Bule Hora University

College of Computing Informatics

Department of Computer Science
1

Wireless Communication and

Mobile Computing /CoSc3062/
Unit Three
Wireless Network Principles
Compiled by Biniyam A.

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Wireless Network Principles
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 Outline
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 Wireless Transmission
 Signals
 Wireless Basics
 Transmission Media
 Wireless Frequency Allocation
 Relationship b/n Wireless Frequency and Distance Covered
 Antennas
 Signal Propagations
 Multiplexing
 Modulation
 Analog vs. Digital Communication
 Classification of Wireless Network
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 Wireless Transmission
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 Wireless Communication systems consist of:

 Transmitters: a device w/c is expected to transmit
data to receivers.
 Antennas: radiate electromagnetic energy into air.

 Receivers: a device w/c is dedicated to receive data

from transmitter by the help of antenna.
 In some cases, transmitters and receivers are on same
device, called transceivers (example cellular phones).

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 Signals
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 Signals: are the physical representation of data.

 Users of a communication system can only exchange data
through the transmission of signals. Example Light,
electromagnetic spectrum/radio.
 Layer 1 of the OSI basic reference model is responsible for
the conversion of data. i.e. bits, into signals and vice versa.
 Signals, are represented as cyclic waves which may be
discrete (digital) or continuous (analog).

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 Wireless Basics
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 Frequency : no of cycles per unit time of the wave.

 Amplitude : the height of the wave.
 Phase : shows how far, in degrees, the wave is from its
beginning (phase 0).

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 Wireless Basics
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 Hertz (Hz): number of cycles per second. Frequency is

measured in Hertz.
 Data rate : number of bits sent per second (bps).
 Channel: a logical communication path.
 Bandwidth: amount of data transferred each second.
 Channel capacity: capability of channel to hold data when
it is transferring.

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 Transmission Media
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 Transmission Media: is the physical/logical path between

the transmitter and receiver. It can be:
1. Guided: along a solid medium. Example Cables &
2. Unguided: achieved by using antennas. Example
Wireless
 Type of wireless transmission

 Directional: point-to-point. E.g. microwave

 Omni-directional: waves are transmitted equally in
all directions.

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 Wireless Frequency Allocation
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 Wireless communications use the “radio frequency (RF)”

spectrum for transmitting and receiving information.
 Several factors are considered while allocating frequencies
1. cost of components: increases as you go to higher
frequencies.
2. signal losses: also increase as frequencies increase.
3. Noise disruption : lower frequencies are disrupted
regularly by man-made noise such as electrical motors,
car ignition, and domestic appliances.

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Wireless Frequency Allocation
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 Wireless Frequency Allocation
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 Major frequency bands

1. Microwave frequency range (1 GHz to 40 GHz)
 Suitable for point-to-point transmission
 Used for satellite & terrestrial communications
2. Broadcast Radio (30 MHz to 1GHz)
 Omnidirectional ( applicable for low frequency)
 Antennas not required to be dish-shaped
 Applications

 Broadcast radio & TV

 Covers FM radio and
 Television distribution

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 Wireless Frequency Allocation
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3. Terrestrial Microwave (1GHz to 40GHz)

 Most common: Parabolic "dish", 3m in diameter
 Achieves line-of-sight transmission to receiving antenna
 Located at substantial heights above ground level
 Applications
 Long heave telecommunications service (instead of fiber, coax)
 Short point-to-point links between buildings.
4. Satellite Microwave (1GHz to 20 GHz)
 Used to link two or more ground-based transmitter/receivers
 Receives transmissions on one frequency band, amplifies or repeats the signal, and
transmits it on another frequency.
 Application
 Television distribution. Example Dstv uses satellites
 Long-distance telephone transmission between telephone

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 Wireless Frequency Allocation
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6. Infrared (300 GHz to 3000 GHz)

 operate in the terribly high frequency (THF)
 Useful in local point-to-point applications within
confined areas.
 does not penetrate walls
 Application

 used in remote control devices. i.e.

 TV remote controller and garage door openers

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 Wireless Frequency Allocation
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 Two approaches in using wireless frequencies:

1. Unlicensed: no need of permission to use 100% not regulated by someone
else.
2. Licensed: regulated by somebody and need permission to use this frequency
 Some regulating agencies are:
a. ITU (International Telecom Union)
b. Local broadcasts
c. Telecommunication agencies

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 Question
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Which type of frequency do you

think is widely used(or congested)
in wireless communication ?
 Lower frequencies or higher
frequencies ?
Why?

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 Relationship b/n Wireless Frequency and Distance Covered
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 A very important relationship exists between frequency and

distance covered. The relationship is
• d = k/f
 Where d = distance covered, f = frequency used, and k =
constant that depends on environmental factors.
 Thus, the distance covered is inversely proportional to the
frequency being used.
 This implies that the higher the frequency, the shorter
is the distance covered

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 Relationship b/n Wireless Frequency and Distance Covered
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 Why Lower Frequency???

 B/c Lower frequencies are:
 more congested and highly competed,
 the distance can be longer, and
 the power requirements are lower.

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 Transmitter
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 Transmitters: a device w/c is expected to transmit

data to receivers.

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 Transmitter
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 Suppose you want to generate a signal that is sent at 900

MHz and the original source generates a signal at 300
MHZ.
 Amplifier - strengthens the initial signal
 Oscillator - creates a carrier wave of 600 MHz
 Mixer - combines original signal with oscillator and
produces 900 MHz
 Filter - selects correct frequency (Checks the standards)
 Amplifier - Strengthens the signal before sending it

 Remember that, Receivers perform similar operations but

in reverse direction.

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 Antenna
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 Antenna: is an electrical conductor or system of

conductors to send/receive RF signals
 Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into
space
 Reception - collects electromagnetic energy from
space
 In two-way communication, the same antenna can be
used for transmission and reception. This type of antenna
is called transceiver.

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 Signal Propagation
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 Propagation is the movement of a wave through a medium. In this case

the medium is air/ RF/ EMS
 Signal propagation is how the physical representation of data moves
through EMS/ RF.
 signal propagation in free space almost follows a straight line, like light.
But in real life, we rarely have a line-of-sight between the sender and
receiver of radio signals, due to this signal propagation is influenced by
Shadowing
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Scattering
READING ASSIGNMENT

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 Multiplexing
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 Multiplexing: is a technique which allow more than one message to be

transferred via the same communication channel.
 It can be carried out in four dimensions: space, time, frequency, and
code. In this field, the task of multiplexing is to assign either space, time,
frequency, or code to each communication channel with a minimum of
interference and a maximum of medium utilization.
 Takes place in the physical layer of OSI or TCP/IP.
 Important: guard spaces needed!.

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 Multiplexing
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1. Space Division Multiplexing(SDM): the space is divided

into spatially separable sectors. i.e. divide the space into
sectors.
 To reduce further, the risk of interference place guard space
between the frequency spaces.
 Example Satellite System.

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 Multiplexing
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2. Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM): Separation of the whole

spectrum into smaller frequency bands. i.e. Divide the frequency band into
disjoint sub-bands. The sender uses the channel continuously.
 A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time
 subdivide the frequency dimension into several non-overlapping
frequency bands.
 Again, guard spaces are needed to avoid frequency band overlapping.
 This scheme is used for radio stations within the same region, where
each radio station has its own frequency. This multiplexing scheme does
not need complex coordination between sender and receiver: the
receiver only has to tune in to the specific sender.
 Example Radio, and TV
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 Multiplexing
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 In FDM, the frequency of one channel is divided

among n users.
 Bandwidth will be wasted if any user does not have
any thing to send. Other users cannot take the
advantage of additional available bandwidth.

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 Multiplexing
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3. Time Division Multiplexing(TDM): A channel gets the whole

spectrum for a certain amount of time. i.e. divide the time into
non-overlapping time slots.
 A certain time slot is always dedicated for a certain user even if
the user isn't using it.
 Here a channel is given the whole bandwidth for a certain
amount of time, i.e. all senders use the same frequency but at
different points in time.
 Again, guard spaces, which now represent time gaps, have to
separate the different periods when the senders use the
medium/channel.
 Example GSM systems 11/19/2024
 Multiplexing
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 In TDM system, the time of one channel is divided

among n users. Each user appears to have full channel
for total time divided by n (time/n).

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 Multiplexing
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4. Code Division Multiplexing(CDM): each channel has a

unique code. i.e. each user assigned a unique code to utilize
the channel/medium.
 differentspread-spectrum codes are selected and assigned
to each user, and multiple users share the same frequency.
 good protection against interference.
 Highly complex scheme but high performance in security.
 Receiverhas to know the code & be able to separate out
other traffic on different codes which appear as
background noise.

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 Multiplexing
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 Receiver & transmitter must be synchronized to provide

correct decoding.
 All signals must reach the receiver with relatively equal
strength or the receiver will not be able to distinguish
between them.

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 Modulation
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 Modulation: is the process of encoding information from a message source in a

manner suitable for transmission.
 It involves translating a baseband message signal to a bandpass signal at
frequencies that are very high compared to the baseband frequency.
 Demodulation: is the process of extracting the digital information from the
carrier.
 Demodulation: is the inverse operation of modulator: i.e. extracting the
baseband message from the carrier so that it may be processed at the receiver.

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 Modulation
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 Baseband signal is called modulating signal

 Bandpass signal is called modulated signal
 Modulation can be done by varying the Amplitude, Phase,
or Frequency.
 The goals of Modulation scheme is
 Transport the message signal through the radio channel with
best possible quality
 Occupy least amount of radio (RF) spectrum.

 There are two types of Modulation.

1. Analog Modulation and
2. Digital Modulation
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 Analog Modulation
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1. Analog Modulation
 The input is continues signal
 Used in first generation mobile radio systems such as Advanced
Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in USA.
 This Analog Modulation can be:
1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
2. Frequency Modulation (FM) and

3. Phase Modulation (PM)

 To transmit analog data as analog signal, we use either of the

three analog modulation techniques listed above.

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 Digital Modulation
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2. Digital Modulation
 The input is discrete signals.

 Are used in current and future mobile radio systems.

 This Digital Modulation can be:

1. Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)
2. Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)

3. Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)

 To transmit digital data as digital signal, we use either of

the three digital modulation techniques listed above.

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 Analog vs. Digital Communications
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 Why Digital is Better?

 more strong and free of noise because it is easier to detect 1’s
and 0’s even in distorted messages.
 Repeaters reduce additive noise
 Discrete information transmission.
 especially suitable for computer networks because data bits
can be directly fed into a communication medium without any
modulation/demodulation.
 Digital communications are more secure because digital data
streams can be scrambled (encrypted) by using sophisticated
computer techniques.
 The encryption/decryption on analog data is not sophisticated.
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 Classification of Wireless Network
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Wireless Network

Wireless LANs Wireless MANs Wireless WANs

Wireless Local
Cellular Satellite Paging
Business Loops
PAN Network System service
LANs (Fixed wireless)

Example1:
Example1: Example1: Example1:
802.11b Example1: Example1:
Bluetooth 11 Mbps, LMDS FLEX,
GSM, 9.6 Kbps, GSM, 9.6 Kbps,
1 Mbps, 100 Meters 37 Mbps, 1.2 Kbps
wide coverage wide coverage
10 Meters 2-4 Km
Other Example2:
Example2: Example2: Example2:
Other examples: examples: FSO
3G, 2 Mbps, 3G, 2 Mbps, ReFLEX,
wireless sensor 802.11g, 1.25 Gbps
wide coverage wide coverage 6.4Kbps
networks HiperLAN2 1-2 KM

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You are Welcome!
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