ASSIGNMENT-2

Q1. What is the difference between REST and web services?

Ans. Difference Between REST and Web Services

REST (Representational State

Feature Web Services
Transfer)
A broader concept that includes
A software architectural style
various technologies used to enable
Definition for designing networked
communication between applications
applications.
over a network.
A subset of web services that Encompasses multiple technologies,
Scope
follows specific principles. including REST, SOAP, XML-RPC, etc.
Protocol Can use HTTP, SOAP, SMTP, or other
Primarily HTTP.
Used protocols.
Supports JSON, XML, YAML, Usually XML-based (especially SOAP-
Data Format
HTML, etc. based services).
More flexible and lightweight, SOAP-based web services are more
Flexibility ideal for web and mobile rigid and require strict XML messaging
applications. formats.
Easier to implement and use, SOAP web services require more
Ease of Use
especially with modern APIs. complexity and additional processing.
Faster and more efficient due SOAP-based web services tend to be
Performance
to its lightweight nature. slower due to XML parsing overhead.

Q2. List three types of virtualization.

ANS. Virtualization in cloud computing enables the creation of virtual

instances of computing resources, improving scalability, efficiency, and cost-
effectiveness. The main types of virtualization are:

1. Server Virtualization
• Divides a single physical server into multiple virtual servers.
 • Each virtual server runs its own OS and applications independently.
• Example: VMware vSphere, Microsoft Hyper-V.

2. Network Virtualization
• Combines multiple physical networks into one virtual network or
divides a single network into multiple virtual networks.
• Enhances network security, performance, and management.
• Example: VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks), SDN (Software-Defined
Networking).

3. Operating System Virtualization

• Allows multiple OS instances to run on a single hardware system.
• Typically used in containerization.
• Example: Docker, Kubernetes, Linux Containers (LXC).

Q3. What is publish-subscribe model in cloud computing.

ANS. The Pub/Sub (Publisher/Subscriber) model is a messaging pattern used in software
architecture to facilitate asynchronous communication between different components or systems.
In this model, publishers produce messages that are then consumed by subscribers.

Components of Pub/Sub Architecture

In the Pub/Sub (Publish/Subscribe) model, there are several key components that work together to
enable communication between publishers and subscribers. These components include:
• Publisher
o The Publisher is responsible for creating and sending messages to the Pub/Sub
system.
o Publishers categorize messages into topics or channels based on their content. They
do not need to know the identity of the subscribers.
• Subscriber
o The Subscriber is a recipient of messages in the Pub/Sub system. Subscribers
express interest in receiving messages from specific topics.
 o They do not need to know the identity of the publishers. Subscribers receive
messages from topics to which they are subscribed.
• Topic
o A Topic is a named channel or category to which messages are published.
Publishers send messages to specific topics, and subscribers can subscribe to one
or more topics to receive messages of interest.
o Topics help categorize messages and enable targeted message delivery to interested
subscribers.
• Message Broker
o The Message Broker is an intermediary component that manages the routing of
messages between publishers and subscribers.
o It receives messages from publishers and forwards them to subscribers based on
their subscriptions.
o The Message Broker ensures that messages are delivered to the correct subscribers
and can provide additional features such as message persistence, scalability, and
reliability.
• Message
o A Message is the unit of data exchanged between publishers and subscribers in the
Pub/Sub system.
o Messages can contain any type of data, such as text, JSON, or binary data.
Publishers create messages and send them to the Pub/Sub system, and subscribers
receive and process these messages.
• Subscription
o A Subscription represents a connection between a subscriber and a topic.
Subscriptions define which messages a subscriber will receive based on the topics
to which it is subscribed.
o Subscriptions can have different configurations, such as message delivery
guarantees (e.g., at-most-once, at-least-once) and acknowledgment mechanisms.

Q4. Explain the various implementation levels of virtualization and discuss how
virtualization structures, tools, and mechanisms play a role in cloud computing.

ANS. Virtualization is implemented at different levels depending on the abstraction

layer being virtualized. The major levels of virtualization include:

1. Hardware-Level Virtualization
• Uses a hypervisor (Virtual Machine Monitor - VMM) to create and manage
virtual machines (VMs).
 2. Operating System-Level Virtualization
• Uses containerization to create multiple user spaces within the same OS
kernel.

3. Application-Level Virtualization
• Allows applications to run in an isolated environment without modifying
the host OS.

Virtualization is a foundational technology in cloud computing, enabling resource

sharing, scalability, and efficient management. The key components include:

1. Hypervisors (Virtual Machine Monitors - VMMs)

a. Manage and allocate physical resources to virtual machines.
b. Types:
i. Type 1 (Bare-Metal): Runs directly on hardware (e.g., VMware
ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V).
ii. Type 2 (Hosted): Runs on top of an OS (e.g., Oracle VirtualBox,
VMware Workstation).
2. Virtual Storage and Management Tools
• Software-defined storage solutions like VMware vSAN, AWS EBS, and Ceph
enable scalable storage allocation.
• Cloud storage services (e.g., Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage) use
virtualization to provide seamless access.

3. Virtual Networking Mechanisms

• Software-Defined Networking (SDN) virtualizes the network layer for better
control.
• Network Function Virtualization (NFV) replaces hardware network devices
with software solutions.

Q5. Discuss the role of virtualization in disaster recovery, focusing on CPU,

memory, and I/O device virtualization.

ANS. Virtualization plays a crucial role in disaster recovery (DR) by enabling fast
recovery, efficient backup, and seamless failover. It abstracts hardware components,
making it easier to replicate and restore entire systems without being dependent on
specific physical hardware. The key aspects of virtualization in disaster recovery
include CPU, memory, and I/O device virtualization.

1. CPU Virtualization in Disaster Recovery

CPU virtualization allows multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single

physical CPU by sharing its processing power. This plays a vital role in DR
by enabling:
• Live Migration & Failover: VMs can be moved from a failed host to a
backup system with minimal downtime.
• Load Balancing: Workloads can be dynamically allocated to available
CPUs in case of a disaster.
• Snapshot & Replication: Virtual machines can take CPU snapshots,
which help in restoring workloads on different hardware.

2. Memory Virtualization in Disaster Recovery

Memory virtualization abstracts and manages RAM across multiple VMs,

allowing for flexible and efficient memory allocation during a disaster
recovery scenario.
• Memory Snapshots: VMs can take snapshots of active memory states,
allowing for quick recovery after a crash.

3. I/O Device Virtualization in Disaster Recovery

I/O device virtualization abstracts hardware components like network interfaces,

storage devices, and input/output controllers, making disaster recovery more
efficient.
• Virtual Storage Replication: Storage virtualization tools replicate data across
multiple locations for failover readiness.

Advantages of Virtualization in Disaster Recovery

• Cost-Effectiveness: Reduces the need for duplicate physical infrastructure.

• Scalability: Adapts to varying recovery needs.
• Speed: Minimizes downtime with rapid recovery.
• Automation: Enables pre-configured recovery plans for faster failover.