Introduction to Data Science

Dr. Irfan Yousuf

Department of Computer Science (New Campus)
UET, Lahore
(Week 7; February 26 – March 01, 2024)
Outline
• Multivariate Data Analysis
Multivariate Data Analysis
• Multivariate analysis is used to explore more than two
variables at once.

• Correlating more than two variables at a time.

Multivariate Data Analysis
• Dependence techniques
• Dependence methods are used when one or some of the variables
are dependent on others. Dependence looks at cause and effect.

• Interdependence techniques
• Interdependence methods are used to understand the structural
makeup and underlying patterns within a dataset.

• Interdependence methods seek to give meaning to a set of

variables or to group them together in meaningful ways.
Multivariate Data Analysis
• Factor analysis is an interdependence technique which seeks
to reduce the number of variables in a dataset.
• Factor analysis works by detecting sets of variables which
correlate highly with each other.
• Example 1: Let’s imagine you have a dataset containing data
pertaining to a person’s income, education level, and
occupation. You might find a high degree of correlation
among each of these variables, and thus reduce them to the
single factor “socioeconomic status.”
• Example 2: You might also have data on how happy they
were with customer service, how much they like a certain
product, and how likely they are to recommend the product
to a friend. Each of these variables could be grouped into the
single factor “customer satisfaction”
Multivariate Data Analysis
• Another interdependence technique, cluster analysis is used
to group similar items within a dataset into clusters.
• When grouping data into clusters, the aim is for the variables
in one cluster to be more similar to each other than they are
to variables in other clusters.
• Example 1: A prime example of cluster analysis is audience
segmentation. If you were working in marketing, you might
use cluster analysis to define different customer groups
which could benefit from more targeted campaigns.
• Example 2: As a healthcare analyst, you might use cluster
analysis to explore whether certain lifestyle factors or
geographical locations are associated with higher or lower
cases of certain illnesses.
Describing a Plot
Example Plot
Example Plot
How to Describe a Graph
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion / Summary

• Introduction
• Overview / Summary
• Details
How to Describe a Graph
How to Describe a Graph

• The line graph compares the fast food consumption of

teenagers in Australia between 1975 and 2000, a period of 25
years.
How to Describe a Graph

• Overall, the consumption of fish and chips declined over the

period, whereas the amount of pizza and hamburgers that
were eaten increased.
How to Describe a Graph

• In 1975, the most popular fast food with Australian teenagers

was fish and chips, being eaten 100 times a year. This was far
higher than Pizza and hamburgers, which were consumed
approximately 5 times a year. However, apart from a brief
rise again from 1980 to 1985, the consumption of fish and
chips gradually declined over the 25 year timescale to finish
at just under 40.
How to Describe a Graph

• In sharp contrast to this, teenagers ate the other two fast

foods at much higher levels. Pizza consumption increased
gradually until it overtook the consumption of fish and chips
in 1990. It then levelled off from 1995 to 2000. The biggest
rise was seen in hamburgers as the occasions they were eaten
increased sharply throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s,
exceeding that of fish and chips in 1985. It finished at the
same level that fish and chips began, with consumption at
100 times a year.
How to Describe a Graph
The line graph compares the fast food consumption of teenagers in
Australia between 1975 and 2000, a period of 25 years. Overall, the
consumption of fish and chips declined over the period, whereas the
amount of pizza and hamburgers that were eaten increased.
In 1975, the most popular fast food with Australian teenagers was fish
and chips, being eaten 100 times a year. This was far higher than Pizza
and hamburgers, which were consumed approximately 5 times a year.
However, apart from a brief rise again from 1980 to 1985, the
consumption of fish and chips gradually declined over the 25 year
timescale to finish at just under 40.
In sharp contrast to this, teenagers ate the other two fast foods at much
higher levels. Pizza consumption increased gradually until it overtook the
consumption of fish and chips in 1990. It then levelled off from 1995 to
2000. The biggest rise was seen in hamburgers as the occasions they
were eaten increased sharply throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s,
exceeding that of fish and chips in 1985. It finished at the same level that
fish and chips began, with consumption at 100 times a year.
Line Graph
• A line chart graphically displays data that changes
continuously over time.
• Each line graph consists of points that connect data to show a
trend (continuous change).
• Line graphs have an x-axis and a y-axis. In the most cases,
time is distributed on the horizontal axis.

• When you want to show trends. For example, how house prices have
increased over time.
• When comparing two or more different variables, situations, and
information over a given period of time.
Line Graph
• These lines show movement over time affected by the
increase or decrease in the key factors.
• To express the movement of the line, you should use appropriate
verbs, adjectives, and adverbs depending on the kind of action you
need to show.
• Verbs: rise, increase, grow, go up to, climb, boom, peak, fall,
decline, decrease, drop, dip, go down, reduce, level up, remain
stable.
• Adjectives: sharp, rapid, huge, dramatic, substantial, considerable,
significant, slight, small, minimal, massive.
• Adverbs: dramatically, rapidly, hugely, massive, sharply, steeply,
considerably, substantially, significantly, slightly, minimally,
markedly.
Example Plot
Example Plot
Sample Answer 1
Sample Answer 2
Pie Chart
The given pie chart shows the different expenses involved in printing a
magazine. Six types of expenses are shown in the diagram and they are:
editorial content development, printing, promotion, paper, binding and
transportation. While editorial content development is the biggest expense,
transportation is the smallest.

When we study the graph, it is not hard to see that the costs associated with
content development and printing are the biggest expenses incurred in
publishing a magazine. While 30 percent of the total cost goes towards
developing editorial content, printing accounts for 24 percent of the total
expenditure. Together, they account for more than half of the total expenses a
publisher has to incur to bring out a magazine. Promotion costs, too, are
significant. At 18 percent, the cost involved in promoting the magazine is the
third biggest.

Paper costs are surprisingly low. Only 10 percent of the total expenditure goes
towards buying the paper. At 12 percent, binding costs aren’t quite significant.
Of all the expenses incurred in printing a magazine, the costs involved in
transporting it is the smallest.
The given pie charts compare the expenses in 7 different
categories in 1966 and 1996 by American Citizens.

Write a report to describe the information below.

The pie charts compare the expenditure of US residents in two different
years in seven categories namely food, cars, petrol, restaurants, furniture,
computers and books.

It is clear that the largest proportion of American citizens’ spending went

on foods and cars. On the other hand, computers and books have the
lowest percentage in the chart in 1966 and 1996 respectively. In 1966,
23% of American citizens’ expenditure went on cars. The percentage rose
to nearly double at 45% in 1996.The proportion of spending on food fell
from 44% in 1966 to only 14% in 1996.

Expenditure on computers stood at only 1% in 1966 but reached 10% in

1996. The percentage of American citizens spending on restaurants had
doubled from 7% in 1966 to 14% in 1996. Spending on books was
highest in 1966, at 6%. By contrast, there was no significant change in
the proportions of petrol and furniture over a period as a whole.
Bar Plot
- A Bar Graph (or Bar Chart) represents categorical data with
comparison. A Bar Graph can be horizontal or vertical while
plotting. In general, you find rectangular bars with lengths or
heights.
Bar Plot
Sample Answer 1
Sample Answer 2
The bar chart illustrates the gross domestic product generated from the IT and
Service Industry in the UK from 1992 to 2000. It is measured in percentages.
Overall, it can be seen that both increased as a percentage of GDP, but IT
remained at a higher rate throughout this time.

At the beginning of the period, in 1992, the Service Industry accounted for 4
per cent of GDP, whereas IT exceeded this, at just over 6 per cent. Over the
next four years, the levels became more similar, with both components standing
between 6 and just over 8 per cent. IT was still higher overall, though it
dropped slightly from 1994 to 1996.

However, over the following four years, the patterns of the two components
were noticeably different. The percentage of GDP from IT increased quite
sharply to 12 in 1998 and then nearly 15 in 2000, while the Service Industry
stayed nearly the same, increasing to only 8 per cent.

At the end of the period, the percentage of GDP from IT was almost twice that
of the Service Industry.
Scatter Plot
• When trying to find out whether there is a relationship
between 2 variables.
• To predict the behavior of dependent variable based on the
measure of the independent variable.
• When having paired numerical data.
• When you just want to visualize the correlation between 2
large datasets without regard to time.
Scatter Plot
• A quick description of the association in a scatterplot should
always include a description of the form, direction, and
strength of the association, along with the presence of any
outliers.
• Form: Is the association linear or nonlinear?
• Direction: Is the association positive or negative?
• Strength: Does the association appear to be strong,
moderately strong, or weak?
• Outliers: Do there appear to be any data points that are
unusually far away from the general pattern?
Scatter Plot

This scatterplot shows a strong, negative, linear association

between age of drivers and number of accidents. There don't
appear to be any outliers in the data
Scatter Plot

There is a strong, positive, linear association between the two

variables
Scatter Plot

There is a moderately strong, negative, linear association

between the two variables with a few potential outliers.
Summary
Multivariate Data Analysis
Describing a Plot