
D) Hyperbole typically is either missing or perished, a lifeless thing,
or a theoretical thought.

Ans- A)
Metonymy is a figure of speech
wherein the name of one thing is utilized for the Q.29. Identify which figure of speech is used in
name of something different that is related to it, as the following sentence:
we can see in the above sentence 'Wall Street' is
used in place of 'Stock Market'. The wind was as cold as ice on the
mountain top.

Q.27. Identify which figure of speech is used in A) Metonymy

the following sentence: B) Paradox
C) Simile
He had 50 heads of cattle on his animal D) Hyperbole
farm.

A) Metonymy Ans- C)
B) Synecdoche A simile is an explicit comparison,
utilizing 'like' or 'as'.

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Q.30 Identify which figure of speech is used in Ans- B)

the following sentence: Self-explanatory

Lolita let Larry list the Litotes questions in

the test paper. Q.33. Which figure of speech uses an explicit
comparison, utilizing 'like' or 'as'?
A) Metonymy
B) Alliteration
C) Simile A) Simile
D) Anti-climax B) Irony
C) Paradox
D) Metonymy
Ans- B)
Alliteration is the usage of the
same letter or sound at the beginning of words in a Ans- A)
sentence. Self-explanatory

Q.31. What is the figure of speech where Q.34. In a sentence, if 'died' is replaced with 'no
nonhuman or non-living things are spoken about as more' to reduce the harshness, and unpleasantness
though they were human? of the sentence, which figure of speech is utilized
here?

A) Metonymy
B) Paradox A) Antithesis
C) Simile B) Litotes
D) Personification C) Euphemism
D) Climax

Ans- D)
Self-explanatory Ans- C)
Euphemism is utilized to
communicate a gentle, circuitous, or obscure term to
fill in for an unforgiving, gruff, sad or hostile term.

Q.32.____________________ is usage of same letter

or sound at the beginning of words in a sentence.

Q.35. A metaphor is an inferred

A) Metonymy ___________________. It doesn't express that one
B) Alliteration thing resembles another. It accepts and continues as
C) Tautology though the two were one.
D) Hyperbole

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A) Simile
B) Irony
C) Paradox
D) Metonymy

Ans- A)
While both similes and metaphors
are used to make comparisons, the contrast
between similes and metaphors boils down to a
word. Similes utilize the words 'like' or 'as' to think
about things—"Life resembles a case of chocolates."
interestingly, metaphors straightforwardly express a
correlation—"Love is a front line."

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Q.36. If a sentence employs too much C) Rhetoric

exaggeration, there is _____________________ at D) Synecdoche
play.

Ans- C)
A) Metonymy Self-explanatory
B) Alliteration
C) Tautology
D) Hyperbole Q.39. Which figure of speech
phonetically copies, takes after, or proposes the
sound that it depicts?
Ans- D)
Self-explanatory
A) Onomatopoeia
B) Alliteration
Q.37. Which figure of speech uses two C) Paradox
opposing characteristics of exactly the same thing D) Antithesis
referenced immediately?

Ans- A)
A) Simile Self-explanatory
B) Oxymoron
C) Paradox
D) Metonymy Q.40 ______________________ is a
figure of speech where progressive words,
expressions, conditions, or sentences are
Ans- B) orchestrated in ascending order of significance.
Self-explanatory

A) Anti-climax
Q.38. A B) Litotes
______________________question is a figure of C) Hyperbole
speech where the question is asked not to acquire D) Climax
data, but rather to state all the more decidedly the
undeniable response to what exactly is being
inquired. Ans- D)
Self-explanatory

A) Tautology
B) Climax

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Chapter 23: Matching Words

e) adorn 5) government
Solved Examples administered by elderly individuals

Q.1. Match the words on the left with their

A) a-4, b-1, c-5, d-3, e-2
meanings on right:
B) a-4, b-2, c-5, d-3, e-1
C) a-4, b-2, c-5, d-1, e-3
a) salvage 1) in a perishing
D) a-2, b-4, c-5, d-1, e-3
state; close to death
b) affable 2) hang or swing
Ans - A)
freely
c) poseur 3) well-mannered
and cordial
d) dangle 4) the saving of Q.3. Match the words on the left with their
property from misfortune/loss/deterioration meanings on right:
e) moribund 5) an
individual who endeavours to dazzle by acting not at a) abhor 1) an individual who
all like himself is pulled into unfamiliar people, groups, societies
b) connote 2) to loathe; to
disdain
A) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-2, e-4 c) agile 3) Propose or
B) a-4, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-5 suggest notwithstanding the exact, strict significance
C) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-5, e-3 d) xenophile 4)
D) a-4, b-3, c-5, d-2, e-1 occurring occasionally
e) sporadic 5) dynamic; fast-
moving
Ans - D)

A) a-4, b-1, c-5, d-3, e-3

Q.2. Match the words on the left with their
B) a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-4
meanings on right:
C) a-2, b-4, c-5, d-1, e-3
D) a-4, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-5
a) ambidextrous 1)
someone or something that goes before, as
Ans - B)
in a process or work
b) precursors 2) add
magnificence; beautify
c) gerontocracy 3) make Q.4. Match the words on the left with their
(pain) simpler to bear meanings on right:
d) alleviate 4) can use the left
hand or the right one similarly well a) affinity 1) Legitimate or
legal enquiry, particularly before a jury and

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particularly made by a coroner into the reason for e) abide 5) shy; easily
someone's death terrified; lacking confidence
b) adulteration 2) making
poorer in quality A) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-5
c) appease 3) local B) a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-4
d) inquest 4) liking towards C) a-5, b-3, c-1, d-2, e-4
something; close association; relationship D) a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-4
e) indigenous 5) make
tranquil or quiet Ans - C)

A) a-4, b-1, c-5, d-3, e-3 Q.7. Match the words on the left with their
B) a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-4 meanings on right:
C) a-4, b-2, c-5, d-1, e-3
D) a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-4 a) loll 1) easily broken
b) affable 2) rest to sit or
Ans - C) remain in an apathetic manner hang (canine's
tongue)
Q.5. Match the words on the left with their c) catalyst 3) Furiously irate,
meanings on right: infuriated
a) grumble 1) Without d) livid 4) substance that
readiness or thinking ahead causes accelerating
b) conjoin 2) to whine e) brittle 5) polite and well
c) offhand 3) that can't be disposed
penetrated
d) impermeable 4) to A) a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-4
combine B) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-3, e-1
e) somersault 5) rolling in C) a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-4
reverse or forward (not sideways) development D) a-5, b-3, c-1, d-2, e-4

A) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-5 Ans - B)

B) a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-4 Q.8. Match the words on the left with their
C) a-4, b-2, c-5, d-1, e-3 meanings on right:
D) a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-4
a) allegiance 1) strong;
Ans - lively
A) b) nihilism 2) duty; support;
Q.6. Match the words on the left with their loyalty
meanings on right: c) vigorous 3) a dumb, obtuse
individual
a) timid 1) to disappear out d) judicious 4) total
of nowhere (to keep away from capture) dismissal of all strict and good convictions
b) embezzle 2) think e) dullard 5) sound in
about old times judgment; shrewd
c) abscond 3) use in a wrong
manner for one's own advantage
d) reminiscent 4) be A) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-5, e-3
devoted; to follow through B) a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-4

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C) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-3, e-1 b) benefactor 2) lacking

D) a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-4 fortitude, strength
c) invincible 3) trying to
Ans - A) please; obliging
d) complaisant 4)
indestructible
Q.9. Match the words on the left with their e) flimsy 5) lasting
meanings on right:
A) a-5, b-1, c-4, d-3, e-2
a) hospitable 1) a way of B) a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-4
strolling, venturing, or running C) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-3, e-1
b) sluggard 2) sociable; D) a-2, b-4, c-5, d-1, e-3
accommodating
c) narcissism 3) enhance Ans - A)
d) gait 4) lazy person Q.12. Match the words on the left with their
e) ameliorate 5) meanings on right:
obsessing over oneself a) sadistic 1) show much
affection, centre one's attention
A) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-5, e-3 b) gallant 2) keep the
B) a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-4 memory of
C) a-1, b-5, c-4, d-3, e-2 c) dote 3) in a condition of
D) a-2, b-4, c-5, d-1, e-3 inertia yet anticipating improvement
d) commemorate 4) cruel
e) dormant5) brave carry on
Ans - D)
well with ladies
Q.10. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right:
a) succumb 1) turned A) a-5, b-1, c-4, d-3, e-2
to bone; solidified like bone; Inflexible B) a-4, b-5, c-1, d-2, e-3
b) torque 2) postpone C) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-3, e-1
c) defer 3) fluent D) a-2, b-4, c-5, d-1, e-3
communication, able use of language
d) eloquence 4) yield, Ans - B)
pass on
e) ossified 5) twisting power
causing rotation Q.13. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right:

A) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-5, e-3 a) infuriate 1) A piece of broken

B) a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1, e-4 ceramics
C) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-3, e-1 b) chisel 2) elation, condition
D) a-2, b-4, c-5, d-1, e-3 of charming fervour
c) engulf 3) steel device for
Ans - C) moulding materials
d) shard 4) swallow up
Q.11. Match the words on the left with their e) euphoria 5) fill with
meanings on right: rage or anger
a) enduring 1) person
who has given assistance A) a-5, b-1, c-4, d-3, e-2

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B) a-4, b-5, c-1, d-2, e-3

C) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-3, e-1
D) a-5, b-3, c-4, d-1, e-2

Ans - D)

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Q.14. Match the words on the left with their c) syncopation 3)

meanings on right: considerate respect for individuals'
a) sanction 1) call up, bring out emotions
b) implicit 2) approval (by d) recondite 4) hard to
power), punishment comprehend
c) renowned 3) Implied, e) reprobate 5) order
however not obviously communicated gravely
d) misogynist 4)
celebrated; well known A) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4
e) evoke 5) one who B) a-4, b-5, c-1, d-2, e-3
despises ladies/females C) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-4, e-2
D) a-5, b-3, c-4, d-1, e-2

A) a-5, b-1, c-4, d-3, e-2 Ans - C)

B) a-4, b-5, c-1, d-2, e-3
C) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-5, e-1 Q.17. Match the words on the left with their
D) a-5, b-3, c-4, d-1, e-2 meanings on right:
a) respite 1) a noisy lofty
Ans - C) declamation communicated with compelling feeling
b) obsequious 2) a pause
from doing something
Q.15. Match the words on the left with their c) harangue 3)
meanings on right: endeavouring to win favour from
a) abysmal 1) written request persuasive individuals by honeyed words
b) writ 2) giving d) purport 4) meriting or
extraordinary thoughtfulness regarding subtleties bringing shame or disgrace
c) meticulous 3) e) ignominious 5) have the
extremely awful frequently deceptive appearance of being or
d) erratic 4) without intending
readiness
e) impromptu 5) irregular A) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4
in conduct or assessment B) a-2, b-3, c-1, d-5, e-4
C) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-4, e-2
A) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4 D) a-5, b-3, c-4, d-1, e-2
B) a-4, b-5, c-1, d-2, e-3
C) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-5, e-1 Ans - B)
D) a-5, b-3, c-4, d-1, e-2 Q.18. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right:
Ans - A) a) prodding 1) having a
Q.16. Match the words on the left with their tendency to deceive
meanings on right: b) gamut 2) the circle on
a) deference 1) a which heavenly bodies seem to be projected
melodic musicality complementing a regularly feeble c) perfidious 3) a total
beat degree or reach
b) adjure 2) an individual d) firmament 4) a
without moral compunctions verbalization that urges you to endeavour something
e) meretricious 5) blandly
pompous

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Ans - A)

A) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4 Q.21. Match the words on the left with their
B) a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2, e-5 meanings on right:
C) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-4, e-2 a) subliminal 1) showing
D) a-5, b-3, c-4, d-1, e-2 little feeling
b) phlegmatic 2) contain
Ans - B) or incorporate
c) subsume 3) beneath
Q.19. Match the words on the left with their the edge of cognizant discernment
meanings on right: d) obloquy 4) advancing
a) steadfast 1) of no wellbeing
genuine worth e) salubrious 5)
b) subsidiary 2) condition of shame coming about because
something causing hopelessness or death of public maltreatment
c) scourge 3) lengthen in time; A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2
cause to be or last longer B) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4
d) nugatory 4) set C) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-4, e-2
apart by firm assurance or goal; not shakeable D) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-1, e-3
e) protract 5) working in a
supporting limit Ans - B)

Q.22. Match the words on the left with their

A) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4 meanings on right:
B) a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2, e-5 a) obtuse 1) communicating
C) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-4, e-2 light; ready to be seen through with clearness
D) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-1, e-3 b) parsimonious 2) an
individual who is dismissed from society or home
c) pellucid 3) a country's ruler
Ans - D)
by hereditary right
Q.20. Match the words on the left with their
d) sovereign 4)
meanings on right:
unnecessarily reluctant to spend
a) sojourn 1) talk about
e) pariah 5) of a point,
insignificant matters quickly and ceaselessly
somewhere in the range of 90 and 180 degrees
b) rampart 2) swallow briskly
or covetously or in one draught
c) syllogism 3) A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2
reasoning in which a conclusion is derived B) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4
from two premises C) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-4, e-2
d) prattle 4) a dike worked D) a-5, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-2
around a space for defence purposes
e) quaff 5) a brief stay Ans - D)

A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2 Q.23. Match the words on the left with their
B) a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2, e-5 meanings on right:
C) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-4, e-2
D) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-1, e-3 a) strident 1) division of a
gathering into opposing groups

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b) parley 2) disagreeably e) palpable 5) explain by giving

uproarious and brutal a representation of
c) obtrude 3) a space where
something is predominant
d) schism 4) push to thrust A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2
outward B) a-2, b-5, c-3, d-1, e-4
e) realm 5) a negotiation C) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3
between foes D) a-5, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-2

A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2 Ans - B)

B) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4 Q.26. Match the words on the left with their
C) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3 meanings on right:
D) a-5, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-2 a) parlance1) the presence of
truth; the nature of appearing to be valid
Ans - C) b) verisimilitude 2) figure
Q.24. Match the words on the left with their out; allocate a significance to
meanings on right: c) propensity 3) a way of
a) deleterious 1) feed communicating natural to a language's native
eagerly speakers
b) spurious 2) not ready to be d) construe4) block the
eliminated or deleted development of
c) effete 3) unnecessarily e) parry 5) a characteristic
egocentric, influenced, or wanton tendency
d) raven 4) conceivable
however bogus A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2
e) indelible 5) destructive to B) a-2, b-5, c-3, d-1, e-4
living things C) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3
D) a-3, b-1, c-5, d-2, e-4

A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2 Ans - D)

B) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5, e-4
C) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3 Q.27. Match the words on the left with their
D) a-5, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-2 meanings on right:
a) prevaricate 1) be
Ans - A) intentionally equivocal or muddled
b) capricious 2) a state
Q.25. Match the words on the left with their or environment of concordance or common
meanings on right: politeness
a) effrontery 1) c) felicitous 3) a
materialize indistinguishably, frequently personal or social separation
threateningly d) comity 4) controlled by
b) exemplify 2) some coincidence or drive as opposed to by need
audacious conduct that you reserve no right e) rift 5) showing a
to pleasingly fitting way or style
c) precipitate 3) bring
about abruptly A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2
d) loom 4) equipped for B) a-2, b-5, c-3, d-1, e-4
being seen C) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3

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D) a-1, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-3 a) conciliation 1)

corresponding in size or degree
Ans - D) b) discordant 2) a legal
Q.28. Match the words on the left with their solution for forbid a gathering from accomplishing
meanings on right: something
a) apprise 1) set apart by c) delineate 3) the
restraint in extravagance demonstration of mollifying and defeating doubt and
b) castigation 2) local to hostility
or limited to a specific region d) injunction 4)
c) endemic 3) verbal represent precisely or accurately
punishment e) commensurate 5) not in
d) abstemious 4) advise arrangement or agreement
someone regarding something
e) facetious 5) astutely
amusing in tone A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2
B) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-5
A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2 C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1
B) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-5 D) a-1, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-3
C) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3
D) a-1, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-3 Ans - C)

Ans - B)
Q.31. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right:
Q.29. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right: a) exculpate 1)
a) daunt 1) something accomplish something through devious or
irrelevant that meddles with activity or progress shrewd strategies
b) contention 2) cause to b) dilettante 2)
extend as though by inward pressing factor pronounce not blameworthy of criminal
c) deterrent 3) cause to allegations
lose mental fortitude c) finagle 3) determinedly
d) latent 4) the act of diligent in bad behaviour
competing as for profit or a prize d) obdurate 4)
e) distend 5) conceivably departing from accepted beliefs or
existing however presently not clear or figured out standards
e) heretical5) a novice
A) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-1, e-2 participating in a movement without genuine
B) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-5 expectation
C) a-3, b-4, c-1, d-5, e-2
D) a-1, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-3
A) a-2, b-5, c-1, d-3, e-4
Ans - C) B) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-5
C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1
D) a-1, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-3
Q.30. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right: Ans - A)

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Q.32. Match the words on the left with their Q.34. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right: meanings on right:
a) capitulate 1) brief;
a) ostentatious 1) relating having a tendency to evaporate or vanish
to or supported by or located in a parish b) pernicious 2)
b) raconteur 2) a person predicting what's to come
skilled in telling anecdotes c) clairvoyance 3)
c) parochial 3) acutely endeavour to approach or match,
insightful and wise particularly by imitating
d) sagacious 4) shy and d) transient 4) give up
fearful by nature under concurred conditions
e) timorous 5) e) emulate 5) destructive to
intended to attract notice and impress living things
others

A) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-1, e-3

A) a-2, b-5, c-1, d-3, e-4 B) a-3, b-1, c-5, d-2, e-1
B) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-5 C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1
C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1 D) a-5, b-2, c-1, d-3, e-4
D) a-5, b-2, c-1, d-3, e-4
Ans - A)
Ans - D) Q.35. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right:
a) alacrity 1) uproarious
befuddling unpleasant sounds
Q.33. Match the words on the left with their b) camaraderie 2) rudely
meanings on right: abrupt or blunt in speech or manner
a) jubilation 1) lacking c) boorish 3) energetic
interest or excitement willingness
b) impetuous 2) d) brusque 4) the quality of
fortunate; happening by cheerful possibility affording easy familiarity and sociability
c) lobbyist 3) a sensation of e) cacophony 5) rude
outrageous delight and coarse in conduct or appearance
d) fortuitous 4)
portrayed by unjustifiable scramble and
absence of thought A) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-1, e-3
e) mundane 5) B) a-3, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-1
somebody who is utilized to convince how C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1
officials vote D) a-5, b-2, c-1, d-3, e-4

A) a-2, b-5, c-1, d-3, e-4 Ans - B)

B) a-3, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-1
C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1
D) a-5, b-2, c-1, d-3, e-4 Q.36. Match the words on the left with their
meanings on right:
Ans - B) a) demagogue 1)
extravagantly or unnecessarily ornamented

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b) nonchalant 2) a leader e) ephemeral 5) set

who seeks support by appealing to popular passions apart by calm and alert and mystery
c) extenuating 3) set
apart by easy-going unconcern or impassion A) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-1, e-3
d) hackneyed 4) partially B) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3
excusing or justifying C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1
e) florid 5) rehashed time D) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-5
after time; overfamiliar through abuse
Ans - B)
A) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-1, e-3 Q.39. Match the words on the left with their
B) a-3, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-1 meanings on right:
C) a-2, b-3, c-4, d-5, e-1 a) clandestine 1) marked
D) a-5, b-2, c-1, d-3, e-4 by keen caution and watchful prudence
b) vigilant 2) lack of respect
Ans - C) accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike
Q.37. Match the words on the left with their c) libertine 3) anything short-
meanings on right: lived, as an insect that lives only for a day
a) querulous 1) showing d) disdain 4) somebody
profound hatred persuaded by wants for erotic delights
b) parched 2) routinely whining e) evanescent 5) marked
c) rancorous 3) rich and by quiet and caution and secrecy
predominant in quality
d) opulent 4) dried out by heat A) a-5, b-1, c-4, d-2, e-3
or extreme openness to daylight B) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3
e) tenacious 5) C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1
adamantly unflinching D) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-5

Ans - A)
A) a-4, b-5, c-2, d-1, e-3
B) a-3, b-4, c-5, d-2, e-1
C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1 Q.40. Match the words on the left with their
D) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3, e-5 meanings on right:
a) digression 1)
Ans - D) described by particularly early turn of
events
b) precocious 2) large in
Q.38. Match the words on the left with their the amount that can be contained
meanings on right: c) reclusive3) loaded up with or
a) wary 1) significantly went to with
regarded d) fraught 4) a message that
b) surreptitious 2) set withdraws from the fundamental subject
apart by sharp alert and vigilant judiciousness e) capacious 5) aloof
c) hedonist3) anything short- from society; looking for isolation
lived, as a bug that lives just for a day
d) venerable 4)
somebody persuaded by wants for erotic A) a-5, b-1, c-4, d-2, e-3
delights B) a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3
C) a-3, b-5, c-4, d-2, e-1

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D) a-4, b-1, c-5, d-3, e-2 Ans - D)

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Chapter 24: Contextual

Meaning Of Words
Q.3. Since my sister Sarah doesn't take terrible
Solved Examples news well, I generally prevaricate when revealing to
her something she would not like to hear.
Contextual Meaning of Words (40) | Pooja
Prevaricate in this sentence means?
Vishwakarma

A) avoid truth
B) confuse
Q.1. During the trial, the adjudicator requested C) sugarcoat
corroboration from anybody with evidence that the D) promise
accused had stolen things previously. Corroboration
in this sentence means?
Ans - A)

A) confirmation
B) denial
C) speech
D) savings Q.4. She started to berate the police for giving
meager consideration to the robbery from her
vehicle. Berate here means?
Ans - A)
The judge wants corroboration with proof
to know whether the theft happened or not, hence, A) stare
we can see that corroboration can only mean B) hit
confirmation here. C) scold
D) congratulate

Ans - C)
Q.2. While you may think you are infallible, you
commit errors very much like every other person!
Infallible in this sentence means?

A) unforgiving Q.5. As the employees argued, the manager

B) flawless attempted to coerce them into silence with the
C) shrewd danger of expulsion. Here coerce means?
D) precocious
A) Kill
Ans - B) B) Pressurize
C) Hit
D) Bribe

Ans - B)

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C) Roast
D) Burn

Q.6. The crowing of the rooster is a harbinger of Ans - A)

dawn. Harbinger here means?

A) caller
B) indicator Q.10. His dichotomy of heaven and hell turned
C) destroyer into an amazing essay on the differentiation
D) opposer between paradise and interminable misery.
Dichotomy means?
Ans - B)
A) arguements
B) temperament
C) assumption
Q.7. Luckily for him, he didn't live to see the D) division
debacle of Russian culture in 1917 that lead to death
of endless individuals. Debacle here means? Ans - D)

A) division
B) fortune
C) disaster Q.11. Only the judge will choose the punishment
D) revolution for my transgression. What does trangression mean
in this sentence?
Ans - C)
A) prank
B) crime
C) conspiracy
Q.8. These medications have a demonstrated D) propaganda
deleterious impact on the sensory system, fit for
destroying lives of buyers. What is the meaning of Ans - B)
deleterious here?

A) reverse
B) confusing Q.12. Despite the fact that the investigator should
C) harmful be unbiased, he portrayed the suspect in a
D) calming pejorative way, making the case stronger against
him. What does pejorative mean?
Ans - C)
A) remarkable
B) belittling
C) positive
Q.9. The sweltering sun enervated her to the D) honest
place of breakdown. Enervate means?
Ans - B)
A) Drain
B) Warm

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D) hostile
Q.13. While Aaron thought he was being
interesting, he didn't realize his comments appeared Ans - B)
to be facetious. What is the meaning of facetious? Use since with starting point.

A) serious
B) flippant Q.17. The villain of the superhero movie was a
C) bland hideous monster with almost three eyes and five
D) sad tongues qs.. What is meant by the word in bold
letters?
Ans - B)
A) Impossible
B) Rare
C) Ugly
D) Fictious
Q.14. God is omnipresent. What is the meaning of
omnipresent? Ans - C)

A) Space
B) Within
C) Nowhere Q.18. The teacher believed her discourse about
D) Everywhere great citizenship would edify her students and urge
them to contribute to the society. What is meant by
Ans - D) the word in bold letters?

A) indicate
B) inspire
Q.15. The children laughed in a derisive manner C) educate
when a crippled man entered in the study hall. D) relax
Derisive meaning?
Ans - C)
A) Insulting
B) Kind
C) Honestly Q.19. On the off chance that they can't hear the
D) Joyly presenters, they will get somewhat bemused and, in
all honesty, exhausted. What is the meaning of the
Ans - A) word in bold letters?

A) puzzled
B) amused
Q.16. His conduct is inadmissible and is ethically C) entertained
reprehensible, hence he ought to be expelled from D) angry
school. What is meant by the word in bold letters?
Ans - A)
A) frightening
B) shameful
C) unfriendly

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Q.20. The van was so capacious that his entire

family of 9 members could fit into it. What is the Ans - B)
meaning of the word in bold letters?

A) dingy
B) spacious Q.24. When their association requests were met,
C) open the workers consented to rescind the strike. What is
D) expensive the meaning of the word in bold letters?

Ans - B) A) continue
Q.21. Despite the fact that he had numerous B) increase
vicissitudes throughout everyday life, nothing would C) quiet
prevent him from turning into a business visionary. D) repeal
What is the meaning of the word in bold letters?
Ans - D)
A) enemies
B) confusion
C) uncertainties
D) sickness
Q.25. The insurgency finished when the successful
renegade general succeeded in his endeavour to
Ans - C)
usurp the throne. What is the meaning of the word
in bold letters?

A) throw
Q.22. He was consistently a gregarious and B) seize
amiable individual and wanted to set up promising C) break
circumstances for individuals from varying D) buy
backgrounds to meet up. What is the meaning of the
word in bold letters? Ans - B)

A) amusing
B) friendly
C) helpful
Q.26. Grinning toward the stopping point was not
D) unruly
Rahul but rather his doppelganger. What is the
meaning of the word in bold letters?
Ans - B)

A) duplicate
B) friend
C) student
Q.23. At the point when my uncle drinks D) nemesis
excessively, he turns out to be exceptionally
truculent and will battle anybody. What is the Ans - A)
meaning of the word in bold letters?

A) drunk
B) aggressive
Q.27. The restaurant's menu was eclectic and
C) crazy
included food sources from various ethnic groups
D) strong

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and cultures. What is the meaning of the word in

bold letters?

A) specific
B) limited
C) narrow
D) wide-ranging

Ans - D)

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Q.28. Since he was a senior player from the golf Q.32. After a ton of client protests, an ad hoc
club, Prashant had the prerogative to dismiss new committee was shaped to address insurance
member applications. What is the meaning of the coverage issues. What is the meaning of the word in
word in bold letters? bold letters?

A) discretion A) impromptu
B) rule B) expert
C) entitlement C) permanent
D) oppose D) thorough

Ans - C) Ans - A)

Q.29. Everybody knows reality behind their

bombastic claims, none of it is truly going to work Q.33. Many of the exemplary classic novels are
out. What is the meaning of the word in bold letters? excessively abstruse for beginning readers to
comprehend. What is the meaning of the word in
A) logical bold letters?
B) poor
C) right A) tiring
D) inflated B) stupid
C) basic
Ans - D) D) difficult

Ans - D)
Q.30. She was ostracized by her well established
peers in the scientific community for a long time due
to her extremist political convictions. What is the
meaning of the word in bold letters? Q.34 His arguments were felicitous, and his
choice of language and words was the topic of
A) befriended consistent appreciation. What is the meaning of the
B) shunned word in bold letters?
C) mocked
D) praised A) appropriate
B) confusing
Ans - B) C) crazy
D) incorrect

Q.31 After Kiara's husband died, she looked for Ans - A)

solace in the temples. What is the meaning of the
word in bold letters?

A) truth
B) blame
C) relief
D) life

Ans - C)

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Q.35. After drinking four drinks, my regularly very Q.38. She said her mind was befuddled by
quiet spouse becomes very loquacious. What is the medications to battle depression brought about by
meaning of the word in bold letters? the breakup, the passing of her dad, and a
miscarriage. What is the meaning of the word in bold
A) hostile letters?
B) shy
C) talkative A) numb
D) confident B) clear
C) confused
Ans - C) D) calm

Ans - C)
Q.39. The mendacious beggar told an alternate
Q.36. The young lady offered her input story of his misfortune at each house. What is the
sagaciously without fearing any criticism. What is the meaning of the word in bold letters?
meaning of the word in bold letters?
A) forgetful
A) rudely B) dishonest
B) wisely C) tired
C) hesitatingly D) sly
D) over-confidently
Ans - B)
Ans - B)

Q.37. She had her way of living worry free and Q.40. It was a poignant depiction of the impacts
was not affected by the vagaries of life. What is the of a war that connected each part of society. What is
meaning of the word in bold letters? the meaning of the word in bold letters?

A) rewards A) ugly
B) tests B) unrelated
C) rules C) relaxing
D) unpredictabilities D) touching

Ans - D) Ans - D)

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Chapter 25: Cloze Test

Q.2.
Solved Examples
A) digressed
Cloze test 1 | Q.1. to Q.5 B) brought
C) ended
For right around six centuries, the heads of England D) manifested
(and later Great Britain) ________ (1) ________ Ans – B) Looking at the context, the first half of the
France to be their primary strategic challenge. The paragraph talks about the unity of Britain and
Anglo-French contention was so all-burning-through France, only options B) and D) look apt for the
— from the Hundred Years War through the context. But since the blank is followed by ‘about’,
Napoleonic Wars — that it _______ (2) _______ only option B) seems to be fitting here.
about the combination of territories and national
identities in the two nations, formed dynastic
progressions, adjusted religious and linguistic
Q.3.
developments, decided collusions and military
inclusion, and fuelled provincial rivalry. However, A) indecision
hundreds of years of contention reached to a B) peace
_______ (3) _______ in 1904, when Britain and C) separation
France consented to a progression of arrangements D) conclusion
known as the Entente Cordiale. The impetus was the Ans – D) The line starts with ‘however’ which means
ascent of another European power — Germany — something contradictory of what’s been said before.
which both France and Britain saw to be a common In the part before this sentence, they talked of
challenge. The Entente Cordiale was not a _______ Anglo-French contention(rivalry), opposite of which
(4) _______ to keep up one another's guard. is seen in option B) and D). But since the blank is
Contradictions remained. Sometime thereafter, preceded by ‘a’, only option D) seems to be fitting
France's partner, Russia, and Britain's partner, Japan, here.
were to take up arms against one another.
Regardless, Germany was adequately ______ (5)
_______ by the new Anglo-French condominium to Q.4.
endeavour to test the Entente. This brought about
an emergency regarding Morocco's situation, which A) pledge
B) attempt
brought London and Paris closer.
C) rule
Q.1. D) display
Ans – A) This sentence talks about ‘Entente Cordiale’
A) considered which was signed between France and Britain as a
B) ridiculed conclusion to their differences, keeping that in
C) emancipated context only options A) and B) make sense. We can
D) ruined rule out option B) because the preceding word
Ans – A) Given the context of the line and the history
before the blank is not ‘an’.
of England and France, only ‘considered’ seems to be
the apt word here.

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Q.5. of other human beings apart from homo sapiens.

Theories can be contradictory or supporting to each
A) considered
other. Hence, option C) seems to fit best here.
B) derided
C) motivated
D) ruined
Ans – C) The line talks about Germany’s attempt at Q.7.
testing the agreement signed between Britain and
A) interbreeding
France, the only word that can be seen fit here is
B) outbreeding
‘motivated’ i.e., Germany was sufficiently C) collaboration
encouraged to test the entente. D) animosity
Ans – A) The context is of reproduction between
African immigrants and other human population in
Final Answer: Considered, brought, conclusion, that region – ‘interbreeding’ seems to be fitting here.
pledge, motivated

Q.8.
Cloze test 2 | Q.6. to Q.10
A) healthy
At the point when Homo sapiens arrived in Arabia, B) deranged
the greater part of Eurasia was at that point already C) rude
settled by other humans. What befell them? There D) infirm
are two ______ (6) ______ speculations. The Ans – D) The sentence talks about the Neanderthals
'Interbreeding Theory' recounts an account of who were better than Homo Sapiens and who also
fascination, sex and blending. As the African took care of their debilitated(unfit). As per the
immigrants spread all throughout the planet, they context, only option A) and D) make sense, but since
reproduced with other human populaces. Also, they are talking about taking care of the less useful
individuals today are the result of this ______ (7) to the group as well, infirm(sick) fits best. The
_______. For instance, when Sapiens arrived at the following line also suggests that Neanderthals were
Middle East and Europe, they encountered the focused and supportive of their family members
Neanderthals. These people were more muscular which makes ‘infirm’ all the more correct as per the
than Sapiens, had bigger minds, and were better context.
adjusted to cold climes. They utilized tools and fire,
were skilled hunters, and evidently took care of their
debilitated and ______ (8) ______. (Archaeologists Q.9.
have found the bones of Neanderthals who lived for
A) antiquities
a long time with extreme actual _____ (9) _____,
B) impediments
proof that they were really focused on by their
C) arrogance
family members.) Neanderthals are frequently D) power
portrayed in exaggerations as the prototype brutish Ans – B) In the previous lines, the paragraph talks
and inept 'cavern individuals', yet ongoing ______ about the Neanderthals taking care of their sick and
(10) ______ has changed their picture. debilitated and being close to their family. The word
Q.6. impediments(obstacles/handicap) fits well here as
they took care of their family irrespective of any
A) fallacious problems.
B) benign
C) contradictory
D) biased
Ans – C) Given the context of the paragraph they are
talking about theories relating to the disappearance

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Q.10. C) deny
D) juxtapose
A) evidence Ans – B) Looking at the options and the sentence
B) mockery structure, depend seems to be only fitting word
C) conflict
here. Easy one, self-explanatory.
D) script
Ans – A) Towards the end of the paragraph, they talk
about proof that Neanderthals, despite being
movers like others, never left their family behind. Q.12.
Option A) seems to be fitting here. A) denied
B) deserving
C) abrogated
Final Answer: Contradictory, interbreeding, infirm, D) crossed
impediments, evidence Ans – A) The paragraph talks about happiness and
the root of it. The sentence says we get happier
when we get what we want, but we feel _____ when
Cloze test 3 | Q.11. to Q.15 we don’t get what we want. As per the options, only
the word ‘denied’ seems to be fitting in the blank.
In any case, the most significant finding of everything
is that bliss doesn't actually ______ (11) _____ on
objective states of one or the other riches, well- Q.13.
being or even community. Or maybe, it relies upon
the relationship between objective conditions and A) complying
abstract assumptions. On the off chance that you B) dissatisfied
need a bullock-cart and get a bullock-cart, you are C) composed
content. Or supposedly that you need a pristine D) infirmed
Ans – B) That part in the paragraph talks about how
Ferrari and get just a recycled Fiat, you feel ______
even good things can leave us sad and how even
(12) _______. This is the reason winning the lottery
negative conditions can leave us cheerful, because
has, after some time, similar effect on individuals' joy
after all happiness doesn’t lie in external happenings
as a debilitating car accident. At the point when
and situations, it’s an internal thing. The only option
things improve, assumptions swell, and therefore
that matches the context is option B).
even sensational enhancements in objective states
can leave us _____ (13) _____. At the point when
things disintegrate, assumptions shrivel, and thusly
even a serious disease may leave you essentially as Q.14.
cheerful as you were previously. You may say that
A) lost
we didn't require a lot of analysts and their polls to B) deranged
find this. Gurus, poets and rationalists figured it out C) content
millennia prior that being _____ (14) ______ with D) deprived
what you as of now have is undeniably more Ans – C) The paragraph talks about happiness in
significant than getting a greater amount of what contentment – option C) makes sense.
you need. All things considered, it's pleasant when
present day research – _____ (15) _____ by loads of
numbers and diagrams – arrives at similar Q.15.
resolutions ancient people did.
A) disapproved
Q.11. B) renewed
C) contradict
A) contradict
D) reinforced
B) depend

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Ans – D) At the end of the paragraph the writer is A) aware

talking about how, what’s been said for ages is now B) oblivious
being proved(reinforced) with statistics, hence C) informed
option D). D) excited
Ans – B) The following sentence starts with ‘nor’
which suggests the previous line would be negative
too. And the only negative word fitting in the
Final Answer: Depend, denied, dissatisfied, content,
sentence from the options is ‘oblivious.’ Re-reading
reinforced
the sentence with ‘oblivious’ completes the context
and clarifies that part of the paragraph.

Cloze test 4 | Q.16. to Q.20

Rawls strolled into class one day and requested that Q.18.
we play an ideal game. We were to _____ (16) _____
A) money
that we were living in a theoretical condition of
B) misfortunes
equality. We were to think that we were all free, C) inefficiencies
reasonable, self-intrigued individuals who were ____ D) assets
(17) ____ of our place in the public eye — of our Ans – D) Assets and Liabilities in a sentence, go
group, pay, and status. together.
Nor did any of us know our fortunes in nature's Q.19.
circulation of _____ (18) _____ and liabilities, for
example, knowledge, strength, and excellence. In A) burden
conclusion, we were to expect that none of us B) magnanimity
experienced an abundance of jealousy. With this C) equality
D) service
"shroud of obliviousness," we were approached to
Ans – C) “Standards of equality” seems to be apt as
consent to a bunch of standards of ____ (19) ____
the following lines also talk about equity and the
with which we would assemble and evaluate our
entire paragraph revolves around this theme.
foundations. Rawls insisted that we would consent
to two standards: first, that every individual ought to
have the greatest freedom viable with equivalent
freedom for others; second, in all cases we would Q.20.
decide on equity except if the ____ (20) ____ helped A) disparity
everybody, including the worst-off, and everybody B) justice
got an opportunity to reach to the top. C) denial
D) capital
Q.16.
Ans – A) “In all cases we would decide on equity
A) pretend except (something opposite of equity). Disparity is
B) imagine the only opposite word to equity here and seems to
C) decry be perfect as per context.
D) outline
Ans – B) As per the line followed, it states they were
asked to ‘think of a situation’ in another way to say it Final Answer: Imagine, oblivious, assets, equality,
is – imagination, looking at this and the context, disparity
option B) seems fitting.

Cloze test 5 | Q.21. to Q.25

Q.17.

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Grand-dad was somewhat radical. Every one of his Q.23.

companions and neighbours thought his
A) recalled
perspectives odd, in light of the fact that everybody
B) misunderstood
was hopelessly under the ____ (21) ____ of Nehru's
C) admired
thoughts. He anticipated that the organization's
D) hated
development would spread like disease, lead to Ans – C) The paragraph talks about the ideologies of
defilement, and undermine ____ (22) ____ one day. Nehru which towards the end of the paragraph is
He didn't think that Nehru had his feet on the clearly shown that he was more inclined towards a
ground; his discussion of communism put him off, parliamentary framework that ensured civil liberties
similarly as my uncle Sat Pal's Communism did. and democratic rights. Hence, though he admired
Nehru safeguarded himself by saying that he ____ the Soviet Union, he could never affirm to Stalin’s
(23) ____ the Soviet Union for having changed a strategies who was following dictatorship policies.
regressive worker economy into a politically
influential nation, yet he didn't _____ (24) _____ to
Stalin's strategies. His thoughts were nearer to those
Q.24.
of the Fabians and other English scholarly people
between the wars, who pushed the levelheadedness A) misinterpret
of central planning inside a parliamentary _______ B) question
(25) _______ that ensured civil liberties and C) affirm
democratic rights. D) understand
Ans – C) The paragraph talks about the ideologies of
Q.21. Nehru which towards the end of the paragraph is
A) affluence clearly shown that he was more inclined towards a
B) influence parliamentary framework that ensured civil liberties
C) angst and democratic rights. Hence, though he admired
D) faith the Soviet Union, he could never affirm to Stalin’s
Ans – B) You can be under the ‘influence’ of strategies who was following dictatorship policies.
someone’s thoughts and as everyone thought his
grandfather’s thoughts as odd, they must have been
really amused by someone else’s thoughts to think Q.25.
so, in this case Nehru.
A) foundation
B) pillar
C) caricature
Q.22. D) framework
A) freedom Ans – D) The paragraph talks about the ideologies of
B) bondage Nehru which towards the end of the paragraph is
C) friendship clearly shown that he was more inclined towards a
D) protests parliamentary framework that ensured civil liberties
Ans – A) The sentence is a negative one and talks and democratic rights. Hence, though he admired
about how the growth of the organization will lead the Soviet Union, he could never affirm to Stalin’s
to the curbing of the positive things. Out of the given strategies who was following dictatorship policies.
options, only option A) and C) are positive. The
paragraph as we can see is of the Pre-Independence
era where protests, freedom, and equality were the Final Answer: Influence, freedom, admired, affirm,
topic of daily conservations. Hence, option A) seems framework
to be fitting here.

Cloze test 6 | Q.26. to Q.30

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Family and community appear to affect our Ans – C) They talk about good and bad relationships
happiness more than money. Individuals with _____ and their effects on the individual’s happiness. In this
(26) _____ families who live in very close and steady case, the apt word to fill the gap is Option C).
networks are essentially more joyful than individuals
whose families are broken and who have never
found (or never looked for) a ______ (27) ______ to Q.29.
be part of. Marriage is especially significant. Reputed
studies have discovered that there is a close A) supporting
relationship between good relationships and high B) conniving
emotional prosperity and between ________ (28) C) sly
D) unconventional
________ relationships and hopelessness. This
Ans – A) As that part of the paragraph talks about
remains constant regardless of financial or physical
the effects of a good family and a good partner,
condition. An impecunious invalid encompassed by a
option A) fits perfectly.
_________ (29) _________ mate, a dedicated family,
and a warm community may well feel better
compared to an estranged extremely rich person,
given that the invalid's destitution isn't excessively Q.30.
serious and that his sickness isn't degenerative or A) berating
_______ (30) _______. B) patronizing
C) demanding
Q.26.
D) painful
A) loose Ans – D) Towards the end, the paragraph talks about
B) strong the even a poor person can be happy if he has a
C) scattered good family and even a rich person can be totally sad
D) high if he’s lonely, given if the poor person’s condition
Ans – B) The paragraph starts by explaining how due to poverty is not debilitating or painful. Hence,
family love and warmth are more important to our the apt word here is Option D).
happiness than money. Hence, as per the context
option B) seems to be fitting here aptly.
Final Answer: strong, community, awful, supporting,
painful
Q.27.

A) community
B) village Cloze test 7 | Q.31. to Q.35
C) city
Sadly, for all expectations of making paradise on
D) area
Ans – A) The paragraph talks about how being a part earth, our inward _____ (31) _____ framework is by
of a strong family and community helps with all accounts customized to keep joy levels generally
emotional highs and gives a sense of identity and steady. There is no regular choice for satisfaction
emotional strength. Hence, Option A) “being part of thusly – a glad loner's hereditary line will go wiped
community” is the correct choice. out as the genes of a pair of anxious parents get
continued to the future. Bliss and wretchedness
assume a part in advancement just to the ______
(32) ______ that they energize or debilitate
Q.28.
endurance and generation. Maybe it's to be
A) hideous expected, at that point, that _____ (33) _____ has
B) tight-knit shaped us to be neither too _______ (34) _______
C) awful nor excessively upbeat. It enables us to appreciate a
D) hated passing surge of wonderful sensations, yet these

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never keep going forever. Sometimes they die down

and offer a spot to _____ (35) _____ sensations.

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Q.31. Q.35.

A) empirical A) confused
B) biological B) old
C) simple C) penurious
D) greedy D) unpleasant
Ans – B) Ans – D) At the end, the paragraph talks about how
positivity doesn’t keep going forever, after sometime
As the sentence is talking about the inner workings
they fade away and give way to not so positive
of humans, from all the options – option B) seems to
thoughts and sensations.
be apt.
Option D) is apt here.

Q.32.
Final Answer: biological, degree, evolution,
A) degree
hopeless, unpleasant
B) place
C) vicinity
D) area
Ans – A) It’s been talked about to what extent Cloze test 8 | Q.36 to Q.40
happiness and sadness affect tolerance and strength.
In the more extended term, by uniting sufficient data
Another word for extent is ‘degree’. Hence, option
and enough ______ (36) ______ power, the
A) is correct.
information monsters could hack the most profound
mysteries of life, and afterward utilize this
information not simply to settle on decisions for us
Q.33. or control us, yet in addition to re-engineering
A) mindset natural life and to make inorganic living things.
B) evolution Selling ads might be important to support the
C) ancestors ______ (37) ______ temporarily. However, they
D) poverty frequently assess applications, items and
Ans – B) As the paragraph focuses on inner workings organizations as per the information they gather as
and biological framework and the sentence talks on opposed to the cash they generate. A popular
similar lines, out of all the options, only option A) application may do not have a _____ (38) _____
and B) seem to be logical as per the context. Out of also, may even lose cash temporarily, however as
this, the sentence talks about something that has long as it sucks information, it could be worth
shaped us, our mindset doesn’t shape us. We shape billions. Regardless of whether you don't have the
our mindset. Also, it is all the outcome of our foggiest idea of how to capitalize on the information
evolution. Hence option B). today, it is worth having it since it may hold the way
to controlling and forming life in what's to come. I
don't know for sure that the information monsters
Q.34. _____ (39) ______ consider the big picture in such
terms. However, their activities show that they
A) hopeless esteem the gathering of ______ (40) ______ more
B) demanding than simple dollars and pennies.
C) sly
D) foolish
Ans – A) The sentence is talking about how evolution
has shaped us to be neither too negative nor too
positive, the apt word seems to be ‘hopeless’ here.

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Q.36. Option B) is apt here.

A) shredding
B) computing
C) filtering Q.39.
D) sorting
A) explicitly
Ans – B) With data, you need data processing power
B) confusingly
to make use or sense of that data in anyway, hence C) slyly
Option B) is the apt answer here. D) pleasingly
Ans – A) As per the context of the sentence, only
Option A) seems to be fitting here, as the author is
Q.37. trying to convey that he is not sure if tech giants look
at data gathering solely as a way to power in the
A) tech giants
future.
B) households
C) politicians
D) industries
Ans – A) The paragraph is evidently talking about big Q.40.
tech companies, hence Option A).
A) cloud storage
B) manpower
C) computing power
Q.38. D) data
Ans – D) This is simple as the entire paragraph
A) blueprint
revolves around ‘data’. It is option D).
B) business plan
C) foundation Final Answer: Computing, tech giants, business plan,
D) sponsors explicitly, data
Ans – B) The sentence talks about how a popular app
may not have a revenue model and not generate
cash, but if it has critical data from the users, it could
prove to be priceless.

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Chapter 26: Parts Of Speech

The new minister is sly as a fox.
Solved Examples
Q.1. Identify which figure of speech is used in A) Personification
the following sentence: B) Paradox
C) Simile
D) Hyperbole
He's so smart that he can beat god at
academics.
Ans- C)
A simile is a figure of speech that
A) Personification
includes the correlation of one thing with something
B) Paradox
else of an alternate kind, used to make a portrayal
C) Simile
more insistent or striking.
D) Hyperbole

Q.4. Identify which figure of speech is used in

Ans- D)
the following sentence:
The above sentence employs too
much exaggeration, hence hyperbole.
Harshad Mehta was "The Bachchan of
Bombay Stock Exchange".
Q.2. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence: A) Personification
B) Metaphor
Martha is a very bright student, yet C) Simile
sometimes the stupidest. D) Hyperbole

A) Antithesis
B) Paradox Ans- B)
C) Oxymoron A metaphor is an inferred simile. It
D) Hyperbole doesn't express that one thing resembles another. It
accepts and continues as though the two were one.

Ans- C)
When two opposing characteristics Q.5. Identify which figure of speech is used in
of exactly the same thing are referenced the following sentence:
immediately, it is called an oxymoron.
Sadness and gloom walked through the
doors of the cunning men.
Q.3. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence: A) Personification
B) Alliteration

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C) Simile
D) Hyperbole Suman sells sea shells by the sea.

A) Personification
Ans- A) B) Alliteration
When inanimate objects and ideas C) Repetition
are given human-like characteristics, it's D) Antithesis
personification.

Ans- B)
Q.6. Identify which figure of speech is used in Alliteration is the usage of the
the following sentence: same letter or sound at the beginning of words in a
sentence.
That deafening silence gave me chills.

A) Antithesis Q.9. Identify which figure of speech is used in

B) Paradox the following sentence:
C) Oxymoron
D) Hyperbole To infinity and beyond.

A) Climax
B) Anti-climax
Ans- C) C) Litotes
When two opposing characteristics D) Hyperbole
of exactly the same thing are referenced
immediately, it is called an oxymoron.

Q.7. Identify which figure of speech is used in

the following sentence: Ans- A)
A climax is a figure of speech
"O winds, take me with you into the arms of where progressive words, expressions, conditions, or
my lover." sentences are orchestrated in ascending order of
significance.
A) Apostrophe
B) Personification
C) Simile Q.10. Identify which figure of speech is used in
D) Epigram the following sentence:

The war resulted in a lot of collateral

Ans- A) damage.
An apostrophe is a direct address
to a personified object or idea. A) Pun
B) Euphemism
C) Simile
Q.8. Identify which figure of speech is used in D) Irony
the following sentence:

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B) Epigram
Ans- B) C) Pun
Accidental loss of lives is replaced D) Anti-climax
with collateral damage to reduce the harshness and
unpleasantness of the sentence, hence euphemism.
Ans- D)
Anti-climax alludes to a figure of
Q.11. Identify which figure of speech is used in speech where proclamations step by step slip
the following sentence: arranged by significance in descending order.

All the world's a stage.

Q.14. Identify which figure of speech is used in
A) Personification the following sentence:
B) Metaphor
C) Simile The rustling of the leaves sounded familiar
D) Hyperbole here.

A) Personification
Ans- B) B) Onomatopoeia
A metaphor is an inferred simile. It C) Metonymy
doesn't express that one thing resembles another. It D) Synecdoche
accepts and continues as though the two were one.

Ans- B)
Q.12. Identify which figure of speech is used in Onomatopoeia is a figure of
the following sentence: speech that phonetically copies, takes after, or
proposes the sound that it depicts.
A child is a father of the man.

A) Metaphor Q.15. Identify which figure of speech is used in

B) Paradox the following sentence:
C) Oxymoron
D) Epigram The pen is mightier than the sword.

A) Personification
B) Metonymy
Ans- D) C) Synecdoche
An epigram is a figure of speech D) Hyperbole
that energizes, amazements, or commands notice.

Q.13. Identify which figure of speech is used in

the following sentence: Ans- B)
"The pen is mightier than the
You need to rest, eat, and get home safely. sword" contains two instances of metonymy. "Pen"
and "sword" are regular words, yet when filled in for
A) Litotes "composed words" and "military power," their

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importance becomes significantly more A) Irony

representative. B) Paradox
C) Antithesis
D) Hyperbole
Q.16. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:
Ans- A)
He said, "check out my new wheels". It is said to be ironic when
something opposite is said of a situation for a
A) Synecdoche greater impact.
B) Metonymy
C) Simile
D) Apostrophe Q.19. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:

Ans- A) He was handing out paper flyers that had

If he said, "check out my new "SAVE TREES" written on them.
wheels," "wheels" is an example of a synecdoche,
used to refer to a "car." A part of a car, in this A) Pun
example, represents the whole of the car. B) Litotes
C) Irony
D) Epigram
Q.17. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:
Ans- C)
The place was too scary, there was no one It is indeed an irony to be wasting
except for a deadly live cat. paper that comes from trees by writing "save trees"
on them.
A) Anaphora
B) Paradox
C) Oxymoron Q.20. Identify which figure of speech is used in
D) Antithesis the following sentence:

It was almost like a hurricane, and he said

Ans- C) "Well, the weather is not so great today"
When two opposing characteristics
of exactly the same thing are referenced A) Litotes
immediately, it is called an oxymoron. B) Pun
C) Irony
D) Epigram
Q.18. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:
Ans- A)
She was chatting non-stop after A litotes is an indirect method of
meeting him, to which he remarked "You're the saying something, utilizing something contrary to
quietest person I have ever met". your planned significance to outline what you're
attempting to say. The negative of one thing is
utilized for communicating the positive of its inverse.

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Q.21. Identify which figure of speech is used in the A) Personification

following sentence: B) Onomatopoeia
C) Simile
If it has to happen, either it will happen or it D) Hyperbole
won't happen.

A) Metonymy
B) Paradox
C) Tautology Ans-
D) Eponymy
B)
Onomatopoeia is a figure of
Ans- C) speech that phonetically copies, takes after, or
A tautology is an articulation or proposes the sound that it depicts.
expression that says exactly the same thing twice,
simply in an alternate way. Thus, a tautology is
typically unfortunate, as it can make you sound Q.24. Identify which figure of speech is used in
wordier than you should be and cause you to seem the following sentence:
silly.
How many times do I need to tell you that
you have to stay out of my business?
Q.22. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence: A) Tautology
B) Climax
Well, your advice on her anxiety issues was C) Rhetorical question
less than smart. D) Synecdoche

A) Metonymy
B) Litotes Ans- C)
C) Tautology A rhetorical question is one asked
D) Climax not to acquire data but rather to state all the more
decidedly the undeniable response to what exactly is
being inquired.
Ans- B)
A litotes is an indirect method of
saying something, utilizing something contrary to Q.25. Identify which figure of speech is used in
your planned significance to outline what you're the following sentence:
attempting to say. The negative of one thing is
utilized for communicating the positive of its inverse. Dr. Adams is no more with us today.

A) Tautology
Q.23. Identify which figure of speech is used in B) Paradox
the following sentence: C) Antithesis
D) Euphemism
The ringing of bells and the whooshing of
the winds reminded me of the good old times at the
temple. Ans- D)

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Died' is replaced with 'no more' to "Hail most divine peace, please give me an
reduce the harshness, unpleasantness of the indication of your presence in this rotten world".
sentence, hence euphemism.
Q.26. Identify which figure of speech is used in A) Metonymy
the following sentence: B) Apostrophe
C) Personification
There was an uproar on Wall D) Metaphor
Street today due to the upward rally as the economy
came out of the crisis swiftly.
Ans- B)
A) Metonymy An apostrophe is a figure of speech
B) Paradox by which an actor turns from the audience, or
C) Simile authtorom the reader, to address an individual who
D) Hyperbole typically is either missing or perished, a lifeless thing,
or a theoretical thought.

Ans- A)
Metonymy is a figure of speech Q.29. Identify which figure of speech is used in
wherein the name of one thing is utilized for the the following sentence:
name of something different that is related to it, as
we can see in the above sentence 'Wall Street' is The wind was as cold as ice on the
used in place of 'Stock Market'. mountain top.

A) Metonymy
Q.27. Identify which figure of speech is used in B) Paradox
the following sentence: C) Simile
D) Hyperbole
He had 50 heads of cattle on his animal
farm.
Ans- C)
A) Metonymy A simile is an explicit comparison,
B) Synecdoche utilizing 'like' or 'as'.
C) Simile
D) Hyperbole
Q.30 Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:
Ans- B)
A synecdoche is a figure of speech Lolita let Larry list the Litotes questions in
whereby the part is taken for the entire, the entire the test paper.
for the part, the species for the genus, and the other
way around, as in the utilization of 'head' to A) Metonymy
represent entire creatures. B) Alliteration
C) Simile
D) Anti-climax
Q.28. Identify which figure of speech is used in
the following sentence:
Ans- B)

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Alliteration is the usage of the

same letter or sound at the beginning of words in a
sentence. Ans- A)
Self-explanatory

Q.31. What is the figure of speech where

nonhuman or non-living things are spoken about as Q.34. In a sentence, if 'died' is replaced with 'no
though they were human? more' to reduce the harshness, and unpleasantness
of the sentence, which figure of speech is utilized
here?
A) Metonymy
B) Paradox
C) Simile A) Antithesis
D) Personification B) Litotes
C) Euphemism
D) Climax
Ans- D)
Self-explanatory
Ans- C)
Euphemism is utilized to
communicate a gentle, circuitous, or obscure term to
fill in for an unforgiving, gruff, sad or hostile term.

Q.32. ____________________ is usage of same

letter or sound at the beginning of words in a
sentence.

Q.35. A metaphor is an inferred

A) Metonymy ___________________. It doesn't express that one
B) Alliteration thing resembles another. It accepts and continues as
C) Tautology though the two were one.
D) Hyperbole

A) Simile
Ans- B) B) Irony
Self-explanatory C) Paradox
D) Metonymy

Q.33. Which figure of speech uses an explicit

comparison, utilizing 'like' or 'as'? Ans- A)
While both similes and metaphors
are used to make comparisons, the contrast
A) Simile between similes and metaphors boils down to a
B) Irony word. Similes utilize the words 'like' or 'as' to think
C) Paradox about things—"Life resembles a case of chocolates."
D) Metonymy interestingly, metaphors straightforwardly express a
correlation—"Love is a front line."

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Q.36. If a sentence employs too much C) Rhetoric

exaggeration, there is _____________________ at D) Synecdoche
play.

Ans- C)
A) Metonymy Self-explanatory
B) Alliteration
C) Tautology
D) Hyperbole
Q.39. Which figure of speech phonetically copies,
takes after, or proposes the sound that it depicts?
Ans- D)
Self-explanatory
A) Onomatopoeia
B) Alliteration
Q.37. Which figure of speech uses two C) Paradox
opposing characteristics of exactly the same thing D) Antithesis
referenced immediately?

Ans- A)
A) Simile Self-explanatory
B) Oxymoron
C) Paradox
D) Metonymy Q.40 ______________________ is a figure of
speech where progressive words, expressions,
conditions, or sentences are orchestrated in
Ans- B) ascending order of significance.
Self-explanatory

A) Anti-climax
Q.38. A ______________________question is a B) Litotes
figure of speech where the question is asked not to C) Hyperbole
acquire data, but rather to state all the more D) Climax
decidedly the undeniable response to what exactly is
being inquired.
Ans- D)
Self-explanatory
A) Tautology
B) Climax

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Chapter 27: Grammar

e) smokes
Solved Examples
Answer- B
The sentence talks about a habit, so simple present
Q.1-15) Complete the sentence by filling in the tense ‘smoke’ is the correct choice.
appropriate blank/blanks from the options
provided. Q.4) Outgoing U.S. President Donald Trump
------------- the record books for being the only
Q.1) Many inter-caste and inter-faith marriages have American President to be impeached twice.
faced violent opposition ------- those acting in the a) has been entering
name ----- community pride or those raising the b) has entered
bogey of ‘Love Jihad’. c) enters
a) from, of d) enter
b) in, to e) entering
c) against, from
d) into, for Answer- B
e) at, through ‘has entered’ (past perfect) would be the correct
tense usage basis the given sentence.
Answer- A
One faces opposition from somebody else. Q.5) The couple went ahead and married --------------
Acting in the name of something is the correct being opposed by the families.
phrase. a) in spite of
b) despite in
Q.2) The HC ruling can now be cited ------ India to c) instead of
prevent public notices under the Special Marriage d) despite of
Act. e) rather than
a) among
b) between Answer- A
c) at Despite (meaning even though) is not followed by of.
d) across In spite of will be the correct usage.
e) in
Q.6) People who ---------- yoga daily, have a healthy
mind and body.
Answer- D a) practicing
‘Cited across India’ is the correct phrase which b) practices
means all over India c) practice
d) will practice
Q.3) When I was a teenager, I was habituated to
e) to practice
--------- at the terrace, every day.
a) smoked Answer- C
b) smoke Practice, which is the simple present tense will be
c) had been smoking the correct usage here.
d) is smoking

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Neither is used only to compare between the two

Q.7) The troupe couldn’t ----------- for long in the choices.
college auditorium as the professor came and
interrupted.
a) rehearse Q.11) ---------- is a beautiful statue of Buddha at the
b) rehearsed top of the hill.
c) rehearsing a) Their
d) would rehearse b) There
e) rehearses c) They
d) Then
Answer- A e) The
Could not takes the first form of verb. So, rehearse
will be the correct option. Answer- B
‘There’ is the appropriate adverb for the given
Q.8) The policy change was originally ------------ to sentence.
come into effect on February 8, the Facebook-owned
company said. Q.12) Increased use of electronic devices ------- led to
a) scheduling more screen time for our eyes than ever.
b) scheduled a) has
c) have scheduled b) have
d) schedules c) has been
e) will schedule d) being
e) are
Answer- B
‘scheduled’ is the correct usage in the given passive Answer- A
voice sentence, indicating a happening in the past. ‘Increased use’ is the subject in the given sentence.
Hence, it’ll take the singular verb ‘has’.

Q.9) My friend who is a lawyer, went a long way

---------- the victims of the crash. Q.13) Shabana has the -------------- paint the most
a) to helps intricate designs on the wall.
b) to help a) ability for
c) to be helped b) ability to
d) helps c) ability of
e) None of the above d) ability
e) None of the above
Answer- B
‘to help’ is the correct phrase as to infinitive takes Answer- B
first form of verb. ‘Ability to’ do something is the correct phrase. It
indicates the capacity or skill of an individual.
Q.10) -------------- of the perks and benefits could
attract Raman to apply for the job. Q.14) Surprisingly, --------------- of students are
a) None interested in taking Skating sessions during the
b) All weekend.
c) Several a) a number
d) Neither b) the number
e) Either a or d c) number
d) all numbers
Answer- A e) None of the above
‘None’ is the correct grammatical usage.

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Answer- A Q.18) My friend who attended the law school,

‘A number of <plural noun>’ is the correct phrase to recently joined biggest law firm in New York.
be used in the sentence. ‘A number of students’ is a) joined a biggest
the correct plural subject to go with plural verb ‘are b) joins the biggest
interested ‘. ‘The number’ is used as a singular noun. c) have joined biggest
d) joined the biggest
Q.15) --------------- the dress nor the makeup which e) has joined the biggest
made him fall for her.
a) It was neither Answer- D
b) It was either Biggest being the superlative degree will take ‘the’
c) It was before its use.
d) They were neither Also, the sentence is in past tense, hence joined.
e) There were
Q.19) Meesha, together with her colleagues, were
Answer- A having coffee in the nearby café, yesterday.
Neither-nor is used as a correct connector pair in a a) were have
sentence. b) was having
c) is having
Q.16-25) In the sentence provided, a part of the d) have been having
sentence is underlined. Beneath the sentence, five e) has been having
different ways of paraphrasing the underlined part
are indicated. Choose the best alternative amongst Answer- B
the five, grammatically and logically. When two or more subjects are joined with
‘together with’, the verb agrees with the first subject
Q.16) The resort’s romantic surprise made the in person and number.
couple felt merrier than ever before. As Meesha is the first subject, ‘was having’ would be
a) feel merrier than the correct usage.
b) felt merrier as
c) felt merrier to Q.20) Each of the participants was waiting for the
d) feel so merry as Olympics since the beginning of the year.
e) felt merry than a) was waited
b) have been waiting
Answer- A c) has been waiting
‘Feel merrier than’ is the right way to use the d) had been waiting
comparative degree of an adjective. e) were waiting
Felt will be repetitive past tense as we have already
used ‘made’ in the sentence. Hence, feel. Answer- C
‘Each’ takes a singular verb. Also, perfect tense is
Q.17) Despite of their heated arguments, I could see appropriate when since is used in a sentence for
a flavour of love in their eyes. indicating time.
a) Despite of them Thus, ‘has been waiting’ is the correct clause.
b) Despite of the
c) Despite for their
d) Despite off their Q.21) Not only his sister but also his parents likes the
e) Despite their designs he makes.
a) likes the designs
Answer- E b) are liking the designs
Despite is not followed by ‘of’. c) like the designs
d) have liked the designs
e) has liked the designs

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Answer- C
When two subjects are joined by not only----but also, Q.25) Last night, the group was fighting over the
the verb agrees with the closer subject. venue for the farewell party.
Hence, ‘parents like the designs’ will be correct a) is fighting
usage. b) were fighting
c) had been fighting
Q.22) The followers as well as the leader was d) has been fighting
thinking in the same direction. e) are fighting
a) were thinking
b) thinks Answer- B
c) has been thinking ‘group’ is a collective noun which will take a plural
d) think verb as the context of the sentence is about
e) is thinking fight/argument/separation of its entities.
‘were fighting’ will be the correct usage.
Answer- A
When two or more subjects are joined with ‘as well Q.26-35) A sentence is divided into five parts.
as’, the verb agrees with the first or the primary Choose the part that is/are grammatically incorrect.
subject in person and number.
As ‘the followers’ is the prime subject, ‘were Q.26) Almost a year into the pandemic, the UK is
thinking’ would be the correct usage. trapped in cycle of lockdown and relaxation, without
an exit strategy.
a) Almost a year into the pandemic
Q.23) The earrings were most affordable than the
b) the UK is trapped in cycle
necklaces in the night market.
c) of lockdown and relaxation
a) were most affordable than
d) without an exit strategy
b) were as affordable than
e) No error
c) were more affordable than
d) were affordable than Answer- B
e) were more affordable then There is an indefinite article missing in the sentence.
‘the UK is trapped in a cycle’ would be correct.
Answer- C
Q.27) Here’s the chilling, remarkable thing that
‘More’ is used to indicate comparative degree and should be inscribed on everyone’s minds: there is no
‘most’ indicates superlative degree. Hence, more
plan.
affordable. ‘More affordable than’ would thus be
a) Here’s the chilling
correct.
b) remarkable thing that should be inscribed
Q.24) If the boy sleeps late, his mother would rebuke c) on everyone’s minds
him. d) there is no plan
a) would rebuke his e) No error
b) will rebuke him
c) would have rebuked him Answer- C
on everyone’s mind is the correct way of using the
d) rebuking him
possessive. Check the use of apostrophe.
e) rebuke him
Q.28) It is most difficult to learn Chinese in the west
Answer- B
than it is to learn English in China.
Type I if conditional takes a simple future tense in
the result clause. a) It is most difficult
Hence, ‘will rebuke him’ would be appropriate. b) to learn Chinese in the west
c) than it is to learn
d) English in China.

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e) No error Answer- C
Answer- A seeking to impose is the correct usage. Seek to do
As there is a comparison between two things, ‘more’ something means to try to do something.
will be used instead of ‘most’.
Q.33) Everything in the menu were pricey and most
Q.29) The kid cutely complained that his glass had of it was non-vegetarian.
fewer milk than her sister’s. a) Everything in the menu
a) The kid cutely complained b) were pricey
b) that his glass c) and most of it
c) had fewer milk d) was non-vegetarian
d) than her sister’s e) No error
e) No error
Answer- B
Answer- C Everything is a singular pronoun and will thus take a
Milk is a non-count noun. Hence, ‘less’ would be singular verb ‘was pricey’.
used instead of ‘fewer’.
Q.34) The Court wants the panel to give their
Q.30) Piyush is one of those men who wins every recommendations on hearing the views of all
time they work on a case. stakeholders.
a) Piyush is a) The Court wants the panel
b) one of those men b) to give their recommendations
c) who wins every time c) on hearing the views
d) they work on a case. d) of all stakeholders.
e) No error e) No error

Answer- C Answer- B
The subject ‘those men’ will take a plural verb ‘win’. ‘the panel’ being a collective will take a singular
pronoun in its reference i.e. its recommendations, as
the sentence is about a united decision.
Q.31) I was shocked when the stranger, whom I met
on the street, came knocking on my door the next
day. Q.35) He had taken a most realistic approach
a) I was shocked towards the Cubans than his predecessors.
b) when the stranger a) He had taken
c) whom I met on the street b) a most realistic approach
d) came knocking on my door the next day. c) towards the Cubans
e) No error d) than his predecessors
e) No error
Answer- E
There is no error in the given sentence. Answer- B
Most is the superlative form which takes ‘the’ before
Q.32) However, it is difficult to shake off the it.
impression that the Court is seeking for impose a
compromise on the farmers’ unions. Q.36-40) A sentence has been given in Active Voice.
a) However, it is difficult Out of the five/four alternatives suggested select
b) to shake off the impression the one which best expresses the same sentence in
c) that the Court is seeking for impose Passive Voice.
d) a compromise on the farmers’ unions.
e) No error Q.36) She can paint the walls like a professional.

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a) The walls can be painted by her like a b) Their wedding is yet to be make public by the
professional. couple.
b) The walls can be painted like a professional. c) Their wedding is to be made public by the couple.
c) The walls can be painted by her. d) Their wedding is been made public by the couple
d) The walls can be paint like a professional. e) Their wedding is yet to be maked public by the
e) The walls can paint like a professional. couple

Answer- A Answer- A
Option a is the correct conversion to passive voice Option a is the correct conversion to passive voice
with proper subject object reversal. Remaining with proper subject object reversal. Remaining
options have used the tenses incorrectly or have options have used the tenses incorrectly or have
missed out on all components of the sentence. missed out on all components of the sentence.
‘to make’ in active would be converted to ‘to be
Q.37) The team performed a drug sensitivity analysis made’ in passive.
to find out the truth.
a) A drug sensitivity analysis performed by the team Q.40) The researchers analysed the dental calculus
to find out the truth. of 16 individuals buried in Megiddo and Tel Erani.
b) A drug sensitivity analysis is performed by the a) The dental calculus of 16 individuals buried in
team to find out the truth. Megiddo and Tel Erani, was being analysed by the
c) A drug sensitivity analysis was performed to find researchers.
out the truth. b) The dental calculus of 16 individuals buried in
d) A drug sensitivity analysis was performed by the Megiddo and Tel Erani, is analysed by the
team to find out the truth. researchers.
e) A drug sensitivity analysis was being performed by c) The dental calculus of 16 individuals buried in
the team to find out the truth. Megiddo and Tel Erani, has been analysed by the
researchers.
Answer- D d) The dental calculus of 16 individuals buried in
Option d is the correct conversion to passive voice Megiddo and Tel Erani, was analysed by the
with proper subject object reversal. Remaining researchers.
options have used the tenses incorrectly or have e) The dental calculus buried in Megiddo and Tel
missed out on all components of the sentence. Erani, was analysed by the researchers.

Q.38) I drank a whole bottle of milk last night.

a) A whole bottle of milk was drunk by me. Answer- D
b) A whole bottle of milk was drank by me last night. Option d is the correct conversion to passive voice
c) A whole bottle of milk was drunk by me last night. with proper subject object reversal. Remaining
d) A whole bottle of milk is drunk by me last night. options have used the tenses incorrectly or have
e) A whole bottle of milk is drunk by me. missed out on all components of the sentence.
The simple past given in the sentence (analysed)
Answer- C rightly changes to was+past participle (was analysed)
Option c is the correct conversion to passive voice
with proper subject object reversal. Remaining Q.41-50) Consider the following sentences given in
options have used the tenses incorrectly or have Part A and Part B. Below the sentences table, some
missed out on all components of the sentence. pairs are given. According to the given sentences,
identify which of the following pairs is/are logically
and grammatically correct.
Q.39) The celebrity couple is yet to make their
wedding public. Q.41)
a) Their wedding is yet to be made public by the Part A Part B
couple.

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A. get upset D. The firemen had to

into the room to save the Basis the above, only B-E and A-f will be correct
people pairs.

B. enter forcibly E. The man broke down

when he heard the news of
his wife’s accident
C. end a relationship F. The couple broke up Q.43)
petty issues Part A Part B

a) A-F A. make stronger or more D. She likes men who are of

b) B-F & C-E intense slim build.
c) A-E & C-D B. the proportions of a E. This dome-shaped
d) B-E person's body building was built in 1945.
e) A-E, B-D & C-F C. the style or form of F. I liked the bike’s build
construction of something, quality.
Answer- E especially a vehicle
The pairs will be matched basis the meanings of the
phrases as below.
Break into-enter forcibly
a) A-E & C-D
Broke down-get upset
b) B-F & A-F
Broke up-end a relationship
c) B-D & C-F
Q.42) d) B-E
e) C-E
Part A Part B

A. All of my friends D. study for Maths

paper
B. The lawyer wouldn’t E. unless he sees merit Answer- C
take the case in it The pairs will be matched basis the multiple
C. My children are F. are coming to the contextual meanings of the word ‘build’ as below.
currently party  Make stronger or more intense: No usage in
any given sentence. An e.g. could be ‘We
built up confidence in our skills.’
 The proportions of a person’s body: As used
in sentence D
a) A-E  the style or form of construction of
b) B-F & C-E something, especially a vehicle: As used in
c) B-E & A-F sentence F
d) B-D
e) C-F Q.44)
Part A Part B
Answer- C A. If you perform well D. you wouldn’t have
Following sentences will make logical sense and be
gotten sick
grammatically correct.
B. If you had eaten at E. you will get the
 All of my friends are coming to the party. home scholarship
 The lawyer wouldn’t take the case unless he C. If you failed F. you will face the
sees merit in it. repercussions
 My children are currently studying for
Maths paper. a) A-E

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b) B-F & C-E *In second sentence, perfect continuous needs to be

c) A-E & C-F used as time is indicated with use of ‘for’.
d) B-F
e) C-D Q.46)

Part A Part B

Answer- A A. If you exercise daily D. your vitals will improve

Following is the grammatically correct usage of B. If you had eaten right E. you wouldn’t have faced
conditionals: bad health
 If you perform well, you will get the C. If you slept on time F. you wouldn’t miss the
scholarship. [if + present simple+modal morning class
verb with future meaning
(shall/should/will/would/can/could/may/mi
ght)]
 If you failed, you would face the
repercussions. [if + past simple + modal a) A-F
verb with future-in-the-past meaning b) B-F & C-E
(should/would/might/could) c) A-D, B-E and C-F
 If you had eaten at home, you wouldn’t d) C-F & B-D
have gotten sick. [if + past perfect=> modal e) A-D only
verb with future-in-the-past meaning
(should/would/might/could) + have + Answer- C
-ed/participle form of verb Following is the grammatically correct usage of
conditionals:
Q.45)  If you exercise daily, your vitals will
Part A Part B improve. [if + present simple+modal verb
with future meaning
A. Feminine hygiene D. since 2010 (shall/should/will/would/can/could/may/mi
B. They are waiting E. for two hours ght)]
 If you slept on time, you wouldn’t miss the
C. She has been living in F. was the current focus morning class. [if + past simple + modal
Sydney area for medical verb with future-in-the-past meaning
fraternity (should/would/might/could)
 If you had eaten right, you wouldn’t have
faced bad health. [if + past perfect=> modal
a) B-D
verb with future-in-the-past meaning
b) B-F & A-F
(should/would/might/could) + have +
c) A-F & C-D -ed/participle form of verb
d) A-D & C-F
e) C-D only Q.47)
Part A Part B
Answer- E
Following sentences will make logical sense and be A. The family D. are quite old
grammatically correct:
B. The furniture E. is looking stylish and
elegant
 Feminine hygiene is the current focus area
for the medical fraternity. C. The equipment in the F. are having an argument
 They have been waiting for two hours. factory over the dinner menu
 She has been living in India since 2010.
a) B-E
*Correction is highlighted with italics. b) C-D

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c) A-F
d) All of the above A. Although a teenager, D. she felt quite tired
e) Both a & c B. He was smart E. he was pretty mature

Answer- E C. After travelling for a F. but not really attractive

Following sentences will make logical sense and be week
grammatically correct:
 The family are having an argument over the a) A-E & C-E
dinner menu. b) B-F & A-D
 The furniture is looking stylish and elegant. c) Both A-F and C-D
 The equipment in the factory is quite old. d) B-D
(equipment is mass non-count noun used e) A-E, B-F and C-D
only in singular)
*Correction is highlighted with italics. Answer- E
Following sentences will make logical sense and be
grammatically correct:
 Although a teenager, he was pretty mature.
 Unless you meet him personally, he won’t
Q.48) agree.
 He was smart but not really attractive.
Part A Part B

A. Unless you meet him D. a T.V host Q. 50)

personally, Part A Part B
B. I wish I were E. bringing her specs
for watching the movie
A. cause to become full D. She will fill in for her
C. Deepa forgot to F. he won’t agree colleague while she is
out for lunch.
B. to do someone else's E. The form must be
work for them filled in with all the
a) Only A-F necessary information.
b) Only B-D C. to write information F. The caterer filled all
c) Only C-E in blanks the glasses with fruit
d) All of the above juice.
e) Both A-F & B-D
a) Only A-F
Answer- E b) Only B-D
Following sentences will make logical sense and be
c) Only C-E
grammatically correct:
d) A-F, B-D and C-E
 I wish I were a T.V host.
 Unless you meet him personally, he won’t e) A-F & B-D
agree.
 Deepa forgot to bring her specs for Answer- D
watching the movie. The pairs will be matched basis the meanings of the
*Correction is highlighted with italics. words/phrases as below.

Q.49) fill- cause to become full

fill in for- to do someone else's work for them
fill in- to write information in blanks
Part A Part B

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Q.5)
Practice Questions a) One of the best bicycle brands in India are ‘Hero’.
b) One of the best bicycle brand in India is ‘Hero’.
Q.1-10) A sentence is written in five different ways.
c) One of best bicycle brands in India is ‘Hero’.
Choose the one which is logically and grammatically
d) One of the best bicycles brands in India is ‘Hero’.
appropriate as your answer.
e) One of the best bicycle brands in India is ‘Hero’.
Q.1)
a) None of the chefs know how to prepare the
Japanese dish.
Q.6)
b) None of the chefs knows how to prepare the
a) Breast cancer is the top cause of cancer-related
Japanese dish.
deaths in Indian women and are the most prevalent
c) None of these chefs know how to prepare the
type of cancer in women.
Japanese dish.
b) Breast cancer is the top cause of cancer-related
d) None of these chefs know how to preparing the
deaths in Indian women and is the most prevalent
Japanese dish.
types of cancer in women.
e) None of these chefs knowing how to prepare the
c) Breast cancer is the top cause of cancer-related
Japanese dish.
deaths in Indian women and is the most prevalent
type of cancer in women.
Q.2)
d) Breast cancer is the top cause of cancer-related
a) They have so many sheeps in their backyard.
deaths in Indian women and is most prevalent type
b) They have so many sheep in there backyard.
of cancer in women.
c) They have so many sheep in their backyard.
e) Breast cancer is the top cause in cancer-related
d) They have so many sheeps at their backyard.
deaths in Indian women and are the most prevalent
e) They have so much sheeps in their backyard.
type of cancer in women.

Q.7)
Q.3)
a) Researchers studying cancer metabolism have
a) The manager didn’t welcome unsolicited advice
often noted that tumor cells are addicted to glucose.
from his team members.
b) Researchers studying cancer metabolism have
b) The manager didn’t welcome unsolicited adivices
often noted that tumor cells are addicted for
from his team members.
glucose.
c) The manager didn’t welcome any unsolicited
c) Researchers studying cancer metabolism has often
adivise from his team members.
noted that tumor cells are addicted to glucose.
d) The manager didn’t welcome any unsolicited
d) Researchers studying cancer metabolism have
adivises from his team members.
often noted that tumor cells is addicted to glucose.
e) The manager didn’t welcomed unsolicited adivices
e) Researchers studying cancer metabolism have
from his team members.
often noted that tumor cells are addicted in glucose.
Q.4)
a) She lost the new pair of spectacles she just
purchased.
b) She lost the new pair of spectacle she just
purchased.
Q.8)
c) She lose new spectacles she just purchased.
a) Its is a well-known fact that males of different
d) She lost the new pairs of spectacle she just
species compete for the attention of females to
purchased.
mate with.
e) She lost new pair of spectacles she just purchased.

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b) It’s a well-known fact that males of different have to consider these parts given in bold type as
species compete for the attention of females to correct and find out the incorrect part of the
mate with. sentence from among the four choices given below
c) It is a well-known fact that males of different each sentence which if corrected will make the
specie compete for the attention of females to mate sentence meaningful and grammatically correct. If
with. the sentence is correct as it is, mark 'No error' as
d) It is a well-known fact that males of different your answer.
species competes for the attention of females to
mate with. Q.11) The forecast for government spending also
e) It is a well-known fact that males of different appears far too upbeat.
species compete for the attention of females in mate a) for government
with. b) spending also
c) appears far
Q.9) d) too upbeat
a) Many of us rejoiced, but also wondered if the e) No error
standard pay gap between men and women would
literally hit home and lead to other battles on the
home front.
b) Many of us rejoiced, but also wondered if the Q.12) The NSO have furnished a caveat that its
standard pay gap in men and women would literally estimates are likely to undergo sharp revisions.
hit home and lead to other battles on the home a) have furnished a caveat
front. b) that its estimates
c) Many of us rejoiced, but also wondered if the c) are likely to undergo
standard pay gap between men and women would d) sharp revisions
literally hit home and lead to other battles at the e) No error
home front.
d) Many of us rejoiced, but also wondered if the Q.13) The Nizams managed their first cleansheet in
standard pay gap between men and women would nine outings, and in the process stopped Mumbai’s
literally hit home and lead to other battles on the run of having scored a goal in its last nine matches.
home front. a) their first cleansheet in nine outings
e) Many of us rejoiced, but also wondered if the b) and in the process stopped Mumbai’s run
standard pay gap among men and women would c) of having scored a goal
literally hit home and leads to other battles on the d) in its last nine matches
home front. e) No error

Q.10) Q.14) Nupur suggests that even the best of athletes

a) Talking on the phone, the cat and her master have a sports psychologist in his team.
Sheela kept walking the whole night. a) even the best of athletes
b) Talking on the phone, Sheela kept walking the b) have a
whole night, along with her Cat. c) sports psychologist
c) Talking on the phone, the cat along with her d) in his team
master Sheela kept walking the whole night. e) No error
d) Talking on the phone, Sheela kept walking the
whole night along with its cat.
e) Talking on the phone, Sheela and her cat kept
walking the hole night. Q.15) Peter hansel, nicknamed 'Mr Dakar', has now
won the car category eight times, having also won
Q.11-20) In the questions, a sentence with motorbike category six times.
words/group(s) of words in bold type is given. You a) Peterhansel, nicknamed 'Mr Dakar',

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 332

b) has now won c) have little something

c) the car category eight times d) to cheer about.
d) having also won motorbike e) No error
e) No error

Q.16) Mindtree said it witnessed strong business

momentum across verticals with demand for cloud, Q.21-25) These questions consists three groups of
data, digital transformation and analytics in the rise. sentences (I), (II) and (III) each of which comprises
a) it witnessed strong business momentum two parts (A) and (B). Part A consists of a sentence
b) across verticals with demand for with (an) error(s) and Part B consists of a sentence
c) cloud, data, digital transformation and analytics which may or may not be a correct expression of
d) in the rise the sentence in Part A. Identify the group of
e) No error sentences i.e. I, II, III where the error in Part A has
been corrected in Part B and mark that
Q.17) The RBI is expected to set out proposals in a combination/ option as your answer. If no pair of
discussion paper next week, recommending that sentences is correct, select 'None' as your answer.
bigger shadow banks maintain a statutory liquidity
ratio. Q.21)
a) to set out proposals in a discussion paper next I. (A) In the months of Nov and Dec, that you would
week experience cold winds.
b) recommending that (B) It is in the months of Nov and Dec, that you
c) bigger shadow banks would experience cold winds.
d) maintain a statutory liquidity ratio
e) No error II. (A) The lawyer, not the legal secretaries are
required to proof this document.
(B) The lawyer, not the legal secretaries, is required
Q.18) The SU-30MKI would be equipped to the to proof this document.
indigenous Astra Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air to
Air missile. III. (A) As the leader of the group, it decided not to
a) would be equipped to continue the trek when weather turned bad.
b) the indigenous (B) As the leader of the group, he decided not to
c) Astra Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air continue the trek when weather turned bad.
d) to Air missile.
e) No error a) Both I and II
b) Only I
Q.19) If the last quarter’s strong growth brought c) Both I and III
some cheer to China, Monday’s data showed that it d) All I, II and III
had come at a cost. e) None of these
a) If the last quarter’s strong growth
b) brought some cheer to China Q.22)
c) showed that I. (A) No sooner had my mother arrived in the
d) it had come at a cost balcony then I hid my cigarette.
e) No error (B) No sooner had my mother arrived in the balcony
than I hid my cigarette.
Q.20) Theatre and performing artists who have II. (A) He couldn’t resist but pick the ten-rupees note
been struggling against odds due to the pandemic lying on the road.
have little something to cheer about. (B) He couldn’t resist but pick the ten-rupee note
a) who have been struggling against odds lying on the road.
b) due to the pandemic

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III. (A) It was pretty clear that John’s proposal was a) Both I and II
much better then Manish. b) Only II
(B) It was pretty clear that John’s proposal was much c) Both I and III
better than Manish. d) All I, II and III
e) None of these
a) Both I and II
b) Only II Q.25)
c) Both I and III I. (A) Not only did my colleagues, but my best friends
d) All I, II and III failed to come to my party.
e) None of these (B) Not only did my colleagues, but also my best
friends failed to come to my party.
Q.23)
I. (A) The Group A’s performance was superior than II. (A) The tribals are living in this area of village since
Group B. 1920.
(B) The Group A’s performance was superior to (B) The tribals have been living in this area of village
Group B. since 1920.

II. (A) Sweating with anxiety, the cup fell from III. (A) Mileage is one of the important feature to
Harman’s hand. look for, in a scooter.
(B) Sweating with anxiety, Harman dropped the cup (B) Mileage is one of the important features to look
from his hand. for, in a scooter.

III. (A) The headmaster and the trustee is ready for a) Both I and II
bringing up the idea in tomorrow’s meeting. b) Only II
(B) The headmaster and trustee is ready for bringing c) Both I and III
up the idea in tomorrow’s meeting. d) All I, II and III
e) None of these
a) Both I and II
b) Only I Q.26-30) In each of the following question, out of
c) Both II and III the given group of wordings, choose one
d) All I, II and III appropriately spelled.
e) None of these
Q.26)
Q.24) a) Flacid
I. (A) The book who I read 10 years back, suddenly b) Flaccid
felt so true to life. c) Flasid
(B) The book which I read 10 years back, suddenly d) Flecid
felt so true to life. e) Flaccidd

II. (A) The kid whom eyes are blue, came to me and Q.27)
demanded for a chocolate. a) Idiosyncracy
(B) The kid who eyes are blue, came to me and b) Idiocyncrasy
demanded for a chocolate. c) Idiosyncrasy
d) Idiosyncrazy
e) Idiocyncracy
III. (A) Nellie and Siya, both of which are sisters, live
in the same house. Q.28)
(B) Nellie and Siya, both of whom are sisters, live in a) Parsimonious
the same house. b) Parsimonous

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c) Parsmonious b) arriving
d) Parsimoneous c) arrive
e) Parsemonious d) to arrive
e) None of the above
Q.29)
a) Flabbergazt Q.35) The entire family including the second cousins
b) Flabbergast usually --------- the wedding ceremony.
c) Flebbergast a) attend
d) Flabergast b) attended
e) Flabbergaast c) attends
d) has attended
Q.30) e) None of the above
a) Anaemi
b) Anamic Q.36-45) Complete the paragraph by filling in the
c) Anemic appropriate blank/blanks from the options
d) Anaimic provided against the corresponding question
e) Annaemic number.

Q.31-35) Complete the sentence by filling in the There 36. ----------- three great influences in my life,
appropriate blank/blanks from the options and of course many smaller ones, which formed me
provided. 37. ----------- who I became. I am sure that many of
you will have had a similar experience.
Q.31) ------------ putting up my reputation at stake, I At least, I hope you have. Being the product of a post
almost committed a crime for supporting her. war British society, as a child I suffered the imposed
a) Beside poverty of living in a fragile, broken and reappearing
b) Besides nation, struggling to repair 38. -----------, it's
c) Beside in population, and its commonwealth, after winning a
d) Besides with hard war against 39. -----------. A war that was almost
e) None of the above lost in the first year.

Q.32) Either the coach or the players ------- to talk to Life was hard for all of us 40. ----------- that period,
the other side. but our parents faced up to shortages, hard work
a) need and trauma to give us children the best start in life
b) needs that we could have in the circumstances.
c) in need 41. ----------- short of toys, books and other childhood
d) needed pleasures, we were loved and cherished and seen as
e) None of the above being a way to a better future for our families and
the world. By the time I started school at the age of
Q.33) They mentioned that yellow pulses are five, I had learned 42. ----------- properly and had a
------------ the black ones, in their home. reasonable grasp of the world around me, having
a) preferable being allowed to play with other children in our
b) preferable to community, some older, some younger and many of
c) preferable than a similar age. In those now 43. ----------- days we
d) preferred were encouraged to play outdoors and to 44.
e) None of the above ----------- each other, and so found 45. -----------
roaming the neighbourhood and having small
Q.34) Shawn is one among those participants who adventures as we did so.
always --------- on time.
a) arrives

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Q.36) Q.43)
a) have a) far in
b) have been b) far of
c) has been c) far off
d) has d) far
e) is e) far with

Q.37) Q.44)
a) into a) rely
b) for b) rely on
c) from c) rely with
d) in d) rely up
e) within e) rely in

Q.38) Q.45)
a) ourselves a) ourselves
b) self b) myself
c) itself c) us
d) oneself d) me
e) herself e) themselves

Q.39) Q.46-50) The given sentence is divided into five

a) fascicm parts. Choose the part that is/are grammatically
b) fascism incorrect.
c) fascist
d) fasist Q.46) Both the expenditure side and gross value
e) facism added (GVA) across various industries points to the
high degree of optimism implicit in the NSO’s
Q.40) assumptions.
a) into a) Both the expenditure side and gross value added
b) while (GVA)
c) as b) across various industries
d) during c) points to the high degree of optimism
e) at d) implicit in the NSO’s assumptions.
e) No error
Q.41)
a) But Q.47) Training one’s mind to think about how to play
b) Although the next point and concentrating on relaxing the
c) Despite body are important.
d) In fact a) Training one’s mind
e) Because b) to think about
c) how to play the next point
Q.42) d) and concentrating on relaxing the body are
a) reads important.
b) is reading e) No error
c) to reading
d) read
e) to read

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Q.48) Children turn to screens because they say they

have no alternative activities or entertainment.
a) Children turn to screens
b) because they say
c) they have no alternative
d) activities or entertainment.
e) No error

Q.49) Keeping to pre-pandemic rules seem not just

impractical, it can feel downright mean to keep
children from a major source of socialising.
a) Keeping to pre-pandemic rules
b) seem not just impractical
c) it can feel downright mean to keep children
d) from a major source of socialising.
e) No error

Q.50) Every year, the city is swamped by thousands

of students who come to the city looking at coaching
centers to prepare for their higher education and
other competitive exams.
a) Every year, the city is swamped by thousands of
students
b) who come to the city
c) looking at coaching centres to prepare for their
higher education
d) and other competitive exams
e) No error

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Also, ‘researchers’ and ‘cells’ are both plural and will

Answer Key thus take the verbs ‘have’ and ‘are’.

1(B) 2(C) 3(A) 4(B) 5(E) Q.8) Answer- D

6(B) 7(A) 8(D) 9(D) 10(A) It’s is a concise form of ‘It is’. ‘Its’ is a possessive
11(E) 12(A) 13(A) 14(D) 15(D) form.
16(D) 17(E) 18(A) 19(E) 20(C)
Species is used in both singular and plural form.
‘Specie’ is the wrong usage.
21(D) 22(A) 23(C) 24(C) 25(D)
26(B) 27(C) 28(A) 29(B) 30(B) Q.9) Answer- D
31(B) 32(A) 33(B) 34(C) 35(C) As we are comparing two groups (men and women),
36(B) 37(A) 38(C) 39(B) 40(D) ‘between’ will be used.
‘on the’ home front is the correct phrase which
41(B) 42(E) 43(C) 44(B) 45(A)
means ‘at home, domestically.’
46(C) 47(D) 48(E) 49(B) 50(C)

Solutions Q.10) Answer- A

The modifier ‘Talking on the phone’ is to be used for
Sheela; hence the phrase will be followed by her.
Q.1) Answer- B Also, ‘her cat’ will be apt to be used and not ‘its’ cat
None will take a singular verb (knows) as it is a as the pronoun refers to Sheela.
singular subject.
‘to prepare’ will be the correct usage of 1st form of Q.11) Answer- E
verb with ‘to infinitive’. There is no error in the given sentence.
Q.2) Answer- C Q.12) Answer- A
‘sheep’ is a noun which is same in both its singular ‘NSO’ is a single entity which will take a singular
and plural form. verb. Hence, ‘has’.
‘their’ is the correct possessive form required to be Correct phrase: The NSO has furnished a caveat
used in the sentence.
Q.13) Answer- A
Q.3) Answer- A ‘The Nizams’ here refers to the team and is therefore
‘advice’ is the noun. ‘Advise’ is the verb. Advice is singlular. ‘Its’ will be used instead of ‘their’
not used in a plural form with s. Correct phrase: The Nizams managed its first
cleansheet
Q.4) Answer- B
‘Spectacles’ is not used in singular form. Hence, Q.14) Answer- D
‘spectacle’ would be correct usage. ‘their’ will be the correct possessive pronoun(plural)
The overall sentence is in ‘past’ tense, hence, ‘lost’ is used with reference to ‘athletes’.
to be used. Correct phrase: in their team
Q.5) Answer- E Q.15) Answer- D
‘One of’ is followed by a plural noun as one is ‘won the motorbike’ will go with ‘won the car
selected from the many of something. The prime category’ as parallelism would be followed in the
subject is ‘one of’ which takes a singular verb (is). sentence.
Currently article ‘the’ is missing.
Q.6) Answer- B Correct phrase: won the motorbike category
‘Most’ will be preceded by ‘the’ as it is the
superlative degree. Also, ‘Breast cancer’ is a singular
subject and hence will be followed by ‘is’. Q.16) Answer- D
‘on the rise’ will be the correct phrase meaning
Q.7) Answer- A ‘increasing and becoming more successful’.
‘addicted to’ something is the correct phrase to use.

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Q.17) Answer- E
There is no error in the given statement. Thus, statements II and III are corrected in B.

Q.18) Answer- A Q.24) Answer- C

‘equipped with’ something is the correct phrase In statement I, book is a non-living entity, hence
meaning ‘added to/provided with’. ‘which’ would be the correct reference pronoun to
be used.
Q.19) Answer- E In statement II, ‘whose eyes are blue’ will be the
There is no error in the given statement. correct phrase as we need a possessive pronoun
there.
Q.20) Answer- C In statement III, ‘whom’ (and not which) will be the
‘have a little something’ will be the correct usage in correct objective pronoun as it refers to living
the given context indicating a ray of hope; as ‘little’ beings.
means negligible while ‘a little’ means some.
Statement I & III are corrected in B.
Q.21) Answer- D
In statement I, ‘It is’ need to be added in the Q.25) Answer- D
beginning to make the structure of the sentence In statement I, ‘not only-------but also’ is the correct
right for it to make logical sense. paired conjunction.
In statement II, the lawyer is the prime subject and In statement II, perfect continuous is rightly used
the verb (is) will agree to it. with since when it refers to time.
In statement III, pronoun ‘he’ will be used as it refers In statement III, ‘one of’ should be followed by a
to the leader. plural noun for appropriate selection of one among
In all given statements B is the corrected version, the many.
hence option d.
All the given statements are corrected in B.

Q.22) Answer- A Q.26) Answer- B

In statement I, ‘No sooner---- than’ is the correct pair ‘Flaccid’ is the correct spelling and it means ‘soft and
to be used. hanging loose’.
In statement II, ten-rupee note will be correct usage
as the compound adjectives should be stated in Q.27) Answer- C
singular (ten-rupee, and not ten rupees in this case). ‘Idiosyncrasy’ is the correct spelling and it means ‘a
distinctive or peculiar feature’.
The above corrections are made as given in B)
However, statement III is not fully corrected in B. For Q.28) Answer- A
a fair comparison, Manish will take possessive form. ‘Parsimonious’ is the correct spelling and it means
Hence, following would be the correct statement. ‘miserly’.

It was pretty clear that John’s proposal was much

better than Manish’s. Q.29) Answer- B
‘Flabbergast’ is the correct spelling and it means
Q.23) Answer- C ‘surprise/astonish’.
In Statement I, ‘superior to’ is the correct usage for
comparison. However, for fair comparison, Q.30) Answer- B
possessive case should be used with group B as well. ‘Anaemic’ is the correct spelling and it means
Corrected sentence: The Group A’s performance was ‘bloodless, pale’.
superior to Group B’s.
In Statement II, as Harman would be the one Q.31) Answer- B
sweating, the modifier is rightly placed in B. ‘Besides’ which means apart from would be suitable
In Statement III, as we refer to the same person, the to start the sentence here.
article ‘the’ will be used just once. Beside means adjacent to.

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Q.32) Answer- A ‘Although’ would be the apt conjunction to start the

When two subjects are joined by ‘either-or’ the verb sentence.
agrees with the subject closer to the verb. Hence, it
will be players need to talk. Q.42) Answer- E
‘to read’ (to infinitive) acting as a noun will be
Q.33) Answer- B appropriate usage in the given context.
Preferable is followed by to when we compare two
things. Q.43) Answer- C
‘far off’ days is the correct expression to be used
Q.34) Answer- C here meaning ‘long gone’.
Verb ‘arrive’ will agree with the plural subject
‘participants’ Q.44) Answer- B
‘rely on’ is the correct phrase meaning ‘depend on’.
Q.35) Answer- C
‘Family’ is a collective noun and will take the singular Q.45) Answer- A
verb ‘attends’; as the sentence talks about a Ourselves would be the appropriate reflexive
collective action as a unit. pronoun to be used in reference to ‘we’ in the
sentence.
Q.36) Answer- B
‘have been’ is the correct verb to go with the given Q.46) Answer- C
plural subject. Two subjects are joined by ‘both-and’ and hence the
verb will be plural i.e. ‘point’.
Q.37) Answer- A ‘point to the high degree’ will be the correct usage.
‘into’ will be the correct preposition signifying the
growth/transition of the person in the context. Q.47) Answer- D
Training is the singular subject here and will take the
Q.38) Answer- C singular verb ‘is’.
The pronoun is used with reference to the nation. Hence, ‘is important’ will be correct usage.
Hence, ‘itself’ will be correct.
Q.48) Answer- E
Q.39) Answer- B There is no error in the given sentence.
‘fascism’ would be the correct spelling and noun
form to be suitable in the given blank. Q.49) Answer- B
‘Keeping to’ and not ‘rules’ is the subject here and
Q.40) Answer- D hence ‘seems’ will be the correct verb to follow.
‘during’ will be the correct preposition to indicate
the experience spanning a period of time. Q.50) Answer- C
‘looking for’ which means searching for will be the
Q.41) Answer- B correct phrase usage in option c.

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Chapter 28: Idioms & Phrases

Introduction
Idioms and phrasal verbs
Idioms are a category of terms/expressions that
have a figurative meaning, a meaning different from
the constituent words' literal meaning.
Idiomatic/phrasal speech is involved in several
questions in entrance exams. A thorough
understanding of idioms/phrasal verbs and their use
should therefore be of great help, not only for the
entrance exams, but also for improving your
understanding and comprehension of language.

Types of questions commonly asked in entrance

exams include:

 Replacing underlined incorrect phrases with

correct phrases type questions
 Explaining of underlined idioms and phrases
 Identification of correct idioms and phrases
from a given set of sentences
 Filling the blanks with correct idioms and
phrases
 Direct questions on explaining
idioms/phrases from a list of options.

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a) brass stomach
Solved Examples b) cast-iron stomach
c) iron stomach
Q.1-5) In the following questions, which of the d) big stomach
idiom/phrases (a), (b), (c) and (d) should replace e) No correction required
the idiom/phrase underlined in the sentence to
make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is Answer 4- B
correct as it is given and no correction is required, Cast-iron stomach is the correct phrase refering to a
mark (e) as the answer. very strong stomach being able to digest all foods in
various quantities.
Q.1) All team-members were under his thumb for
the manager’s coup. Q.5) The kind nature was just an eyewash for the
a) on his thumb night to gain public sympathy.
b) through his thumb a) an eye-piece
c) for his thumb b) an eye-candy
d) into his thumb c) an eye-glass
e) No correction required d) an eyelash
e) No correction required
Answer 1- E
Under his thumb is the correct idiom meaning under Answer 5- E
his full control. An eyewash is the correct idiomatic usage meaning
nonsense, deception.
Q.2) Shreya was at her wits and when she couldn’t
land a suitable job after multiple interviews. Q.6-15) In the following questions, choose the
a) of her wits end option which correctly explains the meaning of the
b) at her wits end underlined idiom/phrase as used in the given
c) on her wits and sentence.
d) of her wits and
e) No correction required Q.6) The Supreme Court Monday pulled up the
Centre for its handling of the farmers protest against
the new farm laws saying it is extremely
disappointed with the way negotiations between
Answer 2- B them were going.
At her wits end is the correct idiom meaning a) reprimand
completely perplexed and not knowing what to do. b) stop
c) a busy day
Q.3) The family was finally out off the woods when d) a day spent with groundhog
the lawyer dropped the murder case. e) None of the above
a) out at the woods
b) out on the woods Answer 6- A
c) out of the woods Pull up here means criticized or rebuked.
d) out in the woods
e) No correction required Q.7) The siblings have been at daggers drawn over
the room choice in the new house.
Answer 3- C a) be happy with each other
Out of the woods is the correct idiom meaning out of b) be bitterly hostile towards each other
danger or difficulty. c) consent on the matter
d) throwing stones at each other
Q.4) The way they ate their lunch, everybody in the e) None of the above
group seemed to have a copper stomach.

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Answer 7- B
To be at daggers drawn means to be bitterly hostile Answer 11- A
towards each other. Die in harness means to die in service before
retirement.
Q.8) Despite being nervous in the beginning, the
troupe came off with flying colours during the Q.12) Reporters had a field day when the case finally
performance. came to a verdict.
a) came on stage in colourful clothes a) chaotic situation
b) be terrible b) an enjoyable day or circumstance
c) change colours c) a day of physical work
d) be highly successful d) a terrible day
e) None of the above e) None of the above

Answer 8- D Answer 12- B

To come off with flying colors means to be successful Field day indicates an opportunity for action or
at something. success, especially at the expense of others.

Q.9) She struggled to keep the bad company at bay, Q.13) Bad habits need to be nipped in the bud so
in the scary neighbourhood. that they don’t create trouble later.
a) keep the bad company at a distance a) pointed out immediately
b) keep the bad company locked b) destroyed by knife
c) keep the bad company close c) developed in the early stage
d) fight with the bad company d) destroy in the early stage
e) None of the above e) None of the above

Answer 9- A Answer 13- D

To keep something at bay means to keep it at a Nip in the bud means to destroy something in early
distance. stages.

Q.10) Shifting to a different country permanently Q.14) I was surprised to know that all his friends
was out of the question while his parents were ill. were big guns of the underworld.
a) urgent a) important people
b) unethical b) criminals
c) impossible c) nobody
d) out of the syllabus d) big shooters
e) None of the above e) None of the above

Answer 10- C Answer 14- A

Out of the question means something which is not Big guns is a phrase used to indicate very important
possible and can’t be done. people.

Q.11) Her son died in harness while on an important Q.15) The new joinee soon gained ground by using
mission. his knowledge to win people’s hearts.
a) died in service a) became friendly
b) died in pain b) became popular
c) died in circle c) gained everybody’s trust
d) under the blanket d) gained respect
e) None of the above e) None of the above

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Answer 15- B Last straw means the last in the series of bad things.
To gain ground means to become known and Q.18-20) Fill in the blank with appropriate
popular. idiom/phrase.

Q.16-17) Identify the sentence in which the Q.18) The passengers in the plane had -------------
idiom/phrase given in bold has been correctly used when the weather turned turbulent for almost 2
in terms of both grammar and meaning. hours.
a) a cut throat
Q.16) b) a close cut
(A) Once he shifted to America, he could visit his c) a close shave
parents only once in a red moon. d) a big shave
(B) The meeting with the client has been put off for a e) a foul play
week.
(C) Instead of supporting me, my colleague ratted Answer 18- C
me out in front of the boss. ‘a close shave’ would be the appropriate to fill the
a) Only (A) given blank. It means narrow escape from serious
b) Only (B) trouble.
c) Both (B) and (C)
d) All (A), (B) and (C) Q.19) The incompetent lawyer was rebuked as he
e) Both (A) and (B) couldn’t ---------------- the important facts about the
case.
a) bring to dark
Answer 16- C b) bring to light
In sentence A, ‘once in a blue moon’ would be the c) bring in the room
correct idiom which means very rarely. d) bring back
Sentences B and C have correct usage. e) gear on
Putt off means postponed.
Rat out means to expose embarrassing or Answer 19- B
incriminating information about someone. ‘bring to light’ is the appropriate idiom to be used
here which means to expose or reveal something.
Q. 17)
(A) His response to the offer was a litmus test of his Q.20) The attendees were asked to ---------- their
loyalty to the firm. mobile phones if they wanted to get in the theatre.
(B) The last straw was convincing his dad about the a) hand over
marriage. b) hand up
(C) He asked me to hang out at the gate while he c) hand in
gets his wallet. d) hand off
a) Only (A) e) hand
b) Only (B)
c) Both (B) and (C) Answer 20- A
d) Both (A) and (B) Hand over is the correct phrase which means to give
e) All (A) (B) and (C) (usually unwillingly)

Answer 17- D
In Sentence C, hang on, which means to wait would
be the correct usage.
Hang out simply means to spend time with
someone.
Sentences A & B have correct usage.
Litmus test refers to the ultimate test of truth and lie

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Q.6-10) In the following questions, which of the

Practice Questions idiom/phrases (a), (b), (c) and (d) should replace
the idiom/phrase underlined in the sentence to
Q.1-5) In the following questions, choose the option make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is
which correctly explains the meaning of the correct as it is given and no correction is required,
underlined idiom/phrase as used in the given mark (e) as the answer.
sentence.
Q.6) She left the house all decked up for the prom.
Q.1) Ever since I failed to get into Harvard, my mom a) decked in
has looked down on me. b) decked on
a) consider inferior c) decked under
b) stare at d) decked
c) take care of e) No correction required
d) searched
e) found Q.7) All the students at Gurukul were required to
clean in their rooms before leaving for lectures.
Q.2) The student made up a story about why he a) clean up
missed the exam. b) clean off
a) spoke the truth c) clean of
b) lie about something d) clean under
c) narrate a story e) No correction required
d) cook in the kitchen
e) write Q.8) The employee finally came forward with the
documents against her culprit boss.
Q.3) It was so suffocating in the room that the old a) came to
man passed out. b) came for
a) got irritated c) came up
b) fainted d) came across
c) left the room e) No correction required
d) skipped a meal
e) vomited Q.9) During the call, Ankit again complained about
his hair falling off at young age.
Q.4) if the disease continues to rage through the rest a) falling up
of the population, the consequences will still be b) falling through
terrible. c) falling of
a) shows anger d) falling out
b) move smoothly e) No correction required
c) kill
d) spread intensely Q.10) The differently abled candidate could get
e) None of the above around fine in his wheelchair on the campus.
a) get of
Q.5) We’ve had 11 months of this, and the b) get inside
government is still flying blind. c) get into
a) speaking their mind d) get along
b) acting based on guesswork e) No correction required
c) being ditched by the people
d) acting with full knowledge Q.11-15) Choose the correct idiom for the
e) None of the above explanation given, from among the given choices.

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Q.11) Hottest day of summer season Q.17) Karnataka’s own men in saffron, the
a) Dog days of summer mathadhipatis, who number in the thousands, had
b) Cat days of summer for long kept a respectable distance from the hurly
c) Wild days of summer burly of representative politics.
d) Sun days of summer a) truth
e) None of the above b) hustle
c) routine
Q.12) Ordinary People d) life
a) Rank and men e) None of the above
b) Rank and File
c) Caste and File Q.18) Harman has completely recovered from his
d) Fine and Rank accident and is now as fit as a fiddle.
e) None of the above a) mentally fit
b) not fit at all
c) fit like a musical instrument
Q.13) To know the procedural details d) only appearing to be fit
a) Read between the points e) strong and healthy
b) Feel the heat Q.19) The girl was the apple of discord between the
c) Know the ropes two friends.
d) Get the catch a) reason for denial
e) None of the above b) cause of friendship
c) cause of rivalry
Q.14) Complete failure d) the matter of concern
a) A dark night e) the subject of talks
b) A damp squib
c) A defaming suit Q.20) I am not surprised that being a lawyer, he is
d) A filthy dog argus eyed and doesn’t miss a single detail.
e) None of the above a) one-eyed
b) careful and vigilant
Q.15) Between two dangers c) doubtful
a) Between the devil and the deep sea d) submissive
b) At the brim e) optimistic
c) Between the well and valley
d) Between the monster and king
e) None of the above

Q.16-20) In the following questions, choose the

option which correctly explains the meaning of the
underlined idiom/phrase as used in the given
sentence.

Q.16) Partha didn’t like living at close quarters with

strangers.
a) next door
b) in a small space
c) in the neighbourhood
d) in a closed room
e) None of the above

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Answer Key Q.10) Answer- E

Get around is the correct phrase meaning to have
1(A) 2(B) 3(B) 4(D) 5(B) mobility.
6(E) 7(A) 8(E) 9(D) 10(E)
Q.11) Answer- A
11(A) 12(B) 13(C) 14(B) 15(A)
Dog days of summer is used to indicate the hottest
16(B) 17(B) 18(E) 19(C) 20(B) day.

Solutions Q.12) Answer- B

Rank and File is used to refer to ordinary or common
Q.1) Answer- A people
‘Looked down on’ means to think less of somebody,
consider them inferior. Q.13) Answer- C
Know the ropes means to know about and have
Q.2) Answer- B experience of the appropriate procedures.
‘Make something up’ means lie about it or invent a
false story Q.14) Answer- B
A damp squib is used to indicate failure.
Q.3) Answer- B
‘pass out’ means to lose consciousness/faint.

Q.4) Answer- D Q.15) Answer- A

‘Rage through’ here means to spread through some Between the devil and the sea means stuck b/w two
region or area with great intensity and destructive dangerous situations.
force.
Q.16) Answer- B
Q.5) Answer- B ‘At close quarters’ means in a small space with other
‘Flying blind’ means acting basis just the intuition or people.
guesswork.
Q.17) Answer- B
Q.6) Answer- E ‘Hurly burly’ refers to some busy, boisterous activity
Decked up is the correct phrase which means or a hustle.
dressed up.
Q.7) Answer- A Q.18) Answer- E
Clean something up is the correct phrase which ‘Fit as a fiddle’ means in very good health.
means to tidy or clean it.
Q.19) Answer- C
Q.8) Answer- E ‘Apple of discord’ refers to a cause of strife argument
Come forward is the correct usage meaning to or rivalry.
volunteer for a task or to give evidence.
Q.20) Answer- B
Q.9) Answer- D ‘Argus eyed’ means careful or observant.
Falling out is the correct phrase which means to
become loose and unattached (in reference to hair
and teeth)

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Chapter 29: Reading Comprehension

aren’t directly linked in order to form a
Introduction sensible conclusion. A form of assumption, the
reader speculates what connections lie within
Reading comprehension is the ability to process the texts.
text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with 2. Planning and Monitoring: This strategy centers
what the reader already knows. Fundamental skills around the reader's mental awareness and
required in efficient reading comprehension are their ability to control their comprehension by
knowing meaning of words, ability to understand way of awareness. By previewing text (via
meaning of a word from discourse context, ability to outlines, table of contents, etc.) one can
follow organization of passage and to identify establish a goal for reading-“what do I need to
antecedents and references in it, ability to draw get out of this”? Readers use context clues and
inferences from a passage about its contents, ability other evaluation strategies to clarify texts and
to identify the main thought of a passage, ability to ideas, and thus monitoring their level of
answer questions answered in a passage, ability to understanding.
3. Asking Questions: To solidify one's
recognize the literary devices or propositional
understanding of passages of texts readers
structures used in a passage and determine its tone,
inquire and develop their own opinion of the
to understand the situational mood (agents, objects, author's writing, character motivations,
temporal and spatial reference points, casual and relationships, etc. This strategy involves
intentional inflections, etc.) conveyed for assertions, allowing oneself to be completely objective in
questioning, commanding, refraining etc. and finally order to find various meanings within the text.
ability to determine writer's purpose, intent and 4. Determining Importance: Pinpointing the
point of view, and draw inferences about the writer important ideas and messages within the text.
(discourse-semantics). Readers are taught to identify direct and
indirect ideas and to summarize the relevance
Ability to comprehend text is influenced by readers' of each.
skills and their ability to process information. If word 5. Visualizing: With this sensory-driven strategy
recognition is difficult, students use too much of readers form mental and visual images of the
their processing capacity to read individual words, contents of text. Being able to connect visually
which interferes with their ability to comprehend allows for a better understanding with the text
what is read. There are many reading strategies to through emotional responses.
improve reading comprehension and inferences, 6. Synthesizing: This method involves marrying
including improving one's vocabulary, critical text multiple ideas from various texts in order to
analysis (intertextuality, actual events vs. narration draw conclusions and make comparisons
of events, etc.) and practicing deep reading. across different texts; with the reader's goal
Comprehension Strategies being to understand how they all fit together.
7. Making Connections: A cognitive approach also
Research studies on reading and comprehension
referred to as “reading beyond the lines”,
have shown that highly proficient readers utilize a
which involves (A) finding a personal
number of different strategies to comprehend
connection to reading, such as personal
various types of texts, strategies that can also be
experience, previously read texts, etc. to help
used by less proficient readers in order to improve
establish a deeper understanding of the
their comprehension.
context of the text, or (B) thinking about
1. Making Inferences: In everyday terms we refer
implications that have no immediate
to this as “reading between the lines”. It
connection with the theme of the text.
involves connecting various parts of texts that

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throwing us curve balls. It's ok. We will dodge some

Solved Examples and engage some and put our hearts into our lives
and make what we can of them. Sometimes, we can
feel wonder about what we notice and it does not
RC 1 need to be about ourselves. It can just be noticing.
We know that experiencing gratitude is good for us.
During this period of COVID-19, many people are 1. According to the passage, the primary difference
keeping gratitude journals. While this may be between appreciation and gratitude is?
beneficial, we may want times to focus on a) Appreciation has a moralistic undertone whereas
appreciation instead of gratitude. It is a small shift, gratitude does not have one.
but with a real difference. b) Gratitude has a moralistic undertone whereas
Gratitude is about the feeling in me evoked by appreciation does not have one.
something outside of myself. That means it is about c) Appreciation is recognizing the value in
me and not really about that other thing, even something, whether it is within myself or in the
though it appears to be. And it carries the outside world whereas gratitude is about a feeling
connotation that I am somehow lucky of that good in yourself.
thing. Gratitude has a moralistic undertone. d) Appreciation is recognizing the value in
Appreciation, on the other hand, is not about me. It something in the outside world whereas gratitude
is about the qualities of the other thing that make it is a feeling within yourself.
a good thing. It is not about the feeling evoked in
me, but the recognition of the qualities of the thing
outside me. There is no implied moralistic tone with Answer- D)
it. Explanation:
Every day we wake up to a new day with the gift of The primary difference between appreciation and
conscious awareness. We can direct gratitude is that appreciation is about the
our attention wherever we wish. This is the freedom recognition of the qualities of the outside world
of being alive: choosing what we allow ourselves to whereas gratitude is a feeling in yourself because of
be conscious about. We need not manhandle that something external. Option d mirrors this and is the
consciousness and make it into something. We answer to the question. Option c can be eliminated
merely direct it one way or another and notice what as it is not mentioned in the passage that the felling
comes into it. evoked can be because of oneself also.
All of our current reality is available to us. The Option b can be eliminated as it cannot be attributed
quality of our lives is determined by how we use this to be the primary difference between the two.
one guaranteed aspect of being alive: being able to
be aware of what we direct our attention toward. It 2. What is the author trying to convey through this
is not about positive thinking or illusional optimism. passage?
It is about knowing that within any reality there are a) Difference between appreciation and gratitude.
gains and challenges, gifts and losses. It is about b) Why is gratitude not same as appreciation.
being a true witness to our complex circumstances c) Sometimes we need to focus on appreciation
and inner experience and doing the best with what rather than gratitude.
life deals us. d) We just need to feel the wonder around us by
We can be mindful of the many gifts around us. We merely noticing.
can appreciate big things and small. We can
appreciate people and experiences. We can marvel Answer- C)
at the complex way that life insists on living itself. Explanation:
That people keep trying and that circumstances keep

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Refer to the lines “While this may be beneficial, we That’s not technically correct. The Bureau of
may want times to focus on appreciation instead of Engraving and Printing, an agency of the U.S.
gratitude. It is a small shift, but with a real Treasury, does the printing. The Fed, for its part,
difference.” And “Sometimes, we can feel wonder purchases cash from the bureau at cost and then
about what we notice and it does not need to be puts it in circulation.
about ourselves. It can just be noticing.” Although you may have heard some economists talk
The author is trying to convey that at times we need about the Fed figuratively dropping cash from
to focus on appreciation which is different from helicopters, its method of distribution isn’t quite as
gratitude. Option c is thus the correct answer. colorful. Instead, it gives banks cash in exchange for
old, worn-out notes or digital balances held by the
3. How is the quality of our lives determined? banks at the Fed. In this way, the Fed can help banks
a) The way we use our conscious awareness. accommodate changes in demand for banknotes,
b) The way he handles illusional optimism. like those in advance of major holidays or
c) The way we appreciate other things. after natural disasters.
d) The way we deal with losses. These exchanges are dollar-for-dollar swaps. The Fed
does not typically increase the monetary base – the
Answer- A) total amount of currency in circulation and reserves
Explanation: held by banks at the central bank – when it
Refer to the lines “The quality of our lives is distributes new banknotes.
determined by how we use this one guaranteed To put more money into circulation, the Fed typically
aspect of being alive”, here this refers to the purchases financial assets.
conscious awareness, as can be inferred from the To understand how, one must first recognize that
lines above. Thus option a is the correct answer. the Fed is a bankers’ bank. That is, banks hold
deposits at the Fed much like you or I might hold
4. Which of the following is the synonym of deposits in a checking account at Chase or Bank of
mindful? America. That means when the Fed purchases a
a) Oblivious government bond from a bank or makes a loan to a
b) Heedless bank, it does not have to – and usually doesn’t – pay
c) Sentient with cash. Instead, the Fed just credits the selling or
d) Incautious borrowing bank’s account.
The Fed does not print money to buy assets because
it does not have to. It can create money with a mere
Answer- C) keystroke.
Explanation: So as the Fed buys Treasuries, mortgage-backed
Mindful is being aware. securities, corporate debt and other assets over the
Sentient is to be conscious. Thus sentient is the coming weeks and months, money will rarely change
synonym of the given word. hands. It will just move from one account to
Oblivious is to be not aware of something. another. (NMAT pattern)
Heedless is not showing or paying attention
especially for the purpose of avoiding trouble. 1. What is the central ideal of the passage?
a) The Fed does not print money, because it does
not have to.
RC 2 b) The Fed does not print money, it just credits the
It is common to hear people say the Fed prints selling or borrowing bank’s account.
money. c) More money is pumped into the circulation when
the Fed buys government bonds from banks.

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d) Fed can create money with a mere keystroke.

e) Fed is the banker’s bank and transfers money to 4. Which of the following is not true according to
them. the passage?
a) Fed does not physically give money to the banks.
Answer- B) b) The money in a bank remains same after the
Explanation: fed’s replacement of the worn-out dollars.
The passage revolves around the idea that the fed c) Fed borrows money to pump it into the financial
does not print money as is often thought. Thus system.
option b is the correct answer. d) Banks have their deposits at the Fed.
Option a is not the idea around which the passage e) None of the above.
revolves as it were the case then we would see
reasons to why it does not have to print. Thus option
a can be eliminated. Rest of the options can be easily
eliminated. Answer- C)
Explanation:
2. How does the Fed put more money into the Option a is correct. The fed does not physically give
system? money to the banks as it does not print money. And
a) By transferring directly to the bank accounts. to give it to banks it directly credits it into their
b) By providing banks with fresh dollars to replace accounts.
the worn-out ones. Option b is correct. As it is dollar for dollar swap, the
c) By printing more money. money remains same after the replacement of worn
d) By purchasing the financial assets. out dollars.
e) By dropping money from the helicopter. Option c is not true. refer to the lines “That means
when the Fed purchases a government bond from a
Answer- D) bank or makes a loan to a bank, it does not have to –
Explanation: and usually doesn’t – pay with cash. Instead, the Fed
The passage clearly mentions that when the fed has just credits the selling or borrowing bank’s account.”
to put more money into the system, it does so by We cannot say that the fed borrows money to pump
purchasing assets. Refer to the lines “To put more it into the financial system.
money into circulation, the Fed typically purchases Option d is true.
financial assets.” Thus option d is the correct answer.

3. To which of the following does the author refer

RC 3
“dollar for dollar swaps” to? When I walk past the mural painted on the side of
a) Reduction in the monetary base by fed. my local Food Fare, I often experience a very specific
b) Pumping more money into the financial system. and compelling mental image: the silky underside of
c) Old worn-out notes for the new fresh ones. a Ritter Sport dark-chocolate-with-whole-hazelnuts
d) Transferring digital cash for the physical bar.
currency. I’ve spent a lot of time admiring this particular
e) Fresh currency for the old worn-out one. surface. It’s about three inches square, smooth
except for the hemispherical bulges where the
Answer- E) hazelnuts show through. The nuts are coated in layer
Explanation: of chocolate so thin it’s sometimes translucent. The
Dollar for dollar swap refers to the replacement of top of the bar is less interesting: a standard grid of
the old worn out currency. Option e thus is the break-apart squares with a logo on each one. The
correct answer. much more charismatic bottom side is what speaks

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to me, and the manufacturers evidently understand The classical response to craving is to be tough and
this, seeing as they print it on the label. rational. When the mind is gripped by visions of
This store offers thousands of items, but I associate between-meal muffins, or urges to check Instagram
it most strongly with this one chocolate bar, in part while you’re studying, you must gather your
because it’s my standard “treat myself” item, and willpower and tell yourself no.
also because there’s a needlessly large display of I’ve been exploring a third possible response, which
them right beside what is often the only open isn’t new but is being newly studied as a better way
checkout. This makes it almost impossible to buy of overcoming cravings. Instead of resisting or
anything without having to decide whether this is relenting, you can get curious about the experience
one of the times I will purchase and eat this 560- of craving itself.
calorie ingot of fat and sugar. This strange, involuntary experience that’s prodding
Now, apparently, I can’t even glimpse the exterior of you to eat, drink, or bite your nails—what is it? What
the building where this favorite treat lives without its does it feel like in the body, and look like in the
hazelnutty image leaping right into my brain. Like all mind? How long do these phenomena last, if you
mental images, it appears larger and nearer than neither resist nor indulge them?
anything my eyes are taking in—the street, the The idea is to observe the sensory experience of
mural, the towering Westminster United church. It’s your craving with the spirit of a biologist studying a
nearer even than my eyelids, so there’s no looking mysterious, elusive animal. This does at least two
away. helpful things.
This involuntary pondering of confectionary Firstly, it gives the mind something engaging to do
possibilities must have evolved at some point. Some while the craving occurs. If you’re intently observing
hominid, living somewhere in prehistory, was the the craving, your attention isn’t available to become
first individual to be able to somehow see—in his entangled in the should-I-shouldn’t-I rhetoric. You
mind!—glistening white grubs and stout mushrooms can’t be rationalizing or self-scolding while you’re
before he even overturned the log. This strange investigating the physical and mental sensations that
mental trait would have strengthened his survival make up the craving.
chances, but he also would have been perturbed Secondly, the more familiar you are with the life
during walks through the forest in a way his peers cycle of cravings, the less trapped you feel by them.
could never know. You begin to see that cravings aren’t impasses that
Four hundred thousand years later, his distant demand a hard choice, they’re sensory events that
descendant finds himself unable to pass the painted arise and pass.
brick exterior of a grocery store without Judson Brewer, a doctor and researcher who uses
experiencing a vivid, magnetic force arising from this method clinically, encourages people to
within his own mind, urging him to seek and devour continue mindfully studying their experience
a nearby hazelnut-encrusted treat, even though he even as they indulge in the chocolate, cigarette, or
knows it will not aid his evolutionary fitness one bit. impulse purchase. When patients try this, they often
We don’t choose to crave things. Cravings grip the report a surprising discovery: the experience of
mind without our consent, forcing us to choose indulging isn’t especially pleasant. When you pay
between two uncomfortable responses: resist the close attention, the chocolate is too sugary to enjoy,
pull, or indulge it. Indulging is rewarding but has or the cigarette actually tastes bad, and
costs—money, regret, shame, indigestion. But uncomfortable feelings often accompany any
resisting is difficult, and even when you succeed, you pleasure.
feel let down in a different way, like realizing it’s This suggests that what truly compels us in these
Tuesday after believing for a moment that it was moments is the desire to get rid of the craving. We
Friday. want to return to a mental state unperturbed by
strong urges, and we know indulging will do that. But

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maybe there’s a much less costly path to that same 3. Which of the following could be a possible title
place. (SNAP pattern) for the passage?
a) Crave but curiously.
1. What is the central idea of the passage? b) A better way to respond to cravings.
a) Don’t avoid your cravings. c) Cravings will not affect you much from now.
b) Don’t be tough on your cravings instead engage d) Don’t be rational and tough on yourself.
with it.
c) To resist your cravings, get curious about it. Answer- B)
d) Don’t be too rational and tough while dealing Explanation:
with your cravings. The passage suggests a better way to deal with
cravings other than the traditional ways. Thus option
Answer- C) b will be an apt title for the passage.
Explanation:
The passage explores a better way to deal with 4. According to the passage why do we crave?
cravings. The author proposes to get curious about a) Because a biochemical reaction occurs in our
your cravings in order to resist them. Thus option c is brain which leads us to crave.
the correct answer. b) Because we have evolved in such a manner.
Rest of the options do not accurately represent the c) Because envisioning an item for a longer time
central idea of the passage and hence can be diverts our brain to eat it.
eliminated. d) Nothing can be derived from the passage.

Answer- D)
2. Which of the following could be a reason for the Explanation:
being curious way to handle your cravings could The author does not mention the reason for us to
works? crave. The author does mention that there must
a) It allows us to think deeply about the stuff we have been someone previously who would have felt
crave for and in the process we discover the things in a similar way the author feel after seeing his/her
which are not good in the stuff itself. favorite food, but the author did not mention it as a
b) Since we are indulging in a new method, it keeps reason for us to crave in the first place. Thus nothing
our brain engaged. can be derived from the passage about our reason to
c) It elapses the time we would rather think about crave. Hence option d is the correct answer.
the stuff we are craving with productive knowledge
about the same. 5. Which of the following is a way to control
d) Both a and b cravings?
a) Being tough on yourself
Answer- D b) Being rational
Explanation: c) Being curious about the thing you are craving for
Refer to the lines “Firstly, it gives the mind d) All of the above
something engaging to do while the craving occurs.”
Thus, option b is true from the lines. Answer- D)
Also refer to the lines “Secondly, the more familiar Explanation:
you are with the life cycle of cravings, the less It can be a bit tricky. The author explicitly mentions
trapped you feel by them” and the research of all the three options as a way to control cravings.
Judson Brewer, from these two, we can conclude the However he/she argues that the third option may be
option a. Hence, option D is the correct answer. a better way to deal with cravings, however the first

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two options are also a way to deal with cravings. South Asia’s low and middle income countries, the
Thus all the options are a way to control cravings. number of women working has declined.
In India, female labour force participation fell from
35% in 1990 to 27% in 2018. India fares better than
its neighbour Pakistan (where the rate increased
RC 4 from 14% to 25% over the same period). But it lags
India’s rapid economic growth has been behind Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, and other
accompanied by falling fertility rates and higher countries at similar stages of growth and
educational attainment among women. These development.
advances often lead to an increase in women There are regional and demographic
entering the labor force, but there has been a differences across the country. Rural women have
surprising decline on this front in India. Less than higher participation rates than their urban
30% of working-age women are currently in work counterparts. Married women, less educated
compared to nearly 80% of men in India. women, and women from higher castes are less
The conspicuous absence of women in India’s labor likely to participate in the labour market.
force is part of a wider issue the country is facing Both economic and cultural reasons explain women
when it comes to jobs growth. But the fact that it is falling out of India’s labour force. The latest evidence
affecting women more than men is a worrying trend suggests that the number of jobs in India is on the
for India, which tends to rank poorly in UN rankings decline. This is a significant structural problem for a
like the Gender Development Index and Gender country with a burgeoning young population. In
Inequality Index, and has historically had low shares particular, India has struggled to create labour-
of women participating in the labor market. Plus, the intensive manufacturing jobs, many of which favour
number of women working has been gradually women. This is in contrast to countries such as
falling over the last 30 years. Bangladesh that experienced a booming export-led
There are a number of reasons for this, ranging from manufacturing sector that led to more employment
a lack of jobs growth in female-friendly sectors such opportunities for women.
as manufacturing, to more women staying in The number of women staying in education in both
education for longer, and persisting stigma urban and rural areas has increased, keeping them
surrounding the idea of women working. As India out of the workforce for longer. But, even when this
grapples with boosting the number of jobs available is accounted for, the numbers of women working
to people – and young people especially – it must remains below India’s peers. For men, greater
ensure it does not leave women behind in the education leads to higher participation in the labour
process. force.
It is useful to understand India’s experience against Across India, there are cultural expectations that
the global landscape. According to the latest married women should not work and that they
estimates from the UN’s International Labour should prioritize housework and care work. A survey
Organization, the worldwide labour force on social attitudes in 2016 found that around 40-60%
participation rate in 2018 for women aged 15-64 was of men and women believe married women should
53% while it was 80.6% for similarly aged men. Since not work if the husband earns reasonably well.
1990, participation rates for both groups have Another factor keeping women out of the workforce
shown an overall decline around the world. is the wider problem of violence against
There are, however, variations in these global women. New work finds that sexual violence and an
trends. The number of women working in high unsafe environment for women also stops them
income countries went up between 1990 and 2018, seeking paid work outside their homes – this is
largely due to policies like better parental leave, especially the case for Muslim and lower-caste
subsidized childcare, and flexibility in jobs. But in women.

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Gender equality is an important development The passage does not mention any particular reason
objective in and of itself. Research shows that when for the decline of the women participation in the
women work they have greater agency and workforce. The passage highlights that the decline is
voice and the poorer representation of women in both because of cultural and economic reasons. All
paid work has negative consequences for their of the options above contribute to the reduction in
bargaining power within their households. Plus, the women workforce. But none of them can be
increasing the number of women in work is considered to be a primary reason for the decline in
important for any country’s economic growth, the participation of women.
leading to better productivity and improving Hence option d is the correct answer.
prospects for future generations.
There are a number of ways to boost the number of 2. How is education hampering the women
women working. Tackling the cultural reasons that participation in the workforce?
result in women leaving the workforce could be one a) By making them eligible for the service sector
such way. Changing social norms about gender jobs which constitute less than 1 percent of the
equity and women’s work is paramount, and this is total jobs of the country.
where awareness programmes and affirmative b) By keeping them out of the workforce for a
action policies may help alleviate gender longer time.
stereotypes. The 2017 Maternity Benefit Act, by c) By making them less applicable for the
increasing paid maternity leave, may also help to manufacturing sector jobs which does not require
limit the drop-out of women from work after significant skills and are women friendly.
motherhood. Access to subsidised childcare may also d) By making them more aware about the violation
free up time for women to engage in the labour of labour laws.
force.
At a more structural level, the next government
faces a tough task of reforming the economy to Answer- B)
create more jobs. When it does so, it must take into Explanation:
account India’s growing gender employment gap and The passage clearly mentions that since more
specifically think about jobs for women, if it wants to women are engaging in higher education, it is
reduce this gap and help boost the country’s keeping them away from the jobs for a longer time
economy. (IIFT pattern) since they devote time in studying. Thus option b is
the correct answer. Rest of the options can be
1. Among the several reasons mentioned in the eliminated easily.
passage, which is the primary reason for the 3. The author suggests all of the following ways to
declining women participation in the workforce? increase the women participation of in the
a) Availability of lesser women friendly jobs. workforce EXCEPT?
b) Violence against women at the workplace. a) Awareness programs to reduce the gender
c) Lack of government policies advocating for the stereotypes.
benefits of women workforce. b) Better policies addressing the issues faced by
d) None of the above women.
c) Creating women friendly jobs.
d) Creating more service sector jobs.

Answer- D)
Explanation:
Answer- D) Options a, b, and c are clearly mentioned in the
Explanation: passage.

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Creating more jobs in the service sector may not Art history is an inexact science, with an element of
work, since the population eligible for the service mysticism behind the theories of some its most
class jobs is less. Refer to the lines “In particular, prominent practitioners. Take Walter Benjamin:
India has struggled to create labour-intensive in The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical
manufacturing jobs, many of which favour women.” Reproduction (1939), he argued that what makes
Thus creating more service class jobs may not help certain authentic works of art great is that they
to increase the women participation in the labour contain an inexplicable ‘aura’. This inexplicability is
force. Thus option d is the correct answer. part of what makes it wonderful. For all its cinematic
eureka moments, the clinical precision of forensic
testing is less romantic than traditional art-historical
4. Which of the following could be a possible title research, where scholars in tattered tweeds spend
for the passage? months thumbing brittle-paged archives in mouldy
a) The conspicuous absence of the women in Indian libraries under the insect hum of tubular lighting,
labour force. looking closely with the naked eye, or perhaps a
b) Reasons for the absence of the women in Indian magnifying glass, and fleshing out the story behind
labour force. the artwork with scraps of information culled from
c) Manufacturing jobs may make women more old documents. But since the late 1990s, with the
prosperous. ubiquity of inexpensive, high-quality digital
d) Make workplace safe to increase the women photography, and universal access to images via the
participation in the labour force. internet, the most dramatic breakthroughs have
come through forensics. Call it ‘CSI: Art History.’
Hieronymus Bosch, best known for his imaginative
Answer- A) depictions of Hell populated with playfully grotesque
Explanation: monsters, has been at the center of art-historical
Options b and c are narrow and the passage talks controversy this year. After a sell-out exhibition at
much more than these options. the Noordbrabants Museum, in the artist’s
Option b can also be eliminated. The passage talks hometown of s’-Hertogenbosch, a new blockbuster
much more than the reasons for the absence of exhibition at the Prado in Madrid took up the
women in the workforce. Thus option b can also be commemorative reins. The Noordbrabants exhibited
eliminated. 17 extant paintings, recognising that Bosch painted
Option a is the apt title for the passage. The passage 24 in total, while the Prado now exhibits 24 extant
precisely talks about the conspicuous absence of the Bosch paintings, recognizing a total of 27. Both
women in the labour force and how it is a major exhibitions claim to be definitive, featuring almost all
issue for the country and how it may affect the of the very few extant works by Bosch. But they have
growth of the country. also become rival exhibits, due to that numerical
discrepancy – the result of digital discoveries, first
revealed at the Noordbrabants show, that have
divided scholars and rankled storied institutions.
Using infrared spectroscopy to reveal what looks like
a ghostly photographic negative of the surface
image, the Dutch research team found that three
works previously thought to have been
independently painted (The
Wayfarer, The Haywain and The Path of Life) were
RC 5 actually part of a single work, now
called The Haywain Triptych, which had been

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dismembered at some point and its constituent

panels sold separately. 2. According to the passage traditional art testing
Attributing an artwork to a specific artist’s hand has method is better than the forensic testing for which
always been difficult. Artists did not regularly sign of the following reasons?
their works until the 19th century, and attribution a) It is more precise than the forensic methods.
based on a work’s leaves room for error, inadvertent b) It gives eureka moments while testing.
and otherwise. Part of what makes Bosch precious is c) It is more engaging than the forensic methods.
how limited an oeuvre survived: there might be d) It is more dramatic than the forensic methods.
more works by his hand that have been mislaid or e) It is more resolving than the forensic methods.
misattributed: since artists always worked in studios
or workshops, students and apprentices would Answer- C)
develop a style very similar to that of their master. Explanation:
Downgrading a work strips it of cachet and value. Refer to the lines “For all its cinematic eureka
Though it’s still of aesthetic and historical interest, it moments, the clinical precision of forensic testing is
is no longer a drawcard; and, in financial terms, it less romantic than traditional art-historical research,
converts a seven-to-eight-figure value to a six-figure where scholars in tattered tweeds spend months
one. thumbing brittle-paged archives in mouldy libraries
One of the beautiful but frustrating things about art under the insect hum of tubular lighting, looking
history is that it can never be an exact science. closely with the naked eye, or perhaps a magnifying
Whatever forensic examination becomes available glass, and fleshing out the story behind the artwork
must be interpreted by human beings. (XAT pattern) with scraps of information culled from old
documents.”
1. According to the passage a possible, reliable, way Among the given options, option c can thus be
to distinguish various artforms is? considered to be the correct answer.
a) By examining the signature of the artist on the Option a can be eliminated as the forensic methods
artform. are more precise than the traditional methods.
b) By using the traditional way of examining an Option b can be easily eliminated as it is true for the
artform. forensic methods.
c) By using forensics to determine an artform. Option d can be eliminated as we cannot say that it
d) All of the above. is more dramatic, as the actions the author stated do
e) None of the above. not represent drama it just represents less
romanticism in the forensic methods.
Answer- E) Option e can be easily eliminated.
Explanation:
Since all the artforms do not contain signature, we 3. “The introduction of DNA evidence has permitted
cannot use this method to distinguish all artforms. huge strides forward in criminal investigations, but
Option b also leaves chances of errors. As many has not proven definitive in courtrooms”, this
replicated the original artworks, thus option b can be additional statement refers to which of the
eliminated. following?
The passage does not delve into the credibility a) Art history is an inexact science.
provided by the forensic method. Thus this option b) For all its cinematic eureka moments, the clinical
can also be eliminated. precision of forensic testing is less romantic than
Hence all the options can be eliminated as the traditional art-historical research.
author does not suggest or delve into a reliable c) One of the beautiful but frustrating things about
method to check an artform. art history is that it can never be an exact science.
d) The inexplicability of the art makes it wonderful.

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e) None of the above. Today however, while everyone puts considerable

time and effort in visiting temples and places of
worship, they turn a blind eye to the dog dying on
Answer- C) the road, to the trees that have been felled, to the
Explanation: rivers that have been reduced to drains, to the
Option a is partially correct and can be eliminated. corruption that has impregnated and hollowed
Option b can be easily eliminated. human society. Man has polluted his existence with
The given statement resembles to be an example of adharma. It is time for resurrection of lost principles
option c. Both follow similar structure and provides and values and it is time for conservation through
the same thought. Thus option c must be the correct the practices of Yog. Sanatan Kriya accounts for basic
answer. purification of a being so that he may progress
Option d may look a bit similar but is not. The given undeterred on the path of truth and non-violence,
statement essentially represents the last sentence of non-stealing and non-hoarding, as laid down by the
the passage- “Whatever forensic examination Vedic seers are essential in order to perform one’s
becomes available must be interpreted by human dharma.
beings,” which is linked to the option c. Thus option “Shaucha, santosha, swaadhyaya, tapas, ishwar
d can be eliminated. pranidhan niyama’’ is the Vedic answer to develop
‘human’ character. Shaucha refers to observance of
intrinsic and extrinsic cleanliness as well as purity of
RC 6 thought. Santosha may be understood as
Contrary to the popular notion, dharma is not contentment in what one has – this motivates one
religion. In fact religion is a western concept, its towards growth, devoid of greed and with
conception being as nascent as a few thousand years consideration for others. Swaadhaya is synonymous
or two. Dharma on the other hand, can be traced to to constant evaluation of the self so that one may
the beginning of Creation; it is in fact, the lifeline correct oneself promptly at the slightest deviation
that keeps the creation going. For a lay person, from dharma. Tapas involves heating oneself
dharma is the code of nature, that which sustains through selfless labour, service and charity – it is this
the creation, something which is inherent to every heat that facilitates the evolution of a being. Ishwar
microcosm of the creation and is thus instinctive to Pranidhan or submission to the Divine Will at all
human existence; but that whose awareness man is times while dedicating all that one does to the
losing in the oblivion of Kaliyug. Supreme Energy ensures that all of ones’ deeds are
It is the dharma of every human being to protect in line with dharma.
those weaker than him – physically, financially, So thorough were the Vedic Rishis in their
mentally and emotionally. It is the dharma of man to understanding of the being, that gauging the
feed all persons, animals and plants in the vicinity – careless nature of man, they earmarked the first
to provide for food, clothing and shelter for the quarter of human life for the study of dharma. Only
needy, as per his individual capacity. It is the dharma when one was still in his dharma, was he allowed to
of man to protect, conserve and nurture the venture into subsequent purusharths of artha and
environment, to discourage and arrest pollution, and kama. Only that being who is conscious of his
to also foster growth and abundance. It is the dharma can transcend the worldly pleasures and
dharma of man to develop the strength of character experiences to enter the realm of moksha or the
such that he stands up in the face of injustice and highest good.
resists exploitation of any fellow being, animal or the
environment. It is only when man performs his
dharma that his existence is justified and he may 1. Which of the following is true according to the
rightfully be called ‘human’. passage?

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a) Religion is different from dharma. d) Tapas

b) Most people today are not on the path of
dharma. Answer- C)
c) It is dharma suggests to shield the feeble. Explanation:
e) All of the above. Refer to the lines “Swaadhaya is synonymous to
constant evaluation of the self so that one may
Answer- D) correct oneself promptly at the slightest deviation
Explanation: from dharma.” Thus in the given situation, a person
Refer to the lines “Contrary to the popular notion, is said to practice swaadhaya.
dharma is not religion”, “Today however, while
everyone puts considerable time and effort in
visiting temples and places of worship, they turn a
blind eye to the dog dying on the road, to the trees 4. Which of the following is an antonym of
that have been felled, to the rivers that have been oblivion?
reduced to drains, to the corruption that has a) Nirvana
impregnated and hollowed human society”, and “It b) Incognizance
is the dharma of man to develop the strength of c) Consciousness
character such that he stands up in the face of d) Apparent
injustice and resists exploitation of any fellow being, Answer- C)
animal or the environment”, from these lines we can Explanation:
conclude that all the options are true. Thus option d Oblivion is a state of being disregardful or
is the correct answer. unconscious of one’s surrounding, concerns, or
obligations.
2. When a person can be rightly called human? Consciousness is thus a clear antonym of the given
a) When he visits temples on a regular basis. word.
b) When he feeds the hungry.
c) When he follows the path of dharma.
d) When he protects the weak.
RC 7
Disease-laden mosquitoes carrying the eastern
Answer- C) equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) appear to be moving
Explanation: north and spreading the deadly infection into areas
According to the passage, a person can be rightly where it was previously not known to exist. The
called human when he follows the path of dharma. likely culprit? Climate change, which has long been
The path of dharma includes feeding the hungry, an issue affecting things like migratory patterns in
protecting the weak and such activities. Thus overall animals, melting glaciers—which could release new
if a person follows the path of dharma, he can be viruses we are not prepared to treat—and
considered rightly as a human. Option c is the even animal size.
correct answer. In 2019, there was an EEEV outbreak in the U.S. that
Options b and d are the elements of option c. affected 36 people. That might not seem like a high
number, but EEEV is very uncommon, making 36
3. When you are learning something new by being confirmed cases in a year is a concerning amount. To
righteous in the process, you are said to follow make matters worse, there is no treatment or cure
which one of the following practices? for EEEV which is fatal in 30 percent of people who
a) Ishwar Pranidhan contract it per the Center for Disease Control and
b) Santosha Prevention (CDC).
c) Swaadhyaya

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EEEV spreads to humans via mosquito bite. It does

not spread from person to person, other animals to Answer- C)
people, or people to animals. The disease can then Explanation:
cause encephalitis—swelling of the brain—that can Option a is true. refer to the lines “With winters
be deadly. In instances when EEEV is not fatal, it can becoming milder and summers getting warmer, the
leave a person with neurological problems, ranging weather is continually changing to favour the birth
from “mild brain dysfunction to severe intellectual and spread of disease-carrying mosquitoes.” Thus
impairment,” says the CDC. the virus propagation increases in summer and
EEEV symptoms include fever, chills, arthralgia, and decreases in winters.
myalgia. The CDC adds that people tend to make a Option b is also true. Refer to the lines “The disease
full recovery when “there is no central nervous can then cause encephalitis—swelling of the brain—
system involvement.” In addition to being fatal and that can be deadly. In instances when EEEV is not
causing neurological issues in humans, EEEV is also a fatal, it can leave a person with neurological
health hazard to horses, which is where the virus' problems, ranging from “mild brain dysfunction to
name originates. severe intellectual impairment”
The virus transmission is highly seasonal and Option c is not true, refer to the lines “EEEV spreads
dependent on weather conditions, with the most to humans via mosquito bite. It does not spread
favourable being “forested swamp habitats” where from person to person”, thus EEEV is not a
mosquitoes thrive. communicable disease.
With winters becoming milder and summers getting Option d is true. It is explicitly mentioned in the
warmer, the weather is continually changing to passage.
favour the birth and spread of disease-carrying Option e is also true. refer to the lines “With winters
mosquitoes. becoming milder and summers getting warmer, the
Milder winters, in turn, may enhance the weather is continually changing to favour the birth
overwintering survival of mosquito vectors and allow and spread of disease-carrying mosquitoes.”
mosquitoes to extend their range northward.
Warmer summer conditions accelerate the 2. What does “equine” in eastern equine
generation time of mosquitoes, their frequency of encephalitis virus could possibly mean?
blood feeding, and the rate of virus replication a) Name of the infecting virus.
within mosquitoes. b) A mosquito type.
If climate change continues following the current c) Name of the disease caused by encephalitis virus.
trajectory, we could be facing a slew of viruses we're d) Horse
not used to treating in the coming decades. (NMAT e) None of the above
pattern) Answer- D)
Explanation:
1. Which among the following is not true according Equine refers to horse like. Thus option d is correct.
to the passage? It can also be deduced from the passage, refer to the
a) The transmission of the viruses increases in lines “EEEV is also a health hazard to horses, which is
summers and decreases in winters. where the virus' name originates.”
b) A person’s intellectual abilities can be decreased
in EEEV. 3. Which of the following is not the reason for the
c) EEEV is a communicable disease. Increase in the viruses?
d) EEEV is incurable as of now. a) Milder winters
e) Climate change is exacerbating the propagation b) Warmer summers
of disease carrying mosquitos. c) Melting glaciers
d) Changing migratory patterns in animals

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e) Climate change the disc evolves, they explored the combination of

conditions needed to form Peter Pan discs – dubbing
Answer- C) them Neverland’s parameters.
Explanation: They found these discs only form in lonely
Melting glaciers is mentioned in the passage as a environments, away from other stars, and that they
consequence of climate change, it has nothing to do need to start out much larger than normal discs.
with the increase in the virus, thus option c is the “Most stars form in big groups containing around
correct answer. 100,000 stars; however, it seems that Peter Pan
discs can’t form in these environments,” says first
4. What does the author mean by “the viruses author Gavin Coleman.
moving north or extending their range “They need to be much more isolated from their
northwards”? stellar neighbours as the radiation from other stars
a) The viruses moving to the places they were not would blow these discs away. They also need to start
found before. out massive, so they have more gas to lose and are
b) The viruses moving to unknown places. therefore able to live for much longer.”
c) Increment in the viruses and the disease they Coleman’s colleague Thomas Haworth says a
carry. particularly interesting point is that Peter Pan discs
d) Increment in the mosquito borne diseases. have so far only been found around low mass stars,
e) None of the above and these low mass stars are generally being found
to host lots of planets.
Answer- C) “The required external photoevaporation rates are
Explanation: so low that primordial Peter Pan discs will have
Going north usually refers to going up. Thus the virus formed in rare environments on the periphery of
moving northwards refers to the increment in the low-mass star-forming regions, or deeply embedded,
viruses or the disease they carry. Option c reflects and as such have never subsequently been exposed
this and is the answer to the question. to higher amounts of UV radiation,” the researchers
write in their paper.
“Given that such an external photoevaporation
RC8 scenario is rare, the required disc parameters and
accretion properties may reflect the initial conditions
Peter Pan discs that seemingly “never grow up” have
and accretion rates of a much larger fraction of the
intrigued us since citizen scientists first made us
discs around low-mass stars.”
aware of their existence.
The large disc masses needed to end up with Peter
NASA’s Disk Detective project discovered the oldest
Pan discs could be an important ingredient that
protoplanetary disc back in 2016 and six more Peter
allows these planets to exist, Coleman and Haworth
Pans have since been added to the list – four as
suggest. (NMAT pattern)
recently as January this year.
These planet-forming discs are giant areas of gas and
1. What is the primary purpose of the passage?
dust found circling young stars, but it isn’t clear how
a) To highlight how the peter pan disks are formed.
and why some live up to 10 times as long as others.
b) To highlight some clues to why the peter pan
Now two scientists from Queen Mary University of
disks exist.
London, writing in the Monthly Notices of the Royal
c) To elucidate the conditions required for a peter
Astronomical Society: Letters, say they have some
pan disk to exist.
clues.
d) To describe what peter pan disks are.
Using computer simulations to look at a range of
e) To elucidate why the peter pan disks do not grow
possible starting configurations and ways in which
up.

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a) By being larger than a normal disk.

Answer- B) b) By being away form the cluster of stars.
Explanation: c) By being less exposed to the UV radiations.
The passage seem to give some clues as to why the d) Both a and b
peter pan disks forms. e) Nothing can be concluded from the passage.
The passage does not highlight how it forms, so
option a can be eliminated. Answer- E)
The passage primarily does not highlight the Explanation:
conditions needed for a peter pan disk to form. If the We are given the conditions in which the peter pan
author were to primarily describe the peter pan disks exist. However, the question asks about the
disks, then more would be talked about the disks formation of peter pan disk, which is not discussed in
rather than their existence and the conditions in the passage. Thus option e is the correct answer.
which they form.
Option e can be easily eliminated.
4. Which among the following can be concluded
2. For the peter pan disks to exist, which of the from “Peter Pan discs have so far only been found
following is not an important requirement for it? around low mass stars, and these low mass stars
i) Their vicinity from a cluster of stars. are generally being found to host lots of planets.”
ii) Their size should be larger than normal disks. a) Low mass stars could host a lot of peter pan
iii) Low UV radiation exposure. disks.
b) Planets could host a lot of low mass stars.
a) Only a and b c) Low mass stars are needed for the peter pan
b) Only a and c disks to exists.
c) Only c d) Peter pan disks could host a lot of planets.
d) A, b, and c e) Peter pan disks are surrounded by a lot of
e) None of the following planets.

Answer- C) Answer- E)
Explanation: Explanation:
According to the passage peter pan disks cannot Since low mass stars host a lot of planets and the
form in the vicinity of starts. Thus the first sentence peter pan disks are found around the low mass stars,
can be eliminated as it is a necessary condition. we can conclude that the peter pan disks must be
Similarly, the size of the disk should be greater than surrounded by a lot of planets. Thus option e is the
a normal disk. Thus the second sentence can also be correct answer.
eliminated. Option d is can be eliminated as it is different to host
The penultimate and anti-penultimate para suggests planets and be surrounded by them.
that the peter pan disks which exists now would
have to have been less exposed to the UV radiation
for them to remain in the same shape, but that is not
very likely, thus these disks must have started big.
Hence low exposure to the UV radiation may not be
the necessary condition for the disk to exist because
if the disk starts big, then it may survive and become
a peter pan disk. Thus option c is the correct answer.

3. How does the peter pan disks form?

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most prolific in warm areas such as dryland and

RC 10 tropic ecosystems.
Pathogenic plant fungi are likely to multiply and But with global warming, the pathogens are
spread as rising temperatures warm soils, thereby projected to thrive in most regions across the world
accelerating climate change-induced crop losses, irrespective of the climate and land use, with
according to research published in the increased temperatures of two degrees Celsius
journal Nature Climate Change. nearly tripling their relative prevalence.
Global food security is under threat as warmer Alternaria was the most common genus, for which
temperatures increase populations of pests such as the relative increase would be sevenfold and its total
the virulent oomycete Phytophthora infestans, growth twofold. The relative abundance
which was responsible for the Irish potato famine of Fusarium, another globally dominant fungus,
and is still causing problems. could increase fivefold and Cladosporium spp 20-
“Soil-borne plant pathogens already cause hundreds fold.
of billions of dollars in crop losses each year,” says Areas likely to be hit the hardest by warming are
co-author Brajesh Singh from Western Sydney soils across the Northern Hemisphere, towards the
University, Australia. Arctic, and in South Africa. (NMAT pattern)
“Our study suggests that common plant pathogens
such as Fusarium and Alternaria species will become 1. Which of the following is true according to the
more prevalent under projected global warming passage?
scenarios, which will add to the challenges of a) Plant pathogens increase with the decrease in
maintaining world food production alongside other the temperatures.
climate change-driven crises and a burgeoning b) Alternaria is widespread across the globe.
human population.” c) Chemical aids for plants are useless in the cases
Soil-borne fungi such as Alternaria of some soil-borne fungi.
alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Venturia d) Food can be secured if the global warming can be
inaequalis are some of the most devastating plant combated.
pathogens, against which chemical fungicides are e) Fusarium could increase twentyfold with the
virtually useless. rising temperatures.
But while information on plant diseases is growing,
mapping out their current and future global Answer- C)
prevalence would shed more light on the problem. Explanation:
The research team, drawn from Europe, Australia Refer to the lines “Soil-borne fungi such as Alternaria
and China, used a field survey across 235 natural alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Venturia
ecosystems from six continents that ranged from inaequalis are some of the most devastating plant
forests and croplands to deserts, capturing 73% of pathogens, against which chemical fungicides are
environmental conditions on the planet. virtually useless. ” Option c is true and is the answer
Combining this with a nine-year study investigating to the question.
the impact of temperature on the prevalence of soil- 2. What is the central point of the passage?
borne fungi, they created a global map for the a) Growing threat to food securities amid rise in soil
pathogens’ current and global distribution under temperatures.
different climate change scenarios. b) Rise of soil pathogens with the rise of soil
The analysis included modern DNA sequencing temperatures.
techniques to establish the response of plant c) Challenges in maintaining world food production
pathogens to warmer conditions. in the coming times.
Results showed that Venturia is widespread across d) Increment in the soil pathogens.
the globe, and Fusarium, Phoma and Alternaria are e) None of the above

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Answer- A) Option b cannot be deduced.

Explanation: Option c is factually incorrect as it is the northern
The passage revolves around the idea that with the hemisphere.
rise of soil temperatures soil pathogens are rising. Option d cannot be deduced from the passage.
This can lead to reduced food availability. Thus
option a is the correct answer for the question.
Option b does not cover the point of food security
RC 11
and can be eliminated. Rest of the options can be The internet is awash with comparisons between life
eliminated easily. during COVID-19 and life during the Bubonic plague.
The two have many similarities, from the spread of
3. Which of the following will be the problem with misinformation and the tracking of mortality figures,
the increase in pathogens? to the ubiquity of the question “when will it end?”
a) Reduced soil fertility But there are, of course, crucial differences between
b) Overuse of the chemical fertilizers the two. Today, when looking for information on the
c) Food scarcity incidence, distribution, and likely outcome of the
d) Less nutritious food. pandemic, we turn to epidemiologists and infectious
e) More bacteria in food. disease models. During the Bubonic plague, people
turned to astrologers.
Answer- C) Exploring the role played by astrologers in past
Explanation: epidemics reminds us that although astrology has
Option c is the clear pick. Rest of the options are not been debunked, it was integral to the development
mentioned in the passage. of medicine and public health.
Before germ theory, the Scientific Revolution and
then the Age of Enlightenment, it was common for
4. Which of the following can be deduced from the medical practitioners to use astrological techniques
passage? in their everyday practice.
a) With the increase in the temperature the land Compared to the simplistic horoscopes in today’s
factor which can help in the propagation of the magazines, premodern astrology was a complex field
pathogens becomes redundant. based on detailed astronomical calculations.
b) Globally every country needs to tackle this Astrologers were respected health authorities who
problem individually. were taught at the finest universities throughout
c) The arctic and the southern hemisphere will be Europe, and hired to treat princes and dukes.
the worst affected states because of the increase in Astrology provided physicians with a naturalistic
the soil temperatures. explanation for the onset and course of disease.
d) The food loses can be prevented by curbing the They believed the movements of the celestial
carbon emission. bodies, in relation to each other and the signs of the
e) None of the above. Zodiac, governed events on earth. Horoscopes
mapped the heavens, allowing physicians to draw
Answer- A) conclusions about the onset, severity, and duration
Explanation: of illness.
Refer to the lines “But with global warming, the The impact of astrology on the history of medicine
pathogens are projected to thrive in most regions can still be seen today. The term “influenza” was
across the world irrespective of the climate and land derived from the idea that respiratory disease was a
use, with increased temperatures of two degrees product of the influence of the stars.
Celsius nearly tripling their relative prevalence.” Astrologers were seen as important authorities for
Option a can be deduced from here. the health of communities as well as individuals.

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They offered public health advice in Gadbury found a correlation between intensity of
annual almanacs, which were some of the most plague and the positions of Mars and Venus. Plague
widely read literature in the premodern world. deaths increased sharply in July 1593, at which point
Almanacs provided readers with tables for Mars had moved into an astrologically significant
astrological events for the coming year, as well as position. Deaths then abated in September, when
advice on farming, political events, and the weather. Venus’s position became more significant. Gadbury
The publications were also important disseminators concluded that the movement of “the fiery Planet
of medical knowledge. They explained basic medical Mars” was the origin of pestilence and the “cause of
principles and suggested remedies. They made its raging”, while the influence of the “friendly”
prognostications about national health, using Venus helped abate it.
astrology to predict when an influx of venereal Gadbury then applied his findings to the pestilence
disease or plague was likely to arise. plaguing London at the time. He was able to
These public health predictions were often based on correlate the beginnings of the plague in late 1664
the astrological theory of conjunctions. According to and its growing intensity in June 1665 with recent
this theory, when certain planets seem to approach astrological events.
each other in the sky from our perspective on earth, He predicted the upcoming movement of Venus in
great socio-cultural events are bound to occur. August would see a fall in plague deaths. Then the
When Bubonic plague hit France in 1348, the King movement of Mars in September would make the
asked the physicians at the University of Paris to plague deadlier, but the movements of Venus in
account for its origins. Their answer was that the October, November, and December would halt the
plague was caused by a conjunction of Saturn, Mars, death rate.
and Jupiter. Unfortunately for Gadbury, plague deaths increased
Astrological accounts of plague remained popular dramatically in August. However, he was right in
into the 17th century. In this period, astrology was predicting a peak in September followed by a steep
increasingly attacked as superstitious, so some decrease at the end of the year. If Gadbury had
astrologers tried to set their field on a more scientific accounted for other correlates – such as the coming
grounding. of winter – his study might have been received more
In an effort to make astrology more scientific, favourably.
the English astrologer John Gadbury produced one The medical advice in Gadbury’s book certainly
of the earliest epidemiological studies of disease. doesn’t stand up today. He argued the plague was
In London’s Deliverance Predicted (1655), Gadbury not contagious, and that isolating at home only
claimed his contemporaries couldn’t explain when caused more deaths. Yet his attempt to find
plagues would arrive, or how long they’d last. correlations with fluctuating mortality rates offers an
Gadbury proposed that if planets caused plagues, early example of what we now call epidemiology.
then planets also stopped plagues. Studying While we may discredit Gadbury’s astrological
astrological events would therefore allow one to assumptions, examples such as this illustrate the
predict the course of an epidemic. important role astrology played in the history of
He gathered data from the previous four great medicine, paving the way for naturalist explanations
London plagues (in 1593, 1603, 1625, and 1636), of infectious disease. (SNAP pattern)
scouring the Bills of Mortality for weekly plague
death rates, and compiling A Table shewing the
Increase and Abatement of the Plague. Gadbury also
used planetary tables to locate the planets’ positions
throughout the epidemics. He then compared his
data sets, looking for correlations.

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1. Why did Gadbury proposed a new scientific way Answer- B)

to predict the epidemic? Explanation:
a) To refute the allegations on astrology as Refer to the last para. It can be said that medical
superstitious and assert that is was backed by practitioners used astrology as it provided natural
science. explanation of the disease. Thus medical
b) To overcome the shortcomings of the previous professionals used it in their everyday practise.
way of his research. Option b is, thus, the correct answer.
c) To make his research attractive for the people.
d) To make a compelling case that astrology was 3. What is the central idea of the passage?
backed with science. a) Astrology plays a significant role in medicine and
public health.
Answer- D) b) Before epidemiologists began modelling
Explanation: diseases, it was the job of astrologers.
Refer to the lines “In this period, astrology was c) How astrologers predicted diseases based on
increasingly attacked as superstitious, so some their model of conjunction of planets.
astrologers tried to set their field on a more scientific d) The use of astrology by medical practitioners.
grounding.
In an effort to make astrology more scientific,
the English astrologer John Gadbury produced one Answer- B)
of the earliest epidemiological studies of disease.” Explanation:
Options b and c can be easily eliminated. The passage primarily revolves around the idea that
Now, refer to the lines above, option a can be astrology played a significant role in medicine and
eliminated from there. Gadbury did not chose a how before it was astrologers who prepared the
more scientific approach to refute the allegations (it disease models which are prepared by
cannot be inferred from the passage) rather he did it epidemiologists now. Refer to the lines “we turn to
more make a case that science was involved in epidemiologists and infectious disease models.
astrological predictions, as was demonstrated in his During the Bubonic plague, people turned to
works about the impact of planets on the disease astrologers.” The passage builds on this and
propagation and termination. Thus option d is more highlights the importance of the astrology in
apt in this scenario and is the answer to the medicine.
question. Option b mirrors this and is the answer to the
question.
The passage is not just about the use of astrology by
2. Which of the following could be a possible medical practitioners, it is much more than it. thus
reason for the medical practitioners to use option d can be eliminated.
astrology in their everyday practice? Option a is distorted, the passage discusses the role
a) Because astrologers were well taught and finest played by astrology in medicine rather than the role
in terms of predicting diseases. it plays in medicine. Thus option a can be eliminated.
b) Because it provided a natural explanation for the
cause of the events. 4. Previously the astrologers were important in all
c) Because they used the theory of conjunction to of the following fields EXCEPT?
find the root cause of the disease and it was a) Predicting the onset of a disease.
practised in astrology. b) Offering health advice to people.
d) Because medicine was not developed in those c) Developing theories that would predict the
times. imminent plagues and diseases.
d) Developing models for infectious diseases.

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“because of the complexity and similarity of their

songs.”
Answer- C) This curious observation evolved into dedicated road
Explanation: trips around California during summer breeding
Option c is the easy pick, since the astrologers seasons to study the tunes of the little golden-
developed model to predict diseases. It cannot be faced hermit warblers (Setophaga occidentalis).
concluded from the passage that they developed Passerines, or perching birds, such as the warblers
theories to predict diseases. Thus option c is the sing a complex repertoire of tunes to defend their
correct answer. territory, and a simple formulaic song to attract
mates.
5. Which of the following is not true based on the Those in the same geographical areas tend to sing
passage? the same mate attraction song. “We believe their
a) Astrology was more complex previously than it is ability to perfectly sing this song affects their ability
now. to find a mate,” says Furnas.
b) Astrology’s predictions were given less His team recorded more than 1500 hermit warbler
importance as the medicine progressed. songs from up to 20 birds at each of 101 study
c) Celestial bodies could end a plague. locations separated by at least 10 to 20 kilometres,
d) According to Gadbury, Venus helped to reduce forming the first comprehensive description and
the impact of the plague. map of their dialects throughout the state.
By developing a rubric characterisation of
Answer- C) differences in song structure, especially in the
Explanation: composition of the first phrase, they identified 35
Option c is the easy pick. It cannot be concluded that distinct dialects of the mating song.
the celestial bodies were behind the end of the At a regional scale, the dialects correspond with
plague or they can end a disease. Thus option c is different forest types and breeding habitats,
the correct answer. suggesting the songs morph as a result of isolation –
but at the local scale, wildfires disturb this pattern.
“We found that fires appear to disrupt this
RC 12 uniformity by causing some birds to temporarily flee
Birds learn the song of their species via imitation, and creating a vacuum that other hermit warblers,
which is influenced by cultural drift. singing rival dialects, can colonise,” says Furnas.
Similar to patterns of human language, like distinctly “The net effect is a greater likelihood of birds singing
different iterations of English from London to the different dialects at the same location.”
Scottish Highlands, bird tunes evolve diverse dialects This creates a complex balance between isolation
in different geographical regions. and mixing. Different songs at different sites is
Their song thus offers a way to help understand known as beta diversity, while multiple songs at the
biodiversity and conservation in ecosystems, a prime same site is called alpha diversity, Furnas explains –
objective of Brett Furnas from the California and both are important.
Department of Fish and Wildlife in the US. More broadly, this reflects the beneficial role of
A decade ago, sound recorders in hand, he wildfires in ecosystems.
embarked on a project to survey the tunes of Up to a point, fires contribute to biodiversity; they
different songbird species. can regenerate habitats by returning nutrients to the
“We noticed that we were having a difficult time earth, clearing space for sunlight to nourish new
distinguishing two closely-related warbler species growth and helping to unlock seeds from tough
(hermit and black-throated grey warblers),” he says, coatings.

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Controlled burns can optimise these conditions, Explanation:

helping to prevent invasive plants and insects and Refer to the lines “Birds learn the song of their
overgrowth of flammable materials that could burn species via imitation, which is influenced by cultural
out of control. drift.” Thus the birds sing similar songs because they
Increasing incidence of uncontrolled, high intensity learn by copying other birds, hence option b is the
fires, however, could irrevocably destroy habitats. correct answer.
(SNAP pattern)
3. Which among the following could be a possible
1. Why does Furnas think that the birds ability to title for the passage?
sing perfectly affects their ability to find a mate? a) Bird tunes evolve diverse dialects in different
a) Because birds are not able to differentiate who is geographical regions.
singing a song and thus they find the wrong mate. b) How birds find mates.
b) Because birds get lost in the hymn produced by c) Role of wildfires in the ecosystem.
all the birds singing together. d) Birds change their tunes after the wildfires.
c) Because birds are not able to find who is singing Answer- D)
the song. Explanation:
d) Because birds have different songs for defending The passage definitely discusses about how the birds
their territory and for finding their mate, which gets sing similarly and how this thing affects their ability
mixed when many birds are singing it. to find mates and other things, but the striking point
in the passage is that fires change the birds songs.
Answer- C) Because of fires birds relocate and thus their song
Explanation: changes. Thus option d can be considered to be the
Refer to the lines “Those in the same geographical title for the passage.
areas tend to sing the same mate attraction song”,
now since birds can sing song similar to any other
bird in a particular locality, it thus makes it hard to
RC 13
differentiate who is singing the song. We credit Socrates with the insight that ‘the
Option a can be eliminated as we cannot conclude unexamined life is not worth living’ and that to
that the bird finds a wrong mate. ‘know thyself’ is the path to true wisdom. But is
Option b and d can be easily eliminated. there a right and a wrong way to go about such self-
Option c is the correct answer. Since every bird sings reflection?
similarly, then it, most probably, is the case where a Simple rumination – the process of churning your
bird searching may not be able to find or concerns around in your head – isn’t the answer. It’s
differentiate between who has sung the song. Thus likely to cause you to become stuck in the rut of your
option c is the correct answer. own thoughts and immersed in the emotions that
might be leading you astray. Certainly, research has
2. Which of the following could be a reason for the shown that people who are prone to rumination also
birds to sing similar songs? often suffer from impaired decision making under
a) Each territory of birds have developed a pressure, and are at a substantially increased risk of
particular song for their territory. depression.
b) Birds learn to sing by copying other birds in a Instead, the scientific research suggests that you
particular area. should adopt an ancient rhetorical method favoured
c) It helps in defending their territory. by the likes of Julius Caesar and known as ‘illeism’. If
d) Nothing can be concluded from the passage. I was considering an argument that I’d had with a
friend, for instance, I might start by silently thinking
Answer- B) to myself: ‘David felt frustrated that…’ The idea is

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that this small change in perspective can clear your experienced, such as a disagreement with a
emotional fog, allowing you to see past your biases. colleague or some bad news. Half were prompted to
A bulk of research has already shown that this kind do so in the first-person, while the others were
of third-person thinking can temporarily improve encouraged to describe their trials from a third-
decision making. Now a preprint at PsyArxiv finds person perspective. At the end of the study, all
that it can also bring long-term benefits to thinking participants repeated the wise-reasoning test.
and emotional regulation. Grossmann’s results were exactly as he’d hoped.
The findings are the brainchild of the psychologist While the control participants showed no overall
Igor Grossmann at the University of Waterloo in change in their wise-reasoning scores, those using
Canada. Grossmann’s aim is to build a strong illeism improved in their intellectual humility,
experimental footing for the study of wisdom, which perspective-taking and capacity to find a
had long been considered too nebulous for scientific compromise.
enquiry. In one of his earlier experiments, he A further stage of the study suggested that this
established that it’s possible to measure wise newfound wisdom also translated into greater
reasoning and that, as with IQ, people’s scores emotional regulation and stability. After they had
matter. He did this by asking participants to discuss finished the four-week diary intervention,
out-loud a personal or political dilemma, which he participants had to predict how their feelings of
then scored on various elements of thinking long- trust, frustration or anger about a close family
considered crucial to wisdom, including: intellectual member or friend might change over the next month
humility; taking the perspective of others; – then, after that month was up, they reported back
recognising uncertainty; and having the capacity to on how things had actually gone.
search for a compromise. Grossmann found that In line with other work on ‘affective forecasting’, the
these wise-reasoning scores were far better than people in the control condition overestimated their
intelligence tests at predicting emotional wellbeing, positive emotions and underestimated the intensity
and relationship satisfaction – supporting the idea of their negative emotions over the course of the
that wisdom, as defined by these qualities, month. In contrast, those who’d kept a third-person
constitutes a unique construct that determines how diary were more accurate. A closer look revealed
we navigate life challenges. that their negative feelings, as a whole, were more
Working with Ethan Kross at the University of muted, and that’s why their rosy predictions were
Michigan in the United States, Grossmann has also more accurate. It seems their wiser reasoning had
looked for ways to improve these scores. In a series allowed them to find better ways to cope.
of laboratory experiments, they found that people I find these emotion and relationship effects
tend to be humbler, and readier to consider other particularly fascinating, considering the fact that
perspectives, when they are asked to describe illeism is often considered to be infantile. Just think
problems in the third person. of Elmo in the children’s TV show Sesame Street, or
This earlier research involved only short-term the intensely irritating Jimmy in the sitcom Seinfeld –
interventions, however – meaning it was far from hardly models of sophisticated thinking.
clear whether wiser reasoning would become a long- Alternatively, it can be taken to be the sign of a
term habit with regular practice at illeism. narcissistic personality – the very opposite of
To find out, Grossmann’s latest research team asked personal wisdom. After all, Coleridge believed that it
nearly 300 participants to describe a challenging was a ruse to cover up one’s own egotism: just think
social situation, while two independent of the US president’s critics who point out that
psychologists scored them on the different aspects Donald Trump often refers to himself in the third
of wise reasoning (intellectual humility, etc). The person. Clearly, politicians might use illeism for
participants then had to keep a diary for four weeks. purely rhetorical purposes but, when applied to
Each day, they had to describe a situation they’d just

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genuine reflection, it appears to be a powerful tool 2. What is the passage primarily trying to convey?
for wiser reasoning. a) Wisdom can be achieved by applying Grossman’s
As the researchers point out, it would be exciting to work.
see whether the benefits apply to other forms of b) The way to an examined life is through
decision making besides the more personal rumination.
dilemmas examined in Grossmann’s study. There’s c) An unexamined life is not worth living.
reason to think that they might. d) Talking to yourself in the third person makes you
Previous experiments have shown, for instance, that wiser.
rumination leads to worse choices in poker (hence
why expert players strive for a detached, Answer- D)
emotionally distanced attitude), and that greater Explanation:
emotional awareness and regulation The passage tries to figure out a new way other than
can improve performance on the stock market. rumination improve the wisdom. For this the
In the meantime, Grossmann’s work continues to method suggested is on illeism, which is to talk to
prove that the subject of wisdom is worthy of oneself in third person perspective, and the research
rigorous experimental study – with potential shows that this method can make a person wiser.
benefits for all of us. It is notoriously difficult to Option d mirrors this explanation and is the answer
increase general intelligence through brain-training, to the question.
but these results suggest that wiser reasoning and
better decision making are within everyone’s power. 3. The difference between rumination and illeism
(SNAP pattern) can be best described as?
a) Rumination is thinking about your problems in
your head while illeism is talking about your
1. As understood from the passage illeism can be problem’s with some other person.
best defined as? b) Rumination is thinking about your problems
a) Speaking about yourself in the third person. from a third person perspective while illeism is
b) A philosophical way of talking about yourself. thinking about your problems in your head.
c) A different perspective to think about yourself. c) Rumination is thinking about your problems in
d) None of the above. your head while illeism is thinking about your
problems from a third person perspective.
Answer- A) d) Rumination is thinking about your problems in
Explanation: your head while illeism is thinking about your
Refer to the lines from fourth para “A bulk of problems from a second person perspective.
research has already shown that this kind of third- Answer- C)
person thinking can temporarily improve decision Explanation:
making”, thus illeism refers to speaking about Rumination is thinking about your problems being
yourself in third person which is also backed by the yourself, while illeism is thinking them form a third
example that the author gave in the previous para to person perspective. Option c reflects this and is the
define illeism. Thus option a is the correct answer. answer to the question.
Illeism is not a different perspective to think about
yourself, it’s a different perspective to talk to 4. Which of the following cannot be improved
yourself. Thus option c can be eliminated. through illeism?
a) Emotional steadiness
b) Humbleness
c) Compromising ability
d) None of the above

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born slowly reduces to be replaced by other

Answer- D) emotions. And so on.
Explanation: To be able to find happiness and harmony
Illeism can help a person to become wiser and in the consistently, we need to practice acceptance.
process improving a person’s emotional stability, Acceptance of what, you might ask? Acceptance of
humbleness and compromising ability. All of options what is....
are explicitly mentioned in the passage and thus Imagine you are sitting in your study on a Sunday,
option d is the correct answer. reading your favourite book. The lighting is perfect,
the air conditioner is working and you are happy and
5. Which of the following can be concluded from contended in the moment. In the next moment, your
the Grossmann’s researches? bliss could be shattered. If you wife calls out to you
a) Practicing illeism makes a person wiser. to perform some household chores, if the electricity
b) Illeism helps a person to develop emotional fails, or if boss calls to say he wants you to research
intelligence. something and give him a report in two hours, your
c) Illeism is in an infant stage. happy feeling is gone, to be replaced by anger,
d) People who practiced illeism were more irritation, frustration, and disharmony. In a few
humble than the ones who didn’t. minutes you have gone from happiness to deep
unhappiness. Why has that happened?
Answer- A) The shift has happened because whatever change
Explanation: life has brought you in those few minutes, is
Refer to the lines “Grossmann’s results were exactly unacceptable to you. Were you to accept change as
as he’d hoped. While the control participants a part of life and accept whatever was needed of
showed no overall change in their wise-reasoning you, you would smoothly and fluidly move from your
scores, those using illeism improved in their reading to whatever was necessary to be done. But
intellectual humility, perspective-taking and capacity since you resist, since you refuse to leave your
to find a compromise. cocoon, you create waves of negativity and
A further stage of the study suggested that this resistance inside yourself.
newfound wisdom also translated into greater Non-acceptance of what is, is one of the leading
emotional regulation and stability.” causes of unhappiness. That does not mean we
Grossman’s research concludes that a person a meekly accept anything that happens, and just be a
become wiser by practising illeism. Thus option a is slave to circumstances. We can definitely use our
the correct answer. creative energy to solve whatever problems arise, to
Option b and d are a part of his conclusion and thus protest, to rebel, to fight, or to go with the flow. But
can be considered as a subset of option a. for all that, we must still first accept the situation,
wholeheartedly.
Once we are ready to accept the "what is" we go
RC 14 into a harmonious vibration of peace. If we don't
What brings us happiness? We could easily enlist accept, whatever that may be, we immediately go
reasons, people, activities, things, and events that into a disharmonious and chaotic vibration, one that
bring us happiness but these external causes bring is filled with resistance. And from this place, to find
temporary happiness, as we all know. The happiness harmony is difficult.
of landing a plum job soon gives way to hard work, Non-acceptance also brings confusion. When we
and the stress and strain of keeping up the job. The don't accept our current reality, we start searching
money from winning a lottery soon starts to dwindle. for alternate realities to accept.
The happiness you had on the day your child was Acceptance means you trust in the process of life, in
some divine blueprint or destiny that has given birth

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to you and brought you here, a force which is all 2. The author would suggest which of the following
knowing and much larger than you. Once you do to a person who is not happy with his life?
that, you immediately fall in line with the flow, and a) Accept the situation and try to think it from a
not against the flow. Going against the flow of life, different perspective.
which runs multiple Universes, is no easy task. b) Wholeheartedly agree with the wrongs which
Common sense tells us that it is better and easier to you have suffered.
surf with the waves than against them. But if you c) Think of the sequence of events as a part of life.
choose to surf against the waves, rest assured that d) All of the above.
happiness might eventually come, but not right now,
not today, not in the near future. Answer- D)
Explanation:
The author in the passage primarily suggests to
1. The author will agree with all of the following accept the situation. Thus the author will agree with
statements EXCEPT? options a and b.
a) You cannot get happiness if you do not wish to Refer to the lines “Acceptance means you trust in
change the existing status quo that leads to the process of life.” The author, thus, may suggest
distress. option c as well.
b) Accepting the current situation is of paramount Hence the answer for the question is option d.
importance to be happy.
c) Permanent happiness is internal. 3. Which of the following cannot be inferred from
d) External things do not provide us happiness. the passage?
a) Our non-acceptance of a situation could make us
Answer- D) frustrated.
Explanation: b) By accepting a situation your mind and body are
The author will agree with option a. Refer to the at peace.
lines “Were you to accept change as a part of life c) Accepting can help to achieve temporary
and accept whatever was needed of you, you would happiness.
smoothly and fluidly move from your reading to d) Happiness may eventually be achieved without
whatever was necessary to be done.” The author accepting as well.
clearly suggests that to change your condition you
should accept the current situation which is the Answer- C)
status quo. Accepting the situation may reduce the Explanation:
distress. Thus the author will agree with option a. Option a can be inferred from the lines “If we don't
The author will agree with option b. the whole accept, whatever that may be, we immediately go
passage is about acceptance. into a disharmonious and chaotic vibration, one that
The authors in the first para mentions that external is filled with resistance.”
happiness is temporary and to find permanent Option b is precisely what the author is trying to
happiness we need to practice acceptance. This will convey through whole passage.
lead to a harmony and peace and result in a Option c cannot be inferred from the passage.
permanent happiness. Though it may help you to be at peace but nothing
The author do not reject that we do not get can be said about the achievement of happiness by
happiness from the external things, rather he argues accepting the situation. Also the author refer to the
that it is temporary. Thus the author will not agree practice to achieve permanent happiness. Thus
with option d. option c cannot be inferred from the passage.
Option d can be inferred from the last sentence of
the passage.

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4. Which of the following is the synonym of says. The trend will likely continue even as
“contend”? countries reopen, she says, because companies that
a) Disavow already planned to shift more systems into the
b) Refute cloud are accelerating those plans. That’s helping
c) To restrict designers and makers of semiconductors, whose
d) None of the above innovations now underpin much of modern life.
Nvidia, a maker of high-performance computer
Answer- D) chips, is worth more than ExxonMobil, Coca-Cola, or
Explanation: Disney.
Contend is to engage in a contest or to state Results from chip maker Nvidia, due Thursday, may
something as a reason in support of or against confirm the power of the pandemic cloud stimulus.
something under consideration. Analysts expect Nvidia's revenue to increase 35
None of the given options reflect this, hence option percent from the same period a year ago, and its
d is the correct answer. profit to more than double. Nvidia’s stock is near
an all-time high, valuing the company at $220
billion, more than ExxonMobil, Coca-Cola, or
RC 15 Disney.
P andemic life is lived in the cloud. Work, school, Other signals suggest that even amid a global
and dating have been virtualized by Zoom calls and economic contraction, the chip industry feels
instant messages. Friends share meals or moments secure enough to maintain long-term investments.
via Instagram and badly lit webcam video. The CEO of ASML, a top supplier of the hyper-
Out of view, the logged-on life requires many more precise and expensive manufacturing gear used in
photons and electrons to zip through precision- chip fabs, told investors last month that demand
engineered glass and silicon inside data centers. As was unchanged and that no one had cancelled or
the global economy reels and layoffs soar, delayed purchases.
companies that build or operate the physical Geopolitics may cloud the cloud boom. This month
underpinnings of online existence are doing healthy the US government levied new export restrictions
business. on chip sales to Chinese mobile technology
Amazon and Microsoft, the world’s largest cloud company Huawei. That threatens up to 20 percent
providers, are two of the biggest beneficiaries of of the revenue of Taiwan’s TSMC, according to
reality being virtualized. Telehealth provider Bernstein Research. TSMC is the world’s largest
Amwell, an Amazon cloud customer, has seen video contract chip manufacturer; its other clients include
health visits increase more than tenfold due Nvidia and AMD, which makes server chips that
to Covid-19, serving as many as 45,000 per day. compete with Intel’s. The Semiconductor Industry
That new demand has sharpened the appetite for Association, which represents America’s chip
chips, disks, and networking gear—the physical companies, warned that the restrictions may hurt
components that power the cloud. Microsoft’s US companies that sell into China because Chinese
chief financial officer, Amy Hood, told investors last firms will source components domestically.
month that the company expects to spend more on Talking about disentangling the US and
cloud computing infrastructure due to increased Chinese tech ecosystems is a lot easier than doing
demand spurred by Covid-19. it, though. “I don't think this will become an issue
Catie Merrill, who tracks the cloud industry at long-term,” says Patrick Moorhead, who follows
analyst firm TBR, says all the leading cloud semiconductors at Moor Insights & Strategy. “China
providers will likely splurge on hardware this year. and the US need each other and are, I believe,
“My sense is that they are going to increase that symbiotic.”
spend a lot to accommodate new demand,” she

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1. What does the author mean by “Geopolitics may Option d is an apt fit to be the answer. The Us and
cloud the cloud boom”? China both are have some troubles and this may
a) The cloud boom may be short lived as when the potentially impact the growth of the cloud service
world restarts again, the cloud services will again sector. Hence option d is the correct answer.
fall off the demand it is enjoying.
b) The export restrictions from the united states on 2. What is the primary purpose of the passage?
china may undermine the otherwise growing cloud a) To elucidate that the cloud services may save the
market. economy in the crises times.
c) The deterioration of the symbiotic relationship b) To reason to why the geopolitics can impact the
between the United States and China may reduce propagation of the could services.
the growing demand of the cloud services. c) To make case for a service that is growing in
d) The retaliation between the United states and demand: the cloud services, because of Covid-19.
China may hamper the growth of the computer d) To highlight how the pandemic may change the
service sector. cloud industry’s revenue forever.

Answer- D) Answer- C)
Explanation: Explanation:
According to the passage the threat to the booming The passage is primarily about the growing usage of
cloud industry is because of the geopolitical tensions the cloud services amidst the pandemic.
as the US levied new export restrictions on a Chinese Options a and d can be easily eliminated.
company. Other than this the author does not feel Option b can also be eliminated as it is a part of the
that there will be any threat as the services are passage, this cannot be regarded as the primary
bound to rise with more companies shifting there purpose of the passage.
systems on cloud. Option c is the apt fit. As the passage is about the
Option a can be eliminated easily as it does not talk growing usage of the cloud services. Hence option c
about the geopolitics and is factually wrong, as the is the correct answer.
demand may increase.
Option b can be eliminated. The tension in the
geopolitical environment is not just because of single 3. All of the following statements are not true from
entity i.e. the US. The US started this by imposing a the passage EXCEPT?
new restriction but in response China has also a) The cloud service providers are in a stable
warned the US, thus they both are option for the condition despite the economic slowdown.
retaliatory measures against the other. It is not just b) Life has not changed much amid the pandemic,
that the US’ measures will harm the growth of the thanks to the cloud services.
cloud service market. Thus option b can be c) Nvidia’s profit has increased about 35 % from the
eliminated. same period a year ago.
Option c is distorted. Patrick Moorhead feels that d) The US and China’s relationship has grown
the relationship of the US and China is symbiotic. because of the improved demand.
Now there symbiotic relationship may not have
deteriorated, as the US may still need china and Answer- A)
vice versa. Rather what’s happening is an ongoing Explanation:
tug of war, the US imposes new restrictions and We need to find the option which is true from the
they warn in retaliation. Thus this option can be passage.
eliminated, but should be kept until we are able to Option a is the easy pick. The demand for their
find a better option. services are increasing and even during the

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pandemic, no one has delayed or cancelled their Explanation:

orders. Hence option a is true. Option b can be easily eliminated.
Option b is not true. refer to the first para, most of Option c can also be eliminated as the passage is not
the things are now online, thus the life has changed about the profits that the cloud services are
a lot. providing to their companies. Thus it doesn’t suit the
Option c is factually inverted. It’s the revenue of passage.
Nvidia that has grown 35% not their profits. Option d can also be eliminated, though closely. The
Option d can be easily eliminated. passage is not about the shift of the world to the
cloud. If this were the title of the passage, then the
passage would have explored how the new world
4. To which of the following “that” in the sentence may look or work on the cloud, but the passage is
“That’s helping designers and makers about the growing usage of the cloud services, and
of semiconductors, whose innovations hence option d can be eliminated.
now underpin much of modern life” refer to? Option a is an apt title for the passage. the world
a) The companies which are shifting their systems economy is tanking because of the pandemic but the
on cloud. for the cloud service providers, it’s a reverse
b) The surge in the demand for the cloud networks. situation. Thus option a is the best possible title for
c) The increase in the hardware demand. the passage among the given options.
d) None of the above

Answer- B)
Explanation:
RC 16
Refer to para 3 and para 4. Para 3 suggests the In the fall of 1918, as influenza spread across the
growing demand for the services and the para 4 globe and the world clamoured for a cure, the price
continues this thought. Now, “that” refers to the of lemons skyrocketed. From Rome to Rio to Boston,
surge in the demand for such services which is residents desperate for any small measure of
helping its creators. And the demand will not go protection hoarded the yellow fruit, which was said
down even after the pandemic because the to be both a prophylactic and a remedy for the
companies have planned to shift more of their deadly virus.
systems on the cloud, thus this upsurge is helping Hot lemonade was an old folk remedy for the grippe,
the creators of the cloud services. and even though doctors knew it would not stop the
Hence option b is the correct answer. Option a can Spanish flu, the soothing sugary liquid could at least
be encapsulated in option b. Option b is the reason keep the afflicted hydrated. The newer fad of
to why the demand will not decrease, but primarily sucking the bracing juice straight from the fruit was
what is helping is the growth in demand. Hence harder to justify, but that did nothing to stop its
option a can be eliminated. spread.
Option c can be easily eliminated. Life in the upstart lemon business wasn’t easy. The
fragrant orange groves that blanketed Southern
5. What could be a possible title for the passage? California had been a part of the landscape for
a) On earth, the economy is tanking, in the cloud several generations, but commercial lemon farming
it’s fine. hadn’t taken root until the turn of the century, and
b) Semiconductors- the new building block of life. growers were still learning to cultivate the delicate
c) Clouds are raining money on their creators. fruit. Worse for the farmers was the prospect of a
d) New world is on the cloud. successful harvest. Each spring, more of the saplings
planted across 40,000 acres reached maturity and
Answer- A) began producing citrus. Within just a few years, the

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lemon yield would double, but consumer demand tissue-wrapped, logo-stamped California fruits rose
was on the decline. Americans had little use for 80 percent.
these sour things. By December 1918, the danger of the disease had
Francisco had started working for the farming seemingly passed, and the lemon frenzy subsided.
cooperative—better known by its brand name, But the combination of panic and marketing genius
Sunkist—as a fruit examiner in 1914. Now the 27 had given lemons a permanent place in the
year old was the Exchange’s advertising manager, American pantry.
and he was already a legend in the citrus industry:
Francisco had invented orange juice. 1. Which of the following was the primary reason
Lemons were a challenge, the usually cheerful for the spike in the lemon sales?
Francisco warned. “With lemons, an appeal to the a) Lemons were seen as a remedy for the influenza
appetite is difficult,” he said. Everything changed in outbreak.
September 1918 when news broke of an epidemic b) Genius marketing by Don Francisco.
ravaging, first, the Commonwealth Pier barracks in c) The lack of supply of oranges because of war.
Boston, then the city, the state, and the country. By d) It kept people hydrated in the influenza
late that month, more than 1,000 people had died of outbreak.
the Spanish flu in Boston alone.
The telegram first arrived at Sunkist’s sales office in Answer- A)
Los Angeles: The East Coast needed lemons. The Explanation:
arrival of cheaper, Sicilian imports had been slowed Lemon sales primarily spiked because lemons were
by the war, and America’s new go-to citrus, the seen as a remedy for the deadly virus and people
orange, had suffered a poor growing season. wanted to do everything they could to be protected
Demand for the little-used lemon was high and against this outbreak. Thus option a is the correct
supplies were low. In Boston, wholesale prices had answer.
more than doubled in a month. Meanwhile in Marketing by Don Francisco played a crucial role in
California, leafy lemon trees, finally recovered from the spike of the lemon sales but the primary reason
the sweltering 1917 season, were heavy with fruit. for the spike was the lemons being seen as a remedy
Countless home remedies emerged as Americans for the influenza. Thus option b can be eliminated.
grappled with the disease but only the lemon had Option c can be eliminated. Lack of oranges was a
the advertising know-how of Don Francisco behind also a reason but it cannot be attributed as the
it. primary reason for the increase in the lemon
Within an hour of the telegram’s arrival, Sunkist’s consumption.
long-planned marketing campaign was tossed aside Option d can be easily eliminated.
in favor of an unusual ad, wired to 149 newspapers.
“A direct appeal to use lemons might have aroused 2. Americans did not use lemons for all of the
resentment and disapproval,” the cooperative’s following reasons EXCEPT?
newsletter, edited by Francisco, explained. Instead, a) It was not cultivated in America in larger
the austere advertisement offered “precautions quantities.
against colds and the grippe”: “Avoid crowds,” “take b) They already used Orange.
adequate exercises,” “get plenty of sleep,” “keep c) Americans did not have any use for the lemons.
your feet dry and warm,” and, oh yes, “drink one or d) Harvest of lemon was not often successful.
two glasses of hot lemonade.” The public-service
announcement, which never mentioned the Sunkist Answer- D)
brand, reached an estimated 22 million people in Explanation:
October. That month total sales of the individually

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Option a is true. Since lemons were not cultivated, it c) To highlight how the doctors did not intervene to
was not popularized in America and few people prevent the consumption of lemons amid the
consumed it. influenza spread.
The oranges were consumed to a large extent in d) To highlight that the propagation of lemons was
southern California and thus the need for lemons hard to control once it became the remedy for the
were low. influenza.
Option c is also true. Refer to the lines “. Americans
had little use for these sour things.” Answer- C)
Failed harvest was a recent phenomenon and cannot Explanation:
be attributed to the less consumption of lemons as This can be a bit tricky. The passage is about how the
lemons have recently begun to cultivate. Thus option lemons popularized amid the influenza outbreak.
d is the correct answer. The second para highlights that though the lemons
were not the remedy for the flu, which the doctors
knew, still they did not prevent its spread.
3. Which of the following is true according to the Options b and d can be easily eliminated.
passage? Options a and d are close. However refer to the
a) Lemons were the remedy for the influenza. option a, it states “ to highlight how the lemons
b) Despite the lemonade being difficult to make, it spread across the country” however the passage did
still popularized. not highlight how the lemons spread rather it
c) The lemon sales declined after the influenza highlights that how the doctors chose not to
outbreak. intervene as they felt it will at least keep the afflicted
d) Lemons, after the influenza outbreak hydrated. Thus option a can be eliminated and
permanently replaced the oranges. option c is the correct answer.

Answer- C)
Explanation:
Option a is not true. Lemons were seen as the 5. Which of the following cannot be the title for the
remedy for the Spanish flu. However it was not the passage?
remedy. a) Influenza pandemic popularized lemons
Option b is nowhere mentioned in the passage and b) Don Francisco’s marketing strategy contributed
can be easily eliminated. to the popularity of lemons amid the influenza
Option c is true. Refer to the lines “By December outbreak.
1918, the danger of the disease had seemingly c) Combination of panic and marketing gave lemons
passed, and the lemon frenzy subsided”, thus the a permanent place in the American pantry.
lemon sales decreased the influenza outbreak. d) None of the above
Option d can be easily eliminated as nothing is said
about the replacement of oranges with lemons. Answer- D)
Explanation:
All of the options can be suitable for the title of the
4. What is the purpose of the second para? passage. The passage is about how the pandemic
a) To highlight how the lemons spread across the popularized lemons. Don Francisco had a major role
country despite not being the remedy for the virus. in increasing the popularity of the lemons. Thus all
b) To highlight that lemonade was not the remedy the options are suitable to be the title for the
for the flu. passage. Hence option d is the correct answer.

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access to natural resources, and map distortions can

RC 17 have the effect of inadvertently diminishing nations
Maps shape our understanding of the world – and in closer to the equator. A prime example of this
an increasingly interconnected and global economy, argument is the “True Size of Africa” graphic, which
this geographic knowledge is more important than demonstrated to millions of people just how big the
ever. continent is.
The funny thing is, almost everyone actually has a Growing awareness of map distortion is translating
skewed perception of the true size of countries into concrete change. Boston public schools, for
thanks to a cartographic technique called the example, recently switched to the Gall-Peters
Mercator projection. Used just about everywhere, projection, which more accurately depicts the true
from textbooks to Google Maps, the Mercator size of landmasses.
projection map is the way most of humanity Using a new map-making method
recognizes the position and size of Earth’s called AuthaGraph, Japanese architect, Hajime
continents. Narukawa, may have created the most accurate map
In 1569, the great cartographer, Gerardus Mercator, of the world yet. AuthaGraph divides the globe into
created a revolutionary new map based on a 96 triangles, transfers them to a tetrahedron and
cylindrical projection. The new map was well-suited unfolds into a rectangle.
to nautical navigation since every line on the sphere The end result? Landmasses and seas are more
is a constant course, or loxodrome. In modern times, accurately proportioned than in traditional
this is particularly useful since the Earth can be projections.
depicted as seamless in online mapping applications. The biggest downfall of the AuthaGraph map is that
That said, the true sizes of landmasses become longitude and latitude lines are no longer a tidy grid.
increasingly distorted the further away from the As well, continents on the map are repositioned in a
equator they get. Mercator’s map inadvertently way that will be unfamiliar to a population that is
pumps up the sizes of Europe and North America. already geographically challenged.
Visually speaking, Canada and Russia appear to take That said, depicting our round world on a flat surface
up approximately 25% of the Earth’s landmass, when will always come with some trade-offs. As demand
in reality they occupy a mere 5%. When Antarctica is grows for a true equal-area map, it will be exciting to
excluded (as it often is), Canada and Russia’s visual see what the next generation of map projections
share of landmass jumps to about 40%! have to offer.
Canada is the second largest country in the world,
but not by much.
Africa, South Asia, and South America all appear 1. What is the primary purpose of the passage?
much smaller in relation to countries further from a) To show the fallacy in Mercator’s map
the equator. Greenland is the world’s largest island, b) To highlight how the Mercator’s map was biased
but looking at its hyper-exaggerated depiction in the towards countries close to equator
map, you’d be forgiven for wondering why it isn’t a c) To give a brief about the problems with our maps
stand-alone continent. In reality, Greenland is about d) To highlight that there will always be a trade-off
fourteen times smaller than Africa. on the flat surfaces depicting our round world.
Though Mercator’s map was never intended for use
as the default wall map in schools around the world, Answer- C)
it has shaped the worldviews of billions of people. Explanation:
Critics of the map – and similar projections – suggest The passage primarily talks about our understanding
that distortion reinforces a sense of colonialist of the world according to the map is not correct
superiority. As well, the amount of territory a because the maps distort something or the other.
country occupies is often correlated with power and Like Mercator’s map enlarged the countries near

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equator. Thus the passage highlights the problems super power is out of the scope from the passage.
with our maps. Thus option b is the correct answer. Thus option d is the correct option.
Option a is not true. the primary purpose of passage 3. What could have been a possible reason for the
is not to critise or find fault in the mercator’s map. distortion in Mercator’s map?
He was talking about maps in general but as a) The use of cylindrical projections.
mercator’s map is widely used, thus it is used as a b) The distortions helped to highlight the colonial
reference. Hence option a is not true. superiority.
Option b is also not what the passage primarily c) It aimed to distort the nations not close to
wishes to talk about. equator.
Option d is also not true. The passage is not about a d) To highlight the land masses of Canada and
trade-off that comes along with the depiction on a Russia.
paper of sheet. It’s about the faults in the maps.
Answer- A)
Explanation:
2. All of the following can be inferred from the Options c and d can be eliminated.
passage EXCEPT Refer to the lines “the great cartographer, Gerardus
a) AuthaGraph’s map is an equal area map. Mercator, created a revolutionary new map based
b) Our understanding of the sizes of the landmasses on a cylindrical projection.” and “the true sizes of
is not accurate. landmasses become increasingly distorted the
c) The traditional maps may have been influenced further away from the equator they get. Mercator’s
by colonial superpowers. map inadvertently pumps up the sizes of Europe and
d) African continent was also a colonial superpower North America.”
but away from equator. “Critics of the map – and similar projections –
suggest that distortion reinforces a sense of
Answer- D) colonialist superiority.”
Explanation: Option b cannot be the answer. it is the opinion of
Option a can be inferred from the passage. Refer to some critics.
the line “Using a new map-making method The possible reason for distortion has to the method
called AuthaGraph, Japanese architect, Hajime by which he created the map. And it is explicitly
Narukawa, may have created the most accurate map mentioned in the passage that it inadvertently-
of the world yet.” And “Landmasses and seas are accidently pumps the sizes of Europe. Thus asserting
more accurately proportioned than in traditional that it was because to show colonial superiority may
projections.” From here we can infer that this map not be the reason for the distortion of map. Thus
had equal proportions of landscape. option a is the best answer.
Option b can be inferred. Refer to the lines “The
funny thing is, almost everyone actually has a
skewed perception of the true size of countries 4. The primary reason why there are distortions in
thanks to a cartographic technique called the the maps is?
Mercator projection” a) Different methods used to create maps have
Option c can also be inferred from the passage. different fallacies.
Option d can be partially inferred from the passage. b) The depiction of spherical world on a 2-d plane.
Africa, in traditional maps was shown with a smaller c) Vested interest of some cartographers to glorify
landscape, which implies that it would have been far their preferred regions.
from the equator as the lands away from equator d) The latitude and longitude grid is hard to adjust
were shown smaller. However, it being a colonial correctly leading to distortions.

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Answer- B) racially diverse participants from the continental

Explanation: United States between 2003-2007.
Option is not true. although this might be correct but The REGARDS homepage states: "For over a decade,
in general the reason author states is different. the study has followed its participants to understand
refer to the lines “depicting our round world on a flat why Southerners and Black Americans have higher
surface will always come with some trade-offs.” rates of stroke and related diseases that affect brain
Thus the main challenge is to depit a 3-d figure on a health, including vascular contributions to cognitive
2-d object. This does let to the compromise in some impairment and dementia (VCID)."
fashion or the other. Thus option b should be the The most recent five-year follow-up analysis of a
correct answer. possible link between sedentary behaviour and
cancer mortality among a cohort of REGARDS study
participants was performed from April 18, 2019 to
April 21, 2020. This recent data analysis (2020) of
5. All of the following is the limitation of sedentary time vs. daily physical activity in relation
AuthaGraph’s map EXCEPT to cancer mortality risk is based on accelerometer
a) The lines of latitude and longitude are no longer data collected between 2009 and 2013.
an organized grid. For this study, over eight thousand REGARDS
b) Countries are more proportioned according to participants—who did not have any type of cancer
their projections. diagnosis when they enrolled in the study—agreed
c) The continents on the map have been to wear a hip-mounted accelerometer that
repositioned. monitored sedentary time, light-intensity physical
d) None of the above activity (LIPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical
activity (MVPA) during waking hours for seven
Answer- B) consecutive days. Over the course of this
Explanation: longitudinal study, 268 participants died of cancer.
AuthaGraph’s map is the map of equal area. It The key finding of this research is that the most
depicts the continents/countries in proportion to sedentary individuals in the REGARDS cohort had an
their landmasses at the cost of their reshifting and 82 percent higher risk of cancer mortality in
and not-so-tidy grid of latitude and longitude. Thus comparison to the most physically active study
option b is true as it shows the feature of the map. participants.
Nevertheless, based on these findings, the
researchers speculate that replacing sedentary time
RC 18 with either light-intensity physical activity (e.g.,
The first-of-its-kind study by researchers at the casual walking) or moderate-to-vigorous physical
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer activity (e.g., jogging, riding a stationary bicycle) may
Center suggests that greater sedentary behaviour significantly reduce cancer mortality risk.
independently predicts an increased risk of cancer
mortality.
This study involved a nationally representative
cohort of 8,002 black and white adults over the age 1. How can the odds of death by cancer be
of 45 who participated in the Reasons for mitigated?
Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke a) By engaging in deskbound behaviour.
(REGARDS) study. REGARDS is an ongoing b) By living indolent life.
nationwide study sponsored by the National c) By performing physical activities.
Institutes of Health (NIH) that enrolled 30,239 d) By indulging in lethargic activities.

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Answer- C) Answer- D)
Explanation: Explanation:
It’s an easy pick. The passage links sedentary The passage links the mortality from cancer to the
behaviour to the risk of cancer mortality. The author sedentary lifestyle.
suggests that to counter it, we should do physical Options a, b, and c all can be titles of the passage.
activities. Thus option c is the correct answer. Option d, however, is inappropriate as it mentions
the reduction in the risk of getting cancer, whereas
2. Which of the following is true according to the the passage is about the reduction in the mortality
passage? rate if one does not indulge in sedentary lifestyle.
a) Engaging in physical activities can eliminate the Hence option d is the correct answer.
chance of having cancer.
b) Mortality rate of cancer is higher than any other
disease.
RC 19
c) Geographic location can play an important role in It’s hard not to like a scientific paper that kicks off by
the cancer mortality. quoting from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s seminal
d) None of the above. 1810 book Zur Farbenlehre – translated into English
in 1840 as Theory of Colours.
Goethe’s book considers how colour is perceived, a
matter of central importance to a joint
Answer- C) German/Austrian team’s new study published in the
Explanation: journal PLOS ONE.
Engaging in physical activity can reduce the chances They quote Goethe thus: “The colours on the plus
of dying from cancer rather than having cancer, thus side are yellow, red-yellow (orange), yellow-red
option a is not true. (minium, cinnabar). The feelings they excite are
Option a is nowhere mentioned in the passage and quick, lively, aspiring.”
hence can be eliminated. Goethe promotes the idea that colour is central to
Refer to the lines “"For over a decade, the study has art – “subservient to the highest aesthetical ends”.
followed its participants to understand why The research team considered the idea that simple
Southerners and Black Americans have higher rates visual elements – such as colours and lines – have
of stroke and related diseases that affect brain had specific, universal associations (for example, red
health, including vascular contributions to cognitive being a “warm” colour) for such a long time that
impairment and dementia (VCID)."” Thus the they appear to be intuitive.
previous studies have linked cancer to location and Such associations have formed a basis for the
ethnicity. Thus option c is true according to the description of artworks since the 18th century and
passage. are still fundamental to discourses on art today, they
contend in the paper.
3. Which of the following cannot be the title for the “Art historians might describe a painting where red
passage? is dominant as ‘warm’, ‘aggressive’, or ‘lively’, with
a) Staying active may reduce your risk of dying from the tacit assumption that beholders would
cancer. universally associate the works’ certain key forms
b) Sedentary behaviour may increase your chances with specific qualities, or ‘aesthetic effects’.”
of dying from cancer. “However, is this actually the case? Do we actually
c) Your sedentary behaviour may be behind the share similar responses to the same line or colour?”
cancer mortality. The researchers tested whether, and to what extent,
d) Stay active to reduce your risk of getting cancer. this assumption of sharing of perceived qualities
(universality) is justified.

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They exposed study participants to both abstract b) Only ii and iii

artworks and single elements – lines and colours – c) Only i and iii
extracted from the artworks and asked participants d) i, ii, and iii
to rate their response on 14 “aesthetic effect” scales
derived from art, literature and empirical aesthetics. Answer- B)
They examined which of the 14 aesthetic effects Explanation:
prompted agreement, and also investigated the Yellow is not an aggressive colour.
influence of art expertise, by comparing responses Red is a dominant colour.
from art historians with those from lay people. Third point is true. Refer to the lines “Art historians
In news sure to thrill art snobs across the globe, the might describe a painting where red is dominant as
team found that we really don’t have universal ‘warm’, ‘aggressive’, or ‘lively’, with the tacit
associations with colours or lines. It seems we all just assumption that beholders would universally
experience art in our own way. associate the works’ certain key forms with specific
Of the 14 aesthetic effects, the study participants qualities, or ‘aesthetic effects’.””
only agreed on three – “warm-cold”, “heavy-light”, Thus option b is the correct answer.
and “happy-sad”. The researchers found that art
expertise did not play a significant role in how the 3. The conclusion of the study conducted by the
answers were spread, and were especially low on researchers is?
empirical aesthetics such as a “like-dislike” scale. a) People are not able to interpret the artwork
based on their aesthetic qualities.
b) The universal signs may not be as universal as
previously thought.
1. Artwork cannot be interpreted correctly for c) People followed the low empirical scale to judge
which of the following reasons? the artwork.
a) Lack of familiarity with the art. d) None of the above.
b) Lack of art expertise.
c) Lack of universal association of art signs. Answer- B)
d) Familiarity of people with only 3 art signs. Explanation:
The conclusion of the study was that it negated the
Answer- C) previous thought that there are some universal
Explanation: association of colours and lines in an art. People do
Refer to the lines “the team found that we really seem to enjoy art in there own way.
don’t have universal associations with colours or Option a is distorted and can be easily eliminated.
lines. It seems we all just experience art in our own Option b is reflects the above explanation and is the
way.” This implies that there are no universal signs answer to the question.
to interpret art and thus we tend to do it in our own Option c, though correct, is a minor conclusion and
ways. can be eliminated for option b.
This is reflected in option c. Thus option b is the correct answer.

2. Which of the following is not true according to 4. What does “subservient” mean?
the passage? a) Sycophantic
i) Yellow is an aggressive colour. b) Partially served
ii) Red is a dominant colour. c) Submissive
iii) Creators of the art though that colours will d) Easily manipulated
universally represent the same meaning.
a) Only ii Answer- C)

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Explanation: reluctantly. So in such changing scenarios can we

Subservient is willing to obey someone. prefer to look at a dull basketball game? No, we
Option c is thus the best option. cannot. Then why not do we allow doping in sports.
Options a and b can be easily eliminated. We have certainly tried to ban it, but it hasn’t
Easily manipulated is differed from being submissive. stopped players from taking such drugs. The rewards
Thus option d can be eliminated. are high enough to over-shadow the consequences.
So we can definitely try allowing doping.
But it does have health implications. What about
that? Well, doping when done in a controlled
RC 20 manner, does not affect your health. And with the
advancements in the technology we have antidotes
Doping refers to the use of banned substances in
available as well.
competitive sports. It refers to the usage of
We are not animals which can be controlled by a
Performance Enhancement Drugs (PED). Use of PEDs
jockey. We train and develop and reach at the
were banned because they provide added
highest level by determination and hard work. In
advantages to the doper. However in a field like
such scenarios, before facing the highest level of
sports where the winner takes it all and the margins
competition, all we need is an extra push, that push
are so fine, shouldn’t we consider that the
enhances you to perform at the best level. And if
advantage a person wishes, be allowed? After all
everyone is allowed to have an advantage then the
these substances have been used in some sports
competition emerging from it is what sports is all
since we know the sports itself. Take for example
about. Thus, the athletes should be allowed to use
cycling, the immediate name that comes to mind is
the enhancers for the betterment of sports itself, as
Lance Armstrong whose seven Tour de France titles
the sports may be on its highest peak, in terms of
were stripped from him, as he was found taking such
the intensity and this is certainly the point where we
drugs.
expect more.
PEDs provide an added advantage so they were
We all take boosters in some form or the other. But
banned, although they have some health
it is in a controlled manner. So can it be in sports as
implications as well. But when we talk about
well.
advantage, there are some natural conditions in
So when you take an extra cup of coffee to work
which a person is born, that too provides an
overnight, think about why can’t the athletes have
advantage. Take for example Jamaicans. They are
their caffeine.
gifted when it comes to running. The world’s fastest
athletes are from there. Thus why shouldn’t others
have a fair chance to compete against the natural
selection? Why can’t everyone be allowed to have
advantage, so that everyone becomes equal.
1. Which of the following additional statement
Wouldn’t it be more fair?
would not negate the author’s proposal?
Apart from that these drugs pushes the person to
a) We may even get bored of the high intensity
give their all. Isn’t that what sports is all about. To go
games.
and express your best version and win it all. These
b) Regulation of the drugs becomes tough with so
drugs enable a person to push. We all do want to see
many athletes around.
the energy and enthusiasm at its peak during a
c) Competition against the natural selection will
game.
only be their when the players are allowed to take
Apart from that, considering the advancements in
the boosters.
technology, we have become impatient. Can you
d) The extra push may be good for some time but in
work in a 3G network? Well, maybe not, or
the longer run, we may miss the old sports.

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Answer- C)
Practice Questions
Explanation:
The author proposes to legalize the PEDs and gives RC 1
several reasons to why it should be legalized.
Learning a new language is a lot like entering a new
Only option c is in line with the author’s proposal.
relationship. Some will become fast friends. Others
Rest of the options argue against the proposal.
will hook their arms and march right out of your
Hence option c is the correct answer.
memory on the last day of school. And then
sometimes, whether by mere chance or as a
2. All of the following are the reasons for which the
consequence of a lifelong odyssey, some languages
author suggests the legalizing of boosters in sports
will lead you to the brink of love.
EXCEPT?
Those are the languages that will consume you, as
a) Their ban has not served its purpose.
you do everything to make them yours. You dissect
b) It will be a fair competition.
syntax structures. You fill notebooks with rivers of
c) The games will be more intense.
new letters. The sentences taste fragrant, even as
d) It can act as boosters which a player needs
they tumble awkwardly from your mouth like bricks
before the game.
built of foreign symbols. Verbs after adverbs, nouns
after pronouns, your relations deepen. Yet, the
closer you get, the more aware you become of the
Answer- A)
mirage-like void between you. But you have no fear,
Explanation:
since the path to your beloved gleams with curiosity
Options b, c, and d are clearly mentioned in the
and wonder that is almost urgent. What truths will
passage by the author to support his argument.
you uncover amid the new letters and the new
Option a, however, is not the reason for which the
sounds? About the world? About yourself?
author suggests that the PEDs should be allowed.
As with all relationships, the euphoria wears off
The ban has not served its purpose doesn’t mean
eventually. Your accent is incorrigible. Your mistakes
that we legalize the drugs. Hence option a is the
are inescapable. The rules are endless, as are the
correct answer.
exceptions. You have wandered too far from home
to turn back now. You feel committed and
3. How the sports could benefit from legalizing the
vulnerable, trusting of their benevolence. On the
PED?
occasion of your renewed vows, the language comes
a) The games will be more intense.
bearing gifts of inspiration and connection – not only
b) There will be a fair competition in sports which
to new others, but to a new you.
are played by single players.
Many renowned writers have revelled in the gifts of
c) The crowds will enjoy the high intensity games.
their non-native tongues. Vladimir Nabokov, for
d) All of the above.
instance, had been living in the United States for
only a few years before he wrote Lolita (1955): a
Answer- D)
work that has been hailed as ‘a polyglot’s love letter
Explanation:
to language’ and had him called a ‘master of English
The passage clearly mentions all the options as the
prose’. The Irishman Samuel Beckett wrote in French
benefits from legalizing PED.
to escape the clutter of English. This distance,
Thus option d is the correct answer.
observes the Turkish novelist Elif Shafak of writing in
her non-native English, leads her closer to home.
When Haruki Murakami sat at his kitchen table to
write his first novel, he felt like his native Japanese

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was getting in the way. Then he tried writing in c) Changes in the first language caused by the
English, with limited vocabulary and simple syntax at intervention of the new language.
his hands. As he translated his compact English d) Changes caused by learning a new language
sentences ‘stripped of all extraneous fat’ into which results in the new language taking over
Japanese, a distinctly unadorned style was born that the previous one.
decades later became synonymous with his
worldwide success.
The truth is that entering an intimate relationship 3. What does the author mean by the last sentence
with a new language often colours everything of the passage?
including the way we read and write our native a) The close affairs changes everything including
language. Our eyes expect the new words. Our pens our dominant language.
memorise the new letters. While the infatuation b) The learning of a new language changes
takes over our senses, the language’s anatomy everything including the dominant language.
etches into our brains. Neural pathways are laid, c) When a new language is close to the heart, it
connections are formed. Brain networks integrate. affects your mother tongue.
Grey matter becomes denser, white matter gets d) None of the above.
strengthened.
Linguists call this ‘second language interference’, 4. What is the purpose of the third para of the
when the new language interferes with the old passage?
language, like a new lover rearranging the furniture a) To highlight that in a new relationship or while
of your bedroom, as if to say – this is how things will learning a new language, it not always
be done around here from now on. Somehow, sunshine and happiness.
writing exposes this interference more than speaking b) To show that as soon as the relationship or
ever could. Affairs of the heart rarely leave any learning of a new language progresses, the
witnesses untouched, including our mother tongues. outer glitters lose their shine and you start
changing fundamentally.
1. What does the author mean by “Yet, the closer c) To show that the initial euphoria wears off
you get, the more aware you become of the after some time while learning a new language
mirage-like void between you.” (para 2) or in a being in a new language.
a) The more you delve deeper into learning a new d) To highlight that a new relationship or a new
language, the more shallow it occurs to be. language changes a person from the core.
b) The more you learn the language, the more you
realize of the void of knowledge that exist,
which may take long to traverse.
c) The more we get closer to finishing a language, 5. All of the following is true from the passage
the more the void increases. EXCEPT?
d) The more you get closer to learning a language, a) Some new languages remain with you for a
the more you realize the subtle nuances very short term.
surrounding the language. b) Writing affects a interference of the second
language in a deeper way than speaking.
2. Second language interference, as understood c) Learning a new language affects your brain.
from the passage is best described as? d) None of the above
a) Changes in a person caused because of a new
language.
b) When the two languages mesh to crumble your
thoughts.

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Critics nonetheless worry that qe is both more

RC2 dangerous and less necessary in emerging markets
than it is elsewhere. It imperils the hard-won
Emerging markets have long resented quantitative
independence of monetary authorities that have
easing (qe). When America’s Federal Reserve began
struggled in the past to keep their distance from big-
its third round of asset purchases in 2012, Guido
spending politicians. Brazil’s constitutional limits on
Mantega, then Brazil’s finance minister, accused it of
the central bank, for example, reflect its history of
starting a “currency war”. In 2013 Raghuram Rajan,
hyperinflation, when governments resorted to the
then the chief economic adviser to India’s
printing press to finance their populism. And
government, expressed his displeasure in the
although inflation is now firmly under control in
manner of Winston Churchill: “Never in the field of
most big emerging markets, many of these
economic policy has so much been spent, with so
countries still worry that monetary indiscipline can
little evidence, by so few.”
lead to destabilising runs on their currency.
In response to the covid-19 pandemic, much is being Qe is also, surely, less needed in the emerging world.
spent again. But not by so few. The central banks of In Chile and Peru benchmark interest rates are
America, the euro area, Britain and Japan are set to already about as low as they can go. But in most of
buy $6trn-worth of assets between them this year, their peers, central banks still have room to ease
according to Fitch, a rating agency, three times what monetary policy by conventional means. In
they bought in 2013, the previous peak. And Indonesia and South Africa, for instance, the policy
emerging markets are no longer grumbling on the interest rate is still over 4%.
sidelines. Monetary authorities in Chile, Colombia, Why then are central banks pressing ahead? They
Costa Rica, Croatia, Hungary, Indonesia, Poland, believe their bond purchases serve a distinct
Romania, South Africa and Turkey have prepared or purpose. They are neither an unconventional way to
begun purchases of bonds of various kinds. Still more lower borrowing costs nor an illicit one to finance
are contemplating it. Even in Brazil, congress has the government. The aim instead is to stabilize
passed what it calls the “war budget” law, amending financial markets. In Brazil the president of the
the constitution to give the central bank more central bank says its bond purchases will resemble
freedom to buy government bonds and other assets foreign-exchange intervention. It will not try to peg
during this crisis. bond yields any more than it pegs the real. But it will
try to smooth out jumps. The South African Reserve
The scale of emerging-market purchases is small so
Bank says that its purchases are not meant “to
far in comparison with the Churchillian appetites of
stimulate demand”, but to ensure a “smoothly
central banks in the rich world. Bank Indonesia,
functioning market”.
which already owns about 15% of tradable
In some quarters qe is still a tainted term, associated
government bonds, may end up adding significantly
either with mercantilism, as a weapon in a currency
to its holdings. The National Bank of Poland could
war, or monetary adventurism. But the stigma is
end up owning bonds worth about 8.7% of gdp,
fading. Indeed some central banks now say they are
according to ubs, a bank, if it buys all of the
doing qe even when they aren’t. The Bank of Korea,
additional debt required to finance the country’s
for example, has resolved to buy unlimited amounts
stimulus plan. But no other central bank is poised to
of bonds from financial institutions that promise to
buy bonds worth more than 5%
repurchase them after three months. These “repo”
of gdp, ubs calculates. By comparison, the Federal
operations amount to collateralised loans, not
Reserve already held Treasuries equivalent to about
outright purchases. Few economists would describe
10% of gdp at the start of 2020, and is expected to
them as qe. But far from resisting the term, the Bank
roughly double that percentage over the course of
of Korea has embraced it. Never in the field of
the year.

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central banking have so many worried so little about

buying so much. (IIFT pattern)
RC3
The idea is now commonplace that income
1. Qe as understood from the passage can be best
inequality is inexorably on the rise. The US
described as?
experience in particular has become central to a new
a) Central banks act of buying long term
grand narrative prominent in public debate and
securities.
taken to apply across rich countries: globalisation
b) Central banks acts of spending to reduce the
and technological change have polarised society into
demand for money.
a small elite with highly paid, secure jobs on one
c) Central banks act of buying securities to
side, and on the other side are growing numbers of
increase the money supply in the economy.
people, including an increasingly “squeezed” middle
d) Central banks act of printing money and
class, in insecure, poorly-paid work.
distributing it in the economy.
This growing inequality is held responsible for a wide
2. Why emerging markets worry about Qe? range of social and political ills. Not least the erosion
a) It can destabilize the market currency. of solidarity, social trust and faith in democratic
b) It can increase the borrowing costs. institutions. And, politically, it caused the election of
c) Because it is not necessary in the emerging Donald Trump, the UK’s Brexit vote, and the broad
markets. rise of populism seen as threatening democracy.
d) It can lead to hyperinflation. This “grand narrative” undoubtedly captures
important aspects of the US experience. But it does
3. Why are central banks of the emerging markets not represent the whole picture. And as far as other
are not holding back in the buying bonds now? rich countries are concerned, examining the
a) To lower the borrowing costs. evidence highlights the diversity of their experiences
b) To finance the government. over recent decades. As I’ve found in my research,
c) To ensure the smooth functioning of the this story is more often than not a poor fit for
markets. various countries around the world.
d) To prevent the destabilizing of the currency. Household surveys show that income inequality has
risen significantly since the 1980s in about two-
thirds of the rich countries of the OECD – leaving
one-third where it has not.
4. What does the author mean by “But the stigma is Inequality did not rise everywhere and, where it did,
fading”? the scale of that increase varied widely. Countries
a) The fiscal prudence shown by the emerging such as the UK and Sweden did see inequality go up
markets no longer exists. as sharply as the US. But for others the increase was
b) Qe’s is being used more commonly in the non- often much more modest and even decreased for
traditional ways. some.
c) Emerging markets are using Qe against Inequality rose decade by decade in the US, but the
currency wars. UK’s increase was mostly concentrated in the
d) Qe’s traditional usage is faltering for the new Thatcher years of the 1980s, Sweden’s in the 1990s,
fiscal measures. and these contained “episodes”, rather than
continuous rises, are also common elsewhere. Tax
data show pre-tax income shares at the very top
increasing in many countries, but again this varies
widely across countries.

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When it comes to ordinary living standards, middle the continuing impact of the 2007-08 financial crisis
class income growth has been even more varied. and ensuing recession as much as longer-term
Middle incomes have stagnated in purchasing power trends and is not confined to countries where
terms since the early 1980s in Japan and Italy, as inequality has risen strongly in the longer term.
well as the US, and grown only modestly in The US context is thus a very particular one, with
Germany. But these are the poorest performers. only limited lessons for other rich countries. No
The UK, for example, saw substantial income growth single narrative can do justice to each one’s varied
around the middle from the late 1980s up to the experiences. And losing sight of the complexity at
mid-2000s, in sharp contrast to its lack of growth play is hazardous in terms of both understanding
since then. Countries such as Australia, Belgium, and responding to the specific challenges each one
Canada, Denmark, Finland and Sweden also saw faces.
periods of quite strong growth. Stagnating wages and rising inequality share some
Crucially, across rich countries the relationship common roots. So some of the policies required to
between inequality and middle income growth is effectively address inequality would also boost
weak – throwing into question the link that gets incomes for ordinary households. But the case for
made between the so-called squeezed middle and tackling inequality should not be reduced to such
populism. Middle incomes have generally lagged simple terms, pushing fundamental concerns about
behind growth in GDP per head but again to widely fairness and social justice into the background.
varying extents, and rising income inequality is only While common forces such as the advance of AI and
one factor. Knowing what happened to inequality in robots will continue to play out across rich countries,
a given country would have been of little help in as in recent decades, the way they do so will depend
predicting whether growth in middle incomes was on the institutions in place and the policies adopted
strong or weak. there. “One size fits all” solutions, such as universal
The extent to which rising inequality and stagnating basic income, turn out to mean very different things
living standards over decades have driven the recent depending on the structure and generosity of the
rise in populism across the rich countries is also open welfare system that it would be replacing. While
to question. Yes, the white working class population there is scope to learn from experiences elsewhere,
whose livelihoods have been hurt through decades each country will have to find its own road to
of manufacturing decline provided the core salvation in tackling inequality and promoting
constituency supporting Trump for president. But inclusive growth. (IIFT pattern)
economic dysfunction combines with cultural and
demographic factors in a way that makes them very
hard to disentangle.
The fact that support for populist parties has risen in 1. What is the central idea of the passage?
countries where inequality has been fairly stable a) The rise in the inequality cannot be attributed
over time (such as Austria and France), as well as to the growth of populism around the world.
ones where inequality has risen, and in countries b) Each country will have to find its own way to
where income growth has been quite robust (such as tackle inequality.
Poland), as well as ones where median incomes have c) Social and political ills are responsible for the
stagnated (such as Hungary), illustrates the growing inequality.
complexity of the factors at work. d) The rise in inequality is different around the
The evidence does suggest that economic insecurity world.
has been a significant driver of votes for populist
parties. And this may exacerbate negative attitudes 2. Which of the following can be attributed to the
toward immigration, which also play a key role in rise in inequality around the world?
support for populist parties. But this may also reflect

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a) Varied rise in the standards of living of the Most research on long-term trends in interest rates
middle class across different countries. relies on data from the past century. But Paul
b) Various cultural and economic factors Schmelzing of the Yale School of Management has
entanglement in countries. gathered information on real interest rates (that is,
c) Continuing impact of financial crises. corrected for inflation) covering 78% of advanced-
d) All of the above. economy gdp going back to the early 14th century,
when capitalism and free markets began to emerge.
3. “Grand narrative” as mentioned in the third para He found that real rates have declined by 0.006-
refers to which of the following? 0.016 percentage points a year since the late Middle
a) The rise in populism. Ages. That may not seem much, but it means real
b) The rise in income inequality. interest rates have fallen from an average of around
c) The rise in populism as a threat to democracy. 10% in the 15th century to just 0.4% in 2018.
d) The rise in inequality paving way for populism.
That conclusion undermines the claim that “secular
stagnation” is a recent economic malaise. The
4. Which of the following is true according to the concept gained prominence after Larry Summers of
passage? Harvard University used it in 2013 to describe the
a) The rise of inequality has given rise to the falling rates of return on investment and economic
populism in the U.S. growth in the American economy since the 1970s.
b) The income inequality has risen in all of the Mr Schmelzing’s data instead suggest that secular
OCED countries. stagnation, has been a feature of capitalism since its
c) Middle income has not risen because of rising birth. Rates falling since the early 1980s may be less
inequality. the result of acute problems, such as an ageing
d) Economic dysfunction of a country can be population, than markets simply snapping back to a
attributed to be a function of rising inequality centuries-old trend.
only.
The data also challenge some of the arguments of
Thomas Piketty’s “Capital in the Twenty-First
RC 4 Century”, one of the best-selling economics books of
all time. These rely on the claim that the return on
How low can interest rates go? It is a question that capital has stayed constant and been consistently
worries central bankers everywhere. Since the global higher than economic growth. Under such conditions
financial crisis of 2007-08 rates have been pushed capitalism produces ever-greater income inequality,
down to unprecedented levels in order to prop up Mr Piketty claims, since there are no forces acting
growth. With central banks’ interest rates near or against the steady concentration of wealth. If real
below zero across much of the world, room for interest rates—and hence, returns on capital—have
further cuts to combat the next downturn is limited. been falling for centuries, however, there may well
If America’s Federal Reserve can manage to keep be such a force.
nominal rates at 2% or higher over the long term, it
should be able to cope with the help of policies such Mr Schmelzing’s conclusions pose an even starker
as quantitative easing, mused Ben Bernanke, a challenge to central bankers. If the historical trend
former Fed chairman, at the conference of the continues, by the late 2020s global short-term real
American Economic Association (aea) on January rates will have reached permanently negative
4th. Alas, a working paper published by the Bank of territory. By the late 21st century, long-term rates
England the previous day suggests that rates could will have joined them. Even unconventional
have further to fall. monetary policies, which rely on driving down long-

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term rates, would then lose traction. Any hopes for

nominal rates of 2% or more, in the long term, may 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for
prove to be a pipe dream. (IIFT pattern) the passage?
a) Interest rates are bound to go down.
1. According to the passage secular stagnation can b) Interest rates are an embedded part of
be best defined as capitalism.
a) Falling interest rates. c) Secular stagnation is centuries old.
b) The return on capital being stagnant. d) Markets are snapping back to the centuries old
c) The return on capital being stagnant despite trend.
the falling interest rates.
d) Falling interest rates despite the stagnant
return on the capital. RC5
2. What is the primary purpose of the passage? Price is the most delicate element of the marketing
a) To highlight that the central bankers problems mix, and much thought goes into setting prices to
may be ancient and getting worse. nudge us towards spending more.
b) To elucidate what secular stagnation is.
There’s one particularly cunning type of pricing
c) To explain how the markets are driven by a
strategy that marketers use to get you to switch your
centuries old force.
choice from one option to a more expensive or
d) To argue that the secular stagnation is a recent
profitable one.
malaise.
It’s called the decoy effect.
Imagine you are shopping for a Nutribullet blender.
You see two options. The cheaper one, at $89,
promotes 900 watts of power and a five-piece
3. How does Mr. Schmelzing’s argument and Mr. accessory kit. The more expensive one, at $149, is
Piketty’s argument can be best defined as? 1,200 watts and has 12 accessories.
a) Mr. Schmelzing argues that the falling interest Which one you choose will depend on some
rates are because of the markets returning to assessment of their relative value for money. It’s not
their historical trends and thus they are driven immediately apparent, though, that the more
by a force whereas Mr. Piketty argues that no expensive option is better value. It’s slightly less than
such force exists. 35% more powerful but costs nearly 70% more. It
b) Mr. Schmelzing argues that stagnation of does have more than twice as many plastic
interest rates is a century old feature of the accessories, but what are they worth?
markets whereas Mr. Piketty argues that it is a Now consider the two in light of a third option.
novel feature. This one, for $125, offers 1,000 watts and nine
c) Mr. Piketty argues that the rise in the interest accessories. It enables you to make what feels like a
rates may reduce the income inequality more considered comparison. For $36 more than the
whereas Mr. Schmelzing argues that it may not cheaper option, you get four more accessories and
reduce the income inequality. an extra 100 watts of power. But if you spend just
d) Mr Piketty argues that the fall in interest rates $24 extra, you get a further three accessories and
is because of the force which drives these 200 watts more power. Bargain!
interest rate movements whereas Mr. You have just experienced the decoy effect.
Schmelzing argues that the fall in interest rates The decoy effect is defined as the phenomenon
is embedded feature of capitalism and thus no whereby consumers change their preference
force exists which drives these changes. between two options when presented with a third

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option – the “decoy” – that is “asymmetrically you the feeling you are making a rational, informed
dominated”. It is also referred to as the “attraction choice.
effect” or “asymmetric dominance effect”. The decoy effect is thus a form of “nudging” –
What asymmetric domination means is the decoy is defined by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein (the
priced to make one of the other options much more pioneers of nudge theory) as “any aspect of the
attractive. It is “dominated” in terms of perceived choice architecture that alters people’s behaviour in
value (quantity, quality, extra features and so on). a predictable way without forbidding any options”.
The decoy is not intended to sell, just to nudge Not all nudging is manipulative, and some argue that
consumers away from the “competitor” and towards even manipulative nudging can be justified if the
the “target” – usually the more expensive or ends are noble. It has proven useful in social
profitable option. marketing to encourage people to make good
The effect was first described by academics Joel decisions such as using less energy, eating healthier
Huber, John Payne and Christopher Puto in a or becoming organ donors.
paper presented to a conference in 1981. We see decoy pricing in many areas.
They demonstrated the effect through experiments A decade ago behavioural economist Dan
in which participants (university students) were Ariely spoke about his fascination with the pricing
asked to makes choices in scenarios involving beer, structure of The Economist and how he tested the
cars, restaurants, lottery tickets, films and television options on 100 of his students.
sets. In one scenario the students had a choice of a web-
In each product scenario participants first had to only subscription or a print-only subscription for
choose between two options. Then they were given twice the price; 68% chose the cheaper web-only
a third option – a decoy designed to nudge them option.
toward picking the target over the competitor. In They were given a third option – a web-and-print
every case except the lottery tickets the decoy subscription for the same price as the print-only
successfully increased the probability of the target option. Now just 16% chose the cheaper option, with
being chosen. 84% opting for the obviously better combined
These findings were, in marketing terms, option.
revolutionary. They challenged established doctrines In this second scenario the print-only option had
– known as the “similarity heuristic” and the become the decoy and the combined option the
“regularity condition” – that a new product will take target. Even The Economist was intrigued by Ariely’s
away market share from an existing product and finding, publishing a story about it entitled “The
cannot increase the probability of a customer importance of irrelevant alternatives”.
choosing the original product. Why would you choose the digital-only subscription
When consumers are faced with many alternatives, when you can get the weekend paper delivered for
they often experience choice overload – what no extra cost?
psychologist Barry Schwartz has termed In this instance, the digital-only option is the decoy
the tyranny or paradox of choice. Multiple and the digital+weekend paper option is the target.
behavioural experiments have consistently The intention appears to be to discourage you from
demonstrated that greater choice complexity choosing the more expensive six-day paper option.
increases anxiety and hinders decision-making. Because that option is not necessarily more
In an attempt to reduce this anxiety, consumers tend profitable for the company.
to simplify the process by selecting only a couple of Not all decoys are so conspicuous. In fact the decoy
criteria (say price and quantity) to determine the effect may be extremely effective by being quite
best value for money. subtle.
Through manipulating these key choice attributes, a
decoy steers you in a particular direction while giving

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Consider the price of drinks at a well-known juice 4. When faced with many choices, how do
bar: a small (350 ml) size costs $6.10; the medium consumers make choices?
(450 ml) $7.10; and the large (610 ml) $7.50. a) Taking help of decoy to drift towards the better
Which would you buy? value product.
If you’re good at doing maths in your head, or b) Taking help of decoy to drift towards the better
committed enough to use a calculator, you might prized product.
work out that the medium is slightly better value c) Taking help of decoy to drift towards the better
than the small, and the large better value again. quantity product.
But the pricing of the medium option – $1 more than d) By comparing fewer variables.
the small but just 40 cents cheaper than the large –
is designed to be asymmetrically dominated,
steering you to see the biggest drink as the best RC6
value for money.
So have you just made the sensible choice, or been Utilitarianism, as a moral philosophy, puts pleasure
manipulated to spend more on a drink larger than at the centre of its concerns, arguing that actions are
you needed? (IIFT pattern) right to the extent that they increase happiness and
decrease suffering, wrong to the extent that they
1. In which of the following scenarios the decoy is a cause the opposite. Yet even the early Utilitarians
good deal? couldn’t agree about whether pleasures should be
a) A small coke (350ml) for $5, a medium coke ranked. Jeremy Bentham believed that all sources of
(650ml) for $7, a large coke(750ml) for $8. pleasure are of equal quality. ‘Prejudice apart,’ he
b) A small diet coke (250ml) for $3, a medium diet wrote in The Rationale of Reward (1825), ‘the game
coke (450ml) for $5, a large diet coke(600ml) of push-pin is of equal value with the arts and
for $6. sciences of music and poetry.’ His protégé John
c) A small drink (300ml) for $3.5, a medium drink Stuart Mill disagreed, arguing in Utilitarianism (1863)
(450ml) for $4.5, a large coke(650ml) for $7. that: ‘It is better to be a human being dissatisfied
d) A small fanta (200ml) for $2, a medium fanta than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied
(350ml) for $3, a large fanta (450ml) for $3.5. than a fool satisfied.’
Mill argued for a distinction between ‘higher’ and
2. The decoy option is usually lower pleasures. His distinction is difficult to pin
a) Asymmetrically aligned towards the target down, but it more or less tracks the distinction
option. between capacities thought to be unique to humans
b) Asymmetrically aligned towards the non-target and those we share with other animals. Higher
option. pleasures depend on distinctively human capacities,
c) Symmetrically aligned towards the best value which have a more complex cognitive element,
for the money option. requiring abilities such as rational thought, self-
d) Asymmetrically aligned towards the best value awareness or language use. Lower pleasures, in
for the money option. contrast, require mere sentience.
3. The decoy tends to Mill was certainly not the first to make this
a) Simplify the decision making process for the distinction. Aristotle among others thought that the
consumer. senses of touch and taste were ‘servile and brutish’;
b) Drift consumer towards the target product. the pleasures of eating were ‘as brutes also share in’
c) May lead consumers to spend more. and so less valuable than those that used the more
d) All of the above. developed human mind. Yet many would continue to
side with Bentham, arguing that we are really not so
intellectual and high-minded as all that, and we

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might as well accept ourselves for the brutes that we ii) Stuart Mill
are, shaped by biochemistry and animal drives. iii) Bentham
The difficulty with resolving this disagreement about
the kinds of pleasure is not that we struggle to agree a) Only i
on the right answer. It’s that we’re asking the wrong b) Only ii and iii
question. The entire debate assumes a clear divide c) Only iii
between the intellectual and bodily, the human and d) Only i and iii
the animal, which is no longer tenable. e) All will agree
For every pleasure, it is not be difficult to see that
the how matters more than the what. Mill was 3. The author will not agree with which of the
therefore right to believe that pleasures come in following statements?
higher and lower forms but wrong to think that we a) Eating illustrates how the difference between
could distinguish them on the basis of what we take higher and lower pleasures is not what you
pleasure in. What matters is how we enjoy them, enjoy but how you enjoy it.
which means that higher and lower pleasures are b) The most primal pleasure that the humans
not two discrete categories but form a continuum. I enjoy can be categorised in both higher and
think the persistence of the bogus form of the lower pleasures.
higher/lower pleasures distinction is a result of the c) Higher pleasure engages in more complex
fact that some things are more obviously amenable activities.
to richer appreciation than others. Art is typically d) We are made of immaterial minds and material
enjoyed in mind-engaging ways, food all too often bodies.
consumed in an animalistic one. This has led us to e) None of the above.
mistake association for identity.
The mistake also betrays a false view of human
nature, which sees our intellectual or spiritual RC7
aspects as being what truly makes us human, and
our bodies as embarrassing vehicles to carry them. Into the fray stepped Darwin. Born slightly over 40
When we learn how to take pleasure in bodily things years after Hume’s death, he was immersed in the
in ways that engage our hearts and minds as well as new thinking. His grandfather, the zoologist Erasmus
our five senses, we give up the illusion that we are Darwin, had been a keen reader of
souls trapped in mortal coils, and we learn how to be Hume’s Treatise and such progressive ideas were a
fully human. We are neither angels above bodily common subject of discussion in the family home. It
pleasures nor crude beasts slavishly following them, was almost inevitable that he should take an interest
but psychosomatic wholes who bring heart, mind, in the question of animal cognition. But when he did,
body and soul to everything we do. (XAT pattern) he approached it from a completely different
1. According to the Mill which among the following perspective.
cannot be considered as higher pleasure?
In On the Origin of Species (1859), Darwin
a) Eating cooked food.
demonstrated that, rather than having been created
b) Drinking milk.
in a singular act by an omnipotent deity, all varieties
c) Watching art.
of animal and plant life had evolved gradually, over
d) Engaging in philosophical conversations.
many generations, as a result of natural selection.
e) Wearing a well-crafted dress.
Pursuing the implications of this argument further
in The Descent of Man (1871), he went on to
2. “Animals feed, man eats” who among the
contend that man, too, was ‘descended from some
following will agree with this statement?
pre-existing form’ and had evolved in response to
i) Aristotle

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similar processes. As both critics and supporters

realised, this confounded any attempt to distinguish 2. A logical continuation of the passage would be
between men and beasts – and raised questions a) Finding that earthworms have cognitive
about their cognitive abilities. similarities with humans.
Like Aristotle, Darwin recognised that all species b) Finding that earthworms, indeed, did not
seemed to possess the physical ‘tools’ needed to possess any cognitive similarity with humans.
process information. But unlike Aristotle he believed c) Finding that the higher animals do not possess
that these physiological continuities should be any cognitive similarity with the humans as
productive of cognitive similarities as well. If was previously though.
different species had a comparable capacity for d) Finding that the lower animals possess
thinking, the chances were that they thought to a cognitive similarity with the higher animals.
similar extent, too. And if they could think, why e) None of the above.
should they not also reason? Darwin held that an
action was rational if it displayed some measure of
forethought. Whether or not a being possessed
reason should be relatively easy to determine 3. Which of the following cannot be inferred from
through observation of behaviour patterns. “On this basis, Darwin, like Porphyry, concluded
On this basis, Darwin, like Porphyry, concluded that that ‘the difference in mind between man and the
‘the difference in mind between man and the higher higher animals’ such as dogs ‘is one of degree and
animals’ such as dogs ‘is one of degree and not of not of kind’”?
kind’. But when it came to the ‘lower’ animals, he a) Both Darwin and Porphyry worked on animal
was less sure – especially insofar as earthworms cognition.
were concerned. They were a uniquely simple form b) Humans possessed higher degree brain than
of life; indeed even Porphyry would have struggled the higher animals.
to see them as intelligent beings. They had no c) Both humans and higher degree animals
obvious means of perception; did not appear to have possess same brain.
any skills; made no noises; and certainly didn’t show d) Humans possessed higher cognitive abilities
any emotion. The prospect of finding any cognitive than higher animals.
similarities with human beings seemed dim indeed. e) None of the above.
(XAT pattern)

RC8
Like so many of the most challenging problems, the
1. According to Darwin, based on the passage, ‘swallow problem’ hadn’t seemed all that difficult at
when an action can be considered as rational? first. Keen observers of nature, the earliest Greeks
a) When a perception leads to a response. were aware that swallows disappeared. Indeed, so
b) When it goes beyond instinctive response. proverbial was the swallows’ absence that poets and
c) When it is performed by higher degree animals. playwrights used them as a shorthand for the
d) When it is processed in the physical tool in the coming of winter and the return of spring. Common
body. sense told them that swallows migrate abroad –
e) When cognitive abilities are used to respond to although where they could not say. Given that some
a situation. lived in Egypt all year round, they assumed it must
be somewhere hot.
The trouble began with Aristotle. Unlike many earlier
philosophers, whose approach had been essentially

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anecdotal, his attempt to understand the natural to warmer climes; and he had no difficulty believing
world was based on a structured methodology. He that they might travel long distances.
would first observe an animal as carefully as he This still left a problem. If swallows did migrate,
could and then endeavour to infer general truths where did they go? The mystery was infuriating. Not
about the species, based on what he had seen. This until the 19th century was the mystery finally solved
represented a dramatic advance. But insofar as – by observation. As British rule in India became
swallows were concerned, his fondness for more established and European colonialism
generalisation led him to an unusual conclusion. In extended across the southern hemisphere,
his Historia animalium he noted that some swallows naturalists were able to witness swallows taking up
had been found ‘in hollow places, almost stripped of their winter perches. By 1864, Algernon Charles
feathers’. From this, he reasoned that, while some Swinburne was able to assert with confidence that
swallows, which live near to the places of which they swallows fly ‘to the sun and the south’.
are ‘permanent’ inhabitants, migrate, others, which But how swallows find their way to the other side of
live further away, choose to hibernate instead, the world is still something of a conundrum. Though
hiding themselves in the hollows of trees during it has recently been shown that they navigate by the
winter months. Earth’s magnetic field, the means by which they
For many years, Aristotle’s argument had little perceive its fluctuations has not yet been
impact – especially among the Romans. Eclectic by established. Some have suggested that their eyes
inclination and syllogistic by temperament, they might be equipped with special receptions; others
often preferred to place their trust more in that hearing might be involved. The truth, however,
particulars they knew from experience than in any remains elusive. Even after centuries of debate, we
generalities they might infer. are still far from understanding the flighty swallow.
With the rediscovery and translation of Aristotle’s As Charlotte Smith sighed in her poem:
works in the mid-13th century, however, the myth of Alas! how little can be known;
the hibernating hirundine reared its head again. Her sacred veil where Nature draws;
Neither the coming of the Renaissance nor the Let baffled Science humbly own,
Voyages of Discovery did anything to dent the Her mysteries understood alone,
popularity of Aristotle’s thesis. By Him who gives her laws. (IIFT pattern)
By the beginning of the 17th century, however,
Aristotle’s hold had begun to weaken. Following the
publication of Francis Bacon’s Novum
Organum (1620), a new approach to scientific 1. According to the passage what was the ‘swallow
reasoning had taken hold. An important centre of problem’?
this new method was Cambridge, where a group of a) Disappearance of the swallow towards the sun.
naturalists began to form around John Ray. Of these, b) Hibernation of swallow in the winters.
the most noteworthy was Francis Willughby. He c) Disappearance of the swallow towards the
realised that, if birds were to be properly south in the winters.
understood, it was necessary to observe them d) Disappearance of the swallow in the winters.
systematically for himself; and to this end, he e) Mystery behind the disappearance of the
travelled the length and breadth of Europe in search swallow in the winters.
of suitable specimens. In his Ornithologiae libri
tres (1676) he challenged received wisdom, including
about swallows. Having found no evidence for 2. “The trouble” as mentioned in the second
hibernation, he rejected the notion that they spent paragraph refers to which of the following?
the winter either in the hollows of trees, or at the a) The swallow problem.
bottom of lakes. He had no doubt that they migrated b) The disappearance of the swallow.

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c) The sequence of the conclusions drawn by corpses: the mummies and skeletons of Russian
various people about the disappearance of the Orthodox saints which the Bolsheviks had exposed
swallow. to debunk the popular belief that such relics didn’t
d) The different conclusions about the decay.
disappearance of the swallow. Over the course emphasis shifted from vivid,
e) The use of a structured methodology followed imaginative blasphemies to a more regimented,
by Aristotle to find out where the swallow concerned with the construction of godless
disappeared. collective farms and industrial cities at the expense
of religious buildings and ‘class enemies’. One
Godless at the Machine cover from 1930 showed a
3. The difference between the 17th century and the village priest as a hungry wolf stalking the outskirts
past can be best defined as? of a collective farm, reflecting the collectivisers’
a) In the past proper methods were used to reach habit of persecuting village priests and dressing
to a conclusion while in the 17th century animals in their vestments. A 1930 Godless cover
accurate procedures were opted to reach to a showed a priest, a rabbi and a mullah being swept
conclusion. through a dam sluice. These magazines often
b) In the structured methodology was used to announced the closure and demolition of ‘centres of
reach to a conclusion while in the 17th century obscurantism’. (XAT pattern)
anecdotal approach was used to reach a 1. The leader of the region described in the passage
conclusion. can be best described to be a/an?
c) In the past, there had been a tendency to a) Misanthrope
generalise wildly from a few haphazard b) Antagonist
observations and to accept the authority of c) Artist
tradition, however in the 17th century no d) Anti-religious
proposition could be regarded as true which e) Atheist
was not based on verifiable facts.
d) In the past, structured methodology was used 2. Centres of obscurantism can be best described
to reach a conclusion while in the 17th century as?
no proposition could be regarded as true which a) Machines
was not based on the verifiable facts. b) Farms
e) None of the above. c) Religious buildings
d) Industrial cities
e) None of the above
RC 9
Blasphemous shock and awe were a major part of 3. Which of the following cannot be inferred from
the Bolshevik aesthetic, which sought to show a still- the passage?
pious nation just who was in charge. One memorable a) Magazines were used as an important source
atheist illustration showed a worker climbing a of demonstration.
ladder into the heavens above a landscape of b) Art was used to depict the propaganda of the
shattered temples to smash the gods. It carried the leader.
caption: ‘We’ve finished the earthy tsars and we’re c) Priests and religious leaders were roughed
coming for the heavenly ones!’ A stylish lithograph during the era.
from the magazine showed a grisly parody of d) Religion and god were targeted in the
communion, with priests and peasants butchering sacrilegious art.
the body of a dead Christ and eating his limbs and e) Religious institutions were attacked during the
entrails. Some magazines ran photos of real holy era.

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RC10 2. “Spiritual atheist” as mentioned in the passage

The booted warbler has arrived in Mumbai. No red refers to which of the following?
carpet or VIP cordons to greet the mousy little bird. a) A person who links science with spirituality.
It flew in, as it always does every year at this time, b) A person who doesn’t believe in god but
travelling vast distances over a Trans-Eurasian arc. believes in the cosmic connection.
So why should Spiritual Atheist care, one might ask. c) A person who is both atheist and theist.
The annual migration of the booted warbler bears d) A person who conjures chronobiology and
silent testimony to a great cosmic connection: it traditional wisdom.
validates the marvellous links that living matter has
at the tiniest cellular level, with gargantuan 3. Which of the following will weaken the author’s
movements of planets at the vastest cosmic level. conclusion?
Since the movements of planets can be predicted a) The mysteries in the mythical books can be
precisely, sometimes for thousands of years in uncoiled with the help of science.
advance, this linkage of a little bird’s movements b) The recent growth trajectory of science may
with that of a planet around the Sun can be seen uncoil the mysteries of the universe without
almost as a force of destiny. A similar linkage is any aid.
reflected in our daily sleep-and-wake cycles that are c) The recent growth trajectory of science
governed by circadian and longer infradian rhythms. coupled with the knowledge from the ancient
So much so, scientists now speak of exquisitely texts can help to explore the unexplored.
precise three-hour cycles of production of growth d) The traditional knowledge with the scientific
hormones and even of a two-and-half to four-hour testing abilities may help to uncover great
nasal cycles. The nasal cycle is governed by rhythmic mysteries surrounding us.
congestion and decongestion of the nostrils.
This is something that yogis claim to have known
and exploited through techniques collectively called RC11
Swarodaya. Learning a new language is a lot like entering a new
“To this atheist, this is a wonder,” says the Tantric relationship. Some will become fast friends. Others
text, Shiva Swarodaya. “To the theist, it is the base will hook their arms and march right out of your
(of all knowledge).” memory on the last day of school. And then
Notwithstanding such claims, both atheists and sometimes, whether by mere chance or as a
theists need to collaborate. There is much to be consequence of a lifelong odyssey, some languages
learnt from relatively unexplored realms of will lead you to the brink of love.
chronobiology and its potential use for health Those are the languages that will consume you, as
and happiness with secrets of traditional wisdom. you do everything to make them yours. You dissect
syntax structures. You fill notebooks with rivers of
1. What is the primary purpose of the passage? new letters. The sentences taste fragrant, even as
a) To highlight that booted warbler has arrived in they tumble awkwardly from your mouth like bricks
Mumbai. built of foreign symbols. Verbs after adverbs, nouns
b) To exemplify the cosmic connection that links after pronouns, your relations deepen. Yet, the
the matter to the tiniest living organism. closer you get, the more aware you become of the
c) To propose that atheists and theists need to mirage-like void between you. But you have no fear,
collaborate for the greater good. since the path to your beloved gleams with curiosity
d) To highlight that our actions are driven by and wonder that is almost urgent. What truths will
specific cycles. you uncover amid the new letters and the new
sounds? About the world? About yourself?

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As with all relationships, the euphoria wears off 1. What does the author mean by “Yet, the closer
eventually. Your accent is incorrigible. Your mistakes you get, the more aware you become of the
are inescapable. The rules are endless, as are the mirage-like void between you.” (para 2)
exceptions. You have wandered too far from home a) The more you delve deeper into learning a new
to turn back now. You feel committed and language, the more shallow it occurs to be.
vulnerable, trusting of their benevolence. On the b) The more you learn the language, the more you
occasion of your renewed vows, the language comes realize of the void of knowledge that exist,
bearing gifts of inspiration and connection – not only which may take long to traverse.
to new others, but to a new you. c) The more we get closer to finishing a language,
Many renowned writers have revelled in the gifts of the more the void increases.
their non-native tongues. Vladimir Nabokov, for d) The more you get closer to learning a language,
instance, had been living in the United States for the more you realize the subtle nuances
only a few years before he wrote Lolita (1955): a surrounding the language.
work that has been hailed as ‘a polyglot’s love letter
to language’ and had him called a ‘master of English
prose’. The Irishman Samuel Beckett wrote in French
to escape the clutter of English. This distance, 2. Second language interference, as understood
observes the Turkish novelist Elif Shafak of writing in from the passage is best described as?
her non-native English, leads her closer to home. a) Changes in a person caused because of a new
When Haruki Murakami sat at his kitchen table to language.
write his first novel, he felt like his native Japanese b) When the two languages mesh to crumble your
was getting in the way. Then he tried writing in thoughts.
English, with limited vocabulary and simple syntax at c) Changes in the first language caused by the
his hands. As he translated his compact English intervention of the new language.
sentences ‘stripped of all extraneous fat’ into d) Changes caused by learning a new language
Japanese, a distinctly unadorned style was born that which results in the new language taking over
decades later became synonymous with his the previous one.
worldwide success.
The truth is that entering an intimate relationship
with a new language often colours everything
including the way we read and write our native 3. What does the author mean by the last sentence
language. Our eyes expect the new words. Our pens of the passage?
memorise the new letters. While the infatuation a) The close affairs changes everything
takes over our senses, the language’s anatomy including our dominant language.
etches into our brains. Neural pathways are laid, b) The learning of a new language changes
connections are formed. Brain networks integrate. everything including the dominant
Grey matter becomes denser, white matter gets language.
strengthened. c) When a new language is close to the heart,
Linguists call this ‘second language interference’, it affects your mother tongue.
when the new language interferes with the old d) None of the above.
language, like a new lover rearranging the furniture
of your bedroom, as if to say – this is how things will
be done around here from now on. Somehow,
writing exposes this interference more than speaking 4. What is the purpose of the third para of the
ever could. Affairs of the heart rarely leave any passage?
witnesses untouched, including our mother tongues.

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a) To highlight that in a new relationship or bars, cafes, restaurants and businesses have
while learning a new language, it not remained open. Schools have stayed open for all
always sunshine and happiness. pupils under 16. There are guidelines on social
b) To show that as soon as the relationship or distancing and hygiene but these are not enforced
learning of a new language progresses, the by the law. Sweden’s critics accuse it of pursuing a
outer glitters lose their shine and you start herd-immunity strategy – though this is denied by
changing fundamentally. the authorities.
c) To show that the initial euphoria wears off So how has Sweden done? Originally, the aim of
after some time while learning a new lockdown was to ‘flatten the curve’ — that is, slow
language or in a being in a new language. the spread of the virus sufficiently to avoid
d) To highlight that a new relationship or a overwhelming hospital capacity. This horror scenario
new language changes a person from the was the key justification for the suspension of civil
core. liberties and the decimation of our economies. But in
Sweden, this has not happened.
However, since the lockdowns began, the goalposts
5. All of the following is true from the passage have been moved. Now lockdowns are promoted as
EXCEPT? a means for reducing cases and deaths outright. And
a) Some new languages remain with you for a even on these dishonest new terms, Sweden’s
very short term. results are pretty average: whether in terms of raw
b) Writing affects a interference of the numbers or taken per capita, it currently falls below
second language in a deeper way than the UK, France, Italy and Spain, all of which had
speaking. lockdowns. At the time of writing, just over 4,000
c) Learning a new language affects your people have died.
brain. An Oxford University study which tracks the
d) None of the above stringency of government responses across the
world shows that it has little bearing on deaths. It
finds that in terms of overall excess mortality (which
RC 12 includes all non-Covid deaths), Sweden has suffered
Sweden, seen from abroad at least, usually more deaths than it otherwise would have but in a
symbolises moderation, practicality and fairness. similar proportion to locked-down Switzerland. In
That is until the coronavirus struck. Now you are contrast, the UK, Spain and the Netherlands, which
more likely to hear Sweden described as ‘reckless’ had lockdowns, have had extremely high excess
and ‘dangerous’. Its government is accused of cruelly mortality rates compared to usual.
subjecting its citizens to a deadly, Darwinian Sweden has certainly had failures. Overall, Sweden
‘experiment’. The international media now malign may be an outlier in its approach, but it is not an
this formerly inoffensive country in the kind of outlier in terms of the consequences. And this
language usually thrown at dictatorships like Saudi is intolerable to the pro-lockdown hardliners. As a
Arabia rather than Scandinavia. result, any bad-sounding news is seized on as
Of course, as everyone knows by now, the evidence that Sweden has failed horribly despite
reason Sweden has been blacklisted is that it has their mounting effects.
steadfastly refused to implement a full lockdown. Commentators also delight in the fact that
Life is by no means normal in Sweden. Gatherings of Sweden’s economy has taken a large hit, even
over 50 people are banned, as are visits to elderly without as many restrictive measures. This is
care homes. Those who can are encouraged to work supposed to show that concerns for the economy,
from home. Public-transport use has fallen poverty and unemployment are misplaced and that
dramatically. But in contrast to the rest of Europe,

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whatever pain the lockdown causes is a necessary 3. All of the following of Sweden’s action plan
evil. differs from the rest of the world EXCEPT?
One sleight of hand which disguises Sweden’s a) The schools are open in Sweden.
fundamental averageness is that its critics tend to b) Restaurants and café are open in Sweden.
compare it to other Scandinavian countries, and c) There is no prohibition on congregation.
never to Europe or the world as a whole. Norway, d) Public transports are open.
Denmark and Finland have indeed fared much better
in handling their outbreaks than Sweden at this 4. What is the author indicating by “Sweden may be
stage. But comparing ‘similar’ countries is an an outlier in its approach, but it is not an outlier in
exercise which is rarely repeated in other terms of the consequences”?
circumstances. a) The Sweden may have opted for a different
Time will tell if the Swedes develop herd immunity measure than the rest of the world, but the
to Covid-19 before the rest of us do, or before a dire consequences of the pandemic are not
miracle cure arrives. But Sweden deserves credit for very different between the two.
its immunity to Covid hysteria, and for maintaining b) The different approach of Sweden to fight
its open and civilized approach in the face of against the pandemic has attracted the same
international outrage. number of deaths per capita as the world.
c) The dire consequences of the pandemic is same
1. What does the author mean by “the goalposts across the world.
have been moved”? d) Sweden has attracted less deaths per capita
a) Previously the aim of Sweden was to than its peers despite opting for different
implement complete lockdown, but then it has strategy to fight against the pandemic.
shifted to a less severe lockdown.
b) Previously the aim of Sweden was to reduce 5. Which of the following cannot be inferred from
the number of cases but now it is to reduce the the passage?
number of deaths. a) The results of the actions of the Sweden
c) Previously the aim of Sweden was to control remains to be seen.
the superfluous entry of people in the hospitals b) Herd immunity strategy would require no or
but now it has shifted to decrease the mortality less severe lockdown.
rate. c) The strategy of the swedes cannot be
d) Previously the focus was to reduce the attributed as a failure.
mortality rate but now it is to develop herd d) None of the above
immunity among its people.

2. The author of the passage will agree with all of

RC13
the following EXCEPT? In April, the price of an American barrel of oil,
a) Sweden is overly criticized for its steps. delivered in May, briefly dropped from a low $20
b) Sweden deserves praise for opting bold to minus $40. That has never happened in 150 years
measures amid the crises and still maintaining of processing oil.
the death toll. Some believe that the world’s daily average supply
c) Sweden should not be compared to Norway, of oil – about 100million barrels a day (mmb/d)
Denmark, and Finland. – could drop by 20 per cent. After all, America’s
d) Schools of the pupils under 16 should remain lockdown has already made demand for oil there fall
open. from 20 to 14 mmb/d. But it is the collapse of
demand for it in transport that has attracted most
attention. Indeed, in the OECD area (which includes

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Europe, the US and Central America), technology, so will oil and gas. Our electric fetishists
transport accounts for more than 60 per cent of ignore, for instance, how IT has raised the
overall demand for oil. productivity of US shale oil and gas production.
The green establishment, now complete with woke Selective in their appreciation of technological
banks and investors, sees in ghost roads and empty advance, electric fetishists are downright dishonest
skies the beginning of the end of oil. about the work that goes into electric systems. As
People need a reality check. They are noted above, child labour, sweat and exploitation
convinced electric vehicles will supplant petrol and account for much of the production of cobalt for
diesel ones, and that renewables will replace fossil batteries. But for electric fetishists, such facts are
fuels. But they’re fooling themselves. inconvenient.
Take electric transport, for example. It would take 14 As, indeed, is the fact that nobody can really forecast
years just to restock the entire fleet of cars on UK oil prices. But one kind of forecasting we can do
roads. And, even then, that would depend on: all without is the sort that’s wishful, technocratic, and,
new cars made being electric by law; the sales of above all, authoritarian. In the 1980s, the uber-
these new cars remaining steady, at 2.3million per Thatcherite minister Norman Tebbit famously told
year, despite the coming depression; the eight the unemployed: ‘On your bike!’ Now our wannabe
million used, internal-combustion-engine cars sold electric rulers tell everyone: on your electric bike –
every year being declared illegal; and the sunk costs or buy that £40,000 Tesla.
of petrol stations and tankers being ignored in
favour of new charging points everywhere. And 1. “For decades, too, acquiring and transporting the
that’s four very big ifs. materials for electric cars will depend on oil much
For decades, too, acquiring and transporting the more than electricity.” All of the following is true
materials for electric cars will depend on oil much related to this sentence EXCEPT?
more than electricity. Remember, for example, that a) The author brings out the irony out of the
the cobalt in batteries isn’t mined in by far the situation.
world’s largest producer, by electric robots and b) If oil is a core part of manufacturing electric
distributed by electric trucks. No, it’s mined vehicles, then we may not be able to replace
using children and diesel. the oil anytime soon.
Beyond oil and transport, what about heat and gas? c) If as of now, the oil is not used, we may not
Obsessed with global ‘heating’, our electric fetishists produce the electric vehicles.
forget the role of heat in industrial processes and the d) The oil may eventually be replaced by the
centrality of gas within those processes. increment in the electric vehicles.
And what of power supply? Environmentalists again
deceive themselves when they take the irresistible
rise of ‘green electricity’ for granted. 2. Which of the following cannot be inferred from
The government’s Digest of UK Energy the passage?
Statistics states that, in 2018, wind and solar a) Renewables’ amount to just 21 per cent of the
provided just 63.5 per cent of the record 33 per cent UK’s annual electricity supply.
of UK electricity produced by renewables. The rest b) Producers of oil paid people to take oil off their
was produced by biofuels, the use of which many hands.
greens criticise on the grounds that they emit CO2 c) Electric cars run more on oil than electricity.
and require excessive amounts of land to be grown. d) All of the above.
Greens contend that renewables use will increase
because wind and solar are always getting cheaper. 3. To which of the following does “And that’s four
Yet while wind and solar, like electric vehicles, will very big ifs” refer to?
indeed benefit from improvements in production

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a) UK may never completely replace its existing noted that the machine had improved dramatically
car fleets. from an early form in 1874 that could only print
b) UK may take more than 14 years to replace its capital letters, which “were more or less liable to get
existing car fleet. out of order.”
c) The assumptions considered to replace are big Citing “innumerable tests,” Hubert wrote that
enough to fulfil. typewriters could save 40 minutes out of an hour,
d) The replacement of the current UK vehicles compared with the pen. And the growing ranks of
depend on strong assumptions. businesses that depended on clerical workers had
taken notice. The major typewriter maker,
4. What is the author trying to convey through the Remington—the creator of the QWERTY keyboard
last sentence of the passage? we all know and love—had gone from selling 1,400
a) The electric fetishists should buy a diesel typewriters in 1882 to 14,000 in 1887.
vehicle. The new technology was a particular boon for
b) The electric fetishists should be logical with female employment.
their arguments. Remington manufactured the iconic new machine of
c) The electric fetishists should rather business in the same factory that had built many of
demonstrate their proposition with their the revolvers used in the Civil War. The symbolism
actions. didn’t escape Hubert, who wrote: “In the old days
d) The electric fetishists should be rational the sword was forged into the ploughshare; in our
enough to understand that diesel vehicles may day the gun has given way to the typewriter.”
never be substituted. This was an era when companies were beginning to
hire women for clerical tasks, and Hubert noted that
the new technology was a particular boon for female
5. Which of the following could be an apt title for employment. He pointed out that typing generally
the passage? paid as much or more as teaching, the main
a) Oil will remain eternal professional job open to women at the time.
b) The end of oil is not is sight Looking back at the typewriter’s early decades from
c) Electricity requires oil the vantage point of 1986, Robert A. Waller also
d) Electric world powered by oil emphasized the economic and cultural changes the
typewriter facilitated. Businesses began to apply
Fredrick Taylor’s ideas about scientific management
RC 14 to the office, leading to the creation of secretarial
After decades of development, voice recognition pools. Typewriters helped manufacturers’ business
technology is beginning to compete with typing offices grow in tandem with faster production and
when it comes to sending texts, interacting with more extensive transportation networks.
computers, and even writing whole articles. The end Meanwhile, the growing employment of single
of typing could shake things up, judging from how women gave them new economic power. New
much typing changed the world when it was first restaurants popped up catering to women workers.
introduced. Some contemporary writers tied women’s growing
In 1888, the typewriter as we know it was less than a employment in offices to the fight for suffrage, while
decade old, but it was already changing the shape of some religious leaders decried the opportunities for
the business world, according to an account by P.G. sin created by the mixing of genders in the
Hubert, Jr. published that year. “With the aid of this workplace.
little machine an operator can accomplish more Waller concludes that we ought to look at the
correspondence in a day than half a dozen clerks can typewriter as the equal of the telephone and the
with the pen, and do better work,” Hubert wrote. He electric light.

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“Overall, the nation’s characteristic mania that 4. The typewriter impacted all of the following
nothing is worth doing unless done quickly was areas according to the passage EXCEPT
accentuated by the speed with which the typewriter a) Employment sector
could perform writing chores,” he writes. b) Businesses
Today, that same mania could push us to shift away c) Manufacturing sector
from typing altogether. d) Management sector

1. Which of the following best describes what the 5. Which of the following can be a possible reason
passage is trying to do? for Waller comparing typewriter with telephone
a) The passage is trying to show how typewriter and electric light ?
changed the business industry. a) The typewriter was just as revolutionary as
b) The passage is trying to show how the electric light and telephone.
invention of typewriter facilitated the b) The typewriter helped in creating the new
economic and cultural changes. business world as the electric light and
c) The passage is trying to show how the telephone did.
typewriters changed the scenario of women c) The typewriters helped the business chores to
employment. get completed quickly.
d) The passage is trying to show how the d) The typewriter increased the employment just
typewriters changed everything. as electric light and telephone.

2. The last sentence of the passage is best

RC15
explained with which of the following? In 1930, a year into the Great Depression, John
a) The voice recognition technology could shift us Maynard Keynes sat down to write about the
away from typing. economic possibilities of his grandchildren. In
b) The mania of doing things quickly could lead to his essay, he predicted that in 100 years’ time, i.e.
the use of voice recognition technology for 2030, society would have advanced so far that we
typing. would barely need to work. The main problem
c) The mania to invent and grow could lead to the confronting countries such as Britain and the United
stoppage of typing. States would be boredom. At first glance, Keynes
d) The obsession of doing things quickly could seems to have done a woeful job of predicting the
lead to the shift from typing. future. In 1930, the average worker in the US, the
UK, Australia and Japan spent 45 to 48 hours at
3. All of the following can be inferred from the work. Today, that is still up around 38 hours.
passage EXCEPT But his 15-hour working week prediction might have
a) The author is concerned about the replacement been more on the mark than it first appears.
of typing with voice recognition writing If we wanted to produce as much as Keynes’s
technique. countrymen did in the 1930s, it could be done in
b) The typewriters and guns of the civil war were seven or eight hours. These increases in productivity
manufactured by Remington. come from a century of automation and
c) The religious leaders cherished the women technological advances.
participation in the industry. The progress over the past 90 years is not only
d) The typing paid the same amount as the apparent when considering workplace efficiency, but
professional jobs. also when taking into account how much leisure
time we enjoy. First consider retirement. In 1930,
most people never reached retirement age, simply

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labouring until they died. Today, people live well 1. The average working hours has not reduced
past retirement. If you take the work we do while drastically because of which of the following
we’re young and spread it across a total adult reasons?
lifetime, it works out to less than 25 hours per week. a) Persistent income inequality
There’s a second factor that boosts the amount of b) Pursuit of a good life
leisure time we enjoy: a reduction in housework. The c) Persistent social inequality
ubiquity of washing machines, vacuum cleaners and d) All of the above
microwave ovens means that the average US
household does almost 30 hours less housework per
week than in the 1930s. 2. To which of the following does the author refer
So if today’s advanced economies have reached the “Humans live on a hedonic treadmill” to?
point of productivity that Keynes predicted, why are a) Humans are always busy in their gyms.
30 to 40 hour weeks still standard in the workplace? b) Humans seek happiness as a continuous
This is a question about both human nature – our pursuit.
ever-increasing expectations of a good life – as well c) Humans live a life where they continuously
as how work is structured across societies. change their goals.
Part of the answer is way-of-life: humans have an d) Humans pursue subsistence today.
insatiable appetite for more. Few people would
choose to settle for mere subsistence. Humans live 3. Which of the following is true according to the
on a hedonic treadmill. passage?
Finally, persistent social inequality also helps the 40- a) An average US household spends 30 hours per
hour week persist. Many people have to work 30- to week in household chores.
40-hour weeks simply to get by. As a society, on b) Developed economies have reached a point of
aggregate, we are able to produce enough for productivity beyond what Keynes predicted.
everyone. But unless the distribution of wealth c) Wealth distribution has followed the Keynes’
becomes more equal, very few people can afford to prediction.
cut back to a 15-hour working week. In his essay, d) Developed countries are facing the problem of
Keynes predicted the opposite. In one sense, you can boredom.
see this in the social safety nets that didn’t exist back
in 1930. Programs such as social security and public 4. All of the following can be deduced from the
housing help people get over the low bar of the passage EXCEPT?
‘economic problem’ of base subsistence, but they a) Today, humans live on a hedonic treadmill.
are insufficient to properly lift people out of poverty. b) We face more inequality than what was
But at some point we should look back to see how predicted by Keynes.
far we have come. Keynes was right about the c) In a sense, modern developed countries have
amazing advancements his grandchildren would way overshot Keynes prediction.
enjoy, but wrong about how this would change d) We have lifted people out of minimal
overall patterns of work and distribution, which subsistence.
remain stubbornly fixed.
In developed countries, at least, we have the 5. “That goal” in the last sentence of the passage
technology and tools for everyone to work less and indicates which goal?
still live highly prosperous lives, if only we structure a) Equal wealth distribution
our work and society towards that goal. b) Less work and prosperous life
c) Income disparity
d) To lift people out of poverty

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There are many impetuses for preserving

RC 16 endangered languages: patriotism, sentiment,
Today 7,000 languages are spoken. Fully half are personal connection, linguistic fascination and
expected to die out before the year 2100, continuing financial reasons. The preservation of a language can
a centuries-long trend. Half of all people in the world be a tactical move in order to secure legal privileges
speak 25 main languages. Every year these large or international funding for teachers, publishers and
linguistic groups expand at the expense of the broadcasters. The survival status of languages
smaller languages. becomes hotly contested when national pride and
Natural disaster, legal suppression and forced NGO funding are on the line. Manx is listed by
migration all play their part in this process of UNESCO as extinct, and Livonian described as
linguistic extinction. ‘dormant’, though activists claim they are still living.
The fact that over 800 languages are still spoken in Faroese poet Kim Simonsen writes that Faroese
Papua New Guinea – the least colonised, least literature had been taken up by nationalistic
explored and most ethnically diverse region in the advocates, and used instrumentally to advance
world today – is hardly a coincidence. There is a national cohesion and identity. Often such
sadly inexorable process of absorption when an championing has driven away younger generations,
indigenous tribal culture comes into contact with a who see their ancestral language as worthy but
larger, more technologically advanced and more hidebound, rooted in nation and unable to address
militarily powerful group. It seems that improved the experiences they have when they travel and
medical care, better literacy, efficient sanitation and absorb world culture.
centrally codified laws necessarily entail the
lessening of ties to a population’s traditional Translation is, of course, a very inexact process. One
heritage. And this leads to a consequent decline of a cannot actually translate a culturally framed
community’s language. understanding which is embedded in language.
Languages include those from cultures close and far. What’s more, the very obscurity of these languages
The British languages include Manx, Cornish, Scottish leads to problems with translation.
Gaelic and Shetlandic. European languages include Artistically speaking, the poems vary in quality. But
Occitan, Saami, Sardinian, Faroese and Belarussian. there is a beautiful poem in Navajo by Laura Tohe,
Others include Maori, Navajo, Assyrian and translated by the poet herself. She is bilingual and
Hawaiian. The selection is not entirely confined to able to approximate the original in her own
languages in danger of extinction. Welsh, Pashto, translation, which aids fluency and the power of her
Rohingya are not vulnerable, but they are selected imagery of cranes migrating. And there are some
because they are minority languages. touching, funny and fascinating poems on a range of
But some languages are so rare, as in the case of subjects.
Gorwaa in Tanzania, that ‘there is no published Many of the languages might well be on the verge of
dictionary, grammar, texts or standardised writing extinction. But something of their life will be forever
system’. preserved here.
Bathari, Hobyot and Soqotri are South Arabian
languages from Oman, transcribed here in the 1. Why does the author mention the region of
phonetic alphabet as there are no written forms. Papua New Guinea?
One cannot help but feel these last three are a) To mention another reason as to how a
fragments rescued from isolated traditions soon to culturally rich region can lose its cultural touch.
be submerged in Arabic. Even languages that receive b) To mention another reason as to how culturally
the financial and administrative assistance that rich region can lose its community’s language.
Cornish has received on its road back from extinction
face an uncertain future.

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c) To mention it as a reference to explain how the d) i,ii,iii,iv,v

community loses a language when invaded by
someone more powerful than them. 5. The author would agree with none of the
d) To mention another way as to how culturally following EXCEPT?
rich region can lose its community’s language. a) Languages spoken by the small communities
should not be preserved.
2. What is the last para trying to convey? b) Financial aid should be provided to a potential
a) Despite many languages facing extinction, about to extinct language.
some of their elements will always remain in c) Translations may preserve the languages.
some form or the other. d) Extinction of a language may be because of
b) Despite many languages facing extinction, several factors at play simultaneously.
some of their elements will always remain
because of translation of their texts in the
languages which do not face any threat.
c) Despite many languages facing extinction,
RC 17
some of their elements will always live in the Today’s shoppers are looking for more than just
memories of the people. what’s just available on a website. They want an
d) Despite many languages facing extinction, experience. Malls have always been a destination,
some of their elements will always remain but the concept of a ‘mallrat’ no longer exists. The
because of the efforts put in to preserve them. days of meeting friends at the mall and shopping all
day are gone. Malls are still considered a destination,
3. Which of the following is a possible reason to but it’s because they now offer amenities,
why the languages which receive administrative experiences and entertainment to enhance the
assistance also face uncertain future? shopping experience. They are now not only
a) They lack funding needed to maintain the anchored by department stores but with popular
quality and propagation of a language. restaurants, bars, salons, cinemas, and fitness
b) They lack sufficient amount of population centres.
speaking the language. First Insight’s most recent study of consumer
c) They always face to a threat of being merged in shopping habits, purchase behaviour and influences
one of the dominant languages. driving decisions found that 71 percent of shoppers
d) They lack a standardized writing system which are spending more per visit in-store. . . Brick-and-
is important for the preservation of the mortar retail clearly isn’t dead.
language. As millennials and Gen Z’ers mature and their
purchasing power increases, the concept of
traditional malls is being replaced by new
adaptations of shopping centres. These younger
4. All of the following are the reasons for languages consumers place a high priority on experiences,
to extinct except? preferring to spend their money on experiences
i) Natural calamities rather than on material things. . .
ii) Merging of a language into other Wisely, the re-invention of malls is relying heavily on
iii) Migration experiential and entertainment
iv) Lack of a proper standardized writing system environments. . .Commercial mall developers are
v) Financial assistance also rethinking their long-term lease tactics. Mall
a) i,ii,iii developers are leveraging the closure of traditional
b) i,ii,iii,v shops as a chance to offer exclusivity and newness
c) i,ii,iii,iv with pop-up opportunities and short-term retail

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strategies in the new retail landscape. This minimizes b) Author refers to the fact that malls still act as a
risk by enabling brands to test the market and destination.
location before committing. c) Author refers to the fact that more people are
Seeing all this evolution, I reflected on how and why buying from malls.
shopping malls came into being in the first place. The d) With the malls evolving, people are preferring
growth of malls followed the migration of population them over online shopping.
out of cities towards suburbs, along with the growth
of automobiles. . . The shopping mall was initially 3. According to the passage how are malls evolving
created as a destination community centre where in all of the following ways EXCEPT
people could come together to shop and interact a) They adopting according to the new retail
socially. landscape.
As the tide started to turn for traditional shopping b) They are providing experiences rather than
malls, anchor stores died off and occupancy at the material things.
mall started to decline. By 2014, the majority of the c) They now have popular restaurant, saloons,
stores were empty. Instead of shuttering and going bars, cinema and fitness centres.
out of business. . . they have drastically reinvented. d) They are reconsidering their lease contracts
The revival of malls continues and it’s thought- strategies.
provoking to consider what malls will look like in the
future. From the conception of malls in the 1960’s as 4. according to the passage the tides have turned
baby boomers moved to the suburbs, to experiences for traditional malls in all of the following ways
and entertainment transformations for millennials, EXCEPT?
successful malls have evolved to stay connected with a) They are no longer the seen as a community
the zeitgeist. Others have ended their journey on centre.
the Dead Malls list. What’s next as Generation Z b) They do not provide the traditional shopping
shoppers take over as the big spenders and increase experience.
their shopping power? The answer: shopping malls c) The traditional stores in the malls have closed.
must continue to transform to survive the d) They are still the destination.
generational changes. As with so many other areas
of retail and beyond, it’s evolve or die. 5. The main reason why the shopping malls are
evolving is because
a) People are placing higher values on
experiences rather than material things.
1. The central idea of the passage is b) Different generations have different priorities.
a) The shopping habits of the people have c) They are not seen as traditional destinations of
changed and they, now focus on experiences shopping.
and amenities. d) The landscape of retail is changing.
b) Shopping malls no longer serve the purpose for
which they were created.
c) Shopping malls are evolving.
RC 18
d) People will never stop going to shopping malls. Seagrass is an "indicator organism," an underwater
canary in the coalmine that signals when marine
2. What is author trying to refer in 2nd para by ecosystems are struggling.
“Brick-and-mortar retail clearly isn’t dead” The health of seagrass meadows around the world
a) Author refers to the online shopping by stating serves as a measure of planetary diagnosis in the
that malls are still going strong. face of climate change and human activities, says
Oscar Serrano, a leading seagrass expert who is a

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senior research scientist at Edith Cowan University's In 2019 he and his colleagues measured Australia’s
Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research. For “blue carbon” stores in the first such national
decades, he says, rainforests have been the center of estimate. Published in Nature Communications, their
the global conversation about carbon. But seagrass, research showed that each year Australian seagrass,
researchers are now realizing, plays a central role in mangrove, and salt marshes can lock away for
"blue carbon," these massive ocean-based millennia as much carbon dioxide as is emitted by
ecosystems that can actually store far more carbon about four million cars every year.
than forests per unit area. But seagrass meadows are increasingly threatened
Maintaining seagrass meadows, and restoring them by climate change that is bringing storms of
so that they can expand to pre-industrialization mounting ferocity and frequency. The Edith Cowan
extent, could be one way to combat climate change, University marine scientists have been investigating,
Serrano says. That’s because seagrass removes for example, the devastating effect that a prolonged
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it marine heat wave had on seagrass in Shark Bay, a
away, offsetting millions of tons of carbon emitted UNESCO World Heritage site on the central Western
by burning fossil fuels. Australian coast. Since the end of 2010, the loss of
Seagrass sucks carbon out of the skies and more than 20 percent of the 2,000 square miles
sequesters it in seagrass plants and underlying soil. Indian Ocean site has caused the release of many
That process secures entire ecosystems. If seagrass millions of tons of carbon dioxide.
isn’t faring well, that spells trouble for marine life, Serrano reports that vegetated coastal ecosystems
for the humans who depend on it for food, and for around the world are dwindling twice as quickly as
the health of the oceans. tropical rainforests. To make matters worse,
Healthy seagrass meadows stabilize the sea floor seagrass meadows recover slowly and often only
and provide habitats and food for many marine partially, and their damaged vegetation tends to
creatures, contributing to climate change mitigation accumulate near shore as foul-smelling “wrack,”
and adaptation thanks to their capacity to trap harming property values along with ecosystems.
carbon dioxide and protect the shorelines from
erosion. When Serrano and his colleagues at Edith
Cowan University in Perth venture out along the
Western Australian coast to study the meadows,
they witness extraordinarily rich but fragile 1. Which of the following cannot be inferred from
assortments of sea life including endangered the passage?
dugongs (relatives of manatees) and green turtles. a) When the seagrass is removed, the
Serrano and his fellow scientists from the Centre for environment faces twin shocks from a single
Marine Ecosystems Research, which Paul Lavery event.
directs, say that the upshot of their work is that b) We can combat climate change only by
maintaining seagrass meadows and allowing them to maintaining seagrass.
expand should be considered when shaping policy c) In the coming times, more CO2 is bound to be
on climate change. Their research has shown that released in the atmosphere as the seagrass is
seagrass meadows and their soils store about 40 dwindling.
times as much carbon as forests while also absorbing d) Humans are also affected by the depletion of
and storing it much more quickly than rainforests. the seagrass.
That makes the “blue carbon” ecosystems far better
equipped to combat climate change than has been 2. Blue carbon ecosystem is more equipped to
recognized. combat climate change for which of the following
“It’s a field of study that has grown exponentially reasons?
over the last decade,” says Serrano. a) They can absorb the oceanic CO2.

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b) They just don’t absorb CO2, they can also parts of London were destroyed in the Great Fire
protect shoreline erosion and marine because they were made largely of wood, after
environment. which they were rebuilt in brick and stone. So it will
c) They can absorb more CO2 in comparison to the seem a reasonable reaction to the Grenfell disaster
forest ecosystem. that the government banned timber (along with
d) They can store the CO2 from the atmosphere other combustible materials) from the exterior of
and store it away. residential buildings more than 18 meters high.
This ban started in 2018, with the promise to review
3. The author will not support any of the following it. You will probably think, to be safe than sorry. But
EXCEPT? there’s a cost to this caution, which is that it will
a) Seagrass should be removed as they reduce the impede one of the most promising recent
marine tourism. innovations in building.
b) The search of crude oil becomes challenging This is the engineering of timber so that it can act as
due to seagrass and thus it should be removed. an alternative to steel and concrete, such that large
c) The dwindling of seagrass has had a severe and tall structures can be built with it. Its
impact on small fishes which used to consume environmental benefits are compelling, timber locks
it as their food, thus seagrass should be up the carbon absorbed by the growth of trees.
maintained. While construction is a major contributor to
d) All of the above greenhouse gases, building in wood has the potential
to reduce them.
There are other advantages. Current techniques
4. All of the following can be deduced from the mean that timber structures can be made into
passage EXCEPT? components away from building sites and then
a) More the seagrass, better the marine assembled there, which has benefits for quality,
environment. precision and speed of construction. It is lighter and
b) If seagrass meadows are maintained and easier to transport than its alternatives. It is versatile
allowed to expand, we may see less severe and can be used to make walls and floors as well as
storms. the frames that hold buildings up. Wood is an
c) Policy makers should consider the protection of inherently pleasing material, both visually and
seagrass for the betterment of the acoustically.
environment. It makes for building sites that are cleaner, safer,
d) None of the above quieter and more pleasant. As for the question of
fire: if it is thick enough and dense enough, wood
5. What is the primary purpose of the passage? burns slowly, because it protects itself from further
a) To highlight the importance of Blue carbon damage by charring, whereas at high temperatures
ecosystem in maintaining the CO2 levels. steel is given to sudden collapse.
b) To indicate the importance of seagrass in Not surprisingly, given its many qualities, the use of
maintaining the atmospheric CO2 levels. engineered timber is expanding around the world
c) To indicate the importance of seagrass in the but it will be held back in England. Of course no one
blue carbon ecosystem. should be blase about what is a fast-developing
d) To highlight the importance of seagrass. technology and continuing testing and research are
needed to ensure its safety, but the same is true of
many techniques used in modern construction. For
RC19 all these reasons, a number of organizations and
You don’t have to be an expert in construction to businesses have urged the government to
know that wood burns. You might also recall that reconsider.

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Part of the problem is that the current ban doesn’t b) Dense woods do not catch fire and thus should
adequately distinguish between the cladding, or be used in tall buildings.
outer skin of a building, and its structure. There is c) The advantages of using timber outweighs its
almost universal agreement that it is reasonable to disadvantages.
ban timber cladding on buildings of more than a few d) The ban of timber can be overturned after the
stories high. But one of the beauties of engineered Grenfell inquiry.
timber is that it can function as the stuff that does
the hard work of holding a building up, as the layer
that encloses the interior and as the surface that you 4. Which of the following is not the benefit of using
look at. While it is possible to conceal a wooden timber?
structure beneath another material, this loses much a) It can control sound.
of the simplicity that is one of its advantages. b) It is cheap and easily available.
A strange aspect in all of this is that Grenfell Tower c) It can lock up carbon dioxide for years and thus
was not made of timber, but of reinforced concrete have environment benefits.
clad in polyethylene and aluminum. While the d) It versatility makes it to be used in numerous
Grenfell inquiry has not reached its conclusions, it is places.
perverse to ban a blameless material while we’re
waiting. 5. Why does the author say that timber is a
blameless material?
1. Which among the following conclusion can be a) Because it wasn’t used in the Grenfell tower
drawn from the penultimate paragraph? and still got banned.
a) Wood should be used in the frontier works. b) Because the author thinks that there are few
b) Timber can be used to build the structure. disadvantages of using timber.
c) Timber can be used as outer skin too. c) It is worthless to blame timber as it is not the
d) Hiding timber structure with another material only material to catch fire.
would reduce its strength. d) None of the above

2. The author’s proposition will be weakened by all

RC 20
of the following EXCEPT? Thirty-one years ago, the Chinese government
a) In the U.K. dense timber is hard to find. massacred thousands of pro-democracy protesters
b) With special paints available now, buildings of in Beijing, but the international community moved
timber can be prevented from small fires. on in relatively short order. Today, this same
c) Timber is more pleasant as well as costly than regime is killing the freedom of 8 million people in
its traditional substitutes. Hong Kong. The survivors of the Tiananmen Square
d) According to a newly published study, if the massacre are warning the world not to repeat the
seasoning of timber is done in a correct mistakes it made in 1989.
manner, it can act strong against the routine International condemnation, then, was swift,
fires, the fires which do not harm the concrete sanctions were imposed, and the Chinese leadership
based buildings. was treated as a pariah, for a little while. But while
President George H.W. Bush publicly condemned the
3. All of the following cannot be inferred from the massacre, privately he quickly and quietly resumed
passage EXCEPT? his drive to pursue friendly relations with Beijing,
a) Using timber improves productivity as the work signalling to Chinese leaders their brutal crackdown
can be divided into components which can be would have little long-term cost.
worked individually and then accumulated.

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Economic engagement quickly resumed, most human rights and freedom in Hong Kong. Our public
sanctions were soon lifted and China’s economy institutions — especially our police — have serious
surged for the next three decades. But the political problems that have caused systemic suffering for
reforms Washington policymakers had hoped for large groups of Americans. But it would be pathetic if
never materialized. After Xi Jinping formally took we used that as a reason to abandon our duty to
power in 2013, the Chinese Communist Party’s also stand up to repression in China. In fact, the
brutality and repression only accelerated. drives for greater justice at home and abroad
“That’s a very big lesson the American government reinforce each other. This is actually the perfect time
should learn from 1989,” said Wang Dan, a former to press the issue.
student leader who survived the Tiananmen Square The biggest difference between 1989 and now is
massacre. He spent several years in prison before that, back then, the Chinese government could cover
being exiled to the United States, where he has up the truth. Today in Hong Kong, everyone can see
championed democracy, freedom and human rights the tragedy unfolding. For the sake of our values and
for the Chinese people ever since. their freedom, we cannot afford to let Beijing get
Wang was part of a group of Chinese dissidents who away with it again.
met Secretary of State Mike Pompeo this week. He
told Pompeo that the United States and the 1. Why the Bush administration did not take any
international community must do more to help significant action against China in 1989 after the
people in mainland China have free access to Tiananmen Square massacre?
information — and do more to punish Chinese a) They thought that China would definitely lead
leaders for their assault on freedom in Hong Kong. to political reform.
Last week, China’s rubber-stamp legislature b) They thought deteriorating relations with china
approved a sweeping new national security law for would come at a huge cost.
Hong Kong, after which Pompeo announced, “Hong c) They thought it will not have a long term
Kong is no longer autonomous from China, given impact on the world.
facts on the ground.” President Trump gave a speech d) The economic cost of an action against China
promising to roll back the special economic and would have been high.
trade status Hong Kong has enjoyed, along with
other as-yet-unspecified measures. 2. Which of the following cannot be deduced from
Wang said the U.S. and international responses must the passage?
target sanctions at high-level officials in Beijing, and a) Political sanctions are the only way to put
that issues of human rights and freedom of pressure on china.
information in China must be included in any future b) The U.S.’ human rights would strengthen if
trade talks. The CCP’s abuses hurt not only Chinese they chose to stand by the Hong Kong.
citizens but also U.S. companies trying to do business c) China has used the international economic
in China. excess for its advantage.
The Bush administration could be forgiven for d) The Chinese government does not want
thinking China’s leaders were moving toward democracy in their region.
opening and reform in 1989. In 2020, nobody can
make that argument. The CCP has abused its access 3. The passage is primarily suggesting that
to the international economy for economic a) Hong Kong should be protected from china.
aggression while protecting its own markets from b) We failed once to restrict China, but we not fail
free competition. now.
It would be easy to say that the current political and c) The U.S. must not hold itself because of their
social upheaval in the United States means we regional conflicts.
shouldn’t stand up against China’s crackdown on

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d) Pressure should be applied on China from all

directions.

4. All of the following are the ways to control the

Chinese draconian actions EXCEPT?
a) Constant political pressure.
b) Put sanctions on the Chinese officials.
c) Put tariffs and tax on Chinese firms and
products.
d) None of the above.

5. Which of the following can be concluded from

the passage?
a) The Chinese brutality has dwindled since the
Tiananmen massacre.
b) The U.S. has its own sorts of problem relating
to the human rights and freedom.
c) The U.S. may learn a very big lesson if they do
not act against China this time.
d) All of the above

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Option b reflects this explanation.

Answer Key Option a can be easily eliminated. The more we
RC 1 RC 2 RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 delve into the a language the more we realise the
1. B 1. C 1. A 1. A 1. C deepness of it.
2. A 2. A 2. D 2. A 2. A Option c is distorted. The void doesn’t increase, it’s
3. B 3. C 3. D 3. A 3. D just you realise that the void is too big.
4. B 4. B 4. A 4. C 4. D Option d can be easily eliminated.
5. D
RC 6 RC 7 RC 8 RC 9 RC 10
1. B 1. B 1. E 1. D 1. C
2. C 2. A 2. D 2. C 2. A
2. A)
3. D 3. C 3. C 3. C 3. B
Explanation:
RC 11 RC 12 RC 13 RC 14 RC 15
1. B 1. B 1. D 1. A 1. D It’s an easy one. The second language interference is
2. C 2. D 2. C 2. B 2. B the changes the second language brings with it
3. B 3. C 3. B 3. C 3. B which affects a person. As it is best summarized by
4. B 4. A 4. C 4. D 4. A the last sentence of the passage that a new language
5.D 5. D 5. B 5. B 5. B changes everything even the most fundamental
RC 16 RC 17 RC 18 RC 19 RC 20 parts like the mother tongue. Option a is precisely
1. D 1. C 1. B 1. B 1. A what the second language interference is.
2. A 2. A 2. C 2. D 2. A
Option b can be easily eliminated.
3. B 3. B 3. C 3. A 3. B
Option c is distorted. It’s not just about the changes
4. A 4. D 4. D 4. B 4. D
in the first language. It is about a whole range of
5. D 5. B 5. D 5. B 5. B
changes because of the second language.
Option d can be easily eliminated.

3. B)
Solutions Explanation:
Refer to the last para. The passage talks about how
the new language changes the old language, what
RC1 the linguists call second language interference. The
last sentence of the passage summarizes this
1. B)
thought that the new language changes everything
Explanation:
including our mother tongues.
Refer to the lines from the first para, “The sentences
Option b mirrors this thought.
taste fragrant, even as they tumble awkwardly from
your mouth like bricks built of foreign symbols.
4. B)
Verbs after adverbs, nouns after pronouns, your
Explanation:
relations deepen. Yet, the closer you get, the more
The second passage illustrates how you wish to get
aware you become of the mirage-like void between
consumed in a new language and how everything
you. But you have no fear, since the path to your
looks good about the new language or a relationship.
beloved gleams with curiosity and wonder that is
The third para exposes the realities that a person
almost urgent.”
faces after the glittery phase. The person becomes
Now initially we enjoy learning the new language,
exposed to the differences but then these slowly
but the more we learn, the more we realise the void
start changing the person fundamentally.
of knowledge that exists but you do not fear it
Option b mirrors this explanation and is the answer
because you are curious and realise that you need to
to the question.
fill the void urgently.

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Option a is true, but it is incomplete. Since the inflation is now firmly under control in most big
changes the language or relationship brings with it is emerging markets, many of these countries still
missing from the option, thus the option can be worry that monetary indiscipline can lead to
eliminated. destabilizing runs on their currency.” Thus the
Option c can be eliminated on the same grounds as sentence implies that Qe can lead to the
option a. destabilization of the market currency. Thus option a
Option d can also be eliminated on the similar is the correct answer.
grounds of option a.

5. D)
Explanation: 3. C)
Option a is true. it is given in the first para of the Explanation:
passage. Refer to the lines from the passage “Others Refer to the line “The aim instead is to stabilize
will hook their arms and march right out of your financial markets”, thus the central banks are
memory on the last day of school.” injecting money so that the markets function
Option is also true. Refer to the line from the last smoothly. Thus option c is the correct answer.
para “Somehow, writing exposes this interference
more than speaking ever could.” 4. B)
Option c is true as grey matter becomes denser, thus Explanation:
a new language affects your brain. The stigma refers to the central banks of the
Hence option d is the correct answer. emerging markets refraining themselves for Qe. This
stigma is fading as the central banks of the emerging
markets are beginning to opt for practices such as
Qe in more common scenarios rather than reserve it
for the calamities such as currency wars. Option b
reflects this and is the correct answer for the
RC2 question.
1. C)
Explanation:
Refer to the first and the second para. Second para RC3
highlights the buying of the assets by various central 1. A)
banks and later in the passage the reason for their Explanation:
buying is to ensure that the markets function Refer to the lines “This growing inequality is held
efficiently. Thus Qe can be best described as the responsible for a wide range of social and political
process of buying of securities by the central bank to ills” and “This “grand narrative” undoubtedly
pump more money into the economy. Option c captures important aspects of the US experience.
reflects this and is the answer to the question. But it does not represent the whole picture.”.
The passage revolves around the idea that the
2. A) growing inequality cannot be attributed to the rise in
Explanation: populism. To further clarify this the author compares
Refer to the lines “Critics nonetheless worry different countries and different factors leading to
that qe is both more dangerous and less necessary in the inequality and refutes that it is just because of
emerging markets than it is elsewhere. It imperils the rise in populism.
the hard-won independence of monetary authorities This is reflected in option a and thus is the correct
that have struggled in the past to keep their distance answer.
from big-spending politicians” and “And although

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2. D) Option c can be eliminated. As there as many factors

Explanation: which makes it complex to attribute the rising
All the options are explicitly mentioned in the inequality to a specific cause.
passage and thus option d is the correct answer. Option d can also be eliminated on the similar
Refer to the lines “When it comes to ordinary living grounds as option c.
standards, middle class income growth has been
even more varied.” And “. But economic dysfunction
combines with cultural and demographic factors in a
way that makes them very hard to disentangle.” And
“. But economic dysfunction combines with cultural RC4
and demographic factors in a way that makes them
1. A)
very hard to disentangle.” Thus all the options can
Explanation:
be attributed to the rise of income inequality.
Secular stagnation is simply the falling interest rates.
Refer to the lines “The concept gained prominence
3. D)
after Larry Summers of Harvard University used it in
Explanation:
2013 to describe the falling rates of return on
The grand narrative refers to the rise in the
investment and economic growth in the American
inequality which has caused the rise of populism in
economy since the 1970s.” clearly option a is the
the U.S. The author mentions the examples of the
correct answer.
election of Donald Trump as the president and UL’s
Brexit vote as the examples of the rising income
2. A)
inequality which has given way to the populism.
Explanation:
Thus option d is the correct answer.
The passage starts by describing a problem which
the central bankers face- secular stagnation, and
how it is getting worse as predicted towards the end
4. A)
of the passage. Thus the passage primarily focuses
Explanation:
on the secular stagnation and its worsening. Option
Refer to the lines “This growing inequality is held
a reflects this and is the answer to the question.
responsible for a wide range of social and political
Option d can be easily eliminated.
ills. Not least the erosion of solidarity, social trust
Options b and c can also be eliminated as the author
and faith in democratic institutions. And, politically,
does not primarily want to just elucidate what
it caused the election of Donald Trump, the UK’s
secular stagnation is and neither he/she wants to
Brexit vote, and the broad rise of populism seen as
primarily explain that markets are driven by the
threatening democracy.
ancient force.
This “grand narrative” undoubtedly captures
important aspects of the US experience”, and “The
extent to which rising inequality and stagnating
living standards over decades have driven the recent
rise in populism across the rich countries is also open
to question. Yes, the white working class population
whose livelihoods have been hurt through decades
of manufacturing decline provided the core
constituency supporting Trump for president.”
Option a can be inferred from these lines.
Option b can be eliminated as the inequality has
risen for 2/3rd of the OCED countries.

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3. A) target product. Thus the decoy is asymmetrically

Explanation: aligned towards the target product to increase the
Refer to the ant- penultimate and the penultimate sales of it. Thus option a is the correct answer.
para.
Mr. Schmelzing clearly suggests that there is a
centuries old force to which the markets are
snapping back whereas Mr. Piketty suggests that 3. D)
markets are not driven by any force as there are no Explanation:
restrictions on the accumulation of wealth. Thus the Without decoy, the consumers at times tend to
former argues that there is a force which is driving swing between the extremes and thus an additional
these interest rates whereas the latter argues that product tends to simplify their decision making
no such force exists. This is reflected in option a, and process by drifting them towards the target product.
thus it is the answer to the question. Thus option a is correct.
Option b is also correct based in the above
4. C) explanation.
Explanation: Option c is also correct. At times it drifts the
Options a and b can be easily eliminated. consumer to the target product which usually yields
Option d can also be eliminated as the passage is not higher profits to the company. And since the decoy is
just about the markets snapping back to the ancient usually closer to the target product which is usually
trend, it is much more than that. costlier, the consumers tend to buy extra, thus
Option c is the easy pick. The author describes it and spending more. Hence option c is also correct and
highlights that the problems the central bankers face option d is the correct answer.
may not be a new one.
4. D)
Explanation:
Refer to the lines “When consumers are faced with
many alternatives, they often experience choice
RC5 overload – what psychologist Barry Schwartz has
1. C) termed the tyranny or paradox of choice. Multiple
Explanation: behavioral experiments have consistently
To find out the relative effect of change, calculate demonstrated that greater choice complexity
the percentage change of ml and price. If the ml increases anxiety and hinders decision-making.
percentage change is more than the price In an attempt to reduce this anxiety, consumers tend
percentage change then we are at profit and the to simplify the process by selecting only a couple of
deal can be secured. criteria (say price and quantity) to determine the
Refer to option c. Medium drink is clearly better than best value for money.”
the small one. However when we compare the Thus the consumers tend to reduce complexity by
medium and the large drink, the quantity increases comparing fewer variables. Thus option d is the
by 44 percent and the price increases by 55 percent. correct answer.
Thus in this case decoy is actually a better option to
pick. Thus option c is the correct answer.
RC6
1. B)
Explanation:
2. A)
Cooking requires complexity and the use of higher
Explanation:
cognitive skills, thus it can be considered as a higher
The decoy option helps the consumer to make a
pleasure.
choice which drifts the consumer in favour of the

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Options c and d can be easily considered as higher Thus option c is the correct answer.
pleasure.
Since the person wearing a well crafted dress may 3. D)
not have crafted it, thus lesser cognition is required, Explanation:
but the broader point is it is unique to humans and The author will agree with option a. The author
the person wearing it will feel higher pleasure agrees with the thought that the “how” component
whereas a person seeing it may not. However, it will in the pleasure is more important than the “what”
still be considered as a higher pleasure as it requires component. And eating illustrates that as in wolfing
much more than mere sentience. Thus option e can down your food like a pig at a trough is a lower kind
be considered as a higher pleasure. of pleasure. Preparing and eating it using the powers
Option b cannot be considered as a higher pleasure. of reflection and attention that only a human being
As both humans and animals indulge in the activity possesses turns it into a higher pleasure. Thus the
and there is not much difference between the two, author will agree with option a.
hence option b can be considered as a lower The author will also agree with option b. Consider
pleasure and is the answer to the question. the example above. Just swallowing your food and
eating. The first one represents mere sentience and
2. C) the second one represents an active engagement
Explanation: involves complexity, thus the author will agree with
Aristotle will clearly reject this statement as for him option b.
the pleasure that we share with animals are not The author will easily agree with option c. The
worthy of being called as higher level pleasures. author, however, argues that it’s just a continuum
Refer to the bentham’s statement “Bentham, and absolute divide is not there between the two
arguing that we are really not so intellectual and kinds of pleasure, but he/she does not suggest that
high-minded as all that, and we might as well accept the lower pleasures can be complex, but he/she
ourselves for the brutes that we are, shaped by seem to suggest that the higher pleasures are
biochemistry and animal drives.” He seem to suggest complex. Thus the author will agree with option c.
unlike what Aristotle thought- that the man is an The author will not agree with option d. Refer to the
intellectual being, that we have animal drives and lines “The entire debate assumes a clear divide
are not that intellectual. Thus he agrees that we between the intellectual and bodily, the human and
possess some rustic behaviours but also agrees that the animal, which is no longer tenable.” From here
we are in some sense intellectual. As far as the we can infer that the author does not believe that
question statement is concerned, it’s hard to we have immaterial minds and material bodies
conclude anything from the given information, rather we are psychosomatic wholes. Thus option d
whether Bentham will agree with it or not. Thus we is the correct answer.
reject this statement as we cannot gather absolute
assertion from the bentham’s arguments.
Stuart mill will definitely agree with the given
RC7
statement. Since he differentiated between higher 1. B)
and lower pleasures based on the quantum of the Explanation:
cognitive element involved in the process, thus Refer to the line “Darwin held that an action was
eating is more complex than feeding. And the given rational if it displayed some measure of
sentence does not literally represent the difference forethought.”
between eating and feeding, it shows the difference Option a can be eliminated as when an intuition
between two activities where one requires leads to a thought, there cannot be a thought before
complexity and the other is pursued for mere the action. Thus option a can be eliminated.
sentience. Options c and d can be easily eliminated.

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Option e may not be true. Decisions can still be Explanation:

irrational with the use of cognitive tool and Darwin The swallow problem as can be inferred from the
thought that there has to be a forethought before passage refers to the disappearance of the swallow
taking a decision. Thus option e can be eliminated. in the winters. The problem though was the mystery
Option b is the correct answer. As when a decision that where did the swallow actually disappeared.
goes beyond instinctive response then it is well Thus option e is the correct answer.
thought, this is what the Darwin believes what a
rational decision should have. 2. D)
Explanation:
2. A) The trouble refers to the different conclusions by
Explanation: different philosophers and people after the Aristotle
Refer to the lines “But when it came to the ‘lower’ about the disappearance of the swallow in the
animals, he was less sure – especially insofar as winters. As little was known about its disappearance,
earthworms were concerned. They were a uniquely many people concluded based on their observations,
simple form of life; indeed even Porphyry would however Aristotle opted for a well defined path to
have struggled to see them as intelligent beings. reach the conclusion and after that Francis
They had no obvious means of perception; did not Willughby tried to resolve the mystery but was
appear to have any skills; made no noises; and unable to do so but he rejected the old hypothesis
certainly didn’t show any emotion. The prospect of about the disappearance of the swallow. Thus the
finding any cognitive similarities with human beings trouble refers to the different set of conclusions that
seemed dim indeed.” The tone of the last few still couldn’t figure the exact place where the
sentences seem to suggest that a twist is about to swallow disappeared. Thus option d is the correct
occur. Now the twist will be most likely to be of answer.
Darwin finding that the earthworms are intelligent or
share some cognitive similarity with the humans, as
they are thought to be not intelligent.
Thus option a shall be the logical continuation of the 3. C)
passage. Explanation:
17th century rejected any claim which was not based
3. C) on the verifiable facts where as in the past there was
Explanation: a tendency to generalize as is what the Aristotle did.
Option a can be inferred from the given lines. Thus option c best represents the difference
Option b can be easily inferred as the difference between the two times.
between the humans and the animals is thought be
of degree where humans possess higher degree
brain.
RC9
Option c is distorted. Humans and animals possess 1. D)
same kind of brain not the same brain. Thus is the Explanation:
easy pick. Refer to the lines “A stylish lithograph from the
Option d can be easily inferred as they possessed a magazine showed a grisly parody of communion,
higher degree brain, thus they can be inferred to with priests and peasants butchering the body of a
possess higher cognitive abilities. dead Christ and eating his limbs and entrails.” And
“A 1930 Godless cover showed a priest, a rabbi and a
mullah being swept through a dam sluice. ”
RC8 The target is on all religions. However the author can
1. E) also be described as atheist but he/she can be best

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described as anti-religious. Thus option d is a better Option b can also be eliminated as the author
fit for the question. definitely links the matter to the tiniest living
organism but only in order to eventually suggest that
the potential to explore is huge if the two- atheists
2. C) and theists, collaborate.
Explanation:
Refer to the lines “Over the course emphasis shifted 2. A)
from vivid, imaginative blasphemies to a more Explanation:
regimented, concerned with the construction of Spiritual atheist can be understood to be someone
godless collective farms and industrial cities at the who uses science in the spiritual domain.
expense of religious buildings and ‘class enemies’ Thus option a is the best answer.
These magazines often announced the closure and Option b is restricted to a single window whereas
demolition of ‘centres of obscurantism’.” there can be numerous other windows.
From these lines the centre of obscurantism can be A person can’t be both theist and atheist.
inferred to be the religious buildings. Rest of the Option d can be eliminated on the same ground as
options can be easily eliminated. option b.

3. C)
Explanation:
Option a can be easily inferred from the passage. 3. B)
The magazines illustrated the message of the leader Explanation:
of the region. The author’s conclusion is that theist and atheist
Option b can be inferred from the passage. It can be need to collaborate or the science and spirituality
easily inferred from the first lines of the passage. need to collaborate.
Option c cannot be inferred from the passage. The Now option b suggests that science is enough to
attacks were against the religion with art depicting unfold the mysteries of the universe which goes
the core message. However we cannot say that they against the collaboration of the two fields. Thus
were roughed. Thus option c is the correct answer. option b will weaken the author’s conclusion.
Option d can be easily inferred from the passage.
Option e can also be inferred from the last sentence
of the passage.
RC 11
1. B)
Explanation:
Refer to the lines from the first para, “The sentences
taste fragrant, even as they tumble awkwardly from
RC10 your mouth like bricks built of foreign symbols.
1. C) Verbs after adverbs, nouns after pronouns, your
Explanation: relations deepen. Yet, the closer you get, the more
The passage links the cosmic connection and the aware you become of the mirage-like void between
science. The author towards the end suggests that you. But you have no fear, since the path to your
the two need to collaborate to explore the beloved gleams with curiosity and wonder that is
unexplored. Thus the author primarily proposes that almost urgent.”
the two fields of people need to collaborate. This is Now initially we enjoy learning the new language,
reflected in option c. but the more we learn, the more we realise the void
Options a and d can be easily eliminated. of knowledge that exists but you do not fear it

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because you are curious and realise that you need to Option b mirrors this explanation and is the answer
fill the void urgently. to the question.
Option b reflects this explanation. Option a is true, but it is incomplete. Since the
Option a can be easily eliminated. The more we changes the language or relationship brings with it is
delve into the a language the more we realise the missing from the option, thus the option can be
deepness of it. eliminated.
Option c is distorted. The void doesn’t increase, it’s Option c can be eliminated on the same grounds as
just you realise that the void is too big. option a.
Option d can be easily eliminated. Option d can also be eliminated on the similar
grounds of option a.
2. C)
Explanation: 5. D)
It’s an easy one. The second language interference is Explanation:
the changes the second language brings with it Option a is true. it is given in the first para of the
which affects a person. As it is best summarised by passage. Refer to the lines from the passage “Others
the last sentence of the passage that a new language will hook their arms and march right out of your
changes everything even the most fundamental memory on the last day of school.”
parts like the mother tongue. Option a is precisely Option is also true. Refer to the line from the last
what the second language interference is. para “Somehow, writing exposes this interference
Option b can be easily eliminated. more than speaking ever could.”
Option c is distorted. It’s not just about the changes Option c is true as grey matter becomes denser, thus
in the first language. It is about a whole range of a new language affects your brain.
changes because of the second language. Hence option d is the correct answer.
Option d can be easily eliminated.
RC 12
3. B) 1. B)
Explanation: Explanation:
Refer to the last para. The passage talks about how Refer to the lines “Originally, the aim of lockdown
the new language changes the old language, what was to ‘flatten the curve’ — that is, slow the spread
the linguists call second language interference. The of the virus sufficiently to avoid overwhelming
last sentence of the passage summarises this hospital capacity. However, since the lockdowns
thought that the new language changes everything began, the goalposts have been moved. Now
including our mother tongues. lockdowns are promoted as a means for reducing
Option b mirrors this thought. cases and deaths outright.”
From here, the primary aim of Sweden was to
reduce the propagation of virus but now it is to
reduce the number of deaths. Option b covers this
4. B) point and is the answer to the question.
Explanation: Rest of the options can be eliminated based on this
The second passage illustrates how you wish to get explanation.
consumed in a new language and how everything
looks good about the new language or a relationship. 2. D)
The third para exposes the realities that a person Explanation:
faces after the glittery phase. The person becomes The author will agree with option a. The author
exposed to the differences but then these slowly seems to be supportive of Sweden and this is
start changing the person fundamentally.

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demonstrated by him/her on several occasions. Thus same across the world. But it does not emphasize
the author will agree with this option. what is precisely written in the question statement.
Refer to the lines “But Sweden deserves credit for its Option d is again distorted. It does not reflect what
immunity to Covid hysteria, and for maintaining its the question statement is trying to say and can be
open and civilized approach in the face of eliminated.
international outrage.” From these lines, it is clear
that the author praises Sweden for keeping it open 5. D)
and still controlling the deaths. Thus the author will Explanation:
agree with this option. Option a can be inferred. the author towards the
Refer to the second last para. The author clearly end suggests that the results of the strategy opted
wants the Sweden to be compared to the countries by Sweden remains to be seen as he/she pointed out
similar to it not to the Scandinavian countries i.e. that whether the swedes develop the immunity
Norway, Denmark, and Finland. remains to be seen.
Thus the author will agree with option c. Option b can be inferred from the passage. Refer to
The author may or may not agree with option d. The the second para. The Sweden has not opted for a
author’s opinion on opening of schools is not severe lockdown unlike the other countries around
explicitly mentioned in the passage, thus we cannot the world, and for this reason the critics accuse it as
conclude that the author will agree with the schools they think that the Sweden has opted for the herd
to remain open. immunity strategy. Which can be inferred to be
applied only when there is less severe lockdown or
3. C) no lockdown. Hence option b can be inferred from
Explanation: the passage.
Options a and b are clearly stated in the passage. Option c can also be inferred from the passage. The
Refer to the lines “Gatherings of over 50 people are author mentions the death toll, as of now, to
banned” thus there is prohibition of people support this point. He argues that despite the other
gathering over 50, hence option c is the correct countries opting for a full-fledged lockdown their
answer. death toll has still been comparable to the Sweden.
Option d is not true. The usage of the public Thus the strategy of Sweden, according to the
transport has fallen but it is still active. author, cannot be attributed as failure.

4. A)
Explanation:
RC13
Option a is correct. The given sentence is used by the 1. D)
author in reference to compare it to different Explanation:
countries worldwide in terms of the deaths that Option a is true. It is indeed ironical that production
have occurred. And after comparing the results are of the electric cars require oil at several crucial
not that grave for the Sweden. It is not an outlier stages.
thus in terms of the deaths. Option a reflects this Option b is true. It is a possibility that oil may not be
thought. replaced anytime soon as it is a critical factor in the
Option b is distorted. There is no information about production of the electric vehicles.
the deaths per capita of the world in the passage Option c is also true.
and no such comparison is made. Hence this option Option d is not true. we cannot infer from this
can be eliminated easily. sentence about the replacement of oil. Thus option d
Option c is a generalized statement, it covers the is the correct answer.
point, though, that the consequences have remained
2. C)

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Explanation: and if the electric fetishists really want to have their

Option a can be inferred from the passage. refer to words some weight then their actions should be
the lines “in 2018, wind and solar provided just 63.5 aligned with their words.
per cent of the record 33 per cent of UK electricity Option c covers this point and is the answer to the
produced by renewables.” Now 63.5 perfect of 33 question.
percent is just around 21 percent. Thus the Options a and b can be easily eliminated. Option is
renewables’ amounted to around 21 percent of the zeroed in to only vehicles, whereas oil is used in
total annual electricity supply. several other industries as well, thus option d can
Option b can also be inferred. Refer to the lines “In also be eliminated.
April, the price of an American barrel of oil, delivered
in May, briefly dropped from a low $20 5. B)
to minus $40”, now in the usual scenario, people or Explanation:
the companies which purchase oil from the The passage is about the fact that as of now, there is
producers of it pay them but since the oil prices have no replacement of oil even in the far sight (as is the
dipped below zero then the producers must have case with 14 years replacement of the current fleet).
given money to reduce their inventories. Hence Option b, thus should be an apt title for the passage.
option b can be inferred. Option a can be easily eliminated.
Option c cannot be inferred from the passage and Option c is very specific, and the passage doesn’t
can be easily eliminated. Thus option c is the correct seem so.
answer. Option d cannot be the title for the passage as the
world is not electric powered. Electricity is still
3. B) finding hard to replace oil. Thus this option can be
Explanation: eliminated.
Option a is an extreme option and can be eliminated.
We cannot infer that the author is suggesting of the
electric vehicles never to replace oil running RC 14
vehicles. 1. A)
The assumptions are big enough to fulfil in 14 years Explanation:
but it may be fulfilled after that, thus option c can be The passage broadly talks about how, with the
eliminated. advent of typewriters, everything started changing.
The replacement definitely depends on strong The efficiencies of the business improved, how it
assumptions, but the assumptions are regarding the improved women empowerment, how the
replacement of the current cars in 14 years. Thus transportation became fast. Thus the passage do not
option d can be eliminated. specifically highlight a particular sector which was
Refer to the lines “It would take 14 years just to affected by typewriter, rather how the typewriter
restock the entire fleet of cars on UK roads. And, changed different areas. Thus option a should be the
even then, that would depend on…” thus the big ifs correct answer here.
are related to the replacement in 14 years.
2. B)
4. C) Explanation:
Explanation: Refer to the lines “After decades of development,
This is an easy one. The author quotes Norman voice recognition technology is beginning to
Tebbit to target electric fetishists as they do not compete with typing when it comes to sending
understand the internal workings of the industry, as texts, interacting with computers, and
is the case with production of electric cars or mining even writing whole articles.” And “Overall, the
of cobalt batteries. Everything requires oil as of now nation’s characteristic mania that nothing is worth

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doing unless done quickly was accentuated by the Employment sector was definitely changed by the
speed with which the typewriter could perform advent of the typewriter as women employment
writing chores,” he writes. Today, that same mania rose.
could push us to shift away from typing altogether.” Businesses were also impacted from the typewriter.
These lines imply that we have a obsession or mania It raised their productivity.
of doing things quickly. And with the same mania we Manufacturing sector was also impacted by the
could shift from typing because the voice recognition typewriter. Refer to the lines “Typewriters helped
technique, being used to write texts and articles, is manufacturers’ business offices grow in tandem with
quicker than typing. Thus option b is the correct faster production and more extensive transportation
answer. networks.”
Option d cannot be concluded from the passage.
3. C) Refer to the lines “Businesses began to apply
Explanation: Fredrick Taylor’s ideas about scientific management
Option a can be inferred from the passage. Refer to to the office, leading to the creation of secretarial
the first para and lines “After decades of pools” from here we can conclude that the
development, voice recognition technology is businesses used the previously unused/less used
beginning to compete with typing when it comes to theories to improve their efficiencies. It cannot be
sending texts, interacting with computers, and concluded that it changed the management field.
even writing whole articles. The end of typing could Thus option d is the correct answer.
shake things up, judging from how much typing
changed the world when it was first introduced.” 5. B)
Option d can be inferred from the passage. Refer to Explanation:
the lines from the 6th para“typing generally paid as Refer to the lines “the typewriter as we know it was
much or more as teaching, the main professional job less than a decade old, but it was already changing
open to women at the time.” the shape of the business world. “With the aid of this
Option b is a bit complex to infer. “Remington little machine an operator can accomplish more
manufactured the iconic new machine of business in correspondence in a day than half a dozen clerks can
the same factory that had built many of the with the pen, and do better work” and “This was an
revolvers used in the Civil War”. era when companies were beginning to hire
Now it’s easy to conclude that both were women for clerical tasks, and Hubert noted that the
manufactured in the same factory. However, there new technology was a particular boon for female
can also be a scenario where Remington employment” and “Typewriters helped
manufactured the typewriter in the same factory manufacturers’ business offices grow in tandem with
when guns were manufactured for the civil war but faster production and more extensive transportation
not by Remington, someone else. It’s a bit far- networks. Meanwhile, the growing employment of
fetched to come to this point, but it is still a single women gave them new economic power.”
possibility. So we keep this option in contention. From here we can see that the typewriter impacted
Option c, however, cannot be inferred. refer to the numerous areas. It created employment, improved
lines “while some religious leaders decried the efficiencies… It indeed created a new avenue in the
opportunities for sin created by the mixing of business world.
genders in the workplace.” Thus option c is a clear Electricity and telephone can also be considered to
answer and option and option b is out of contention. have change the business world and create a whole
new world of business. Thus the typewriter can also
4. D) be considered in this category.
Explanation:

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Option c can be eliminated. It was not just about Option a is not true. Refer to the lines “The ubiquity
completing things quickly. It opened several avenues of washing machines, vacuum cleaners and
for the world apart from just finishing things quickly. microwave ovens means that the average US
Option d can also be eliminated on the same household does almost 30 hours less housework per
grounds as option c. the option is very specific in week than in the 1930s.” this implies that an average
terms of the advantages of the things mentioned household spends 30 hours less, however the option
when there were numerous. states it in absolute terms. Thus this option is not
Option a can be eliminated. It’s a tough one to true.
eliminate. It can be inferred from the passage that Option c can be inferred to be false. Refer to these
the typewriter was a revolutionary product, but the lines “As a society, on aggregate, we are able to
author depicts a scenario where the typewriter produce enough for everyone. But unless the
creates a whole new business world. In this sense distribution of wealth becomes more equal, very few
option b more complete. It clearly specifies a case people can afford to cut back to a 15-hour working
where it excelled i.e. creating a new business world. week.” This implies that wealth distribution has not
The similar can also be considered for electricity and followed Keynes prediction. He envisioned less
telephone. And the passage is not depicting wonders disparity in wealth than what we see.
of the world. Thus option b will be more apt in this Option d is wrong. this was the prediction of Keynes.
scenario. But as the stats go, we are still working
approximately 40 hours a week, thus people are not
RC 15 facing the problem of boredom.
1. D) Option b is true. Refer to these lines. “But his 15-
Explanation: hour working week prediction might have been
All of the options are true. Refer to the lines “Part of more on the mark than it first appears. If we wanted
the answer is way-of-life: humans have an insatiable to produce as much as Keynes’s countrymen did in
appetite for more. Few people would choose to the 1930s, it could be done in seven or eight hours”,
settle for mere subsistence”, thus the developed economies have reached the
“persistent social inequality also helps the 40-hour point beyond what the Keynes predicted.
week persist”,
“But unless the distribution of wealth becomes more 4. A)
equal, very few people can afford to cut back to a Explanation:
15-hour working week” all of the options are the Option b can be deduced from the passage. Refer to
reason for the working hours not to decrease the lines “Finally, persistent social inequality also
drastically. helps the 40-hour week persist. Many people have
to work 30- to 40-hour weeks simply to get by. As a
2. B) society, on aggregate, we are able to produce
Explanation: enough for everyone. But unless the distribution of
Hedonic treadmill is the tendency of a person to wealth becomes more equal, very few people can
remain at a relatively stable level of happiness afford to cut back to a 15-hour working week. In his
despite a change in fortune or the achievement of essay, Keynes predicted the opposite.”
major goals. So the rise in income results in no Option c can be deduced from the passage. refer to
permanent gain in happiness. Option b fits the the lines “But his 15-hour working week prediction
definition and is the answer to the question. might have been more on the mark than it first
appears. If we wanted to produce as much as
3. B) Keynes’s countrymen did in the 1930s, it could be
Explanation: done in seven or eight hours”, thus we have

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overshoot the Keynes prediction and can do the Even when the language is merged in some other
predicted in half the predicted time. language, a few of its elements always remain in the
Option d is true and can be eliminated. Refer to the dominant language, thus the last para conveys that
lines “Programmes such as social security and public no matter what happens to a language, it will not
housing help people get over the low bar of the completely get exhausted, it will always remain,
‘economic problem’ of base subsistence, but they partly, in some form of the other.
are insufficient to properly lift people out of Option a matches with the explanation and is the
poverty.” Thus from here we can easily infer that our correct answer to the question.
programmes have helped people out of base Option b is narrowed down to only translation, but
subsistence. the author is making a broad point here. Translation
Option a is not true and is the answer. when the is a way in which a language can be preserved,
author says, today people live on a hedonic though it will not be as exemplified as the original
treadmill, he does not literally mean it, as the option one but it will be there. Similarly merger of a
is trying to convey, people are always wanting more language of leaves its traces in the language it is
and being insatiable is what author means by it. Thus merged, hence it is not just about translation. Thus
this is the correct answer. option b can be eliminated.
Option c can be easily eliminated. There is no
5. B) mention of whether the languages will remain in the
Explanation: memories of people.
Refer to the line “ In developed countries, at least, Option d can also be eliminated. Even the passage
we have the technology and tools for everyone to contradicts this statement. Hence it can be safely
work less and still live highly prosperous lives, if only eliminated.
we structure our work and society towards that
goal.” Here that goal refers to the goal of living 3. B)
prosperously with doing less work. Thus option b is a Explanation:
clear answer. Option a can be easily eliminated. Administrative
support will include financial support as well. It is
given in the passage.
RC 16 Option c can also be eliminated. If there is
1. D) administrative support for a language, then there
Explanation: should be no threat that it will be merged in a
The author in the first para states several ways in dominant language as the support is there because
which a languages dies and in the second para, too, people or authorities do not want the language to be
this thought is continued even for such a culturally merged. Hence this option can be safely eliminated.
diverse region. The way author mentions is the Option d can be easily eliminated.
absorption of the tribe in the dominant and more Option b is the correct answer. The threat despite
powerful group. Thus the author is giving another the support is there because the population
way in which the language slowly dies. This is not a speaking is small that even with the support there
reason, this is a way in which a language slowly dies, will always be a threat unless the population
hence option d is the correct answer. speaking the language is increased. Thus option b is
the correct answer.
4. A)
2. A) Explanation:
Explanation: Options i, ii, and iii are explicitly given in the first
As in translation, a lot of important gestures of a para as the reasons for the extinction.
transcript are lost but a few elements still remains.

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iv is not a reason for a language to extinct. Although Option b does not cover the central idea of the
for rare languages, this is the case, but it cannot be passage.
attribute to the extinction of the language. Option d is far-fetched to conclude.
Similarly v can also be eliminated. Financial
assistance may help some languages to resurrect but 2. A)
the main reason for a language to extinct is the lack Explanation:
of population speaking it. And even some languages The author states “Brick-and-mortar retail clearly
which receive financial assistance are facing threat isn’t dead” to refer to the fact that malls are going
of extinction. Hence v cannot be a reason for a strong. Despite the advent of online shopping people
language to extinct. are still spending more on every visit. This implies
that despite online shopping malls are alive and
running well.
Option a covers this link and is the answer.
Options b and c can be easily eliminated.
5. D) Option d is far-fetched to conclude. It states that
Explanation: people prefer malls over online shopping. We do not
The author will clearly not agree with the first have any data to support it, thus it is not the answer.
answer option. The author thinks that the languages
should be preserved as he mentions some of the 3. B)
benefits of preserving languages. Explanation:
Option c can also be eliminated. The author in not in Refer to the lines “Mall developers are leveraging
much favour of translation. It takes away the core the closure of traditional shops as a chance to offer
gist of a transcript. thus option c can be eliminated. exclusivity and newness with pop-up opportunities
Now the author may not always agree with the and short-term retail strategies in the new retail
financial aid proposal. Though it may definitely help landscape” option a can be inferred from here.
in some cases but not in all. The reason is that in the Option c is stated in para 1.
extinction of a language there are several factors at Option d is given in the line “Commercial mall
play simultaneously. As in the speaking population is developers are also rethinking their long-term lease
decreasing coupled with a few speakers learning to tactics”
speak in the dominant language and so on. Thus the Option b cannot be inferred from the passage. Malls
author may not always agree with this financial aid have started providing experience but it is along with
proposition. Hence option c can be eliminated and the departmental stores or material things. Thus
the answer option d is covered in this explanation. option b is not true.

4. D)
RC17 Explanation:
1. C) Malls were initially created as a community centre
Explanation: where people will come together and interact and
The passage talks about how the malls, in the shop. However gone are these days. Refer to the
changing times, have evolved instead of dying. lines “The days of meeting friends at the mall and
Thus the central point of the passage is that malls shopping all day are gone”.
are evolving. The passage revolves around this. Thus The anchor shops in the malls have all closed, thus
option c covers this scope. they do not provide the traditional shopping
Option a is very specific and limited. The author gave experience.
amenities as an example of evolution of malls.

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However they are still seen as a destination. This has Option b is distorted. Maintaining or preserving and
not changed despite the fact that malls have the expanding seagrass could be one of the ways in
occupancy have reduced and all other factors. which we can combat climate change. However, the
word only is wrong in the sentence as it suggests it is
5. B) the only way, which is wrong. Hence option b is the
Explanation: correct answer.
Refer to the line “As millennials and Gen Z’ers
mature and their purchasing power increases, the
concept of traditional malls is being replaced by new
adaptations of shopping centres. These younger
consumers place a high priority on experiences, 2. C)
preferring to spend their money on experiences Explanation:
rather than on material things”. To combat climate change, carbon dioxide in the
From these lines it can be inferred that people of atmosphere has to be reduced. Now, when we
different generations have different priorities. Thus compare different ecosystem, blue carbon
the malls have to evolve o serve that. This is a ecosystem absorbs more carbon dioxide than the
broader reason to why they are evolving. Placing forest ecosystem. That’s why this kind of ecosystem
weight on experience and such things are the id more equipped to combat climate change.
preferences a new generation has. Thus the primary
reason is the generational change for the evolution 3. C)
of malls. Explanation:
We have to find the option to which the author will
support.
Any option which focuses on the removal of seagrass
can be easily eliminated.
RC 18 Options a, and b thus can be eliminated.
1. B) Option c indicates preserving or maintaining of the
Explanation: seagrass and is the correct answer.
Option a can be inferred from the passage. Since sea
grass absorbs and holds a large amount of carbon
dioxide, thus when it is removed, carbon dioxide
absorbers are lost as well as the carbon dioxide 4. D)
which it has stored also releases in the environment. Explanation:
Thus the environment faces twin shocks at the same Option a is true, refer to the lines “If seagrass isn’t
time. faring well, that spells trouble for marine life, for the
Option c can be inferred from the passage. It is humans who depend on it for food, and for the
explicitly given in the passage that the sea grass is health of the oceans.”
dwindling, this would result in the release of more Option b can be deduced from the passage. Since
carbon dioxide into the environment. Thus more because of climate change, more severe storms are
carbon dioxide is bound to release in the coming coming and seagrass could help to combat the
times. climate change, this will lead to less severe storms.
Option d can be inferred from the passage. Since Hence option b can be deduced.
marine environment is impacted because of the Option c is mentioned in the passage as a
depletion of seagrass, and humans are very much suggestion. Since seagrass can absorb huge amounts
dependent on it, thus humans will also be impacted of carbon dioxide, it will positively impact the
by the depletion. environment.

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Hence option d is the correct answer. Option a will weaken author’s position. Refer to the
lines “As for the question of fire: if it is thick enough
5. D) and dense enough, wood burns slowly”, thus if
Explanation: dense timber is not available, then the buildings may
The passage is primarily about the importance of catch fire which will weaken author’s proposal.
seagrass. Seagrass absorbs 40 times more carbon Hence option a can be eliminated.
dioxide than forests per square unit. This makes the In option b paint is saving a timber based buildings, it
blue carbon ecosystem more suited to combat the is not an inherent benefit of the timber for which it
climate change. Seagrass also affects the marine can be trusted. What if the paint is not available
environment, humans, and intangible things like everywhere, hence option b can be eliminated.
property. Thus the passage is all about the However we still need to keep it until we find
importance of seagrass. another better answer.
The passage is much more than the blue carbon Option c can be eliminated. Since timber is costly,
ecosystem, as the passage also discusses the threats using it may outweigh its benefits.
to the seagrass, their effect on the property rates. Option d is the correct answer, as it suggests that
Thus option a can be eliminated. the issue of fire can be resolved by proper seasoning
Option b is true, but the passage is not just about of timber.
the importance of seagrass in maintaining the
carbon dioxide levels. It is about the importance of 3. A)
seagrass as a whole component not just its one Explanation:
effect. That’s why the passage also highlights the We need to find the option which can be inferred
growth in the seagrass study field. Thus option b can from the passage.
be eliminated. Option a can be inferred from the passage. Refer to
Option c can also be eliminated on the same grounds the lines “Current techniques mean that timber
as option a. structures can be made into components away from
Option d is the correct and generalized statement. It building sites and then assembled there, which has
mirrors the explanation above. benefits for quality, precision and speed of
construction.” Option a mirrors this and is the
answer to the question.
RC 19 Option b is not true. Dense woods burns slowly but
1. B) they do catch fire.
Explanation: Option c cannot be inferred from the passage. The
The penultimate para talks about the how the ban passage did not compare the advantages or
doesn’t distinguish between the cladding, or outer disadvantages of timber. Though the author seem to
skin of a building, and its structure. suggest that the timber has numerous advantages,
The para suggests that banning of timber from the however we, explicitly, cannot conclude, based on
outer skin of the building is almost universally the given information, that the advantages of timber
accepted, however it can be used to do the hard outweighs its disadvantages.
work which implies that it can be used to build Option d is far-fetched to conclude.
structures. Thus option b can be concluded.
Rest of the options can be eliminated.

2. D) 4. B)
Explanation: Explanation:
The author’s proposition is to use timber to build
buildings.

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Option a is true. Refer to the lines “Wood is an to the political reform. That’s why they did not take
inherently pleasing material, both visually and any action but the reforms never materialized.
acoustically.” Option a mirrors this explanation and is the answer
Option c is true. since woods have carbon stored in to the question.
it. Thus using it in in the buildings will lock up the Rest of the options can be eliminated.
carbon for many years which otherwise would be
released into the atmosphere. 2. A
Option d is true, refer to the lines “It is versatile and Explanation:
can be used to make walls and floors as well as the Option a is the easy pick. Political sanctions are one
frames that hold buildings up.” of the ways to put pressure on china.
Option b cannot be said to be true, as there is no Option b can be deduced from the second last para.
mention of the price of the timber or its comparison The U.S. is facing some troubles where the human
with its alternatives. Thus we cannot say that it is rights of a certain community has always been
cheap. Hence option b is the answer to the question. violated. Thus the author suggests that standing
against china on the same forefront would
5. B) strengthen the system of the U.S. as well. Thus
Explanation: option b can be deduced.
The author clearly refutes every disadvantage of Option c can also be deduced. China has protected
timber. Even the author refutes its burning its markets from the external competition and has
properties by stating that if the woods are dense fire used the economic excess. Thus china has used the
can be prevented and even steel crumbles directly at international economic excess for its excess.
sudden high temperatures, thus making the case for Option d can be deduced from the passage.
timber. Option b reflects this and is the answer to Tiananmen square massacre was because the people
the question. wanted democracy. Today Hong Kong’s freedom can
Option a is restricted to the Grenfell tower and can be snatched where it may not be an autonomous
be eliminated. The author is referring timber region anymore. Thus it can be deduced that the
blameless in a generalized sense. Chinese government do not want democracy in their
Option c is again restricted to timber ability to catch region.
fire. Refer to the lines “Of course no one should be
blase about what is a fast-developing technology and 3. B)
continuing testing and research are needed to Explanation:
ensure its safety, but the same is true of many The passage primarily suggests that China has not
techniques used in modern construction.” Thus the changed since the Tiananmen square massacre and
author suggests that the risk is everywhere in the that time we failed to protect or restrict china from
construction techniques. Hence option c can be further atrocities. But years after another such thing
inferred. is about to happen where freedom of 8 million
people can be snatched and this time we must stand
by these people or Hong Kong to protect them.
RC 20 This is mirrored in option b and it is the answer to
1. A) the question.
Explanation: Option a is a part of the passage. But the passage
Refer to the lines “But the political reforms highlights that we not fail again this time to restrict
Washington policymakers had hoped for never china. And option a is a subset of option b, which is
materialized”, thus it can be inferred that the Bush better among the two. Thus option a can be
administration thought that this incident would lead eliminated.

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Option c can be eliminated on the same grounds as Thus option d is the correct answer.
option a.
Option d can be easily eliminated. 5. B)
Explanation:
Option a can be easily eliminated. The Chinese
brutality has increased over time after the
4. D) Tiananmen square massacre.
Explanation: Option b can be concluded. Refer to the last second
Option a is true. though it is not directly mentioned para, the U.S. may not act over the Hong Kong issue
in the passage, but it can be inferred that had there as there is already social and political turmoil in the
been more political pressure after the 1989 U.S. Thus option b can be concluded from the
Tiananmen square things could have been different passage.
today, thus option a can be used to control the Option c cannot be concluded. The U.S. has already
Chinese actions. learned a lesson from the Tiananmen massacre that
Option b is mentioned in the passage and is true. the Chinese government did not change. And apart
Option c is true. Refer to the lines “The CCP’s abuses from this based on the passage we cannot conclude
hurt not only Chinese citizens but also U.S. option c. thus it can be eliminated.
companies trying to do business in China”, thus by
putting taxes and tariffs on the Chinese firms,
Chinese draconian actions can be controlled.

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Chapter 30: Word Definitions

Choose the option that substitutes the
Introduction 
given word/sentence/phrase
 Match the columns
A word definition refers to a sentence or a
 Choose the option which gives the meaning
synonymous word that is used to define its meaning.
of the word in question
 Selecting the correct pair of words and
Types of word definition questions asked in entrance
definitions from a list
exams:

b) Impure
Solved Examples c) Distilled
d) Potable
e) None of the above
Q.1-10) Choose an option, which can be substituted
for a given word/sentence/phrase. If none of the Answer 2- D
given words are accurate, choose option e. Potable is the correct term for the given definition.
Fresh-Recently made or obtained.
Q.1) A story, poem, or picture that can be Impure-adulterated
interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a Distilled-purified water
moral or political one.
a) Chronicle Q.3) In the same words as were used originally.
b) Allegory a) Lexical
c) Narrative b) Wordly
d) History c) Fusion
e) None of the above d) Verbatim
e) None of the above
Answer 1- B
Allegory is the correct term for the given definition. Answer 3- D
Chronicle-A factual written account of important or Verbatim is the correct term for the given definition.
historical events in the order of their occurrence. Lexical- relating to the words or vocabulary of a
Narrative- a spoken/written account of connected language.
events; a story Wordly-relating to words
History- the study of past events, particularly in Fusion-a mix
human affairs.
Q.4) Emblems or insignia of royalty
Q.2) Safe to drink a) Neocracy
a) Fresh b) Regalia
c) Souvenir

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d) Supremacy Bureaucracy- A system of government in which most

e) None of the above of the important decisions are taken by state officials
Answer 4- B rather than by elected representatives
Regalia is the correct term for the given definition. Autocracy- A system of government by one person
Neocracy- Government by new or inexperienced with absolute power
hands Oligarchy- A small group of people having control of
Souvenir- A thing that is kept as a reminder of a a country or organization
person, place, or event.
Supremacy- the state or condition of being superior
to all others in authority, power, or status.

Q.5) Killing of one's brother

a) Matricide Q.8) Happening once every two years
b) Fratricide a) Annual
c) Homicide b) Fortnightly
d) Suicide c) Biannual
e) None of the above d) Biennial
e) None of the above
Answer 5- B
Fratricide is the correct term for the given definition. Answer 8- D
Matricide-killing of one’s mother Biennial is the correct term for the given definition.
Homicide-killing of one person by another Annual- Once a year
Suicide-killing of oneself Fortnightly-Once in two weeks
Biannual-Twice in a year
Q.6) Speech without preparation
a) Lecture Q.9) One who knows everything
b) Extempore a) Omnipresent
c) Debate b) Omniscient
d) Conference c) Omnipotent
e) None of the above d) Intellectual
e) None of the above
Answer 6- B
Extempore is the correct term for the given Answer 9- B
definition. Omniscient is the correct term for the given
Lecture- an educational talk to an audience definition.
Debate-A discussion where people argue and Omnipresent-present everywhere
present diverse opinions on a subject Intellectual- a person possessing a highly developed
Conference- a formal meeting of people with a intellect.
shared interest, typically one that takes place over Omnipotent-someone with unlimited power
several days.

Q.7) A government by the rich Q.10) Incapable of being corrected

a) Bureaucracy a) Inevitable
b) Autocracy b) Intermittent
c) Oligarchy c) Inaccessible
d) Plutocracy d) Incorrigible
e) None of the above e) None of the above

Answer 7- D Answer 10- D

Plutocracy is the correct term for the given
definition.

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Incorrigible is the correct term for the given Zoologist- One who performs the scientific study of
definition. the behaviour, structure, physiology, classification
Inevitable- something which can’t be avoided and distribution of animals
Intermittent-occurring at intervals Odontologist- a person who studies the structure
Inaccessible-unable to be reached and diseases of teeth
Q.14) The therapeutic use of sunlight
Q.11-20) Choose an option, which can be a) Heliotherapy
substituted for a given word/sentence/phrase. b) Physiotherapy
c) Psychotherapy
Q.11) Too strong to be overcome d) Cryotherapy
a) Intolerable e) Helioseismology
b) Incurable
c) Invincible Answer 14- A
d) Insurmountable Heliotherapy is the correct term for the given
e) Both c & d definition.
Physiotherapy- a person qualified to treat disease,
Answer 11- E injury, or deformity by physical methods such as
Invincible/Insurmountable is the correct term for the massage, heat treatment, and exercise.
given definition. Psychotherapy- A psychotherapist is a trained
Incurable-Not able to be cured professional who assists those who are suffering
Intolerable-unbearable with stress, anxiety, depression and various other
Q.12) Fear of heights mental conditions.
a) Acrophobia Cryotherapy- the use of extreme cold in surgery or
other medical treatment.
b) Xenophobia
Helioseismology- the study of the structure and
c) Claustrophobia
dynamics of the Sun through its oscillations
d) Hydrophobia
e) Zoophobia Q.15) The use of the fingers and hands to
communicate and convey ideas
Answer 12- A
a) Palmistry
Acrophobia is the correct term for the given
b) Neurology
definition.
Xenophobia- Dislike of or prejudice against people c) Astrology
from other countries. d) Petrology
Claustrophobia-Fear of confined spaces e) Dactylology
Hydrophobia-Fear of water
Zoophobia-Fear of animals

Q.13) One who studies the evolution of mankind Answer 15- E

a) Psephologist Dactylology is the correct term for the given
b) Anthropologist definition.
Palmistry- The art or practice of supposedly
c) Curator
interpreting a person's character or predicting their
d) Zoologist
future by examining the palm of their hand.
e) Odontologist Neurology-Study of nervous system
Astrology- The study of the movements and relative
Answer 13- B positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an
Anthropologist is the correct term for the given influence on human affairs and the natural world.
definition. Petrology- The branch of science concerned with the
Psephologist- someone who studies elections and origin, structure, and composition of rocks.
voting statistics
Curator- a keeper or custodian of a museum or other Q.16) A practice of having more than one husband
collection.

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a) Polycythemia d) Philatelist
b) Polymath e) Mercenary
c) Polyglot
d) Polygamy Answer 19- C
e) Polyandry Numismatist is the correct term for the given
definition.
Answer 16- E Geologist- A scientist who studies the solid, liquid,
Polyandry is the correct term for the given and gaseous matter that constitutes the Earth and
definition. other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes
Polycythemia- An abnormally increased that shape them.
concentration of haemoglobin in the blood Bibliophile-A person who collects or has a great love
Polymath- a person of wide knowledge or learning. of books.
Polyglot-One who knows and uses several uses Philatelist-A person who collects stamps
Polygamy- The practice or custom of having more Mercenary-One who primarily concerned with
than one wife at the same time. making money at the expense of ethics

Q.20) Someone who walks in sleep

Q.17) Fear of Clouds a) Somnambulist
a) Coulrophobia b) Virtuoso
b) Astraphobia c) Narcissist
c) Androphobia d) Idealist
d) Nephophobia e) Pharmacist
e) Cryophobia

Answer 17- D
Nephophobia is the correct term for the given
definition. Answer 20- A
Coulrophobia-Fear of clowns Somnambulist is the correct term for the given
Astraphobia-Fear of thunder and lightning definition.
Androphobia- An abnormal and persistent fear of Virtuoso- one who excels in the technique of an art
men Narcissist- A person who has an excessive interest in
Cryophobia- Irrational fear of extreme cold or admiration of themselves
Idealist- person who is guided more by ideals than by
Q.18) A person of low rank in relation to another practical considerations.
a) Clerk Pharmacist- a person who is professionally qualified
to prepare and dispense medicinal drugs.
b) Manager
c) Underling
d) Sergeant
e) Officer

Answer 18- C
Underling is the correct term for the given definition.
Clerk-a person who does administrative duties
Manager-A person who organises and controls a
group of people
Sergeant-A police officer in ranks below inspector
Officer-A person holding a position of authority
Q.19) One who collect coins as hobby
a) Geologist
b) Bibliophile
c) Numismatist

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Practice Questions
Q.3)
Q.1-5) Match the given words in Part A with their
Part A Part B
respective meaning/definitions in Part B
A. Fugitive D. One who runs away
Q.1)
from justice
B. Fatalist E. One who loves mankind
Part A Part B
C. Philogynist F. One who believes in fate
A. Agnostic D. One who is not sure about
God's existence a) A-F, B-D & C-E
B. Atheist E. One who believe in the b) A-D, B-F & C-E
existence of God c) A-D & B-E
C. Theist F. One who does not believed) A-D & C-F
in the existence of God e) None of the above

a) A-F, B-D & C-E Q.4)

b) A-D, B-F & C-E
c) A-E & B-D Part A Part B
d) A-D & C-F
e) None of the above A. Apiary D. A place where bees are
kept; a collection of
beehives
Q.2) B. Crematorium E. A place where a dead
person's body is cremated
Part A Part B C. Infirmary F. A place in a large
institution for the care of
A. Epicure D. One who often talks of his those who are ill
achievements
B. Anarchist E. A person having a a) A-F
sophisticated charm b) A-D, B-E & C-F
C. Debonair F. A person who believes in c) B-D, A-E, & C-F
or tries to bring about a d) A-E
state of lawlessness e) C-D

a) A-D
b) B-F & C-E Q.5)
c) B-D
d) A-E Part A Part B
e) C-D
A. Sacrilege D. Violation or misuse of
what is regarded as sacred
B. Utopia E. An imagined place or state
of things in which everything
is perfect.
C. Mortuary F. A room or building in
which dead bodies are kept

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a) A-F, B-D & C-E

b) A-D, B-E& C-F Q.11-20) In each of the given questions, three word
c) A-E & B-D definitions are given as A, B and C. Choose the
d) A-D & C-E correct word definitions and then make an
e) None of the above appropriate choice from among the given options.

Q.11)

A. Teetotaller-One who drinks only tea

Q.6-10) Choose the option which appropriately B. Legislature-Government responsible for making
describes the meaning of the given term. rules
C. Screech-The sound of squirrels
Q.6) Heterogenous
a) Foreign material a) Only A is correct
b) Things of different kind b) Only B is correct
c) Locally made things c) None of A, B, C is correct
d) Things of same kind and dimension d) Both A & B are correct
e) None of the above e) All A, B, C are correct

Q.7) Brood Q.12)

a) A family of pets
b) A family of young animals A. Bellow: The sound of alligators
c) A family of sheep B. Hoot- The sound of hens
d) A family of insects C. Croak- The sound of frogs
e) None of the above
a) Only A is correct
Q.8) Gibber b) Only B is correct
a) Sound of camels c) None of A, B, C is correct
b) Sound of ducks d) Both A & C are correct
c) Sound of donkeys e) All A, B, C are correct
d) Sound of monkeys
e) None of the above Q.13)

A. Anthropologist- One who studies the evolution of

mankind
B. Cypher-A secret or disguised way of writing
Q.9) Bromatology C. Jurisprudence: The theory or philosophy of law
a) Study of thunder
b) Study of food a) Only A is correct
c) Study of mosses b) Only B is correct
d) Study of bacteria c) None of A, B, C is correct
e) None of the above d) Both A & B are correct
e) All A, B, C are correct
Q.10) Cannibal Q.14)
a) One who feeds on insects
b) One who feeds on human flesh A. Odontology: The scientific study of the structure
c) One who feeds on bird flesh and diseases of teeth
d) One who feeds on plants B. Cartographer: A person who draws or produces
e) None of the above photos

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C. Recluse: One who lives in caves Q.18)

a) Only A is correct Congregation: A group of protestors

b) Only B is correct Shoal: A large number of frogs swimming together
c) None of A, B, C is correct Flotilla: A small fleet of trucks
d) Both A & B are correct
e) All A, B, C are correct a) Only A is correct
b) Only B is correct
Q.15) c) None of A, B, C is correct
d) Both A & B are correct
A. Gnosiophobia-Fear of getting married, being in a e) All A, B, C are correct
relationship, or commitment
B. Logophobia-An obsessive fear of words Q.19)
C. Gerontocracy-A state, society, or group governed
by old people A. Ambidextrous- One who can use either hand with
ease
a) Only A is correct B. Apostate- Person who has changed his faith
b) Only B is correct C. Constellation- A series of stars
c) None of A, B, C is correct
d) Both B & C are correct a) Only A is correct
e) All A, B, C are correct b) Only C is correct
c) None of A, B, C is correct
d) Both A & B are correct
e) All A, B, C are correct
Q.16)

A. Craniology: Study of heart Q.20)

B. Dendrology: Study of trees
C. Entomology: Study of insects A. Convent- Nursery where babies and young
children are cared for during the working day
a) Only A is correct B. Granary- A storehouse for threshed grain
b) Only B is correct C. Neocracy- Government by new or inexperienced
c) None of A, B, C is correct hands
d) Both B & C are correct
e) All A, B, C are correct a) Only A is correct
b) Only B is correct
Q.17) c) None of A, B, C is correct
d) Both B & C are correct
A. Misanthrope- A person who dislikes humankind e) All A, B, C are correct
and avoids human society
B. Polyglot-A person who marries more than one
person
C. Narcissist-Someone in love with himself

a) Only A is correct
b) Only B is correct
c) None of A, B, C is correct
d) Both A & C are correct
e) All A, B, C are correct

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Crematorium: a place where dead bodies are

Answer Key cremated
Infirmary: A place where ill people are brought and
1(B) 2(B) 3(E) 4(B) 5(B) kept

6(B) 7(E) 8(D) 9(B) 10(B) Q.5) Answer- B

Following are the correct definitions of the given
11(D) 12(D) 13(E) 14(A) 15(D)
words:
16(D) 17(D) 18(C) 19(E) 20(D)
Sacrilege: Violation/misuse of something sacred
Solutions Utopia: an imagined space where everything is
perfect
Mortuary: Place where dead bodies are kept
Q.1) Answer- B
Following are the correct definitions of the given Q.6) Answer- B
words: Heterogenous means diverse in character or content

Agnostic- One who is not sure about God's existence Q.7) Answer- E
Atheist- One who doesn’t believe in the existence of Brood means a family of birds or other young
God animals produced at one hatching or birth.
Theist- One who believes in the existence of God Q.8) Answer- D
The sound of monkeys is called ‘Gibber’
Q.2) Answer- B
Following are the correct definitions of the given Q.9) Answer- B
words: Bromatology refers to study of food

Epicure: A person who takes particular pleasure in Q.10) Answer- B

food and drink Cannibal is a human being who eats human flesh
Anarchist: A person who believes in or tries to bring
about a state of lawlessness
Q.11) Answer- D
Debonair: A person having a sophisticated charm
Statement A & B are correct. Screech is sound made
by parrots

Q.12) Answer- D
Statement A & C are correct. Hoot is sound made by
owls
Q.3) Answer- E
Following are the correct definitions of the given
Q.13) Answer- E
words:
All the given definitions are correct.
Fugitive: One who has ran away and is in hiding for
Q.14) Answer- A
wrong-doing or crime
Only A is correct.
Fatalist: One who believes in fate
Cartographer is someone who draws or produces
Philogynist: A person who loves women
maps.
Hence only, A-D and B-F are suitable pairs. So, none
Recluse is someone who lives a solitary life.
of the options are correct.
Q.15) Answer- D
Q.4) Answer- B
Both B and C are correct.
Following are the correct definitions of the given
Gnosiophobia is fear of knowledge.
words:

Apiary: place where bees are kept

Q.16) Answer- D

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Both B and C are correct. Shoal: A large number of fish swimming together
Craniology the scientific study of the shape and size
of the skulls of different human races. Flotilla: A small fleet of boats/ships

Q.17) Answer- D
Q.19) Answer- E
Both A & C are correct.
All the given statements are correct.
Polyglot is one who knows several languages.
Q.20) Answer- D
Q.18) Answer- C
Both B and C are correct.
Following will be the correct explanation of given
Convent refers to Christian community of nuns living
words.
together under monastic vows
Congregation: A group of worshippers

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Chapter 31: Spot The Error

nouns refer to a unit, a singular verb is used,
Introduction otherwise, plural will be used. These include- Team,
Public, Government, Committee, Jury, Audience.
Spot the errors is one of the most important and Example:
scoring subjects in English section of major • The company was founded in the year of 1992
competitive exams. (Correct)
In spotting the errors, you are presented with a • The company were founded in the year of 1992
paragraph/sentence containing certain errors which (Incorrect)
you need to rectify. Usually, these errors are related
to parts of speech, genders, infinitives, participles, 4. There are some nouns which are always followed
form of tenses, use of articles etc. Hence, you need by a singular verb. These include- Poetry, Machinery,
to be well acquainted with all the rules of grammar Ethics, Mathematics, Physics, Classics, Innings,
to solve spotting errors questions. Stationery, News, Abuse, Economics, Business.
Example:
Rules to Solve • Ethics are important. (Incorrect)
Most of the errors in spotting errors questions have • Ethics is important. (Correct)
common grammatical mistakes. To solve spotting
errors questions effectively, you need to be aware of
the basic grammar rules. We have provided below Errors based on Pronouns
some common types of errors which are present A pronoun is a word that takes place of the noun (for
while you solve spotting errors questions. example- He, She, They, Someone, Who). Some of
the pronouns follow certain rules to complete a
Errors based on Nouns sentence which are mentioned below:
A noun is a word used to identify any of a class of
people, places or things. Some of the nouns, be it 1. A pronoun should always agree with its
singular or plural, follow certain rules to complete a antecedent in person, number, and gender. An
sentence. These are mentioned below: antecedent is a noun that a pronoun is replacing or
referring to.
1. Some nouns which are singular in form but are Example:
used as plural nouns are followed by a plural verb. • All students must do their homework. (Correct)
These include- Cattle, Peasantry, People, Vermin, • Each student must bring their books (Incorrect)
Police, Clergy. • Each student must bring his books. (Correct)
Example:
• The cattle is grazing near the farm. (Incorrect) 2. The pronoun ‘one’ should always be followed by
• The cattle are grazing near the farm. (Correct) one’s.
2. Some nouns which are used as plural nouns are Example:
always followed by a plural verb. These include- • One must finish his task in time. (Incorrect)
Scissors, Stockings, Trousers, Specs, Shorts, Goods, • One must finish one’s task in time. (Correct)
Employees.
Example: 3. There is always a confusion regarding the usage of
• Where is my stockings? (Incorrect) pronouns- who and whom. Who and whoever are
• Where are my stockings? (Correct) subjective pronouns whereas whom and whomever
are objective. To put it simply, ‘who’ denotes the
3. Some collective nouns are used as both singular subject of the verb and ‘whom’ works as an object in
and plural depending on the meaning. When these the sentence.

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Example: ‘A little’ has positive attributes and means some

• Whom is the project leader? (Incorrect) (though not much).
• Who is the project leader? (Correct) Example:
• Who are you talking to? (Incorrect) • Little knowledge is a dangerous thing. (Incorrect)
• Whom are you talking to? (Correct) • A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. (Correct)

‘The little’ means ‘not much’, but all that is.

Errors based on Adjectives Example:
An adjective is a word naming an attribute of a noun • A little honey in the pot might prove useful.
such as sweet, bad etc. Some of the adjectives follow (Incorrect)
certain rules to complete a sentence which is • The little honey in the pot might prove useful.
mentioned below- (Correct)

1. Comparative adjectives are used to compare Miscellaneous Errors

differences between the two. Some of these 1. Words beginning with the letter ‘h’ such as
adjectives such as Superior, Inferior, Prior etc are Honest, Honor, Heir, Hour etc. are silent. Hence, we
always followed by ‘to’. use ‘an’ article before them instead of ‘a’.
Example: Example:
• He is superior to me in position. (Correct) • We are a hour late. (Incorrect)
• He is superior than me in position. (Incorrect) • We are an hour late. (Correct)

2. Do not use adjectives in place of adverbs.

Example:
• She drove quicker than everybody else. (Incorrect) 2. Prepositions such as Since and For are often
• She drove quickly than everybody else. (Correct) mistaken. Since indicates a point of time whereas for
indicates the length of time.
Errors based on Adverbs Example:
Adverbs refer to words that modify the meaning of • I have been reading this book since 3 hours.
an adjective or verb. Some of the adverbs follow (Incorrect)
certain rules to complete a sentence which is • I have been reading this book for 3 hours. (Correct)
mentioned below-

1. Some of the adverbs having the same meanings

create confusion in the minds of people, these are
mainly- less and fewer. ‘Less’ is used to describe
quantity whereas ‘fewer’ is used to denote numbers.
Example:
• Less than thirty children each year develop the
disease. (Incorrect)
• Fewer than thirty children each year develop the
disease. (Correct)
• People want to spend fewer time in traffic.
(Incorrect)
• People want to spend less time in traffic. (Correct)

2. Some of the adverbs such as little, a little, the

little, are used in different places.
‘Little’ has a negative meaning which means hardly
any.
Example:
• There is a little hope of his recovery. (Incorrect)
• There is little hope of his recovery. (Correct)

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Explanation:
Solved Examples
“Force” needs to be replaced with “forced”
1) The Professors of all MBA (1) coaching institutes
met with(2) students to give its (3) guidelines on
4) My brother-in laws(1) /who live in Punjab
how to attempt the exam. (4)
(2)/have come to stay with us(3).
a) 1
a) 1
b) 2
b) 2
c) 3
c) 3
d) 4
d) 1&3
e) No error.
e) No error.
Answer 1: c (3)
Answer 4: a (1)
Explanation:
Explanation:
Replace “its” with “their” as Professors are living
beings and cannot be represented by “its”. Replace “brother in laws” with “brothers in law”

2) India needs a good healthcare system (1) who 5) Any complaint regarding the (1)/ selection
will improvise (2) the health of people (3) in the process of candidates was (2) / attended with a day
country. (4). (3)/ after the process was over (4).

a) 1 a) 1
b) 2 b) 2
c) 3 c) 3
d) 4 d) 4
e) No error e) No error

Answer 5: b (2)

Answer 2: b (2) Explanation:

Explanation: Replace “was” with “were”.

Replace “who” by “which” as healthcare system is

not a living being and cannot be represented by 6) The makers of the scheme (1) / first need to
“who” acknowledged (2)/ its current flaws, both (4), in
planning and execution.

3) XYZ Ltd. may be (1)/ force to review the selection a) 1

criteria after (2) / struggling to select potential b) 2
candidates (3) / for the past 3 weeks. c) 3
a) 1 d) 4
b) 2 e) No error
c) 3
Answer 6: b (2)
d) 4
e) No error. Explanation:

Answer 3: b (2) Replaced “acknowledged” with “acknowledge”

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7) The refusal by doctors to (1)/ admit poor patient 10) My younger sister is planning (1) / to go abroad
(2) / is also a behavioural issue, not (3) / supported (2) / as soon as she will retire (3) / in January next
by guidelines and protocol. (4) year (4).

a) 1 a) 1
b) 2 b) 2
c) 3 c) 3
d) 4 d) 4
e) No error e) No error.

Answer 7: b (2)

Explanation: Answer 10: c (3)

Replace “patient” with “patients”
Explanation:

Replace “will retire” with “retires”

8) Some students are users of (1) / the library
resources and (2) / the library authority are (3) /
unable to keep them satisfied. (4) 11) As the student was /(1) very intelligent and
hardworking (2), /the university offered (3)/ him a
a) 1
scholarship.(4)
b) 2
c) 3 a) 1
d) 4 b) 2
e) No error. c) 3
d) 4
e) No error
Answer 8: c (3)
Answer 11: e (No error)
Explanation:
Explanation:
Replace “authority” with “authorities” There is no error in the sentence. Hence, option (e).

9) The right method to contest (1)/ government’s 12) Since the patient was (1)/ very illness, all the
methods are (2)/ through a civilised (3)/ discussion- doctors (2)/ in the hospital gave him (3)/ a lot of
not the absence of it.(4) medicines (4).

a) 1 a) 1
b) 2 b) 2
c) 3 c) 3
d) 4 d) 4
e) No error. e) No error.

Answer 9: b (2)

Explanation: Answer 12: b (2)

Replace “are” with “is” Explanation:

Replace “illness” with “ill”.

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13) Any addiction can lead to (1) / all kinds of 16) China plans to cover around 60 per cent (1)/ of
problems (2)/ when taken too far, either (3)/ in the its cropped area, that covers (2)/ around 286
short or long term. (4) million hectares, over the next twenty four (3)/
months if the scheme really takes off (4).
a) 1
b) 2 a) 1
c) 3 b) 2
d) 4 c) 3
e) No error d) 4
e) No error
Answer 13: e (No error)
Answer 16: (2)
Explanation:
Explanation:
There is no error in the sentence. Hence, the right
option is (e). Replace “that” with “which”
“That” normally refers to things but it may refer to a
class or type of person. “Which” refers only to things
14) The judicial Court issued (1)/ a notice to the
government about (2)/ the non-implementation of
(3)/ the legal policies. (4). 17) Deviation in any of these targets could (1)/ not
only result in contraction (2)/ of our company’s
a) 1
profits but the put pressure (3)/ on finance
b) 2 department (4).
c) 3
d) 4 a) 1
e) No error b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) No error.
Answer 14: e (No error)

Explanation: Answer 17: c(3)

There is no error in the statement, hence answer is Explanation:

option (e). Omit “the” and include “but also”.

The right statement is:

15) City A, City B and City C (1) /have been
“Deviation in any of these targets could not only
identified as three (2) /cities where technical
result in contraction of our company’s profits but
assistance (3)/ and funding had been promised.(4)
also put pressure on finance department.”
a) 1
b) 2 18) It may not be to late to (1)/ do so, but the
c) 3 company (2)/ should keep in mind that (3)/ the risk
d) 4 needs to be hedged properly. (4)
e) No error.
a) 1
Answer 15: d (4) b) 2
c) 3
Explanation:
d) 4
Replace “had” with “has”.
e) No error.

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Answer 18: a (1)

Practice Questions
Explanation:

Replace “to” with “too” 1) In recent years, (1)/ the government has (2)
played a significant (3) role of shaping economic
The right statement is:
policy. (4)
It may not be too late to do so, but the company
a) 1
should keep in mind that the risk needs to be
hedged. b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
19) A country where law and order (1)/ e) No error
mechanisms is weak is (2)/ not conducive for
development (3)/ or for attracting investment. (4)
2) In the United Kingdom and in much European
a) 1
(1)/ Countries, healthcare system (2)/ falls under
b) 2
the government.(3)/ It is time for the same in India.
c) 3 (4)
d) 4
e) No error. a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer 19: b (2)
e) No error
Explanation:

Replace “is” with “are”

Therefore, the right statement is: 3) It is not only undesirable (1)/ thing but
undesirable people (2)/ too who were and are (3)/
A country where law and order mechanisms are dumped in this place. (4)
weak is not conducive for development or for
attracting investment. a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
20) That is clearly missing, (1)/ Asians roll its eyes at d) 4
(2)/ us and increasingly the (3)/ reverse is also true. e) No error.
a) 1
b) 2
4) Cigarette manufacturing companies are (1)/
c) 3
resisting a new law that (2)/ the mandatory
d) 4 pictorial warnings in (3)/ cigarette packages be
e) No error. made larger. (4)

Answer 20: b (2) a) 1

b) 2
Explanation:
c) 3
The word “its” should be replaced with “their” d) 4
e) No error.

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5) This has helped shore up the government (1) / relief camps or with relatives (c)/ and friends,
finances as it bets on public investment to (2) / spur unwilling to return home. (d)
the economy, even if this fiscal elbow (3) / room
a) 1
has been created at consumer’s cost. (4)
b) 2
a) 1 c) 3
b) 2 d) 4
c) 3 e) No error.
d) 4
e) No error. 10) The corporation, that (1)/ has already
purchased retail outlets (2)/ in Delhi and Chennai to
start (3)/ retail operations in India. (4)
6) The legal challenge to the new rule is likely (1)/
a) 1
to be finally settled in the weeks ahead, but until
then, (2)/ as per the Supreme Court’s directives, b) 2
(3)/ the larger warnings must be printed. (4)/ No c) 3
error d) 4
e) No error
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3 11) No regulating body (A), however good, (B)
d) 4 including the parliament, (C) should stop oneself
e) No error from improvements. (D).

a) AD
7) Even the point of studying in an IIM (1)/ was not
to learn management but to (2)/ use it as a signal b) CB
device to the corporate (3)/ sector as being above c) BD
the crowd. (4) d) BA
e) No error
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3 12) The scientific theory (A)/ given by him is so
d) 4 complex (B)/ as we cannot define (C) that in a few
e) No error sentences (D).

a) BC
8) Perhaps lies in evolving an (a)/ organisation b) AB
where a person can (b)/ climb on the organisational c) CD
ladder on (c)/ the basis of ability and contribution d) DA
(d). e) No error.

a) 1
b) 2 13) The thieves which had stashed (A)/ the money
c) 3 in the warehouse, (B)/ went back again as they
d) 4 thought (C)/ they can now remove it with safety.
e) No error. (D).

a) AD
9) After failing to control the conflict situation, the
government (a)/ failed again, and again, to reassure b) CD
fearful riot victims, which (b)/ are still huddled in c) AB

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d) AC 18) To truly get a hold on the worldwide (1)/

e) No error. medical tourism market, our country (2)/ would
consider all its strengths (3)/ and market a holistic
14) Were you (1)/ given a choice (2)/ or you had healing approach.(4)
(3) / to do it? (4)
a) 1
a) 1 b) 2
b) 2 c) 3
c) 3 d) 4
d) 4 e) No error.
e) No error

15) This was the most unique chance she got in her 19) The derivative instrument allows investors to
life, however (A)/ she wasted it as she doesn’t (B)/ enter into contracts (1)/ to either buy or sell a
seeming to be interested in working in any (C)/ commodity sometime in the future at a
other field than economics and finance. (D) predetermined (2)/ price, thus allowing investors
for hedge any (3)/ volatility in the price of the
a) AC
commodity (4)/ for a price. (5)
b) BC
c) DA a) 1
d) BD b) 2
e) No error c) 3
d) 4
e) 5
16) Germany, the global locomotive of the decade,
is now (A)/ an upper middle income country whose
growth rate (B)/have reduced by half. It no longer 20) Retailers across India went on a strike this
pulls (C)/ along the world economy in the same month (A)/ to highlight their concerns about the
speed. (D) threat (B)/ from e-retailers, and the cost that will
be imposed (C)/ by new regulations on the sale of
a) AC
commodities (D).
b) CD
c) CB a) AB
d) BD b) CD
e) No error c) DB
d) DA
17) The novel features twenty handpicked story, e) No error
(A)/ enriched with the author expansively (B)/
visualised descriptions of their settings and (C)/
confined largely to themes of suspense.(D)

a) AB
b) AC
c) BD
d) BC
e) No error

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Answer 7: c (3)
Answer Key
Explanation:
1(d) 2(a) 3(b) 4(c) 5(a) Use “signaling” instead of signal.

6(b) 7(c) 8(c) 9(b) 10(a)

Answer 8: c (3)
11(c) 12(c) 13(a) 14(a) 15(a)
Explanation:
16(b) 17(a) 18(c) 19(c) 20(e) Replace “on” with “up”

Solutions Answer 9: b (2)

Answer 1: d (4) Explanation:

“which” should be replaced by “who”
Explanation:

“of” should be replaced with “in”. Answer 10: a (1)

Explanation:
Answer 2: a (1)
Replace “that” with “which”
Explanation:

Replace “much” with ”many” Answer 11: c (BD)

Explanation:
Answer 3: b (2)
In B, “however” should be replaced by “howsoever”
Explanation:
In D, “oneself” should be replaced by “itself”
“thing” needs to be replace with “things”

Answer 12: c (CD)

Answer 4: c (3)
Explanation:
Explanation:
In C, “as” needs to be replaced by “that.”
Replace “in” with “on”
In D, “that” needs to be replaced by “it”.

Answer 5: a (1)
Answer 13: a (AD)
Explanation:
Explanation:
Replace “government” with “government’s”.
In A, “which” should be replaced by “who”

Answer 6: b (2) In D, “can” should be replaced by “could”

Explanation: Answer 14: a (1)

Replace “until” with “till” Explanation:

“Were you” should be replaced by “had you been”

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Answer 15: a (AC)

Explanation:

In A, “the most unique” should be replace with “a

unique”

In C, “seeming” should be replaced with “seem”

Answer 16: b (CD)

Explanation:

In C, “have” should be replaced by “has”

In D, “in” should be replaced by “at”

Answer 17: a (AB)

Explanation:

In A, “story” should be replaced by “stories”

In B, “author” should be replaced by “author’s”

Answer 18: 3 (c)

Explanation:

Replace “would” with “should”

Answer 19: c (3)

Explanation:

In 3, “for” should be replaced with “to”

Answer 20: e (No error)

Explanation:

The statement is correct.

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