Selenium

1. What are the challenges you have faced during testing?

Some of the common challenges in automation testing include:

 Dynamic Elements: Many web elements have dynamic attributes (e.g., dynamic
IDs), making them difficult to locate.
 Handling Pop-ups & Alerts: Different types of pop-ups (JavaScript alerts,
authentication pop-ups) require different handling strategies.
 Synchronization Issues: Some elements load asynchronously, requiring proper wait
strategies (Implicit, Explicit, Fluent Waits).
 Cross-browser Compatibility: Ensuring tests work on different browsers (Chrome,
Firefox, Edge) with varying behaviors.
 Test Data Management: Maintaining valid and reusable test data for automation
scripts.
 Element Staleness: Elements become stale when the page refreshes, leading to
StaleElementReferenceException.
 Flaky Tests: Tests sometimes pass and sometimes fail due to inconsistent test
environments, timing issues, or dependency on external data.
 CI/CD Integration: Ensuring automation scripts run seamlessly in Continuous
Integration pipelines like Jenkins.
 API Testing Integration: Often, UI automation needs to be integrated with API tests
for full test coverage.

2. What strategies did you follow while building a Selenium framework from
scratch?

Building a Selenium framework from scratch requires careful planning and structuring. The
key strategies include:

 Selecting a Design Pattern:

o Page Object Model (POM): To keep locators and test logic separate.
o Page Factory: To initialize elements efficiently.
o Singleton Design Pattern: To manage a single WebDriver instance.
 Choosing an Appropriate Framework:
o TestNG/JUnit: For test execution and reporting.
o Maven/Gradle: For dependency management.
o Cucumber: If using BDD for business-readable test cases.
 Implementing Utilities:
o Logger (Log4j/SLF4J): For detailed logging.
o Configuration Manager: Reading properties from external config files.
o Custom Wait Mechanism: Handling synchronization effectively.
 CI/CD Integration:
o Using Jenkins/GitHub Actions to run automation in pipelines.
  Parallel Execution:
o Grid/Selenoid/Cloud Testing (Sauce Labs, BrowserStack): To run tests in
different environments.

3. Where do you perform the Singleton Design Pattern? If you don’t use it, do
you have an idea about this?

Singleton Design Pattern ensures that only one instance of a class is created and provides a
global point of access to it.

 In Selenium Framework, Singleton Pattern is often used for WebDriver instance

management. Instead of creating multiple WebDriver instances, we create one shared
instance for the entire test execution.

Example of Singleton WebDriver Implementation:

public class WebDriverSingleton {

private static WebDriver driver;

private WebDriverSingleton() { } // Private constructor to restrict

instantiation

public static WebDriver getDriver() {

if (driver == null) {
driver = new ChromeDriver(); // Or fetch browser type from
properties
}
return driver;
}
}

Calling it in the test:

WebDriver driver = WebDriverSingleton.getDriver();

4. Difference between Implicit, Explicit, and Fluent Waits in Selenium?

Wait
Definition Behavior
Type
Implicit Global wait that applies to all Throws NoSuchElementException if the
Wait elements. element is not found within the time.
Explicit Waits for a specific condition Used for specific elements using
Wait before proceeding. ExpectedConditions.
Similar to Explicit Wait but
Fluent
allows polling frequency and Provides more control over polling time.
Wait
ignores exceptions.
5. Pros and Cons of Implicit Wait and Explicit Wait

Type Pros Cons

Implicit - Simple to implement - Applies - Can cause unnecessary delays -
Wait globally to all elements Doesn’t handle conditions like visibility
- Efficient and works for specific
Explicit - Must be used carefully to avoid long
elements - Reduces script execution
Wait execution time
time

6. Why do we prefer Explicit Wait instead of Fluent Wait? What are the
disadvantages of Fluent Wait?

 Explicit Wait is preferred because:

o It is simple and widely used.
o It provides predefined conditions in ExpectedConditions.
 Disadvantages of Fluent Wait:
o Requires manual handling of polling intervals.
o Increases script complexity.

7. Without Implicit Wait, will the Selenium script work?

Yes, the script will work, but it might fail if elements take time to load. In such cases,
Explicit Wait should be used.

8. What is the default polling time in Explicit and Implicit Wait?

 Implicit Wait: It continuously checks for an element within the specified time.
 Explicit Wait: Default polling time is 500 milliseconds.

9. Explain synchronization in Selenium?

Synchronization ensures that the test script waits for the web application to be in the correct
state before interacting with elements. It can be:

 Implicit Wait (global wait)

 Explicit Wait (condition-based wait)
 Thread.sleep() (not recommended)
10. Which concept is implemented in Explicit and Fluent Wait?

 Explicit Wait: Implements ExpectedConditions class.

 Fluent Wait: Implements Function<T, R> interface from java.util.function.

11. Explain Abstraction and Interface with respect to Selenium.

 Abstraction: Hides the implementation details and only exposes necessary

functionalities.
 Interface in Selenium: WebDriver is an interface, and classes like ChromeDriver,
FirefoxDriver implement it.

Example:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); // Abstraction

12. Difference between Factory Design and Singleton Framework?

Feature Factory Design Pattern Singleton Pattern

Purpose Creates objects based on conditions Ensures a single instance of a class
Example Browser Factory WebDriver Singleton

13. What is Page Object and Page Factory Model?

 Page Object Model (POM): Separates UI elements from test scripts.

 Page Factory: Uses @FindBy annotations to initialize elements efficiently.

Example:

public class LoginPage {

@FindBy(id = "username")
WebElement username;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}
}
14. Have you used Interface in your framework other than Selenium
Interfaces?

Yes, for example:

 Custom Reporting Interface

 Database Connection Interface
 Custom Utility Interface

15. How do you achieve Inheritance in your framework?

By creating a Base Class and inheriting it in test classes:

public class BaseTest {

WebDriver driver;
public void setup() { driver = new ChromeDriver(); }
}

public class LoginTest extends BaseTest {

@Test
public void testLogin() {
driver.get("https://example.com");
}
}

16. What is WebDriver? Name methods without implementation.

 WebDriver is an interface in Selenium.

 Methods without implementation:
o get()
o findElement()
o findElements()

17. Fastest Locator in Selenium?

 ID is the fastest locator.

18. What does :: (double colon) in XPath represent?

 Used in Axes (e.g., following-sibling::).

19. Explain driver.manage().window().maximize()

 Uses the Options Interface in Selenium to manage browser settings.

20. Difference between get() and navigate().to()

Method Behavior
get() Loads a new web page.
navigate().to() Allows forward and backward navigation.

21. How would you check for broken links on a webpage?

To check for broken links in Selenium, follow these steps:

1. Fetch all anchor (<a>) tags.

2. Extract the href attribute.
3. Send an HTTP request to the extracted URL.
4. Verify the HTTP response code.

Example Code:
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.List;

public class BrokenLinksChecker {

public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://example.com");

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

for (WebElement link : links) {
String url = link.getAttribute("href");
checkBrokenLink(url);
}
driver.quit();
}

public static void checkBrokenLink(String url) {

try {
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) new
URL(url).openConnection();
conn.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
conn.connect();
int responseCode = conn.getResponseCode();
if (responseCode >= 400) {
System.out.println(url + " is a broken link");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(url + " is a broken link");
 }
}
}

 Valid links return HTTP 200.

 Broken links return HTTP 400+ or throw exceptions.

22. Difference between submit() and click() in Selenium?

Method Usage Works On

click() Clicks any clickable element Buttons, links, radio buttons

submit() Submits a form Only on <form> elements

Example:

driver.findElement(By.id("submitButton")).click(); // Works everywhere

driver.findElement(By.id("searchBox")).submit(); // Only works inside a
form

23. Difference between absolute XPath (/) and relative XPath (//)?

Type Syntax Usage

Absolute XPath /html/body/div[1]/table/tr[2]/td[1] Starts from root, rigid structure

Relative XPath //table[@id='example']/tr/td[1] Can start from any node, flexible

Example:

// Absolute XPath
driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/div[1]/input")).click();

// Relative XPath
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='search']")).click();

 Relative XPath is recommended since it is more robust.

24. Difference between findElement() and findElements()?

Method Return Type Exception if Element Not Found

findElement() WebElement (Single element) NoSuchElementException

findElements() List<WebElement> (Multiple elements) Returns an empty list

Example:

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("uniqueID")); // Throws

exception if not found

List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.className("someClass"));

// Returns empty list if not found

25. Difference between Frames and iFrames?

Feature Frame iFrame

An inline frame inside another

Definition A separate document inside a webpage
webpage

Less common now (old HTML <frame>

Usage Commonly used in modern web apps
tag)

Selenium
driver.switchTo().frame() driver.switchTo().frame()
Handling

Example:

driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");

26. Return Type of findElement() and findElements()?

 findElement() → Returns a single WebElement.

 findElements() → Returns a List of WebElements.
27. What error will be thrown when no element is found for findElement() and
findElements()?

Method Exception/Output

findElement() Throws NoSuchElementException

findElements() Returns an empty list (List<WebElement>)

28. Exceptions Faced in Selenium (Java Exceptions Included)

Selenium Exceptions:

 NoSuchElementException – Element not found.

 TimeoutException – Explicit wait timeout.
 StaleElementReferenceException – Element is no longer valid.
 ElementClickInterceptedException – Another element is covering the clickable element.

Java Exceptions:

 NullPointerException – Accessing an object that is not initialized.

 ArithmeticException – Divide by zero error.
 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException – Accessing an invalid index in an array.

29. How to handle StaleElementReferenceException?

Solution:

1. Re-locate the element before interacting.

2. Use Explicit Wait to wait for element reload.

Example:

java
CopyEdit
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
WebElement element =
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.id("someID")));

30. Interfaces used in Selenium?

Some important interfaces:

 WebDriver
 JavascriptExecutor
  TakesScreenshot
 Alert
 WebElement

31. Where is Inheritance used in Selenium?

Inheritance is used in:

 BaseTest Class: Common setup/teardown for all tests.

 Page Object Model (POM): Pages inherit reusable methods.

Example:

java
CopyEdit
public class BaseTest {
protected WebDriver driver;
public void setup() { driver = new ChromeDriver(); }
}

public class LoginTest extends BaseTest {

public void testLogin() {
driver.get("https://example.com");
}
}

32. How do you initialize web elements in POM? What happens if not
initialized?

 Use PageFactory.initElements() in the constructor.

Example:

java
CopyEdit
public class LoginPage {
@FindBy(id="username") WebElement username;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}
}

 If not initialized, NullPointerException occurs.

33. If both Implicit and Explicit Waits are used, which takes priority?

 Explicit Wait takes priority over Implicit Wait.

 Not a good practice to mix both.

34. Difference between close() and quit() in Selenium?

Method Behavior

close() Closes only the current window

quit() Closes all browser windows

35. How do you handle Alerts in Selenium?

java
CopyEdit
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
System.out.println(alert.getText());
alert.accept(); // Clicks OK

36. How to handle pop-ups appearing at unknown times?

Use Explicit Wait with ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent():

java
CopyEdit
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
alert.accept();

37. How to handle file upload when <input> does not have type="file"?

 Use Robot Class:

Robot robot = new Robot();

robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);

 Or use AutoIt/Sikuli for non-Selenium file uploads.

38. How to perform keyboard operations in Selenium?

Use Actions Class:

java
CopyEdit
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER).perform();

39. What does this snippet mean?

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

 WebDriver → Interface from Selenium.

 ChromeDriver → Class that implements WebDriver, used for Chrome browser.
 new ChromeDriver() → Initializes Chrome browser.

This line means:

1. A WebDriver reference (driver) is created.

2. A new instance of ChromeDriver (Chrome browser) is assigned to driver.
3. Since WebDriver is an interface, this is Dynamic Polymorphism (runtime
polymorphism).

40. Where can Dynamic Polymorphism be observed in Selenium WebDriver?

Dynamic Polymorphism (Method Overriding) occurs when:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver = new FirefoxDriver();

 Method calls are resolved at runtime (e.g., driver.get() will call ChromeDriver
or FirefoxDriver methods accordingly).
 WebDriver is an interface, and ChromeDriver and FirefoxDriver override its
methods.

41. Difference between / and // in XPath?

Symbol Meaning Example

/ Absolute XPath (starts from root) /html/body/div[1]/table/tr[2]/td[1]
// Relative XPath (searches anywhere) //table[@id='example']/tr/td[1]
Example:

// Absolute XPath
driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/div/input")).click();

// Relative XPath
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='search']")).click();

 Relative XPath (//) is recommended since it is more flexible.

42. If proper XPath, CSS Selector, and ID are not available, how do you
identify an object?

 Use other attributes like name, class, text(), contains(), preceding-sibling,

parent, child, etc.
 Use JavaScript Executor to directly interact with elements.

Example: Using JavaScript Executor

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

WebElement element = (WebElement) js.executeScript("return
document.querySelector('input[name=username]')");

43. Attributes of CSS Selector?

 ID Selector: #id
 Class Selector: .classname
 Tag & Attribute Selector: tagname[attribute=value]
 Child Selector: parent > child
 Descendant Selector: ancestor child
 Sibling Selector: element1 + element2

Example:

input[name='username']
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[name='username']"));

44. Which is faster, XPath or CSS?

 CSS is faster than XPath because:

o It uses a browser's native engine.
o XPath requires traversal from root (especially for complex queries).
 XPath is more flexible (allows parent-to-child and sibling navigation).
45. How to get the nth element using XPath and CSS?

XPath:

// Select 3rd element

driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//div[@class='example'])[3]"));

CSS Selector:

// Select 3rd element

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("div.example:nth-of-type(3)"));

46. How to find the parent/grandparent using only CSS?

CSS does not support traversing backward (no parent selector), but you can use JavaScript:

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

WebElement parent = (WebElement) js.executeScript("return
document.querySelector('child-selector').parentNode;");

47. Will driver.findElements() throw an exception?

 No. If no elements are found, it returns an empty list (List<WebElement>).

 Unlike findElement(), which throws NoSuchElementException.

48. What is returned by driver.manage()?

Returns "Options" interface which helps in:

 Window handling: driver.manage().window().maximize();

 Cookies handling: driver.manage().getCookies();
 Timeouts handling: driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,
TimeUnit.SECONDS);

49. How to find an element with dynamic ID?

Use XPath functions:

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[contains(text(), 'This element has an

ID')]"));

or
Use CSS Wildcard Matchers:

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("div[class*='dynamic-id']"));
50. How to initialize elements in POM? (SignupPage.java & driver)

Use PageFactory.initElements():

public class SignupPage {

WebDriver driver;

@FindBy(id = "username")
WebElement username;

public SignupPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}
}

// Test class
SignupPage signup = new SignupPage(driver);
signup.username.sendKeys("testuser");

13. Get values from a dropdown and print them in ascending order
Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("dropdown")));
List<WebElement> options = select.getOptions();

// Extract text and sort

List<String> dropdownValues = new ArrayList<>();
for (WebElement option : options) {
dropdownValues.add(option.getText());
}

Collections.sort(dropdownValues);
System.out.println(dropdownValues);

51. Using TreeSet to find unique elements

TreeSet<String> uniqueElements = new TreeSet<>();
List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.className("items"));

for (WebElement element : elements) {

uniqueElements.add(element.getText());
}

System.out.println(uniqueElements);

 TreeSet automatically sorts elements and removes duplicates.

52. Is TakesScreenshot an Interface or Class?

TakesScreenshot is an Interface in Selenium.

Example usage:

TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;

File src = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("./screenshot.png"));

53. Why use Selenium despite many third-party libraries?

 Open-source.
 Supports multiple browsers.
 Large community support.
 Cross-language compatibility (Java, Python, C#).
 Easily integrates with TestNG, JUnit, Cucumber.

54. Why use build() and perform() with Actions class?

 build() compiles multiple actions into a single step.

 perform() executes the action sequence.

Example:

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

actions.moveToElement(element).click().build().perform();

 Without build(), perform() works for single-step actions.

 For multi-step actions, always use build() before perform().

55. Can we use perform() alone in scripting without build()?

Yes, we can use perform() alone if we have only one action in Actions class.

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

action.click(element).perform(); // Works fine without build()

However, if multiple actions are chained together, use build() before perform().

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

action.moveToElement(element).click().build().perform(); // Ensures all
actions are executed together
56. Difference between build() and perform() in Selenium?

Method Description

build() Compiles multiple actions into a single step but does not execute them.

perform() Executes the compiled actions or a single action.

Example:

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

action.moveToElement(element).click().build().perform();

 Without build() → The script might execute one action at a time instead of together.

57. Return type of getWindowHandle() and getWindowHandles()?

Method Return Type Description

getWindowHandle() String Returns the current window's unique ID.

getWindowHandles() Set<String> Returns all window IDs in a Set.

Example:

String parentWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();

58. How to switch back to the parent window in Selenium?

String parentWindow = driver.getWindowHandle(); // Get parent window ID
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();

for (String window : allWindows) {

if (!window.equals(parentWindow)) {
driver.switchTo().window(window); // Switch to new window
driver.close(); // Close new window
}
}

driver.switchTo().window(parentWindow); // Switch back to parent window

59. If a button is disabled, how to check using getAttribute()?
WebElement button = driver.findElement(By.id("submit"));
String isDisabled = button.getAttribute("disabled");

if (isDisabled != null) {
System.out.println("Button is disabled");
} else {
System.out.println("Button is enabled");
}

 If the disabled attribute is present, the button is disabled.

60. Explain method overloading with Selenium and an example.

Method Overloading → Same method name with different parameters.

Example:

public void clickElement(WebElement element) {

element.click();
}

public void clickElement(WebElement element, int waitTime) {

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,
Duration.ofSeconds(waitTime));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(element)).click();
}

 Same method (clickElement) is used with different parameters.

 This is compile-time polymorphism.

61. How do you read Excel in Selenium?

You can use Apache POI to read an Excel file.

Code to read an Excel file:

FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(new File("data.xlsx"));

Workbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook(file);
Sheet sheet = workbook.getSheet("Sheet1");
Row row = sheet.getRow(0);
Cell cell = row.getCell(0);
System.out.println(cell.getStringCellValue());
workbook.close();
Counter-questions you may face:

 How to handle different data types?

Use getCellType() to determine if the cell contains a String, Numeric, or Boolean
value.
 How to write data into Excel?
Use setCellValue() and FileOutputStream().

62. Do you use a property file in your framework? Which Java concept is
used?

Yes, we store configuration data (URLs, credentials) in a .properties file.

Java concept used: Java Collections (HashMap, Properties Class)

Example:

Properties prop = new Properties();

FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("config.properties");
prop.load(file);
String url = prop.getProperty("app.url");

63. How to handle unpredictable pop-ups in Selenium?

Use WebDriverWait and try-catch:

try {
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
alert.accept();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("No pop-up appeared.");
}

64. How to re-execute failed test cases in a different browser?

1. Use TestNG RetryAnalyzer

Create a class:

public class RetryLogic implements IRetryAnalyzer {

private int retryCount = 0;
private static final int maxRetryCount = 2;

public boolean retry(ITestResult result) {

if (retryCount < maxRetryCount) {
retryCount++;
return true;
}
return false;
 }
}

Use in the test:

@Test(retryAnalyzer = RetryLogic.class)
public void testMethod() {
// Test script
}

65. How to handle dynamic web elements?

 Use contains() or starts-with() in XPath:

 driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[contains(@id, 'dynamic_')]"));
 Use Thread.sleep(3000) (not recommended, but sometimes required).

66. Click the last option in a dropdown.

Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("dropdown")));
List<WebElement> options = select.getOptions();
options.get(options.size() - 1).click();

67. How to count links on a page?

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
System.out.println("Total links: " + links.size());

68. What is Page Factory in POM?

Page Factory helps initialize elements using lazy loading.

public class LoginPage {

WebDriver driver;

@FindBy(id = "username")
WebElement username;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}
}

69. How to achieve POM if the application has 10 pages?

 Create a separate class for each page.

 Store reusable methods inside a Base Class.
  Use PageFactory.initElements(driver, this) in each page.

70. Annotation used in Page Object Model?

 @FindBy → Used to locate web elements.

 @BeforeMethod & @AfterMethod → Used for setup and teardown.

71. How to find broken links in Selenium?

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

for (WebElement link : links) {

String url = link.getAttribute("href");
HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) new
URL(url).openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
connection.connect();

if (connection.getResponseCode() >= 400) {

System.out.println(url + " is a broken link.");
}
}

72. How to handle frames in Selenium?

driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); // Switch back to the main page

73. Different Types of Navigation Commands in Selenium

Selenium provides the navigate() method to move between web pages:

driver.navigate().to("https://example.com"); // Opens a URL

driver.navigate().back(); // Goes to the previous page
driver.navigate().forward(); // Moves to the next page
driver.navigate().refresh(); // Refreshes the page

74. How to Handle Alerts in Selenium?

Selenium provides switchTo().alert() to handle JavaScript alerts:

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

alert.accept(); // Clicks OK
alert.dismiss(); // Clicks Cancel
String alertText = alert.getText(); // Gets alert message
alert.sendKeys("Sample Text"); // Sends input to alert (if applicable)
75. Difference Between Assert and Verify?

Feature assert verify

Purpose Stops test execution if condition fails Continues execution even if condition fails

Used In JUnit, TestNG Selenium test scripts

Assert.assertEquals(actual, SoftAssert softAssert = new

Example expected); SoftAssert();

Soft Assert Example:

SoftAssert softAssert = new SoftAssert();

softAssert.assertEquals(actual, expected);
softAssert.assertAll(); // This executes all soft assertions

76. How to Download a File Using Selenium?

Selenium itself cannot handle file downloads, but we can modify browser preferences:

For Chrome:

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

options.addArguments("download.default_directory",
"/path/to/download/folder");

For Firefox:

FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();

profile.setPreference("browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk",
"application/pdf");

77. How to Manage Data Tables in Selenium?

To handle dynamic tables, iterate through rows and columns:

List<WebElement> rows = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//table[@id='data-

table']/tbody/tr"));

for (WebElement row : rows) {

List<WebElement> cols = row.findElements(By.tagName("td"));
for (WebElement col : cols) {
System.out.println(col.getText());
}
}
78. How to Automate Localization Testing?

 Use browser language settings:

 ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
 options.addArguments("--lang=fr"); // French language
 Store translations in a properties file for assertion checks.

79. How to Avoid NoSuchElementException?

Without try/catch block:

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

WebElement element =
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("elementID")
));

With try/catch block:

try {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("elementID"));
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
System.out.println("Element not found!");
}

80. How to Handle Dynamic Web Tables?

Find the column dynamically:

List<WebElement> cells = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//table[@id='data-

table']//tr[last()]/td"));

81. Check If an Element Is Enabled Without isEnabled()?

Use getAttribute():

String disabled = element.getAttribute("disabled");

if (disabled == null) {
System.out.println("Element is enabled.");
} else {
System.out.println("Element is disabled.");
}

82. Why Is CSS Faster Than XPath?

 CSS directly interacts with the browser engine, making it faster.

 XPath requires traversing the DOM, which slows execution.
83. Why Do Companies Still Use XPath?

 XPath can locate elements based on text, which CSS cannot.

 XPath supports traversing parent elements, which CSS doesn’t support.

84. Why Is an Element Not Found Even Though It’s Visible?

Possible reasons:

1. Element is inside an iframe → Use switchTo().frame().

2. DOM updates dynamically → Use Explicit Wait.

85. How to Execute Selenium in Headless Mode?

For Chrome:

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

options.addArguments("--headless");

For Firefox:

FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();

options.setHeadless(true);

86. How to Get Text from a Textbox if getText() Is Not Working?

Use getAttribute("value"):

String text = driver.findElement(By.id("textbox")).getAttribute("value");

87. How to Solve Element Not Found Error Even with Correct Locator?

1. Use Explicit Wait:

2. WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,
Duration.ofSeconds(10));
3. wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("eleme
ntID")));
4. Scroll into View:
5. ((JavascriptExecutor)
driver).executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);", element);
88. First Steps in Writing LoginPage.java in POM?

1. Create locators using @FindBy.

2. Use PageFactory.initElements() to initialize elements.
3. Write reusable methods for login actions.

public class LoginPage {

WebDriver driver;

@FindBy(id = "username")
WebElement username;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}
}

89. How to Handle Windows Pop-ups in Selenium?

Use AutoIT or Robot Class.

Using Robot Class:

Robot robot = new Robot();

robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);

90. Different Ways to Handle Hidden Elements?

 JavaScript Executor:
 ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].click();",
element);
 Modify CSS using JavaScript:
 ((JavascriptExecutor)
driver).executeScript("arguments[0].style.visibility='visible';",
element);

91. Difference Between click() in WebElement vs Actions Class?

Feature WebElement.click() Actions.click()

Execution Directly clicks on the element Uses low-level interactions

Use Case Works for normal clickable elements Useful for hidden/hover elements

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

action.moveToElement(element).click().perform();
92. Can We Change Test Behavior at Runtime?

Yes, using Data Providers in TestNG:

@DataProvider(name="loginData")
public Object[][] dataProvider() {
return new Object[][] {{"user1", "pass1"}, {"user2", "pass2"}};
}

93. Handling iFrames, Windows, Tables, and Alerts

 Switch to an iframe:
 driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");
 Handle Windows:
 Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();
 for (String window : windows) {
 driver.switchTo().window(window);
 }
 Handle Tables:
 List<WebElement> rows = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//table//tr"));
 Handle Alerts:
 driver.switchTo().alert().accept();

94. How to Perform Right Click in Selenium?

Actions action = new Actions(driver);
action.contextClick(element).perform();

95. How to Scroll Down a Page?

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,500)");

96. What Will getWindowHandles() Return?

It returns a Set of window IDs (Set<String>).

97. How to Automate Windows Applications?

Selenium cannot handle Windows applications directly.

Use AutoIT, Sikuli, or Robot Class.
 TestNG

1. What is the Importance of TestNG Framework?

TestNG (Test Next Generation) is a widely used testing framework for Java that enhances
Selenium automation. Its key benefits include:

 Annotations (@Test, @BeforeClass, @AfterMethod, etc.) for better test structure.

 Parallel execution for faster testing.
 Grouping and dependencies to organize test execution.
 Data-driven testing using @DataProvider.
 Reporting and logging for better debugging.

2. Why Do We Use TestNG in Frameworks?

 Structured execution using annotations.

 Flexible test configuration via testng.xml.
 Parallel execution improves speed.
 Retry mechanism for failed tests.
 Supports assertion methods like Assert.assertEquals().

3. What is the Purpose of testng.xml?

testng.xml allows us to:

 Run specific test cases.

 Execute tests in parallel.
 Group test cases (<groups>).
 Pass parameters to test methods.

Example:

<suite name="Suite1">
<test name="LoginTest">
<classes>
<class name="tests.LoginTest"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

4. What is the Purpose of Listeners?

Listeners in TestNG listen to test execution events and help in:

 Capturing screenshots on failure.

 Logging test results to reports.
  Generating custom test reports.

Example: Implementing ITestListener

public class CustomListener implements ITestListener {

public void onTestFailure(ITestResult result) {
System.out.println("Test Failed: " + result.getName());
}
}

Use in testng.xml:

<listeners>
<listener class-name="listeners.CustomListener"/>
</listeners>

5. How to Run the Same Method 100 Times in TestNG?

Use invocationCount in @Test annotation:

@Test(invocationCount = 100)
public void testMethod() {
System.out.println("Executing test 100 times");
}

6. Reporting Tool in TestNG?

 Default TestNG Reports (HTML/XML).

 Extent Reports for detailed logging, screenshots, and visual charts.
 Allure Reports for interactive UI-based reporting.

Example of Extent Reports:

ExtentReports extent = new ExtentReports("report.html");

ExtentTest test = extent.startTest("Login Test");
test.log(LogStatus.PASS, "Login successful");
extent.endTest(test);
extent.flush();

7. TestNG Annotations and Their Order

Annotation Execution Order

@BeforeSuite Runs before all tests in a suite

@BeforeTest Runs before any test in <test> tag

@BeforeClass Runs before methods in a class

 Annotation Execution Order

@BeforeMethod Runs before each test method

@Test Executes the test case

@AfterMethod Runs after each test method

@AfterClass Runs after all methods in a class

@AfterTest Runs after all test cases

@AfterSuite Runs after the entire test suite

Example:

@BeforeMethod
public void setup() {
System.out.println("Setup before test");
}

@Test
public void loginTest() {
System.out.println("Executing login test");
}

@AfterMethod
public void teardown() {
System.out.println("Cleanup after test");
}

8. What is @DataProvider?

It is used for data-driven testing to provide multiple sets of data to a test method.

Example:

@DataProvider(name = "loginData")
public Object[][] provideData() {
return new Object[][] {
{"user1", "pass1"},
{"user2", "pass2"}
};
}

@Test(dataProvider = "loginData")
public void loginTest(String username, String password) {
System.out.println("Logging in with " + username + " and " + password);
}
9. Difference Between @Factory and @DataProvider?

Feature @Factory @DataProvider

Used for creating multiple

Purpose Provides multiple data sets to a single test
instances of a test class

Use
Creating different test objects Running the same test with different input data
Case

@Factory public Object[]

@DataProvider(name="data") public
createTests() { return new
Example Object[]{ new TestClass(1), Object[][] provideData() { return new
Object[][]{ {"data1"}, {"data2"} }; }
new TestClass(2) }; }

10. Parallel Execution in TestNG

To run tests in parallel, use testng.xml:

<suite name="ParallelSuite" parallel="tests" thread-count="2">

<test name="ChromeTest">
<classes>
<class name="tests.ChromeTest"/>
</classes>
</test>
<test name="FirefoxTest">
<classes>
<class name="tests.FirefoxTest"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

11. Running Only Failed Test Cases in TestNG

 First execution generates a testng-failed.xml.

 Re-run the failed tests using:

java -cp bin:testng.jar org.testng.TestNG testng-failed.xml

12. Taking Screenshot for Failed Test Cases

Using ITestListener:

public class ScreenshotListener implements ITestListener {

public void onTestFailure(ITestResult result) {
File src = ((TakesScreenshot)
driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("screenshot.png"));
}
}

13. How to Run the Same Tests 10 Times?

@Test(invocationCount = 10)
public void testMethod() {
System.out.println("Executing test 10 times");
}

14. Types of Listeners in TestNG

Listener Purpose

ITestListener Captures test start, success, failure events

ISuiteListener Executes before and after a test suite

IReporter Generates custom reports

IAnnotationTransformer Modifies test execution at runtime

15. Difference Between @BeforeSuite and @AfterSuite

 @BeforeSuite → Runs once before all tests in a suite.

 @AfterSuite → Runs once after all tests in a suite.

Example:

@BeforeSuite
public void setupSuite() {
System.out.println("Setup before suite");
}

@AfterSuite
public void cleanupSuite() {
System.out.println("Cleanup after suite");
}

16. How to Add/Remove Test Cases in testng.xml?

To add a test:

<test name="Login Test">

<classes>
<class name="tests.LoginTest"/>
</classes>
</test>

To remove, simply delete or comment out the <test> section.

17. How Many Suites Can Be There in TestNG?

In TestNG, you can have multiple test suites inside a single XML file or separate XML files.
There is no hard limit on the number of suites.

If you want to run all suites, you can create a master testng.xml and include all other
suites:

<suite name="MasterSuite">
<suite-files>
<suite-file path="suite1.xml"/>
<suite-file path="suite2.xml"/>
</suite-files>
</suite>

Run it using:

java -cp "bin:testng.jar" org.testng.TestNG master-suite.xml

18. Syntax to Perform Parallel Testing in TestNG

To perform parallel execution, use parallel="methods", parallel="tests", or

parallel="classes" in <suite> tag.

Example of parallel execution (methods):

<suite name="ParallelSuite" parallel="methods" thread-count="3">

<test name="Test1">
<classes>
<class name="tests.LoginTest"/>
<class name="tests.HomePageTest"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

Options for parallel="":

Value Description

methods Runs test methods in parallel

classes Runs test classes in parallel

tests Runs test cases in parallel

suites Runs test suites in parallel

19. Can We Have Multiple Suites in One XML?

Yes, you can define multiple <suite> tags in one XML file.
Example:

<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">

<suite name="Suite1">
<test name="LoginTest">
<classes>
<class name="tests.LoginTest"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

<suite name="Suite2">
<test name="SearchTest">
<classes>
<class name="tests.SearchTest"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

To run all suites, execute the XML file with TestNG.

20. What is invocationCount in TestNG?

invocationCount is used to run the same test multiple times.

Example: Run a test 5 times

@Test(invocationCount = 5)
public void loginTest() {
System.out.println("Running login test multiple times");
}

Cucumber, and BDD

1. What is Cucumber, and Why is it Used in BDD?

Cucumber is an open-source tool used for Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) that

allows writing test cases in plain English using the Gherkin language. It enables
collaboration between developers, testers, and business stakeholders.

✅ Why use Cucumber in BDD?

 Improves test readability using natural language.

 Bridges the gap between business analysts, developers, and testers.
 Allows test automation with Selenium, Appium, and APIs.
 Supports data-driven and parallel execution.

📌 Example:
Feature: Login Functionality

Scenario: Successful Login

Given User is on the login page
When User enters valid credentials
Then User should be logged in successfully

2. What are Gherkin Keywords?

Gherkin is a simple language that defines test cases in Cucumber.

✅ Common Gherkin Keywords:

Keyword Purpose
Feature: Describes the high-level feature
Scenario: Defines a test case
Given Sets up the initial context (Preconditions)
When Specifies an action (User interaction)
Then Verifies the expected outcome
And / But Adds additional steps
Background: Reusable precondition for all scenarios
Scenario Outline: Runs the same test multiple times with different inputs
Examples: Data table for Scenario Outline

3. How Do You Structure Feature Files in Cucumber?

Best Practices for Feature Files:

1. One feature per file (e.g., login.feature).

2. Follow Given-When-Then format.
3. Avoid UI-specific details.
4. Use meaningful step definitions.

📌 Example Feature File Structure:

Feature: Search Functionality

Scenario: Search for a product

Given User is on Home Page
When User searches for "Laptop"
Then Search results should display "Laptop"

4. Difference Between Scenario and Scenario Outline?

 Feature Scenario Scenario Outline
Runs the same test multiple times with
Purpose Defines a single test case
different inputs
Data
Hardcoded values Uses <placeholders> with Examples
Handling
Example ✅ Scenario: Login with ✅ Scenario Outline: Login with
valid credentials multiple credentials

📌 Example of Scenario Outline (Data-Driven Test):

Scenario Outline: Login with multiple credentials

Given User is on Login Page
When User enters "<username>" and "<password>"
Then User is logged in successfully

Examples:
| username | password |
| user123 | pass123 |
| user456 | pass456 |

🚀 Use Scenario Outline when testing multiple data sets!

5. How Are Step Definitions Mapped to Feature File Steps?

 Cucumber matches steps in feature files to Java methods using regular expressions.
 Step definitions must be in glue code (inside stepDefinitions package).

📌 Example:
📄 Feature File (login.feature)

Scenario: Login with valid credentials

Given User is on Login Page
When User enters "admin" and "admin123"
Then User is logged in

📄 Step Definition (LoginSteps.java)

public class LoginSteps {

@Given("User is on Login Page")

public void userIsOnLoginPage() {
driver.get("https://example.com/login");
}

@When("User enters {string} and {string}")

public void userEntersCredentials(String username, String password) {
driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys(username);
driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys(password);
driver.findElement(By.id("login")).click();
}
 @Then("User should be logged in")
public void userShouldBeLoggedIn() {
Assert.assertTrue(driver.findElement(By.id("logout")).isDisplayed());
}
}

6. How Do You Parameterize Steps in Cucumber?

✅ Using Placeholders ({string}, {int}):

Scenario: Login with multiple users

When User logs in with "admin" and "admin123"
@When("User logs in with {string} and {string}")
public void userLogsIn(String username, String password) {
driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys(username);
driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys(password);
}

7. What Happens If Multiple Step Definitions Match the Same Step?

 Cucumber throws an error:

"Ambiguous step definitions for..."
 Solution:
o Ensure unique regex patterns for step definitions.
o Use precise regex matching.

8. What Are Tags in Cucumber and How Are They Used?

Tags help in categorizing and running specific tests.

✅ Example:

@smoke
Scenario: Verify Login
Given User is on Login Page
When User enters "valid" credentials
Then User should be logged in successfully

✅ Run tests with tags in Runner class:

@CucumberOptions(tags = "@smoke")

9. What Are Hooks (@Before, @After) in Cucumber?

Hooks allow executing setup and teardown logic.

✅ Example (Hooks.java)
@Before
public void setUp() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.manage().window().maximize();
}

@After
public void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
}

10. How Do You Handle Test Data in Cucumber Scenarios?

 Using Scenario Outline with Examples

 Using DataTable for complex data

📌 Example: Using DataTable in Step Definition

Scenario: User registration

When User enters the following details
| Name | Email | Age |
| John | john@email.com | 25 |
@When("User enters the following details")
public void enterUserDetails(DataTable dataTable) {
List<Map<String, String>> data = dataTable.asMaps(String.class,
String.class);
String name = data.get(0).get("Name");
String email = data.get(0).get("Email");
}

11. How Do You Integrate Cucumber with Selenium WebDriver?

 Define Cucumber Feature Files

 Create Step Definitions using WebDriver
 Configure Runner Class with @CucumberOptions

12. Can You Run Cucumber Tests in Parallel?

✅ Enable Parallel Execution in testng.xml

<suite name="ParallelSuite" parallel="methods" thread-count="3">

<test name="CucumberTest">
<classes>
<class name="runner.TestRunner"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

✅ Use @DataProvider(parallel = true)

@DataProvider(parallel = true)
public Object[][] scenarios() {
return super.scenarios();
}

13. What Is the Difference Between Scenario and Scenario Outline?

Feature Scenario Scenario Outline

Purpose Single test case Runs same test with multiple inputs
Data Uses <placeholders> with Examples:
Hardcoded values
Handling table
Example ✅ Scenario: Login with ✅ Scenario Outline: Login with
valid credentials multiple credentials

📌 Example of Scenario Outline (Data-Driven Test)

Scenario Outline: Login with multiple users

Given User is on Login Page
When User logs in with "<username>" and "<password>"
Then User is redirected to dashboard

Examples:
| username | password |
| user1 | pass1 |
| user2 | pass2 |

14. How Do You Handle Dynamic Locators in Cucumber?

 Use contains(), starts-with(), ends-with() in XPath.

 Use CSS selectors with partial matches.

📌 Example:

@When("User clicks on product containing {string}")

public void userClicksOnProduct(String productName) {
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[contains(text(), '" + productName +
"')]")).click();
}

15. How to Handle Windows Popup in Selenium?

Selenium cannot handle OS-based popups directly. Use Robot class, AutoIT, or Sikuli.

✅ Using Robot Class (Java)

Robot robot = new Robot();

robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
✅ Using AutoIT (For file upload popups)

1. Write AutoIT Script (upload.au3)

2. ControlFocus("Open","","Edit1")
3. ControlSetText("Open","","Edit1","C:\file.pdf")
4. ControlClick("Open","","Button1")
5. Execute in Selenium
6. Runtime.getRuntime().exec("C:\\path\\to\\upload.exe");

16. How Do You Run Only Failed Test Cases in Selenium?

✅ Using TestNG testng-failed.xml

1. After execution, TestNG generates testng-failed.xml

2. Run the failed tests using:
3. java -cp bin:testng.jar org.testng.TestNG test-output/testng-
failed.xml

✅ Using retryAnalyzer in TestNG

public class RetryAnalyzer implements IRetryAnalyzer {

private int count = 0;
private static final int MAX_RETRIES = 2;

public boolean retry(ITestResult result) {

if (count < MAX_RETRIES) {
count++;
return true;
}
return false;
}
}

Apply in TestNG:

@Test(retryAnalyzer = RetryAnalyzer.class)
public void testCase() {
Assert.assertEquals(false, true);
}

17. How to Handle Alerts in Selenium?

Use the Alert interface to switch and handle alerts.

✅ Handle JavaScript Alert (OK Button Only)

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

alert.accept(); // Clicks OK

✅ Handle Confirmation Alert (OK/Cancel Button)

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.dismiss(); // Clicks Cancel

✅ Handle Prompt Alert (Enter Text in Alert Box)

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

alert.sendKeys("Hello");
alert.accept();

18. How to Scroll Down a Page in Selenium?

✅ Using JavaScriptExecutor

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,1000)"); // Scroll down 1000px

✅ Scroll to a Specific Element

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("footer"));

js.executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView();", element);

✅ Using Actions Class

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

actions.sendKeys(Keys.PAGE_DOWN).perform();

19. What Is PageFactory in Selenium POM?

PageFactory is a class in Selenium that initializes WebElements at runtime.

✅ Steps to Implement POM Using PageFactory

📄 LoginPage.java (Page Object Class)

public class LoginPage {

WebDriver driver;

@FindBy(id="username") WebElement username;

@FindBy(id="password") WebElement password;
@FindBy(id="login") WebElement loginButton;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}

public void login(String user, String pass) {

username.sendKeys(user);
password.sendKeys(pass);
loginButton.click();
}
}
📄 Test Case (LoginTest.java)

LoginPage login = new LoginPage(driver);

login.login("admin", "admin123");

20. How Do You Capture Screenshots in Selenium?

✅ Capture Full Page Screenshot

File src = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("screenshot.png"));

✅ Capture Element-Specific Screenshot

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("logo"));

File src = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("element.png"));

21. How to Handle Multiple Windows in Selenium?

✅ Switch to a New Window

String parentWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!windowHandle.equals(parentWindow)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);
}
}

✅ Switch Back to Parent Window

driver.switchTo().window(parentWindow);

22. TestNG – What Is the Difference Between @BeforeMethod and @BeforeClass?

Annotation When It Runs? Scope

@BeforeMethod Before each test method Runs before every @Test
@BeforeClass
Once before all test methods in a Runs once before all @Test
class methods

📌 Example:

@BeforeMethod
public void beforeMethod() {
System.out.println("Runs before each test");
}

@BeforeClass
public void beforeClass() {
System.out.println("Runs once before all tests in the class");
}

23. How Do You Run Cucumber Tests in Parallel?

✅ Using testng.xml for Parallel Execution

<suite name="ParallelSuite" parallel="methods" thread-count="3">

<test name="CucumberTest">
<classes>
<class name="runner.TestRunner"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

✅ Enable Parallel Execution in Cucumber

@DataProvider(parallel = true)
public Object[][] scenarios() {
return super.scenarios();
}

24. How to Handle Web Tables in Selenium?

✅ Get All Rows of a Table

List<WebElement> rows = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//table/tbody/tr"));

System.out.println("Total rows: " + rows.size());

✅ Read Specific Column Data

List<WebElement> columns =
driver.findElements(By.xpath("//table/tbody/tr/td[2]"));
for (WebElement column : columns) {
System.out.println(column.getText());
}

✅ Click on a Specific Cell in a Dynamic Table

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//table/tbody/tr[3]/td[2]")).click();
 Maven

Here are the detailed answers to your Maven, CI/CD, and Jenkins questions:

Maven

1. Lifecycle of Maven

Maven has three major lifecycles:

1️⃣ Clean Lifecycle: Cleans the project

2️⃣ Default (Build) Lifecycle: Compiles, tests, and packages the project
3️⃣ Site Lifecycle: Generates project documentation

✅ Phases of Default Lifecycle:

Phase Description

validate Checks if project is correct

compile Compiles the source code

test Runs unit tests

package Creates a JAR/WAR file

verify Runs additional checks

install Adds the package to the local repository

deploy Copies the package to a remote repository

📌 Command to Execute Maven Lifecycle:

mvn clean compile test package install deploy

2. Use of Maven Surefire Plugin

The Surefire Plugin is used for running unit and integration tests.

✅ Where? Inside the pom.xml under <build>

✅ Why? Runs tests, generates reports, and re-runs failed tests.

📌 Configuration in pom.xml

<build>
 <plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.0.0-M5</version>
<configuration>
<testFailureIgnore>true</testFailureIgnore>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>

✅ Run Test Cases Using Surefire Plugin

mvn test

3. What Is the Use of pom.xml?

pom.xml (Project Object Model) manages the project’s dependencies, build process, and
configurations.

✅ Key Elements in pom.xml

<project>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>myproject</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.5.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>

4. How to Handle Dependencies at Runtime in Maven?

You can manage dependencies dynamically by using:

✅ Using Profiles in pom.xml

<profiles>
<profile>
<id>qa</id>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.5.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</profile>
</profiles>

📌 Run tests for a specific profile

mvn test -Pqa

✅ Using System Properties

mvn test -Denv=qa

5. What If Dependencies Are Deleted from pom.xml?

🚨 Solution: Use mvn install to Restore Dependencies

If dependencies are deleted, you won’t be able to run tests until you restore them. If you had
previously executed:

mvn install

Then, Maven has cached dependencies in .m2 directory, and they can be reused. Otherwise,
you need to add them back in pom.xml.

6. How to Pass Different Data for Different Environments?

✅ Using Profiles in pom.xml

<profiles>
<profile>
<id>qa</id>
<properties>
<env.url>https://qa.example.com</env.url>
</properties>
</profile>
<profile>
<id>prod</id>
<properties>
<env.url>https://prod.example.com</env.url>
</properties>
</profile>
</profiles>

📌 Run for QA Environment

mvn test -Pqa

7. Basic Maven Commands

 Command Purpose

mvn clean Cleans the project (removes target directory)

mvn compile Compiles the source code

mvn test Runs the test cases

mvn package Creates a JAR/WAR file

mvn install Installs the package in local repository

mvn deploy Deploys package to remote repository

mvn dependency:tree Displays dependency hierarchy

CI/CD and Jenkins

8. What Is Jenkins?

Jenkins is an open-source CI/CD tool that helps in automating builds, tests, and
deployments.

✅ Why Use Jenkins?

 Automatically triggers test execution on code commits.

 Integrates with Git, Maven, Selenium, and TestNG.
 Enables parallel execution and scheduling of test runs.

9. How to Configure a Jenkins Job?

1️⃣ Install Jenkins and Open UI (http://localhost:8080)

2️⃣ Create a New Job → Select "Freestyle Project"
3️⃣ Configure Git Repository

 Add repository URL (e.g., https://github.com/user/repo.git)

4️⃣ Configure Build Step
 Add command:

mvn clean test

5️⃣ Schedule Automated Builds

 Use CRON syntax:

H 12 * * 1-5 # Run at 12 PM (Monday-Friday)

10. How Do You Schedule Deployments in Jenkins?

1️⃣ Use Post-Build Actions → Add "Deploy to Server"

2️⃣ Use Jenkins Pipeline to Deploy on Build Trigger

📌 Example of a Jenkinsfile for Deployment

pipeline {
agent any
stages {
stage('Build') {
steps {
sh 'mvn clean package'
}
}
stage('Deploy') {
steps {
deploy adapters: [tomcat8(credentialsId: 'tomcat-creds',
path: '', url: 'http://server:8080')],
contextPath: '/', war: '**/target/*.war'
}
}
}
}

11. What Are Two Components Jenkins Is Integrated With?

1️⃣ Version Control System (Git, GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket)

2️⃣ Build Automation Tools (Maven, Gradle, Ant)

12. What Is Version Control?

Version control is a system that tracks code changes over time.

✅ Popular Tools:

 Git (Most widely used)

 SVN (Older version control)
 Mercurial

13. Git Commands You Have Used

Command Purpose

git init Initialize a Git repo

 Command Purpose

git clone <repo-url> Clone a repository

git status Check file changes

git add . Stage all changes

git commit -m "message" Commit changes

git push origin main Push code to remote

git pull Fetch latest changes

14. Difference Between groupId and artifactId in Maven

Concept groupId artifactId

Definition Defines project group Defines the specific module

Example org.seleniumhq selenium-java

📌 Example in pom.xml

<groupId>com.mycompany</groupId>
<artifactId>myproject</artifactId>

15. How and When Is Jenkins Used in Your Automation?

 Runs test scripts on every code commit.

 Triggers nightly test execution.
 Generates reports and sends email alerts for failures.

API Testing (REST, Postman, Authorization, OAuth, Status Codes)

1. Difference Between REST and SOAPUI

REST (Representational State SOAP (Simple Object Access

Feature
Transfer) Protocol)
Protocol Uses HTTP Uses XML-based protocol
Data Format JSON, XML, Plain Text Only XML
Performance Lightweight and fast Slower due to XML processing
 REST (Representational State SOAP (Simple Object Access
Feature
Transfer) Protocol)
Security Uses OAuth, JWT, or basic auth WS-Security, SSL
Usage Preferred for Web APIs Used in enterprise applications

📌 Example of REST API Call

GET https://api.example.com/users

📌 Example of SOAP Request (XML format)

<soapenv:Envelope>
<soapenv:Body>
<GetUserDetails>
<UserId>123</UserId>
</GetUserDetails>
</soapenv:Body>
</soapenv:Envelope>

2. Methods in REST API

Method Purpose
GET Retrieve data
POST Create a new resource
PUT Update a resource (Replaces entire resource)
PATCH Partial update of a resource
DELETE Remove a resource

3. Difference Between PUT and PATCH

Method Purpose Example

PUT
Updates entire If a user has {name, email, age} and PUT updates only
resource email, then other fields get removed.

PATCH
Updates only If a user has {name, email, age}, and PATCH updates
specific fields email, other fields remain unchanged.

📌 PUT Example

PUT /users/123
{
"name": "John",
"email": "john@example.com",
"age": 30
}
📌 PATCH Example

PATCH /users/123
{
"email": "john@example.com"
}

4. How to Integrate Postman into a Project?

✅ Approaches:
1️⃣ Use Newman (Postman CLI) to Run Tests

newman run collection.json -e environment.json

2️⃣ Integrate Postman Tests with CI/CD (Jenkins)

 Add a Post-Build Step

 Run:

newman run collection.json -r junit --reporter-junit-export results.xml

 Publish results in Jenkins Reports

5. How to Handle Dynamic Payloads in API Testing?

✅ Approach: Use Variables and Data-Driven Testing

📌 Dynamic Payload with Java and RestAssured

JSONObject request = new JSONObject();

request.put("name", "User" + System.currentTimeMillis());
request.put("email", "user" + Math.random() + "@example.com");

📌 Using Postman Pre-Request Script for Dynamic Data

pm.globals.set("dynamicEmail", "user" + Math.random() + "@example.com");

6. How to Capture API Response and Pass It to Another Request?

✅ Postman Approach:
1️⃣ Capture Response Value

var jsonData = pm.response.json();

pm.globals.set("userId", jsonData.id);

2️⃣ Use in Another API Call

GET https://api.example.com/users/{{userId}}

✅ RestAssured Approach:

Response response = given().when().get("/users/123");

String userId = response.jsonPath().getString("id");

given().pathParam("id", userId).when().get("/users/{id}");

7. Challenges in API Testing

✅ Common Challenges:

 Handling Dynamic Responses (IDs, timestamps)

 Authentication Issues (OAuth, JWT expiration)
 Testing Asynchronous APIs (WebSockets, polling)
 Rate Limits (API throttling, retries)
 Handling Different Environments (QA, Staging, Prod)

8. Difference Between Authentication and Authorization

Concept Authentication Authorization

Definition Confirms who you are Defines what you can access
Uses credentials (username/password,
Process Uses roles & permissions
OAuth)
Admins can delete users, but normal
Example Logging in with username & password
users cannot

📌 Example of Authentication Token (JWT)

{
"access_token": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1...",
"expires_in": 3600
}

9. Common API Status Codes

Status Code Meaning

200 OK Success
201 Created Resource created
400 Bad Request Invalid request
401 Unauthorized Authentication failed
403 Forbidden Not allowed
404 Not Found Resource does not exist
 Status Code Meaning
500 Internal Server Error Server failure

10. Difference Between OAuth 1.0 and OAuth 2.0

Feature OAuth 1.0 OAuth 2.0

Security Complex signing process Uses Bearer Tokens
Performance Slower Faster
Use Case Legacy APIs Modern Web & Mobile Apps

📌 OAuth 2.0 Authorization Example in Java

given()
.auth()
.oauth2("your_access_token")
.when()
.get("/api/resource")
.then()
.statusCode(200);

11. How to Pass API Response from One Call to Another?

✅ Using Postman
1️⃣ Extract Token from Response

var jsonData = pm.response.json();

pm.globals.set("access_token", jsonData.access_token);

2️⃣ Use in Next Request

GET https://api.example.com/data
Authorization: Bearer {{access_token}}

✅ Using RestAssured

Response response = given().when().post("/login");

String token = response.jsonPath().getString("access_token");

given().header("Authorization", "Bearer " + token).when().get("/users");

 Java

Java Core Concepts – Interview Questions & Answers

1. Why is String Immutable in Java?

✅ Reasons:
1️⃣ Security – Used in class loading, encryption, etc.
2️⃣ Thread-Safety – No need for synchronization.
3️⃣ Caching & Performance – String Pool reuses objects.
4️⃣ HashCode Consistency – Prevents changes in HashMap keys.

📌 Example:

String s1 = "Hello";
String s2 = s1.concat(" World"); // Creates a new object, doesn't modify
s1
System.out.println(s1); // Output: Hello
System.out.println(s2); // Output: Hello World

2. What is static in Java?

✅ static is a keyword used for memory management.

Where Used? Purpose

Static Variable Shared among all objects.
Static Method Can be called without creating an object.
Static Block Runs before the main() method.

📌 Example:

class Example {
static int count = 0;

static void display() {

System.out.println("Static Method Called");
}

static { // Static Block

System.out.println("Static Block Executed");
}
}
3. What is final in Java?

✅ Used for restriction (No Modification Allowed)

Where Used? Purpose

final Variable Value cannot be changed.
final Method Cannot be overridden.
final Class Cannot be inherited.

📌 Example:

final class Parent { }

class Child extends Parent { } // ❌ Error: Cannot inherit from final class

4. What is this in Java?

✅ Refers to the current object instance.

📌 Use Cases:
1️⃣ Distinguishing Instance & Local Variables:

class Example {
int x;
Example(int x) {
this.x = x; // `this` refers to the instance variable
}
}

2️⃣ Calling Constructor Inside Another Constructor (this())

class Example {
Example() {
this(10); // Calls another constructor
}
Example(int x) {
System.out.println("Value: " + x);
}
}

5. What is finally and where do we use it?

✅ Used in Exception Handling. Executes Code Regardless of Exception Occurrence.

📌 Example:

try {
int x = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
 System.out.println("Exception caught");
} finally {
System.out.println("Finally block executed");
}

📌 Output:

Exception caught
Finally block executed

6. What is Autoboxing and Unboxing?

✅ Autoboxing: Converting Primitive → Wrapper Class

✅ Unboxing: Converting Wrapper Class → Primitive

📌 Example:

// Autoboxing
Integer num = 10; // int → Integer

// Unboxing
int x = num; // Integer → int

7. What is Serialization and Deserialization?

✅ Serialization → Convert Object → Byte Stream

✅ Deserialization → Convert Byte Stream → Object

📌 Example Using ObjectOutputStream & ObjectInputStream

import java.io.*;

class Student implements Serializable {

int id;
String name;
Student(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
}

public class SerializationExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// Serialization
ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("student.ser"));
out.writeObject(new Student(1, "John"));
out.close();

// Deserialization
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new
FileInputStream("student.ser"));
Student s = (Student) in.readObject();
 in.close();
System.out.println(s.id + " " + s.name); // Output: 1 John
}
}

8. What is an Abstract Modifier?

✅ Used to define abstract classes and methods.

 Abstract Class: Cannot be instantiated.

 Abstract Method: Must be implemented in subclass.

📌 Example:

abstract class Animal {

abstract void makeSound(); // No implementation
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}

9. What is Call by Value and Call by Reference?

✅ Call by Value: Copy of Variable is Passed

✅ Call by Reference: Reference (Memory Address) is Passed

📌 Example (Call by Value in Java - Primitive Types)

class Example {
void change(int x) {
x = 50;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Example obj = new Example();
int num = 10;
obj.change(num);
System.out.println(num); // Output: 10 (Original value unchanged)
}
}

📌 Example (Call by Reference - Objects are Passed by Reference)

class Example {
int num = 10;
void change(Example obj) {
obj.num = 50;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Example obj = new Example();
 obj.change(obj);
System.out.println(obj.num); // Output: 50 (Value changed)
}
}

10. Primitives vs Non-Primitives in Java

Primitive Data Types Non-Primitive Data Types

byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean String, Array, Class, Interface
Stored in Stack Memory Stored in Heap Memory
Faster Slower
No additional methods available Has built-in methods

📌 Example:

int x = 10; // Primitive

String str = "Hello"; // Non-Primitive

11. What is Method Overloading?

✅ Method Overloading → Defining multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters (type, number, or order).

📌 Example:

class Example {
void show(int a) {
System.out.println("Integer: " + a);
}

void show(double a) {
System.out.println("Double: " + a);
}

void show(int a, int b) {

System.out.println("Sum: " + (a + b));
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Example obj = new Example();
obj.show(10);
obj.show(5.5);
obj.show(10, 20);
}
}

📌 Output:

Integer: 10
Double: 5.5
Sum: 30
12. Why Override hashCode() When Overriding equals()?

✅ Reason: In collections (like HashMap, HashSet), objects are stored based on hashCode.
If equals() is overridden but hashCode() is not, objects that are logically equal may not be
treated as equal in collections.

📌 Example:

class Student {
int id;
String name;

Student(int id, String name) {

this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}

@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) return true;
if (obj == null || getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
Student student = (Student) obj;
return id == student.id && name.equals(student.name);
}

@Override
public int hashCode() { // Ensures objects with same data get the same
hash
return id;
}
}

13. Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions

✅ Checked Exceptions → Checked at compile time (e.g., IOException, SQLException).

✅ Unchecked Exceptions → Checked at runtime (e.g., NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException).

📌 Example:

// Checked Exception
try {
File file = new File("test.txt");
FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

// Unchecked Exception
int a = 5 / 0; // ArithmeticException
14. Difference between final, finally, finalize

Keyword Purpose

final Used for constants, prevents method overriding, prevents class inheritance.

finally Block used in exception handling, always executes.

finalize() Method used for garbage collection before object is destroyed.

📌 Example:

final class Test { } // Cannot be inherited

try {
int x = 10 / 0;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception caught");
} finally {
System.out.println("Finally block executed");
}

15. Abstract Class vs. Interface

Feature Abstract Class Interface

Methods Can have abstract & concrete methods Only abstract methods (until Java 8)

Variables Can have instance variables Only static final constants

Inheritance Supports single inheritance Supports multiple inheritance

📌 Example:

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound();
}

interface Pet {
void play();
}

16. StringBuilder vs. StringBuffer

✅ Both are mutable, but StringBuffer is synchronized (thread-safe) while StringBuilder

is not.

📌 Example:
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");
sb.append(" World"); // Faster

StringBuffer sbf = new StringBuffer("Hello");

sbf.append(" World"); // Thread-Safe

17. Array vs. ArrayList

Feature Array ArrayList

Size Fixed Dynamic

Performance Fast Slower (due to resizing)

Data Type Can store primitives Stores objects only

📌 Example:

int[] arr = new int[5]; // Array

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(); // ArrayList

18. Can We Create an Object of an Abstract Class?

❌ No, but we can create an instance using an anonymous inner class.

abstract class Example {

abstract void display();
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Example obj = new Example() { // Anonymous class
void display() {
System.out.println("Hello");
}
};
obj.display();
}
}

9. Can the Constructor Be Overloaded?

✅ Yes, by changing parameters.

📌 Example:

class Example {
Example() {
 System.out.println("Default Constructor");
}

Example(int x) {
System.out.println("Parameterized Constructor: " + x);
}
}

20. Can We Override main()?

❌ No, because main() is static, and static methods cannot be overridden.

📌 Example:

class Parent {
static void main(String[] args) { } // Not overridden
}

21. Can We Overload main()?

✅ Yes, but JVM only calls main(String[] args).

📌 Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Main method");
}

public static void main(int a) {

System.out.println("Overloaded main method: " + a);
}
}

22. Can We Overload Static Methods?

✅ Yes, but method signature must be different.

class Example {
static void show() { System.out.println("Static Method 1"); }
static void show(int a) { System.out.println("Static Method 2: " + a);
}
}
23. HashMap vs. HashSet

Feature HashMap HashSet

Stores Key-Value Pairs Only Unique Elements

Allows Duplicates? Keys ❌, Values ✅ ❌

Performance Faster (Uses Hashing) Slower (No Key Lookup)

📌 Example:

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "One");

HashSet<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();

set.add(1);

24. How to Check if an Array is Empty or Null?

📌 Example:

int[] arr = null;

if (arr == null || arr.length == 0) {
System.out.println("Array is empty or null");
}

25. Can We Execute Java Without main()?

✅ Before Java 7 (Using Static Block), Not Possible in Java 8+.

static {
System.out.println("Executed without main");
System.exit(0);
}

26. Can We Call a Non-Static Variable in a Static Method?

❌ No, because static methods belong to the class and don't have access to instance
variables.

📌 Example:

class Example {
int x = 10;

static void display() {

System.out.println(x); // ❌ Compilation Error
 }
}

✅ Solution: Create an object inside the static method.

class Example {
int x = 10;

static void display() {

Example obj = new Example();
System.out.println(obj.x); // ✅ Works fine
}
}

27. Can I Execute Multiple Catch Blocks Without try?

❌ No, a try block is required for catch blocks to execute.

📌 Example:

// ❌ Compilation Error
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Catch block");
}

✅ Correct Way:

try {
int a = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Arithmetic Exception");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("General Exception");
}

28. How to Achieve Serialization and Deserialization?

✅ Serialization: Converting an object into a byte stream (for file storage or transmission).
✅ Deserialization: Converting byte stream back into an object.

📌 Example:

import java.io.*;

class Student implements Serializable {

int id;
String name;

Student(int id, String name) {

this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
}

public class SerializationDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException,
ClassNotFoundException {
// Serialization
Student s1 = new Student(1, "John");
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("student.ser");
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(s1);
oos.close();

// Deserialization
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("student.ser");
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
Student s2 = (Student) ois.readObject();
ois.close();

System.out.println(s2.id + " " + s2.name);

}
}

29. What Happens If main() is Declared as Private?

❌ The program compiles, but it fails to run because the JVM cannot find the main()
method.

📌 Example:

class Test {
private static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}

📌 Error:

Main method not found in class Test

30. What are the Classes Available in a List Interface?

✅ The List interface in Java has multiple implementations, including:

Class Description

ArrayList Fast retrieval, dynamic array

LinkedList Fast insertions, uses nodes

Vector Thread-safe, legacy

 Class Description

Stack LIFO data structure

31. What is the Use of Constructors in Java?

✅ Constructors initialize an object when it's created.

📌 Example:

class Example {
int x;

Example(int value) {
x = value;
System.out.println("Constructor executed: " + x);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Example obj = new Example(10);
}
}

32. What is HashMap? Can We Store Objects in HashMap?

✅ HashMap stores key-value pairs. We can store objects as keys or values.

📌 Example:

import java.util.*;

class Employee {
int id;
String name;

Employee(int id, String name) {

this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
}

public class HashMapDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
HashMap<Integer, Employee> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put(1, new Employee(101, "Alice"));
map.put(2, new Employee(102, "Bob"));

Employee e = map.get(1);
System.out.println(e.name); // Output: Alice
}
}
33. Difference Between HashMap and HashSet

Feature HashMap HashSet

Stores Key-Value Pairs Unique Elements

Allows Duplicates? Keys ❌, Values ✅ ❌

Performance Faster (Uses Hashing) Slower

📌 Example:

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "One");

HashSet<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();

set.add(1);

34. How to Check if an Array is Empty or Null?

📌 Example:

int[] arr = null;

if (arr == null || arr.length == 0) {
System.out.println("Array is empty or null");
}

35. Can We Execute Java Without main()?

✅ Before Java 7 (Using Static Block), Not Possible in Java 8+.

static {
System.out.println("Executed without main");
System.exit(0);
}

36. Where Did You Use HashMap in Your Project?

✅ Example Usage in Automation Framework:

 Scenario: Storing test data for different test cases.

 Use Case: Instead of using Excel or a JSON file, I used a HashMap to store key-value
pairs dynamically.

📌 Example:

HashMap<String, String> testData = new HashMap<>();

testData.put("username", "admin");
testData.put("password", "Admin123");

// Using the HashMap in Selenium

driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys(testData.get("username"));
driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys(testData.get("password"));

✅ This makes data retrieval faster and efficient during test execution.

37. Where Did You Use OOPs Concepts in Your Automation Framework?

1. Encapsulation
o Used in Page Object Model (POM) to keep web elements and methods
private.
o Example:
o public class LoginPage {
o private WebDriver driver;
o private By username = By.id("username");
o
o public void enterUsername(String user) {
o driver.findElement(username).sendKeys(user);
o }
o }
2. Inheritance
o Used in Base Class, where all common functionalities (browser setup,
teardown) are inherited by test classes.
o public class BaseTest {
o WebDriver driver;
o @BeforeMethod
o public void setup() {
o driver = new ChromeDriver();
o }
o }
o
o public class LoginTest extends BaseTest {
o @Test
o public void testLogin() {
o driver.get("https://example.com");
o }
o }
3. Polymorphism
o Method Overloading: Used in utility classes.
o public class Utility {
o public void waitForElement(WebElement element) { }
o public void waitForElement(By locator) { }
o }
oMethod Overriding: Used in Selenium WebDriver (ChromeDriver,
FirefoxDriver).
4. Abstraction
o Implemented using interfaces, such as WebDriver, RemoteWebDriver.
38. Access Modifiers in Java and Their Scope

Modifier Scope
private Only within the same class
default Within the same package
protected Same package + subclasses
public Accessible from anywhere

📌 Example:

class Test {
private int a = 10; // Only inside this class
protected int b = 20; // Accessible in subclasses
public int c = 30; // Accessible everywhere
}

39. What is Meant by Thread?

✅ A Thread is a lightweight subprocess used for parallel execution.

✅ In Java, threads can be created using:

 Extending Thread class

 Implementing Runnable interface

📌 Example:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread is running...");
}
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();
}
}

40. What is a Singleton Class in Java?

✅ A Singleton class ensures only one instance is created.

📌 Example:

class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance;

private Singleton() {} // Private Constructor

 public static Singleton getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new Singleton();
}
return instance;
}
}

✅ Used in Selenium for WebDriver instance management.

41. Difference Between Static Binding and Dynamic Binding?

Feature Static Binding (Early Binding) Dynamic Binding (Late Binding)

Binding Time Compile-time Runtime
Method Type Static methods & private methods Overridden methods
Example Method Overloading Method Overriding

📌 Example:

class Parent {
void display() {
System.out.println("Parent");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

void display() {
System.out.println("Child");
}
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Parent obj = new Child(); // Dynamic Binding
obj.display(); // Calls Child's display method
}
}

42. Is HashMap Thread Safe?

❌ No, HashMap is not thread-safe.

✅ Use ConcurrentHashMap for thread safety.

📌 Example:

Map<String, String> map = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>());

43. What is static? How to Set Value of Static Variable?

✅ static means belongs to the class, not objects.

📌 Example:

class Test {
static int count = 0;

Test() {
count++;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new Test();
new Test();
System.out.println(Test.count); // Output: 2
}
}

44. Can We Overload Private Methods?

✅ Yes, private methods can be overloaded within the same class.

📌 Example:

class Test {
private void display(int a) {
System.out.println(a);
}

private void display(String b) {

System.out.println(b);
}
}

45. Can We Extend a Final Class?

❌ No, a final class cannot be extended.

📌 Example:

final class Test {}

class SubTest extends Test {} // Compilation Error

46. Can We Override Static Methods?

❌ No, static methods cannot be overridden.

✅ They can be hidden by defining another static method.
📌 Example:

class Parent {
static void show() {
System.out.println("Parent");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

static void show() {
System.out.println("Child");
}
}

47. Can We Overload main() Method?

✅ Yes, but only the standard main(String[] args) is used by JVM.

📌 Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Standard Main Method");
}

public static void main(int a) {

System.out.println("Overloaded Main Method");
}
}

48. Can We Initialize a Variable in an Interface?

✅ Yes, but only with public static final values.

📌 Example:

interface Test {
int a = 10; // Implicitly public, static, final
}

49. What Would Happen If Java Allowed Multiple Inheritance?

❌ It would cause the "Diamond Problem".

📌 Example:

class A {
void show() { System.out.println("A"); }
}
class B extends A {
void show() { System.out.println("B"); }
}

class C extends A, B {} // Compilation Error

✅ Java solves this by using interfaces instead of multiple inheritance.

50. Exception Hierarchy in Java

Java exceptions are divided into Checked Exceptions, Unchecked Exceptions, and Errors.

Exception Hierarchy Diagram:

Throwable
/ \
Exception Error
/ \
Checked Unchecked
(IOException, SQLException) (NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException)

✅ Checked Exceptions (Compile-time exceptions)

 Must be handled using try-catch or throws.

 Examples: IOException, SQLException.

✅ Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime exceptions)

 Occur due to programming mistakes.

 Examples: NullPointerException, ArithmeticException.

✅ Errors (Serious system issues)

 Examples: OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError.

📌 Example of Handling Exception:

try {
int a = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero.");
}
51. Set vs. Map in Java

Feature Set Map

Duplicates ❌ No duplicates ✅ Key-Value pairs

❌ Unordered (HashSet), Ordered ❌ Unordered (HashMap), Ordered

Order
(LinkedHashSet) (LinkedHashMap)

Implementation HashSet, TreeSet, LinkedHashSet HashMap, TreeMap, LinkedHashMap

📌 Example of Set:

Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();

set.add("A");
set.add("B");
set.add("A"); // Duplicate ignored
System.out.println(set); // Output: [A, B]

📌 Example of Map:

Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "A");
map.put(2, "B");
System.out.println(map.get(1)); // Output: A

51. What is Inheritance?

✅ Inheritance allows one class to acquire properties of another class (extends keyword).

📌 Example:

class Parent {
void display() {
System.out.println("Parent class");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

void show() {
System.out.println("Child class");
}
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c = new Child();
c.display(); // Inherited method
c.show();
}
}
53. Overloading vs. Overriding

Feature Overloading Overriding

Multiple methods with the same name but Redefining a method from the parent
Definition
different parameters class in the child class

Return
Can change Must be the same or covariant
Type

Scope Same class Parent-child relationship

📌 Overloading Example:

class Test {
void add(int a, int b) {}
void add(double a, double b) {}
}

📌 Overriding Example:

class Parent {
void display() {}
}

class Child extends Parent {

@Override
void display() {} // Overriding parent method
}

54. Encapsulation vs. Abstraction

Feature Encapsulation Abstraction

Hides data using private access Hides implementation using abstract classes &
Definition
modifiers interfaces

Example Getters and Setters abstract keyword

📌 Encapsulation Example:

class BankAccount {
private int balance;
public void setBalance(int balance) { this.balance = balance; }
public int getBalance() { return balance; }
}

📌 Abstraction Example:
abstract class Vehicle {
abstract void start();
}

class Car extends Vehicle {

void start() { System.out.println("Car starts"); }
}

55. Throw vs. Throws

Feature throw throws

Purpose Used to explicitly throw an exception Declares exceptions that might be thrown

Placement Inside method In method signature

📌 Example of throw:

throw new ArithmeticException("Cannot divide by zero");

📌 Example of throws:

void test() throws IOException {

throw new IOException("File not found");
}

56. What is Polymorphism?

✅ Ability to take multiple forms (Method Overloading + Method Overriding).

📌 Example:

class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal makes sound"); }
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() { System.out.println("Dog barks"); }
}

57. How and When to Use Interfaces?

✅ When to Use?

 When multiple classes share the same behavior.

 When multiple inheritance is required.
📌 Example:

interface Animal {
void makeSound();
}

class Dog implements Animal {

public void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}

58. Can We Instantiate an Interface?

❌ No, interfaces cannot be instantiated.

📌 Example:

Animal a = new Animal(); // Compilation Error

59. Can We Overload main() Method in Java?

✅ Yes, but JVM calls only main(String[] args).

📌 Example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Main
method"); }
public static void main(int a) { System.out.println("Overloaded main");
}
}

60. Can We Override a Constructor?

❌ No, constructors cannot be overridden.

61. Where Do You Use Polymorphism in Java?

✅ In Selenium Automation:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); // Dynamic Polymorphism

driver = new FirefoxDriver();

62. What is System.out.println() and Its Use?

✅ System.out.println() is used for console output.

 System: Predefined final class.

 out: PrintStream object.
 println(): Method to print data.

📌 Example:

System.out.println("Hello World");

63. Difference Between final and finally

Feature final finally

Purpose Used for constants and preventing inheritance Used in exception handling

Example final int a = 10; finally { cleanup code }

📌 Example of finally:

try {
int a = 10 / 0;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error");
} finally {
System.out.println("Cleanup Code");
}

64. Can We Use Multiple catch Blocks?

✅ Yes, multiple catch blocks can be used.

📌 Example:

try {
int a = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Arithmetic Error");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("General Error");
}

65. Difference Between Apache POI and JXL

Feature Apache POI JXL

File Format .xls and .xlsx .xls only

 Feature Apache POI JXL

Latest Updates Actively maintained Deprecated

Features Read/Write both Read-only support

📌 Example Using Apache POI:

FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("test.xlsx");

XSSFWorkbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook(file);

Java Core Concepts

1. How to prevent a method from being overridden in Java?

o Use the final keyword before the method declaration.
2. class Parent {
3. final void display() {
4. System.out.println("This method cannot be overridden");
5. }
6. }
7. class Child extends Parent {
8. // Cannot override the display() method due to final keyword
9. }
10. Why is the main method static?
o The main method is static because it is the entry point of the Java
application and needs to be called without creating an object of the class.
11. What is the use of static variables?
o Static variables are shared among all instances of a class. They store class-
level data instead of instance-specific data.
12. Difference between List and Set?

Feature List Set

Duplicates Allows Doesn't allow
Order Maintains insertion order No guaranteed order
Implementations ArrayList, LinkedList HashSet, TreeSet

13. How will you access default and protected members of a class?
o Default members can be accessed within the same package.
o Protected members can be accessed within the same package and by
subclasses in different packages.
14. Why is object creation not possible for Abstract classes?
o Abstract classes may have incomplete methods (abstract methods), so they
cannot be instantiated directly.
15. Design Patterns in Java?
o Singleton, Factory, Observer, Strategy, Prototype, etc.
16. What do all classes in the Java Collection Framework have?
o They implement Collection, List, Set, Queue, or Map interfaces.
17. When to use Abstraction vs. Interface?
 o Abstraction: Used when classes have some common implementation.
o Interface: Used when multiple classes should follow a common behavior but
have different implementations.
18. Does Java provide a default constructor?

 Yes, if no constructor is explicitly defined.

11. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList and when to use them?

 ArrayList is preferred for fast random access, whereas LinkedList is better for
frequent insertions and deletions.

12. Difference between these two declarations?

List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(); // Recommended for

flexibility
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(); // More specific, less
flexible

 The first allows switching implementations easily.

13. Difference between HashMap and MultiMap?

 HashMap<K, V> allows only one value per key.

 MultiMap<K, V> (from Apache Commons or Guava) allows multiple values per key.

14. When should a method be static vs. non-static?

 Static: When the method doesn’t depend on instance variables.

 Non-static: When the method needs instance-specific data.

15. How does HashMap work internally?

 It uses an array of buckets and stores key-value pairs using hashing.

16. What executes first: constructor or main method?

 The main() method runs first. If it creates an object, then the constructor executes.

17. What is a POJO and why is it used?

 A Plain Old Java Object (POJO) is a simple class used to encapsulate data.

18. How do you call a method from a parent class when child class overrides it?

 Use super.methodName();
 Java Programming

1. Swap Two Strings Without Using a Third Variable

class SwapStrings {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str1 = "Hello";
String str2 = "World";

str1 = str1 + str2; // HelloWorld

str2 = str1.substring(0, str1.length() - str2.length());
str1 = str1.substring(str2.length());

System.out.println("After Swapping: str1 = " + str1 + ", str2 = " +

str2);
}
}

2. Find Duplicates in a String

import java.util.HashMap;

class DuplicateCharacters {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "programming";
HashMap<Character, Integer> charCount = new HashMap<>();

for (char c : str.toCharArray()) {

charCount.put(c, charCount.getOrDefault(c, 0) + 1);
}

for (char c : charCount.keySet()) {

if (charCount.get(c) > 1) {
System.out.println(c + " appears " + charCount.get(c) + "
times");
}
}
}
}

3. Find String Length Without Using length()

class StringLength {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "HelloWorld";
int count = 0;

for (char c : str.toCharArray()) {

count++;
}

System.out.println("Length of String: " + count);

}}
4. Find the Largest Number in an Array
class LargestNumber {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {10, 45, 67, 89, 23};
int max = arr[0];

for (int num : arr) {

if (num > max) {
max = num;
}
}

System.out.println("Largest Number: " + max);

}
}

5. Reverse a String Without Using reverse()

class ReverseString {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Hello";
String rev = "";

for (int i = str.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

rev += str.charAt(i);
}

System.out.println("Reversed String: " + rev);

}
}

6. Fibonacci Series
class FibonacciSeries {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 10, first = 0, second = 1;

System.out.print("Fibonacci Series: " + first + " " + second);

for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {

int next = first + second;
System.out.print(" " + next);
first = second;
second = next;
}
}
}
7. Print Even Numbers from an Array
class EvenNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {12, 3, 7, 8, 10, 21, 30};

System.out.print("Even Numbers: ");

for (int num : arr) {
if (num % 2 == 0) {
System.out.print(num + " ");
}
}
}
}

8. Find Special Characters, Numbers, Capital & Small Letters in a String

class CharacterCount {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Hello@123World!";
int letters = 0, digits = 0, special = 0, upper = 0, lower = 0;

for (char c : str.toCharArray()) {

if (Character.isLetter(c)) {
letters++;
if (Character.isUpperCase(c)) upper++;
else lower++;
} else if (Character.isDigit(c)) {
digits++;
} else {
special++;
}
}

System.out.println("Letters: " + letters + ", Uppercase: " + upper

+ ", Lowercase: " + lower);
System.out.println("Digits: " + digits);
System.out.println("Special Characters: " + special);
}
}

9. Check if a Number is a Palindrome

class PalindromeNumber {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 121, reversed = 0, temp = num;

while (temp > 0) {

int digit = temp % 10;
reversed = reversed * 10 + digit;
temp /= 10;
}

if (num == reversed) {
System.out.println(num + " is a Palindrome");
} else {
 System.out.println(num + " is not a Palindrome");
}
}
}

10. Reverse an Integer Without Using Built-in Method

class ReverseInteger {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 12345, reversed = 0;

while (num > 0) {

int digit = num % 10;
reversed = reversed * 10 + digit;
num /= 10;
}

System.out.println("Reversed Number: " + reversed);

}
}

11. Check if Two Strings Are Anagrams

import java.util.Arrays;

class AnagramCheck {
public static boolean isAnagram(String str1, String str2) {
char[] arr1 = str1.toCharArray();
char[] arr2 = str2.toCharArray();
Arrays.sort(arr1);
Arrays.sort(arr2);
return Arrays.equals(arr1, arr2);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

String str1 = "listen";
String str2 = "silent";

if (isAnagram(str1, str2)) {
System.out.println("The strings are anagrams.");
} else {
System.out.println("The strings are not anagrams.");
}
}
}

12. Find the Highest Number in an Array

class HighestNumber {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {34, 78, 12, 90, 55};
int max = arr[0];

for (int num : arr) {

if (num > max) {
 max = num;
}
}

System.out.println("Highest Number: " + max);

}
}

***************************************************************************

Manual Testing

1. What is a Test Plan?

A Test Plan is a document that outlines the scope, objectives, approach, and resources
required for testing a software product. It includes details about:

 Features to be tested
 Testing strategies
 Test environment
 Entry & exit criteria
 Roles and responsibilities
 Risks & mitigation plans

2. Bug Life Cycle (Defect Life Cycle)

The Bug Life Cycle consists of different stages a defect goes through from identification to
closure:

1. New – Bug is reported.

2. Assigned – Assigned to a developer.
3. Open – Developer starts working on it.
4. Fixed – Developer fixes the bug.
5. Retest – QA retests the fix.
6. Verified – If fixed, marked as verified.
7. Reopened – If the issue persists.
8. Closed – If the issue is resolved.

3. Difference between Smoke and Sanity Testing

Feature Smoke Testing Sanity Testing

Purpose Ensures basic functionalities work Ensures specific functionalities work

Scope Broad Narrow

 Feature Smoke Testing Sanity Testing

Performed Initial testing after build deployment After minor changes or bug fixes

Automation Often automated Usually manual

4. Difference between Regression and Retesting

Feature Regression Testing Retesting

Ensures new changes don’t break existing

Purpose Tests failed test cases again
functionality

Scope Wide Narrow

Dependent on specific defect

Dependency Independent of bug fixes
fixes

5. Difference between Functional and Regression Testing

Feature Functional Testing Regression Testing

Focus Validates new functionality Ensures no impact on existing features

Scope Specific features All previously tested features

6. Difference between Severity and Priority

Feature Severity Priority

Meaning Impact of defect on the system Urgency of fixing the defect

Set By Tester Developer or Product Manager

Example App crashes (High Severity) Spelling mistake in UI (Low Severity)

7. Difference between Test Plan and Test Strategy

Feature Test Plan Test Strategy

Purpose Project-specific document Organization-level document

Defines Testing approach for a project General testing guidelines

8. Difference between Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) and Equivalence

Partitioning (EP)

Feature BVA EP

Purpose Tests boundary limits Tests input groups

If input range is 1-100, test Divide inputs as valid (1-100) and invalid (negative,
Example
0,1,100,101 101+)

9. Difference between White Box and Black Box Testing

Feature White Box Testing Black Box Testing

Who performs Developers Testers

Knowledge required Code knowledge required No coding knowledge needed

10. How to select test cases for automation in a 1000-test case suite?

 Automate repetitive and high-priority tests.

 Focus on regression test cases.
 Avoid one-time test cases.

11. Can a method return multiple values in Java?

Yes, using:

1. Array
2. Collection (List, Map)
3. Object Wrapping
4. Pair/Tuple (JavaFX)
class MultipleValues {
public static int[] getNumbers() {
return new int[]{10, 20};
}
}

12. What is Bug Triage?

Bug triage is the process of prioritizing and categorizing defects based on their impact and
urgency.

13. What is Exploratory Testing?

Exploratory testing is an ad-hoc testing approach where testers explore the application
without predefined test cases.

14. What is Ad-hoc Testing?

Ad-hoc testing is an informal testing method performed without test cases or documentation.

15. What is Build Acceptance Testing (BAT)?

BAT ensures a newly deployed build is stable enough for further testing.

16. Difference between Validation and Verification

Feature Validation Verification

Purpose Ensures product meets user needs Ensures product is built correctly

Example User feedback, UAT Code reviews, unit testing

17. Severity-Priority Example

Scenario Severity Priority

Crash in payment system High High

Typo in privacy policy Low Low

Logo is incorrect Low High

18. Test Case Priority Execution Order (-1, 0, 1, 2)

Execution order: -1 → 0 → 1 → 2
(Lower priority numbers are executed first.)

19. Difference between Inner Join and Outer Join

Feature Inner Join Outer Join

Output Common records All records with NULLs for missing values

Example:

SELECT * FROM Customers INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.ID =

Orders.CustomerID;

20. Difference between DELETE, DROP, and TRUNCATE

Feature DELETE DROP TRUNCATE

Removes Rows Table Data only

Rollback? Yes No No

21. Test Design Techniques

 BVA (Boundary Value Analysis)

 EP (Equivalence Partitioning)
 Decision Table Testing
 State Transition Testing
22. What is a Deferred Bug?

A defect that is not fixed immediately due to lower priority.

23. How to Decide What Tests to Automate?

 Repetitive and time-consuming tests.

 High-priority test cases.

24. When to Stop Testing?

 When exit criteria are met.

 When test execution is stable.
 Deadlines reached.

25. How to Reduce Test Execution Time?

 Parallel Execution
 Optimized Locators
 Data-driven Testing

Here are the answers to your questions:

26. How many test cases are in your regression test suite? How long does it
take to execute?

 The number of test cases in a regression test suite varies depending on the project.
Typically, it contains 300-500 test cases.
 Execution time depends on:
o The number of automated vs. manual test cases.
o The test execution environment (local vs. CI/CD).
o Parallel execution setup.
 Example: If running automated tests in parallel, execution may take 1-2 hours, whereas
manual execution may take 2-3 days.
27. How to cover character keyboard operations using user-defined
keywords?

 If using Selenium with Java, the Actions class can be used for keyboard operations.
 Example:
 Actions action = new Actions(driver);
 action.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN).perform();
 In Cucumber with Selenium, you can create a step definition for character input:
 @When("User presses {string} key")
 public void userPressesKey(String key) {
 Actions action = new Actions(driver);
 action.sendKeys(Keys.valueOf(key.toUpperCase())).perform();
 }

28. What are the most important things to define in a bug?

A good bug report should include:

1. Bug ID – Unique identifier.

2. Title – A short description of the issue.
3. Severity & Priority – Impact level.
4. Environment – OS, browser, device.
5. Steps to Reproduce – Exact steps to recreate the bug.
6. Expected vs. Actual Behavior.
7. Attachments – Screenshots, logs.
8. Status – New, Assigned, Open, Fixed, Verified, Closed.

29. Can you share any achievements in automation?

 Reduced execution time by automating manual test cases, improving efficiency by 50%.
 Integrated Cucumber with Jenkins, enabling CI/CD pipeline execution.
 Developed a reusable framework that reduced script maintenance by 30%.
 Identified critical defects early using automated regression suites.

30. Difference between BDD and TDD?

Feature BDD (Behavior-Driven Development) TDD (Test-Driven Development)

Focus User behavior & business requirements Code functionality

Syntax Uses Gherkin (Given-When-Then) Uses JUnit/TestNG

Who
QA, BA, Devs Developers
Writes
 Feature BDD (Behavior-Driven Development) TDD (Test-Driven Development)

Given user is logged in, When they

assertEquals(loginStatus,
Example click logout, Then they should be false);
logged out

31. What is a Test Plan? Steps to create one?

A Test Plan outlines the testing approach. Steps to create it:

1. Scope & Objectives

2. Test Strategy
3. Test Environment
4. Test Deliverables
5. Test Schedule
6. Roles & Responsibilities
7. Risk Management

32. What are inbound and outbound testing?

 Inbound Testing – Validates data coming into a system (e.g., API requests, file uploads).
 Outbound Testing – Validates data going out (e.g., reports, email notifications).

33. Smoke, Regression, and Sanity Testing?

Type Purpose When Performed

Smoke Checks if the application is stable enough for testing After a new build

Sanity Verifies specific fixes & functionalities After minor changes

Regression Ensures new changes don’t break existing features After new feature additions

34. What is the next step if a developer rejects an open defect?

1. Reproduce the issue and gather evidence.

2. Check logs/screenshots to validate the issue.
3. Discuss with the developer and justify the defect.
4. Escalate if necessary.
35. Explain Test Metrics

Test metrics help measure testing effectiveness. Examples:

1. Test Execution Metrics – % of test cases executed.

2. Defect Density – No. of defects per module.
3. Defect Leakage – Bugs found after release.

36. How would you prioritize tests?

 Critical business functionalities first.

 High-risk areas.
 Frequent defect-prone areas.
 Time-sensitive tests.

37. How do you perform an Automation Code Review?

1. Follow coding standards.

2. Check for reusability (avoid hardcoding).
3. Optimize locators.
4. Use Page Object Model (POM).

38. How to segregate 250 manual test cases into Smoke, Sanity, Regression?

 Smoke: ~10-15% (Critical workflows, login, checkout).

 Sanity: ~20-25% (Specific features, bug fixes).
 Regression: ~60-70% (All functional & integration cases).

39. What makes a test case a good candidate for automation?

 Stable functionality.
 Frequent execution.
 Time-consuming manual execution.
40. When are Regression, Sanity, and Smoke test scripts executed?

Type When

Smoke Before full testing starts

Sanity After minor changes

Regression After major changes

Agile Methodology & Scrum Questions

1. What is Agile methodology?

Agile is a software development approach that focuses on iterative, incremental delivery

of software. It emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, customer feedback, and continuous
improvement.

 Agile follows frameworks like Scrum, Kanban, SAFe.

 Work is divided into small iterations (Sprints).
 Frequent releases ensure quick adaptation to changes.

2. What is Scrum, and who is your Scrum Master?

Scrum is an Agile framework that focuses on iterative development using Sprints (typically
2-4 weeks long).

 Scrum Master: Facilitates Agile processes, removes blockers, and ensures adherence to
Scrum practices.
 Roles in Scrum:
o Product Owner – Defines requirements.
o Scrum Master – Facilitates Scrum practices.
o Development Team – Executes the work.

3. What Agile ceremonies do you follow?

Agile Scrum includes the following ceremonies:

1. Sprint Planning – Defines sprint goals and backlog items.

2. Daily Stand-up (Daily Scrum) – Short meeting to track progress.
3. Sprint Review – Demonstration of completed work.
4. Sprint Retrospective – Discussion to improve the next sprint.
4. What is a Retrospective Meeting?

A Sprint Retrospective is conducted at the end of a sprint to reflect on:

 What went well?

 What went wrong?
 What can be improved?

Example:

 Actionable improvement: Reduce unnecessary meetings to improve developer focus.

5. Describe Scrum Ceremony

Ceremony Purpose

Sprint Planning Decide sprint backlog, define scope

Daily Stand-up Track progress, discuss blockers

Sprint Review Demonstrate completed work

Sprint Retrospective Discuss improvements for the next sprint

6. When do you automate – in the current sprint or the next sprint?

 Depends on project requirements.

 Ideally, automation is done in the same sprint if time allows.
 If the feature is complex, automation is done in the next sprint after manual testing.

7. Explain Velocity in Sprint.

 Velocity = Total Story Points Completed / Number of Sprints

 It helps in estimating the team's capacity for future sprints.
 Example: If a team completes 40 story points in Sprint 1, 35 in Sprint 2, then the average
velocity is 37.5.
8. In a tight sprint schedule, if a new requirement is added, how will you
handle it?

 Assess the impact of the new requirement.

 Discuss with the Scrum Master & Product Owner.
 Prioritize the backlog items.
 Negotiate scope changes or shift tasks to the next sprint.

9. What is a Backlog in Scrum?

A Backlog is a prioritized list of features, tasks, or bugs maintained by the Product Owner.

 Product Backlog – High-level features for the project.

 Sprint Backlog – Tasks selected for a sprint.

10. You have 30+ sprints in your release. How will you design your test scripts
and run them?

1. Identify reusable test cases for automation.

2. Prioritize critical functionalities for regression testing.
3. Execute automated regression after every sprint.
4. Use parallel execution (Selenium Grid, Jenkins).
5. Optimize test execution time by selecting relevant test cases for each sprint.

Managerial Round Questions & Answers

1. How will you be an asset to the team?

I bring 3.5 years of experience in manual and automation testing, ensuring software
quality. My expertise in Selenium, Java, Cucumber, and TestNG helps in creating robust
automation frameworks. I also excel in collaborating with developers, identifying defects
early, and improving test efficiency.

Example: In my current role, I optimized the automation suite execution time from 3 hours
to 1.5 hours, improving CI/CD efficiency.
2. Why are you looking for a change?

I am looking for career growth, new challenges, and opportunities to enhance my skills. I
want to work on more complex automation projects and contribute to a dynamic team
where I can learn new technologies and make a greater impact.

3. How soon can you join?

I am currently serving a [mention notice period] notice period, but I am open to negotiation
based on the urgency of the requirement.

4. Suppose we assign you only manual testing for six months to a year. What
will you do?

While my expertise is in automation, I understand the importance of manual testing in

identifying edge cases and ensuring better test coverage. I would:

 Optimize test case execution using better test design techniques.

 Work on test case reusability.
 Explore automation opportunities to enhance efficiency.

5. How interested are you in learning new technologies?

I am always eager to learn. Technology evolves constantly, and I keep myself updated with
the latest trends in test automation, API testing, CI/CD tools, and cloud-based testing.

Example: Recently, I started exploring Playwright for UI automation and Postman for
API testing to expand my skill set.

6. Failures in your work life.

Failures are part of learning.

Example: In an earlier project, I missed testing a critical API integration, which led to an
issue in production. After this, I introduced API test automation in our framework, which
prevented such gaps in the future.
7. As a Lead, how do you define the quality of a product before release?

 Ensuring high test coverage through manual & automation testing.

 Conducting regression testing to prevent functionality breakage.
 Checking for critical defects and ensuring they are resolved before release.
 Performing performance and security testing (if required).
 Validating the product against business requirements.

8. A new team member joins when a deadline is near. How do you onboard
them efficiently?

1. Quick knowledge transfer – Explain high-priority tasks.

2. Pair testing – Assign a buddy to help them.
3. Assign simpler tasks – Involve them in test execution rather than complex scripting.
4. Utilize documentation – Share existing test cases, automation scripts, and previous defect
reports.

9. As a QA, where do you see yourself after 3 years?

I see myself as a Senior QA Automation Engineer or QA Lead, leading automation

initiatives, mentoring juniors, and improving testing strategies to enhance product quality.

10. What are your strengths and weaknesses?

✅ Strengths:

 Strong analytical skills to identify test scenarios.

 Expertise in automation frameworks.
 Good communication & collaboration skills.

❌ Weaknesses:

 I tend to focus on perfection, which sometimes affects timelines.

 I am working on improving my knowledge of performance testing.

11. Best practices you learned & the impact they made?

Before: We used Excel for test case management, which was time-consuming.
After: Implemented TestRail/JIRA, reducing test documentation time by 40%.
Before: Regression execution took 3-4 hours manually.
After: Introduced parallel execution in Selenium Grid, reducing execution time to 1.5
hours.

12. After running regression tests, if new regression bugs are found, how will
you prioritize them?

1. Bugs breaking core functionality (high severity & high priority) → Fix immediately.
2. Bugs affecting secondary features → Fix in the next sprint.
3. Minor UI bugs → Logged but fixed in later sprints based on priority.

***************************** Best Of Luck ******************************************