Training Content
Advanced course: Protection
MODULE 1: Overcurrent protection (Estimated Time: 1.5h)
Presentation: Introduction to protection systems
General introduction to protection terms, tasks and requirements with a focus on overcurrent pro-
tection. Ideal and detailed representation of instrument transformers. Modelling of relays and
explanation of the relay type. Overcurrent plots with tripping and damage curves of different pro-
tection devices and equipment types.
Exercise: Defining protection devices and current transformers
Implementing an overcurrent protection device grpahically. Creating atime overcurrent plot and
adjusting the settings.
MODULE 2: Overcurrent Protection in an Industrial Network (Estimated Time: 2.5h)
Exercise: Overcurrent protection in an industrial network
Modelling of overcurrent protection devices such as fuses, LVCBs, relays and calculation of setting
values with regard to selectivity, taking into account thermal-mechanical damage curves of trans-
formers and motor starting characteristics. Modelling of dedicated neutral current transformers
and earth fault protection stages.
MODULE 3: Automatic Calculation of Overcurrent Settings (Estimated Time: 2h)
Presentation: Coordination Assistant for overcurrent protection
Introduction to the Coordination Assistant for overcurrent devices. Concept and ideas on how to
automatically calculate overcurrent settings.
F2023
Exercise: Automatic coordination of overcurrent devices
Definition of user-specific coordination rules and time gradings. Application in an industrial network
including coordination of LV and HV protection devices.
MODULE 4: Directional Overcurrent Protection (Estimated Time: 1.5h)
Presentation: Directional overcurrent protection
Introduction of the directional overcurrent protection concept and presentation of the short-circuit
trace feature.
Exercise: Modelling and testing directional overcurrent schemes
Modelling a directional relay and analysing the tripping with normal short circuit caluclations and
the short-circuit trace function. Plotting of relay current and voltage signals in a vector diagram.
MODULE 5: Distance Protection (Estimated Time: 2.5h)
Presentation: Introduction to distance protection
Functional principles of distance protection relays. Explanation of different starting methods to
detect fault conditions and the impedance calculation. Presentation of the available distance pro-
tection plots R-X, time-distance and relay operational limits.
Exercise: Distance protection in a transmission network
Modelling a distance protection device with its instrument transformers. Calculate zone settings
according to given equations. Testing different starting methods. Impact of the earth resturn
impedance on the measured impedance using the time-distance plot. Usage of the relay opera-
tional limits plot.
MODULE 6: Application of the Protection Graphic Assistant (Estimated Time: 2h)
Presentation: Protection Graphic Assistant
Learn how to use the Protection Graphic Assistant and its options: the reach colouring and the
short-circuit sweep plots.
Exercise: Reach colouring and short-circuit sweep plots
Review of zone settings for distance protection zones using reach colouring. Effect of generator
infeed and parallel lines on distance protection. Calculating short-circuit sweeps along a defined
protection path and analysing the results in short-circuit sweep and time-distance plots.
MODULE 7: Automatic Coordination of Distance Protection Devices
(Estimated Time: 2.5h)
Presentation: Coordination Assistant for distance protection
Introduction to the Coordination Assistant for distance devices. Concept and ideas on how to
automatically calculate distance reach settings.
Exercise: Calculation and verification of new settings
Definition of flexible setting rules and verification of two sets of settings. Result analysis using
table reports and time-distance plots. Settings caluclation in reverse direction and consideration
of overcurrent devices for time grading.
MODULE 8: Differential Protection (Estimated Time: 1.5h)
Presentation: Introduction to differential protection
Introduction to differential protection. Presentation of operation principle, differential characteris-
tics, current transformer saturation and harmonic blocking.
Exercise: Modelling differential protection devices
Modelling of transformer differential protection. Analysis of CT adapter block settings. Modelling
of line differential protection. Testing the protection scheme using current comparison plots. Veri-
fication of secondary currents using vector diagrams.
MODULE 9: Automatic Verification of Protection Settings (Estimated Time: 1.5h)
Presentation: Protection Audit
Principle of the Protection Audit tool. Determination of the protection category with a topological
search. Verification of tripping times, fault clearing times and device coordination. Coloured table
reports to analyse the results.
Exercise: Protection evaluation in different networks
Application of the protection audit in two training networks with different philosophies and protec-
tion devices: Industrial and Transmission grid. Definition of fault cases and analysis of tripping
times and coordination margins in small network areas. Expanding the analysis to the complete
network with up to 70 protection devices.
MODULE 10: Communication among Multiple Relays (Estimated Time: 2.5h)
Presentation: Relay communcation
Presentation of different communication schemes for distance and overcurrent devices.
Exercise: Modelling a reverse interlocking scheme
Modelling a reverse interlocking scheme. Adjusting existing relays and creating a new communi-
cation relay. Implementing the scheme in the network model and testing the functionality.
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