SQL Cheat Sheet
1. Basic Queries
• SELECT: Retrieve data from a table.
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SELECT * FROM table_name;
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;
• WHERE: Filter rows based on conditions.
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SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 18;
• LIMIT: Limit the number of rows returned.
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SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 10;
• ORDER BY: Sort results.
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SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC; -- Ascending
SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 DESC; -- Descending
• DISTINCT: Select unique values.
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SELECT DISTINCT column1 FROM table_name;
2. Filtering and Operators
• AND, OR, NOT: Combine conditions.
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SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 AND condition2;
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 OR condition2;
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE NOT condition;
• IN: Match any value in a list.
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SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column1 IN (value1, value2);
• BETWEEN: Select within a range.
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SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column1 BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
• LIKE: Pattern matching.
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SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column1 LIKE 'a%'; -- Starts with 'a'
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column1 LIKE '%a'; -- Ends with 'a'
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column1 LIKE '%a%'; -- Contains 'a'
3. Aggregations
• COUNT: Count rows.
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
• SUM: Sum of values.
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SELECT SUM(column1) FROM table_name;
• AVG: Average of values.
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SELECT AVG(column1) FROM table_name;
• MIN/MAX: Minimum or maximum value.
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SELECT MIN(column1) FROM table_name;
SELECT MAX(column1) FROM table_name;
• GROUP BY: Group rows by a column.
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SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;
• HAVING: Filter groups.
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SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1 HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
4. Joins
• INNER JOIN: Rows with matching values in both tables.
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SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
• LEFT JOIN: All rows from the left table and matching rows from the right
table.
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SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
• RIGHT JOIN: All rows from the right table and matching rows from the left
table.
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SELECT * FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
• FULL OUTER JOIN: All rows when there is a match in either table.
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SELECT * FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
5. Modifying Data
• INSERT: Add new rows.
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INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);
• UPDATE: Modify existing rows.
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UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;
• DELETE: Remove rows.
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DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
6. Table Operations
• CREATE TABLE: Create a new table.
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CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,
column2 datatype NOT NULL,
column3 datatype DEFAULT value
);
• ALTER TABLE: Modify a table.
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ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
• DROP TABLE: Delete a table.
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DROP TABLE table_name;
7. Advanced Queries
• UNION: Combine results from multiple queries.
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SELECT column1 FROM table1 UNION SELECT column1 FROM table2;
• SUBQUERY: Nested query.
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SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column1 = (SELECT column1 FROM table2 WHERE conditio
n);
• INDEX: Improve query performance.
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CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column1);
