AZAMGARH

ASSIGNMENT OF DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORK

Topic:

 What do you mean by data communication? Explain characteristics

of data communication.
 Discuss the data representation in details.
 Define signal. What are difference between Analog and digital
signal?
 Explain simplex, Half Duplex and full duplex with suitable
diagram.
 Define domain. explain time and frequency domain.

NAME:- ADITYA KUMAR GOND

ROLL NO.:-23201060755
CLASS:- B.Sc. 6TH SEMESTER
SUBJECT:- COMPUTER SCIENCE

SUBMITTED TO;
Miss NIKITA MISHRA MAM
(ASSISTANT PROFESSER)
DATE 03/03/2025
Qus1. what do you mean by data communication? Explain characteristics of data
communication.
Data Communica on:
Data communica on refers to the process of transferring data between two or more devices through
a transmission medium. This can involve various forms of data, including text, audio, video, and images. The
devices involved in data communica on can range from computers and smartphones to servers and network
equipment. The transmission medium can be wired (like coaxial cables, fiber op cs, or twisted pair cables)
or wireless (like radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals).
The primary objec ve of data communica on is to ensure that data is transmi ed accurately, efficiently, and
securely from one point to another. This process is fundamental to modern compu ng and networking,
enabling everything from simple file transfers to complex cloud compu ng services and real- me
communica on applica ons.

Characteris cs of Data Communica on

Data communica on has several key characteris cs that determine its effec veness and efficiency.
Understanding these characteris cs is crucial for designing and implemen ng communica on systems that
meet user needs and applica on requirements.

1. Accuracy:

 Accuracy refers to the correctness of the data being transmi ed. It is essen al that the data
received is iden cal to the data sent. To ensure accuracy, various error detec on and
correc on techniques are employed, such as checksums, parity bits, and cyclic redundancy
checks (CRC). These methods help iden fy and rec fy errors that may occur during
transmission due to noise, interference, or other factors.

2. Speed:

 Speed is a cri cal characteris c of data communica on, o en measured in bits per second
(bps). The speed of data transmission can vary based on the technology used, the type of
network, and the distance between devices. High-speed communica on is essen al for
applica ons that require real- me data transfer, such as video conferencing, online gaming,
and streaming services.

3. Distance:

 The distance over which data can be transmi ed effec vely is another important
characteris c. Different transmission media have varying distance limita ons. For example,
copper cables are suitable for short distances, while fiber op c cables can transmit data over
much longer distances with minimal loss. Wireless communica on can also cover significant
distances, but factors like signal strength and interference can affect performance.

4. Cost:

 The cost of data communica on encompasses the expenses associated with the
infrastructure, equipment, and maintenance required for data transmission. Cost
considera ons can influence the choice of technology and the design of communica on
systems. Organiza ons o en seek cost-effec ve solu ons that provide the necessary
performance without excessive expenditure.
5. Reliability:

 Reliability refers to the ability of a communica on system to perform consistently over me.
A reliable system minimizes down me and ensures that data is delivered as intended. Factors
that contribute to reliability include redundancy, fault tolerance, and robust error handling
mechanisms. Reliable communica on is par cularly important in cri cal applica ons, such as
financial transac ons and emergency services.

6. Scalability:

 Scalability is the capacity of a communica on system to grow and adapt to increasing amounts
of data and more users without significant changes to the infrastructure. A scalable system
can accommodate future growth, whether through addi onal bandwidth, more devices, or
expanded network coverage. This characteris c is vital for organiza ons that an cipate
growth or changes in their communica on needs.

7. Security:

 Security is a paramount concern in data communica on, as data can be vulnerable to

unauthorized access, intercep on, and tampering. Security measures such as encryp on,
authen ca on, and secure protocols (e.g., HTTPS, SSL/TLS) are employed to protect data
during transmission. Ensuring data security is essen al for maintaining user trust and
compliance with regula ons.

8. Interoperability:

 Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems and devices to communicate with
each other seamlessly. This requires adherence to standards and protocols that facilitate
compa bility. For example, the use of common communica on protocols like TCP/IP allows
devices from different manufacturers to connect and exchange data effec vely.

9. Latency:

 Latency is the me delay between the sending and receiving of data. Low latency is crucial for
applica ons that require real- me communica on, such as online gaming, video
conferencing, and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) services. High latency can lead to delays
and disrup ons in communica on, nega vely impac ng user experience.

10. Bandwidth:

 Bandwidth refers to the maximum rate of data transfer across a network path. It is typically
measured in bits per second (bps) and determines how much data can be transmi ed
simultaneously. Higher bandwidth allows for more data to be sent at once, which is important
for applica ons that require high data rates, such as streaming video or large file transfers.

11. Protocol:

 Data communica on relies on protocols, which are sets of rules that govern how data is
transmi ed and received. Protocols define the format, ming, sequencing, and error handling
of data communica on. Common protocols include TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
 and many others. Adhering to established protocols ensures that devices can communicate
effec vely.

12. Format:

 The format of the data being transmi ed is also an important characteris c. Different types
of data

Qus2. Discuss the data representation in details.

Data Representa on:
Data representa on is a technique for analysing numerical data. The rela onship between facts,
ideas, informa on, and concepts is depicted in a diagram via data representa on. It is a fundamental learning
strategy that is simple and easy to understand. It is always determined by the data type in a specific domain.
Graphical representa ons are available in many different shapes and sizes.
In mathema cs, a graph is a chart in which sta s cal data is represented by curves or lines drawn across the
coordinate point indicated on its surface. It aids in the inves ga on of a rela onship between two variables
by allowing one to evaluate the change in one variable’s amount in rela on to another over me. It is useful
for analysing series and frequency distribu ons in a given context. On this page, we will go through two
different types of graphs that can be used to graphically display data. Con nue reading to learn more.

Example: Let the marks obtained by 10 students of class V in a class test, out of 50 according to their roll
numbers, be:

39, 44, 49, 40, 22, 10, 45, 38, 15, 50

The data in the given form is known as raw data. The above given data can be placed in the serial order as
shown below:

Roll No. Marks

1 39

2 44

3 49

4 40

5 22

6 10
 Roll No. Marks

7 45

8 38

9 14

10 50

Now, if you want to analyse the standard of achievement of the students. If you arrange them in ascending
or descending order, it will give you a be er picture.

Ascending order:

10, 15, 22, 38, 39, 40, 44. 45, 49, 50

Descending order:

50, 49, 45, 44, 40, 39, 38, 22, 15, 10

When the row is placed in ascending or descending order is known as arrayed data.

Types of Data Representa on

1. Number Representa on

Computers store numbers in different formats, depending on whether they are integers, floa ng-point
values, or special representa ons.

a) Binary Number System

 The fundamental system used in computers.

 Uses only two digits: 0 and 1.

 Example: The decimal number 13 in binary is 1101.

b) Octal and Hexadecimal Representa on

 Octal (base 8) uses digits 0–7.

 Hexadecimal (base 16) uses digits 0–9 and le ers A–F.

Example:

 Binary: 1101

 Octal Equivalent: 15 (1 × 8¹ + 5 × 8⁰)

 Hexadecimal Equivalent: D (13 in decimal)

c) Floa ng-Point Representa on

 Used to store real numbers (with decimal points).

 Uses IEEE 754 format for representa on.

 Example: 13.5 in IEEE 754 (Single Precision)

o Sign bit: 0 (posi ve)

o Exponent: 10000010

o Man ssa: 10110000000000000000000

2. Character Representa on

Text data is stored using character encoding schemes.

a) ASCII (American Standard Code for Informa on Interchange)

 Uses 7 or 8 bits to represent characters.

 Example:

o ‘A’ = 65 (Binary: 01000001)

o ‘B’ = 66 (Binary: 01000010)

b) Unicode

 Supports a larger set of characters, including interna onal languages.

 Uses UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32 encoding.

 Example:

o ‘A’ in UTF-8: 01000001

o ‘क’ in UTF-8: E0 A4 95

3. Image Representa on

Images are represented as a grid of pixels, where each pixel has a color value.

a) Bitmap (Raster Graphics)

 Stores image data as an array of pixels.

 Common formats: JPEG, PNG, BMP

 Example:

o A 10x10 image with each pixel storing RGB (Red-Green-Blue) values.

b) Vector Graphics

 Uses mathema cal equa ons instead of pixels.

  Common formats: SVG, EPS

 Example:

o A circle is stored as Center (x, y), Radius (r), Color (c).

4. Audio Representa on

Sound is stored as a digital waveform.

a) Pulse Code Modula on (PCM)

 Converts analog sound into digital.

 Example: CD-quality audio is stored at 44.1 kHz, 16-bit depth.

b) Compressed Audio Formats

 Reduces file size using algorithms.

 Examples: MP3, AAC, FLAC

5. Video Representa on

A video consists of mul ple frames (images) played in sequence.

 Frame rate: Number of images per second (e.g., 30 fps).

 Common formats: MP4, AVI, MKV.

 Compression: H.264, HEVC reduce size while maintaining quality.

Example of Data Representa on

Consider an image stored on a computer:

 Binary Storage: Each pixel has a color (e.g., RGB: (255, 0, 0) for red).

 File Format: PNG uses lossless compression to store it.

 Display Process: The OS reads the file and sends pixel values to the screen.

Conclusion

Data representa on is crucial in compu ng. Whether it's numbers, text, images, or videos, computers
convert everything into binary form for storage and processing. Different encoding schemes and formats
ensure efficient data management.
Qus 3.- Define signal. What are difference between Analog and digital signal?
Difference between Analog and Digital Signal

Analog and digital signals are the types of signals carrying informa on. The major difference between both
signals is that the analog signals have con nuous electrical signals, while digital signals have non-con nuous
electrical signals. The difference between analog and digital signal can be observed with the examples of
different types of waves.

Analog Signals:
Analog signals were used in many systems to produce signals to carry informa on. These signals are
con nuous in both values and me. The use of analog signals has declined with the arrival of digital signals.
In short, to understand analog signals – all signals that are natural or come naturally are analog signals.
Digital Signals:
Unlike analog signals, digital signals are not con nuous, but signals are discrete in value and me.
These signals are represented by binary numbers and consist of different voltage values.
Difference between Analog and Digital Signals
To summarise, we have given the various differences between analog signal and digital signal in a
tabular form below. Both these signals are used in electronic communica on system to transfer informa on
from one place to another.

Difference between Analog and Digital Signal

Analog Signals Digital Signals

Con nuous signals Discrete signals

Represented by sine waves Represented by square waves

 Human voice, natural sound, analog electronic Computers, op cal drives, and other electronic
devices are a few examples devices

Con nuous range of values Discon nuous values

Records sound waves as they are Converts into a binary waveform

Only used in analog devices Suited for digital electronics like computers,
mobiles and more

Qus 4- Explain simplex, Half Duplex and full duplex with suitable diagram.
Transmission Modes:
Transmission mode means transferring data between two devices. It is also known as a
communica on mode. Buses and networks are designed to allow communica on to occur between
individual devices that are interconnected. There are three types of transmission modes:

Simplex Mode

In Simplex mode, the communica on is unidirec onal, as on a one-way street. Only one of the two
devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive. The simplex mode can use the en re capacity of
the channel to send data in one direc on.
Example: Keyboard and tradi onal monitors. The keyboard can only introduce input, the monitor can only
give the output.

Half-Duplex Mode

In half-duplex mode, each sta on can both transmit and receive, but not at the same me. When
one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa. The half-duplex mode is used in cases
where there is no need for communica on in both direc ons at the same me. The en re capacity of the
channel can be u lized for each direc on.
Example: Walkie-talkie in which message is sent one at a me and messages are sent in both direc ons.
Channel capacity=Bandwidth * Propaga on Delay

Full-Duplex Mode

In full-duplex mode, both sta ons can transmit and receive simultaneously. In full_duplex mode, signals
going in one direc on share the capacity of the link with signals going in another direc on, this sharing can
occur in two ways:

 Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one for sending and the
other for receiving.

 Or the capacity is divided between signals traveling in both direc ons.

Full-duplex mode is used when communica on in both direc ons is required all the me. The capacity of
the channel, however, must be divided between the two direc ons.
Example: Telephone Network in which there is communica on between two persons by a telephone line,
through which both can talk and listen at the same me.

Channel Capacity=2* Bandwidth*propaga on Delay

Qus 5- Define domain. explain time and frequency domain.

Defini on of Domain

In the context of signal processing, communica on systems, and data analysis, a domain refers to a specific
area or context in which a signal or data is analyzed or represented. The two most common domains used
in these fields are the me domain and the frequency domain. Each domain provides a different
perspec ve on the same signal, allowing for various analyses and interpreta ons.

Time Domain

The me domain represents signals as they vary over me. In this domain, the signal is plo ed with me
on the horizontal axis and the amplitude (or value) of the signal on the ver cal axis. This representa on
allows us to observe how a signal changes with respect to me, making it easier to analyze its behavior,
such as its amplitude, dura on, and shape.

Characteris cs of Time Domain:

1. Waveform Representa on: The me domain shows the actual waveform of the signal,
which can be con nuous (analog) or discrete (digital).

2. Temporal Analysis: It allows for the analysis of me-related characteris cs, such as rise me,
fall me, and me intervals between events.

3. Real-Time Monitoring: Time-domain analysis is useful for real- me monitoring of signals,

such as audio signals, where the waveform can be observed directly.

Frequency Domain

The frequency domain represents signals in terms of their frequency components. Instead of showing how
a signal changes over me, the frequency domain shows how much of the signal lies within each given
frequency band over a range of frequencies. This representa on is typically obtained through a mathema cal
transforma on, such as the Fourier Transform.

Characteris cs of Frequency Domain:

1. Spectral Representa on: The frequency domain provides a spectral representa on of the
signal, showing the amplitude (or power) of each frequency component.

2. Frequency Analysis: It allows for the analysis of frequency-related characteris cs, such as
bandwidth, dominant frequencies, and harmonic content.

3. Filtering and Signal Processing: Frequency domain analysis is essen al for designing filters
and understanding how different frequency components contribute to the overall signal.

Rela onship Between Time and Frequency Domains

The me and frequency domains are interconnected through mathema cal transforma ons, primarily the
Fourier Transform. The key points of their rela onship include:

 Transforma on: A signal can be transformed from the me domain to the frequency domain using
the Fourier Transform, and vice versa using the Inverse Fourier Transform.

 Complementary Informa on: While the me domain provides informa on about the signal's
behavior over me, the frequency domain reveals the signal's frequency content, which is crucial
for understanding its characteris cs and for applica ons like filtering and modula on.
 Prac cal Applica ons: In prac ce, engineers and scien sts o en analyze signals in both domains to
gain a comprehensive understanding of their proper es and to design effec ve systems for
processing and transmi ng data.

Thank you.