Heat,

Temperature
and Thermal
Energy
Chapter 11
OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain the differences between temperature,
thermal energy and heat,
2. Compare temperature on three different scales,
3. Discuss different ways of heat transfer,
4. Explain the differences between specific heat, heat
capacity and latent heat,
5. Describe how heat flows in a system,
6. Give examples of heat expansion, and
7. Explain the laws of thermodynamics and its
implication.
HEAT
- Is the total kinetic and potential energies
of the molecules in an object.

- Is a form of energy that is transferred from

one body to another due to a difference in
temperature and is measured in joules.

- Heat always moves from a warmer place

to a cooler place
HEAT
- Joule Experiment
He found for each fluid that a
fixed amount of work was
required per unit mass for
every degree of temperature
rise caused by the stirring, and
that the original temperature of
the fluid could be restored by
the transfer of heat through
simple contact with a cooler
object.
https://www.geogebra.org/classic/JPtWKxqe
HEAT
• SI unit of heat is Joule
• A more common unit is the calorie (cal)

• Calorie is defined as the amount of heat

needed to raise the temperature of 1g of
water from 14.5 oC to 15.5 oC at a
pressure of 1 atm.
1 cal = 4.184 J
Example:
If a calorimeter measures that a sample released
1,619 J of heat, how many calories of heat did it release?

Solution: We know that 4.184 Joule = 1 calories, hence

Since the starting number has four significant figures,

thus 387.0 cal is our answer.
 Temperature
•The Measure of the
average kinetic
energy of all the
particles in the object.
•The atoms mass and
speed determine the
temperature of the
object.
 Thermometer
Is a device that measures temperature
It makes use of a physical property that changes with
temperature.

The most common type of thermometer is the liquid-in-

glass thermometer, invented by Grand Duke of
Tuscany, Ferdinand II in 1650.
How does a Thermometer Work?
The thermometer
can measure
temperature because
the substance of the
liquid inside always
expands (increases)
or contracts (decreases) by a certain amount
due to a change in temperature.
 Temperature
Temperature is measured
in units called degrees
(oC, oF, K)
Fahrenheit: Water freezes
32oF and boils at 212oF

Celsius: Water freezes at

0oC and boils at 100oC

Kelvin: K = oC + 273
Example:
The average human body temperature is 98.6 degrees
Fahrenheit. What is the temperature in degrees Celsius?

Solution:


 How is Heat Transferred?
There are THREE ways heat can move.
– Conduction

– Convection

– Radiation
Conduction
Is the primary
mode of heat
• The molecules in the heated portion become agitated,
transfer by vibrate vigorously about their equilibrium positions, and
molecular collide with neighboring molecules.
collision • During collision, these molecules transfer some of their
without a net kinetic energy to their less energetic and colder
movement of neighboring molecules.
the body. • Through successive collisions, kinetic energy is transferred
down the wire.
Have you ever…
Touched a metal spoon sitting in a pan of boiling
water only to be surprised by HOW hot it is?

What conducts heat better, metal

or nonmetal? Why?
 CONVECTION
Convection is the movement that transfers
heat within fluids
Fluids = anything that flows
Heat is transferred by currents within the
fluid or gas
Convection
Current
 Examples of Convection
Convection currents
cause the cooler
breezes you
experience by a large
body of water.

These currents also

cause the movement of
magma within the
earth.
 RADIATION
Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves
What type of waves?
ELECTROMAGNETIC Waves
(light, infrared, radio, ultra-violet)
Radiation does NOT require matter to transfer thermal energy (travel @ 3108m/s)
 Examples of RADIATION
1. Fire
2. Heat Lamps
3. Sun
Specific Heat Capacity
 Specific Heat Capacity
The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined
as the energy required to change the temperature of 1
kg of that substance by 1°C.

Every substance has a unique specific heat capacity.

This value tells you how much the temperature of a

given mass of that substance will increase or decrease,
based on how much energy is added or removed as
heat.
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific heat capacity is expressed mathematically as
follows:
Q
cp   Q  mcp DT
mDT
energy transferred as heat
specific heat capacity =
mass  change in temperature
• The subscript p indicates that the specific heat
capacity is measured at constant pressure.
• In this equation, DT can be in degrees Celsius or in
degrees Kelvin.
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific
Heat
Calorimetry
• Calorimetry is used to
determine specific heat A simple
capacity. calorimeter
allows the
• Calorimetry is an specific
experimental heat
procedure used to capacity of
measure the energy a substance
to be
transferred from one
determined.
substance to another
as heat.
Calorimetry
• When two objects of different temperatures are
mixed, heat will flow until they have the same
temperature (thermal equilibrium)
• Calorimetry is the process of measuring heat
exchange between objects
• The Law of Conservation of Energy (no heat losses)
Heat gain + heat loss = 0
𝑄 = 0.
Q  mcp DT
Example:
A 0.050 kg metal bolt is heated to an unknown initial
temperature. It is then dropped into a calorimeter
containing 0.15 kg of water with an initial temperature of
21.0°C. The bolt and the water then reach a final
temperature of 25.0°C. If the metal has a specific heat
capacity of 899 J/kg•°C, find the initial temperature of the
metal.
Solution:
Given: mm = 0.050 kg cp,m = 899 J/kg•°C
mw = 0.15 kg cp,w = 4186 J/kg•°C
Tw = 21.0°C Tf = 25.0°C Tm = ?
Solution:

Qw  –Qm
c p,w mw DTw  –c p,m mm DTm
c p,w mw (T f  Tw )  –c p,m mm (T f  Tm )
c p, w mw (T f  Tw )
Tm   Tf
c p, m mm
Solution:

c p , w mw (T f  Tw )
Tm   Tf
c p ,m mm
(4186 J/kg•C)(0.15 kg)(25.0C  21.0C)
Tm   25.0C
(899 J/kg  C)(0.050 kg)
Tm  81C
PHASE CHANGE
• Adding/removal of heat does not always
results in temperature change
• Added/removed heat may be utilized for
phase change (Latent Heat)
• Phase change occurs at constant
temperature until the entire substance
have undergone phase change, after which
the substance will now have an increase
temperature if heat is continuously added
or removed
PHASE CHANGE
Latent Heat of Fusion
• Fusion or melting is a phase change from
solid to liquid
• Latent heat of fusion (𝐿𝑓) is the amount of
heat needed to change the unit mass of
substance from solid to liquid state at its
melting point
• For water at 0oC,
𝐿𝑓 = 80 cal/g or 3.33 × 105 J/kg
PHASE CHANGE
Latent Heat of Fusion
• The amount of heat needed to change solid
to liquid at its melting point
𝑸 = 𝒎𝑳𝒇
• The reverse process of solidification, the
same amount of heat must be released to
change liquid to solid
PHASE CHANGE
Latent Heat of Vaporization
• Vaporization is a phase change into gaseous state
• Evaporation – Liquid to Gas (without reaching
Boiling point)
• Boiling – Liquid to Gas (without Boiling)
• Sublimation – Solid to Gas
• Latent heat of Vaporization (𝐿𝑣) is the amount of heat
needed to change the unit mass of substance from liquid
to gas
• For water at 100oC, 𝐿𝑣 = 540 cal/g or 2.26 × 106 J/kg
PHASE CHANGE
Latent Heat of Vaporization
• The amount of heat needed to change
liquid to gas at its boiling point
𝑸 = 𝒎𝑳𝒗
• The reverse process of solidification, the
same amount of heat must be released to
change liquid to solid
• Note: 𝐿𝑣 > 𝐿𝑓, since stronger molecular forces must be
overcome in changing liquid to gas than solid to liquid.
PHASE CHANGE
Latent Heat of Fusion
• The amount of heat needed to change solid
to liquid at its melting point
𝑸 = 𝒎𝑳𝒇
• The reverse process of solidification, the
same amount of heat must be released to
change liquid to solid
PHASE CHANGE
Latent Heat of Fusion
• The amount of heat needed to change solid
to liquid at its melting point
𝑸 = 𝒎𝑳𝒇
• The reverse process of solidification, the
same amount of heat must be released to
change liquid to solid
Example:
How much heat is needed to transform 2kg of ice at
−15∘C into 2kg of water at 70∘C?

Solution:
• first, the −15∘C ice must absorb the heat Q1 to
reach 0∘C - ice.
Example:
How much heat is needed to transform 2kg of ice at
−15∘C into 2kg of water at 70∘C?

Solution:
• Then, it must transform into 0∘C-water by absorbing
the heat Q2.
Q2  mL f  2kg(333 kJ 0 )  666kJ
kg C
Example:
How much heat is needed to transform 2kg of ice at
−15∘C into 2kg of water at 70∘C?

Solution:
• Finally, the heat Q3 is needed to increase the
temperature of the water (melted ice) from 0∘C to70∘C.
Example:
How much heat is needed to transform 2kg of ice at
−15∘C into 2kg of water at 70∘C?

Solution:
• Summing up the heats get the total heat needed to
−15∘C-ice absorbs and transforms into 70∘C-water.
THERMAL EXPANSION
• Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to
change in length, area or volume in response to
temperature alterations
• When a substance is heated, its particles move
more and thus maintain a greater average
separation, hence substances expands
• Solids – undergo linear, area and volume expansion
• Liquids and Gas – only volume expansion
THERMAL EXPANSION
THERMAL EXPANSION
Example:
A steel tape has a length of 30.000 m when the
temperature is 0.0°C. What is its length when the
temperature is 40.0°C?
Solution:
Noting that the change in temperature is 40.0°C, we find
that the increase in length is

If the steel tape is 30.000 m long at 0.0°C, its length at

40.0°C is 30.000 + 0.013 = 30.013 m.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of the effects of work,
temperature, heat, and energy on a system.
Thermodynamics is only concerned with
macroscopic (large-scale) changes and observations.
 System- object or body that deals with heat, energy
and temperature
 Surrounding – everything outside the system,
Thermodynamics
Types of System
1. Open System – can exchange mass and energy
with its surrounding
2. Closed System – there is exchange of energy
with the surroundings but no exchange in
mass
3. Isolated System – no exchange of mass and
energy with the surroundings
The first law of thermodynamics states that when heat is added to a system,
some of it remains in the system, increasing its internal energy, while the rest
leaves that system as the system does work.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Three Ways which the 2nd Law may be stated

Kelvin-Planck statement: No heat engine can completely

convert heat into work.
Clausius statement: Heat flows naturally from hot objects
to cold objects, never the reverse.
Entropy statement: When a reversible process occurs,
the entropy of the universe does not change. When an
irreversible process occurs, the entropy of the universe
increases.
3rd Law of Thermodynamics
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