SOLUBLE/INSOLUBLE VS.
MISCIBLE/IMMISCIBLE
SOLUBLE – a substance that
can be dissolved.
INSOLUBLE –CANNOT be
dissolved
Immiscible
MISCIBLE – a liquid Miscible
substance that is soluble in
another liquid.
IMMISCIBLE – not soluble.
Solutions &
Electrolytes
A solution is a
homogeneous
mixture of 2 or more
substances in a single
phase.
One constituent is
usually regarded as solute
the SOLVENT and the
others as SOLUTES.
solvent
PARTS OF A SOLUTION
SOLUTE – part being dissolved (usually the
lesser amount)
SOLVENT – part that dissolves the solute
(usually the greater amount)
Solute + Solvent = Solution
Solution
Solvent
Solute
NATURE OF SOLUTES IN SOLUTIONS
⚫ Spread evenly throughout the solution
⚫ Cannot be separated by filtration
⚫ Can be separated by evaporation
⚫ Not visible, solution appears
transparent
⚫ May give a color to the solution
⚫ Do not scatter light
5
COLLOIDS
• Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures. Due to
the slightly larger particle size, colloids
appear cloudy.
• Scatter light
• Do not separate upon standing and cannot be
separated by filtration.
• Ex:] milk, whipped cream
COLLOIDS
TYNDALL EFFECT
Particles in a colloid are large enough that
they will reflect (scatter) light.
This phenomenon is referred to as the
Tyndall Effect.
TYNDALL EFFECT
SUSPENSIONS
Suspensions are also heterogeneous mixtures.
Due to the larger size these particles will
separate (settle out) upon standing.
The larger particle size allows for suspensions to
be separated by filtration.
Examples: muddy water
SUSPENSION
SOLUTION, COLLOID, AND
SUSPENSION
WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
because more substances
dissolve in water than in any
other chemical.
This has to do with the
polarity of each water
molecule.
WATER MOLECULES
Arepolar because O is more
electronegative than H
Gives O a partial negative
charge.
Formstrong intermolecular
hydrogen bonds.
Water molecules are
attracted to one another
better than other
molecules its size.
WHAT SOLUBLE IN H20?
Like Dissolves
Like
“Polar solvents dissolve ionic compounds and
polar molecules
Water is polar therefore it can dissolve
NaCl
Copper (II) sulfate
NaOH
Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar compounds
Oil is nonpolar, which is why oil and water
separate
ALCOHOL SOLVENT:
Dissolve
polar or nonpolar
substances, but NOT ionic.
SOLUBILITY
CURVE GRAPH
Factors Affecting the Rate of
Dissolution:
• Increasing the Surface Area of
the Solute:
• Agitating a Solution:
✓ Help to disperse the solute particles
• Heating a Solvent:
✓ Greater the temp, greater the AKE
SOLUBILITY = HOW MUCH
Type of Solute Temperature Pressure
No effect on a
Solid Solute Temp
solid/liquid.
Solubility
Gaseous Solute
Temp Pressure
Solubility Solubility
DEGREE OF SOLUBILITY
UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
more solute no more solute becomes unstable,
dissolves dissolves crystals form
increasing concentration
SOLUBILITY CURVES
Solubility indicates the amount
of solute that will dissolve in a
given amount of solvent at a
specific temperature.
For this curve,
X-Axis
Temperature
Y-Axis
How Much Solute Dissolves in 100g of
Water
Various Lines
Each line represents a different solute.
Solubility Curve Graph : tells how much of each
solute needed to make the 100g of water (solvent)
saturated at a certain temperature.
= beyond
maximum
= at maximum
= below maximum
Using an available solubility
curve, classify as
unsaturated, saturated,
or supersaturated.
1. 80 g NaNO3 @ 30oC
2. 45 g KCl @ 60oC
per 100 g H2O
3. 30 g KClO3 @ 30oC
4. 70 g Pb(NO3)2 @ 60oC
USING SOLUBILITY CURVES
5. How much KNO3 would
dissolve in 100g of water at
50oC?
6. At what temperature would
22g of KCl be able to dissolve in
50g of water?
7. Which is more soluble (has a
higher solubility) at 40oC?
NH3
KClO3
USING SOLUBILITY CURVES
8. 60 grams of NH4Cl are
dissolved in 100g water at 90oC.
How much of NH4Cl remained
undissolved when the
temperature drops to 40oC?
CLASS WORK:
• Work on the Solutions WS
