System Control &

Valve Sizing
Learning Outcome
1.Outline the main components or
basic parts in valve.
2. Describe the various types of valve
with its suitable application in industry.
Valves
 Outline

 Introduction to Valves
 Classification of Valves
 Valve types.
 Basic Parts of the Valve.
 Applications of Valve
 valves
 A valve is a mechanical device that regulates, directs or
controls the flow of gases, liquids and slurries by opening,
closing, or partially obstructing various passageways

 Valve cost is up to 20 to 30% of the piping cost for a

plant, depending on the process.

 Thus the selection of valves is extremely important to the

economics, as well as operation, of process plants.

 The size of a valve is mainly determined by the size of its

ends, which connect to the pipe.
 Mode of Operation

 The force required to operate a valve can be carried out

either manually (by hand) or mechanically.
 Mechanical attachments (actuators) to a valve are usually
either electrically or pneumatically operated.
 The actuators can be controlled manually (ie a technician
pushing a button/switch) or by the plant control system.
 VALVES
 Valve Functions

 Stopping and starting fluid flow.

 Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow.
 Controlling the direction of fluid flow.
 Regulating downstream system or process
pressure.
 Relieving component or piping over pressure.
 CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES

Based on mechanical motion:

•Linear Motion Valves. The valves in which moves in a straight line

to allow, stop, or throttle the flow.

•Rotary or Quarter Turn Motion Valves. When the valve travels

along an angular or circular path or approximately a quarter turn, 0°
through 90°

Valve types Linear motion Rotary motion Quarter turn

Gate Valve x
Globe valve x
Plug valve x x
Ball valve x x
Butterfly valve x x
Diaphragm valve x
Pinch valve x
 CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES

BASED ON FUNCTIONS

ISOLATION REGULATION NON RETURN SPECIAL PURPOSE

GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE CHECK VALVE MULTI PORT VALVES

BALL VALVE NEEDLE VALVE FLUSH BOTTOM VALVES

SWING CHECK VALVE
PLUG VALVE BUTTERFLY VALVE FLOAT VALVES
LIFT CHECK VALVE
PISTON VALVE DIAPHRAGM VALVE FOOT VALVES

DIAPHRAGM VALVE PISTON VALVE LINE BLIND VALVES

BUTTERFLY VALVE BALL VALVE KNIFE GATE VALVES

PINCH VALVE PLUG VALVE

PINCH VALVE
Valve classification -
End Connection
 Welded End
 Butt Welded
 Socket Welded
 Flanged End
 Raised Face
 Flat Face
 Ring type Joint
 Threaded End
Welded end

 High P & High T

 Valve body directly welded into
pipeline
 Leak tight at all P & T
 Economical
 Standard for sizes 2-1/2 inch
Butt Weld Pipe Fittings
Socket Weld
 Flanges Ends

 Most commonly used end connection.

 Easiest connection to be installed from a pipeline.
 As these are fastened to the pipe flanges, assembling or
disassembling them is quick and easy.
 Available in sizes from 15 mm onwards.
 Threaded Ends

 Low P piping systems

 Affordable & ensure quick assembly to users.
 Used for small application up to 4 inch.
BASIC PARTS OF THE VALVES
BASIC PART - BODY

 Sometimes called the shell, it is the framework that holds

everything together
 It resists fluid pressure loads from connecting piping. It receives
inlet and outlet piping through threaded, bolted, or welded joints.
 Valve bodies can be cast or forged into a variety of shapes.
 Although a sphere or a cylinder would theoretically be the
most economical shape to resist fluid pressure when a valve is
open
Basic part - Bonnet

 A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body. It is

the second principal pressure boundary of a valve.
Welded Bonnet
 It is cast or forged of the same material as the
body and is connected to the body by a threaded,
bolted, or welded joint.

 During manufacture of the valve, the internal

parts are put into the body and then the bonnet is
attached to hold everything together inside
Bolted Bonnet
Basic part - Trim
 The trim typically includes a disk, seat,
and stem needed to guide the fluid.
 Disc is the part directly affecting the
flow regardless of its shape
 The non-moving part the body is
termed as seat
 The stem, which connects the actuator
and disk, is responsible for positioning
the disk
 A valve's performance is determined by
the disk and seat interface and the relation
of the disk position to the seat. Because of
the trim, basic motions and flow control
are possible.
Basic part - Trim
 Basic part - Actuator

 The actuator operates the stem and disk assembly. An

actuator may be a manually operated, or automatically.

 This device opened or closes a valve.

Actuator
Basic part - Packing
 Most valves use some form of packing
to prevent leakage from the space
between the stem and the bonnet.

 Packing is commonly a fibrous material

or another compound (such as teflon)
that forms a seal between the internal
parts of a valve and the outside.

 Valve packing must be properly

compressed to prevent fluid loss and
damage to the valve's stem.
Valve type
Globe valve
Gate valve
Ball valve
Butterfly valve
Diaphragm valve
Check valve
Safety/relief valve
 GLOBE VALVES HANDWHEEL

STEM
 A globe valve is a linear motion
valve used to stop, start, and
regulate fluid flow.
 Provide relatively tight shut off. PACKING GLAND

BONNET

BODY

DISC

SEAT
Advantages
o Recommended for throttling applications.
o Good for frequent operation.
o Easy to repair.

Disadvantages
o Flow path causes a significant pressure drop.
o Globe valves are more costly than alternative
valves.
 GATE HANDWHEEL
VALVES

 Stop valve
function only
STEM
(closed or wide
open) by raising PACKING GLAND
or lowering the
valving element BONNET

BODY

DISC

SEAT
BALL VALVES STEM

HANDLE

 Stop valve function only

(closed or wide open)
 A ball valve is a
rotational motion valve PACKING GLAND
that uses a ball-shaped
disk to stop or start fluid
flow.
 Suitable for high
pressure liquid systems
(S.W. valves on
submarines)

BODY
 VALVE TYPE
Ball Valves
A ball valve is a rotational motion valve that uses a
ball-shaped disk to stop or start fluid flow.

Advantages
- Maintains and regulates high volume, high
pressure, and high temp flow
- Low purchase and maintenance costs.
- No lubrication requirements.
- Give tight sealing with low torque.
- Time of valve operation is minimized.
- Can be used for throttling service.
- Can handle fluids with suspended solids.

Disadvantages
- Have relatively poor throttling
characteristics.
- Difficult to clean, leads to contamination
 BUTTERFLY VALVES
 Butterfly valves are rotary motion valve that is used
to stop, regulate, and start fluid flow.

Cross Sectional
Top View
Advantages

 They are suitable for large valve applications.

 Compact, lightweight design.

 The maintenance costs are usually low.

 Pressure drop across a butterfly valve is small.

 Used with chemical or corrosive media.

Disadvantages

 Difficult to clean
Cross Sectional
 Throttling limited to low differential pressure Top View

 Potential for cavitations and choke

 Unguided disc movement is affected by flow turbulence

DIAPHRAGM VALVES

A diaphragm valve is a linear motion

valve that is used to start, regulate, and

stop fluid flow. The name is derived

from its flexible disk, which mates with

a seat located in the open area at the top

of the valve body to form a seal.

 CHECK VALVES

 to prevent the reversal of flow.

 The pressure of the fluid passing through the system opens the
valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve.

 Closure is accomplished by the weight of the check

mechanism, by back pressure, by a spring, or by a
combination of these means. The general types of check
valves are swing, tilting-disk, piston, and stop.
 Lift Check Valve
Stop Check Valve

Butterfly Check Valve Tilting-disk Check Valve

 SAFETY/ RELIEF VALVES
To provide immediate relief of over
pressure by making rapid full opening

 Relief Valves– open & reset

at same pressure

 Safety Valves– reset at

pressure below opening
(“popping”) pressure
REQUIREMENT OF SAFETY VALVE

 Proper functioning
 Opening at correct set pressure
 Correct blow down
 Proper mechanical operation & Clean
closure without leakage.
 VALVE SELECTION
Valve Selection Considerations  D. Concern for pressure drop.
 1. Pressure.  E. Velocity.
 2. Temperature.  5. Operating conditions
 3. Type of fluid.  A. Frequency of operation.
 A. Liquid.  B. Accessibility.
 B. Gas, i.e., steam or air.  C. Overall space/size available.
 C. Dirty or abrasive (erosive)  D. Manual or automated control.
 D. Corrosive.  E. Need for bubble-tight shut-off.
 4. Flow Considerations  F. Concerns about body joint
leaks.
 A. On-off or Throttling.
 G. Fire safe design.
 C. Is the valve needed to prevent
 backflow.  H. Speed of closure.
 Applications

 Used in Oil & Gas Industries.

 Fire Safety.
 Piping & ducting system
 Rotating equipment
 Boiler
Important codes governing
safety valves

1) IBR – 1950
2) ASME Sec- I Power boilers
3) ASME Sec – VIII
4) BS - 756
Thank You