Unit-2 Evaluation of Key Public Health Topics

1. Occupational Hazards (10 Marks)

1. Definition – Risks to health and safety in the workplace.

2. Types of Hazards – Physical (noise, radiation), chemical (toxins, fumes), biological

(viruses, bacteria), ergonomic (poor posture, repetitive strain), and psychosocial
(stress, harassment).

3. Common Occupational Diseases – Lung diseases (asbestosis, silicosis), hearing loss,

skin disorders, and musculoskeletal problems.

4. Workplace Accidents – Falls, machinery-related injuries, and electrical shocks.

5. Preventive Measures – Use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper

ventilation, and ergonomic adjustments.

6. Occupational Health Laws – The Factories Act, 1948 (India), OSHA (USA).

7. Monitoring & Surveillance – Regular health check-ups and workplace inspections.

8. Role of Employers – Ensuring workplace safety through policies and training.

9. Worker’s Rights – Legal protection, compensation, and working condition

regulations.

10. Impact on Productivity – Safe workplaces lead to better employee performance and
reduced absenteeism.

2. Concept of Health Education (10 Marks)

1. Definition – Process of educating individuals and communities to improve health.

2. Objectives – Promote healthy behaviors, prevent diseases, and improve health

literacy.

3. Principles – Need-based, participatory, scientifically accurate, and culturally

appropriate.

4. Levels of Health Education – Individual, group, and mass education.

5. Methods – Lectures, posters, campaigns, role-playing, and digital media.

6. Role in Disease Prevention – Awareness about hygiene, nutrition, and vaccinations.

7. School Health Programs – Teaching children about hygiene, nutrition, and mental
health.
 8. Community Participation – Encouraging people to take responsibility for their
health.

9. Government Initiatives – Ayushman Bharat, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India

Mission).

10. Challenges – Low literacy, misinformation, and resistance to behavior change.

3. Health Planning in India (10 Marks)

1. Definition – Organized efforts to improve national health outcomes.

2. Five-Year Plans – Healthcare goals set by the Indian government since 1951.

3. National Health Policy (NHP) – Frameworks introduced in 1983, 2002, and 2017.

4. Key Health Programs – National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), National Health
Mission (NHM).

5. Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Healthcare – Hierarchical approach to service

delivery.

6. Funding & Budget Allocation – Public vs. private sector investment in healthcare.

7. Challenges – Inadequate infrastructure, workforce shortages, and rural-urban

disparities.

8. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) – Ayushman Bharat scheme for affordable

healthcare.

9. Role of International Organizations – WHO, UNICEF, and World Bank support.

10. Future Goals – Strengthening digital health services and public-private partnerships.
4. Methods and Techniques of Planning (10 Marks)

1. Definition – Strategic approaches to organizing healthcare programs.

2. Situational Analysis – Understanding current health challenges and resources.

3. Setting Objectives – SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-

bound) goals.

4. Resource Allocation – Budgeting and prioritizing health programs.

5. Policy Formulation – Creating guidelines for healthcare delivery.

6. Implementation Strategies – Using manpower, technology, and logistics.

7. Monitoring and Evaluation – Assessing program effectiveness through indicators.

8. Community Involvement – Encouraging local participation in planning.

9. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) – Predicting outcomes of health policies.

10. Challenges in Planning – Political interference, lack of data, and financial constraints.

5. Health System in India (10 Marks)

1. Definition – Organized structure providing healthcare services to the population.

2. Public vs. Private Sector – Government hospitals vs. private clinics.

3. Primary Health Centers (PHCs) – First level of healthcare in rural areas.

4. Secondary Healthcare – District hospitals handling specialized care.

5. Tertiary Healthcare – Advanced treatment in medical colleges and super-specialty

hospitals.

6. Healthcare Workforce – Doctors, nurses, paramedics, and ASHA workers.

7. Traditional Medicine Systems – Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy

(AYUSH).

8. Health Insurance Schemes – Ayushman Bharat and Employee State Insurance (ESI).

9. Challenges – Doctor-patient ratio, urban-rural divide, and affordability.

10. Future Strategies – Telemedicine, AI-based diagnostics, and health technology

advancements.
6. Healthcare Delivery (10 Marks)

1. Definition – The process of providing medical services to people.

2. Levels of Healthcare – Primary, secondary, and tertiary care services.

3. Government vs. Private Providers – Role of public hospitals and private clinics.

4. Public Health Programs – Vaccination drives, maternal health, and TB control.

5. Health Infrastructure – Availability of hospitals, doctors, and diagnostic centers.

6. Telemedicine – Use of digital platforms to provide remote healthcare.

7. Health Insurance Coverage – Role in reducing out-of-pocket expenses.

8. Urban vs. Rural Healthcare – Challenges in remote area accessibility.

9. Role of NGOs and International Aid – Providing healthcare support in crises.

10. Future Innovations – AI-based treatment, robotics in surgery, and wearable health
devices.

7. International Health (10 Marks)

1. Definition – Health issues that affect multiple countries.

2. WHO’s Role – Global disease surveillance, policy-making, and emergency response.

3. Global Health Initiatives – Polio eradication, HIV/AIDS programs, and malaria control.

4. Pandemics & Epidemics – COVID-19, Ebola, and Influenza outbreaks.

5. International Health Regulations (IHR) – Legal framework for global disease control.

6. Role of NGOs – Red Cross, Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders).

7. Global Vaccine Distribution – COVAX initiative for equitable access.

8. Challenges in International Health – Economic disparities, access to medicine, and

climate change.

9. United Nations & Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – SDG 3 (Good Health &
Well-being).

10. Future Directions – Strengthening global cooperation in health crises.