Random Sampling,
Parameter and Statistic, and
Sampling Distribution of
Statistics
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The population refers to the whole group
under study or investigation. In research,
the population does not always refer to
people. It may mean a group containing
elements of anything you want to study,
such as objects, events, organizations,
countries, species, organisms, etc.
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A sample is a subset taken from a
population, either by random sampling or
by non-random sampling. A sample is a
representation of the population where it
is hoped that valid conclusions will be
drawn from the population.
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Random sampling is a selection of N
elements derived from the N population,
which is the subject of an investigation or
experiment, where each point of the sample
has an equal chance of being selected using
the appropriate sampling technique.
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Types of Random Sampling Techniques
1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in
which each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected. An instance of
this is when members of the population have their
names represented by small pieces of paper that
are then randomly mixed together and picked
out. In the sample, the members selected will be
included.
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Lottery Sampling
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2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which
members of the population are listed and samples are
selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this
technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from
a randomly selected starting point. For example, if we
want to draw a 200 sample from a population of 6,000,
we can select every 3rd person in the list. In practice,
the numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly
to act as the starting point.
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Systematic Sampling
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3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in
which members of the population are grouped on the
basis of their homogeneity. This technique is used when
there are a number of distinct subgroups in the
population within which full representation is required.
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The sample is constructed by classifying the population
into subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain
characteristics of the population, such as age, gender
or socio-economic status. The selection of elements is
then done separately from within each stratum, usually
by random or systematic sampling methods.
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Stratified Random Sampling
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Example:
Using stratified random
sampling, select a sample of
400 students from the
population which are
grouped according to the
cities they come from. The
table shows the number of
students per city.
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Solution:
To determine the number of
students to be taken as
sample from each city,
we divide the number of
students per city by total
population (N= 28,000)
multiply the result by the total
sample size (n= 400).
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4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area
sampling and applied on a g eog r aphical basis.
Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels
before going down to lower levels. For example,
samples are taken randomly from the provinces first,
followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and then
from households.
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Cluster Campling
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5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different
sampling techniques. For example, when selecting
respondents for a national election survey, we can use
the lottery method first for regions and cities. We can
then use stratified sampling to determine the number of
respondents from selected areas and clusters.
