Q.

Answer the below questions:

a) Define MAC address. Describe the structure of MAC address. Breakdown a MAC address.
Ans:
Definition:
A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for
communication on a physical network. It operates at the data link layer of the OSI model,
specifically for devices like computers, smartphones, routers, and network cards. Every device
connected to a network has a unique MAC address, ensuring data is delivered to the correct
device on a local network (like a LAN or Wi-Fi network).
Structure:
A MAC address is typically 48 bits long and is represented as a 12-character hexadecimal string. It
is usually formatted in one of two ways:
Colon-separated: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E
Hyphen-separated: 00-1A-2B-3C-4D-5E
Example MAC Address Breakdown
For the MAC address 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E:
 OUI: 00:1A:2B (assigned to a specific manufacturer)
 NIC: 3C:4D:5E (specific to the device produced by the manufacturer)

b) Di erence between DVD and Blu-ray:

Feature DVD Blu-ray
Storage Capacity 4.7 GB (Single Layer), 8.5 GB (Dual 25 GB (Single Layer), 50 GB (Dual
Layer) Layer)
Video Resolution Standard Definition (480p) High Definition (1080p) and Ultra
HD (4K)
Laser Technology Red laser (650 nm wavelength) Blue-violet laser (405 nm
wavelength)
Data Transfer Rate Slower (up to 11 Mbps) Faster (up to 54 Mbps)

c) Describe how the inkjet printer prints an image.

Ans: An inkjet printer works by spraying tiny droplets of ink onto paper to form an image. The
printer contains several nozzles, also known as print heads, that release the ink. These nozzles
spray ink in precise patterns as the print head moves horizontally across the page.
The printer typically uses a combination of four colors—cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
(CMYK). By combining these colors in various proportions, the printer can create a wide range of
colors to accurately reproduce the image. The paper is fed through the printer vertically, allowing
the print head to move across it in rows. As the paper advances, the nozzles spray ink until the
entire image is printed.
To ensure sharp and accurate prints, the droplets of ink are extremely small, often measured
in picoliters. Inkjet printers use this precise control of ink application and paper movement to
produce high-quality images with detailed color gradients and sharp edges.
 d) State four drawbacks of using parallel data transmission.
Ans:

Signal Interference and Crosstalk:

 Description: In parallel transmission, multiple wires or channels are used simultaneously. This
increases the risk of electromagnetic interference and crosstalk between the lines.
 Impact: Interference can distort the signals, leading to data corruption and increased error rates.
As the number of parallel lines increases, managing interference becomes more challenging.

Limited Distance:

 Description: Parallel data transmission is e ective over short distances due to signal degradation
and timing issues over longer cables.
 Impact: The quality of parallel transmission deteriorates as the distance increases. This limits its
use in long-distance communications compared to serial transmission, which can maintain signal
integrity over longer distances.

Complexity and Cost:

 Description: Implementing parallel data transmission requires multiple physical channels or

wires, along with additional circuitry for synchronization and signal integrity.
 Impact: This increases the complexity of the hardware design and can raise the cost of both
implementation and maintenance. The need for precise timing and synchronization further
complicates the system.

Synchronization Issues:

 Description: In parallel transmission, all data lines must remain synchronized to ensure that the
bits arrive at the destination at the correct time.
 Impact: Maintaining synchronization across multiple channels is challenging, especially as the
number of channels increases. Any mismatch in timing can lead to data errors and requires
complex error-checking mechanisms to handle synchronization issues.

e) Describe how the sound iles are compressed using lossless compression.
Ans:
In lossless compression for sound iles, the goal is to reduce ile size without losing
any audio data, ensuring the original ile can be perfectly reconstructed from the
compressed version. Here's how it works:
1. Pattern Recognition: Lossless compression algorithms identify and remove
redundant or repetitive data. For example, if a particular sequence of sounds repeats
often, the algorithm stores it once and refers to it whenever it appears again.
2. Dictionary Encoding: In this technique, commonly occurring sequences (such as
speci ic patterns of sound waves) are replaced with shorter codes. These codes
reference a "dictionary" of stored patterns.
3. Run-Length Encoding (RLE): If a sound has consecutive identical samples (like
silence or a sustained note), RLE compresses them by storing the sample once and
indicating how many times it repeats.
4. Entropy Encoding: Algorithms like Huffman coding are used to assign shorter
codes to frequently occurring sound patterns and longer codes to rarer ones,
reducing overall ile size.
5. Flac or ALAC Formats: Popular lossless audio compression formats include FLAC
(Free Lossless Audio Codec) and ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Codec), which
compress audio iles without removing any sound information.
The key advantage of lossless compression is that the original audio quality is fully
preserved when the ile is decompressed. However, it usually results in less
compression than lossy methods like MP3 or AAC.

The key advantage of lossless compression is that the original audio quality is fully
preserved when the ile is decompressed. However, it usually results in less
compression than lossy methods like MP3 or AAC.
f) Give three drawbacks of the music company using lossless, rather than lossy, compression
for the sound iles.
Ans: Here are three drawbacks for a music company using lossless compression instead of lossy
compression for sound iles:
1. Larger File Sizes: Lossless compression retains all the audio data, resulting in signi icantly larger
ile sizes compared to lossy formats like MP3 or AAC. This increases storage costs for the company
and may slow down distribution, especially for streaming services.
2. Bandwidth Usage: Larger iles require more bandwidth for downloading and streaming. This can
lead to higher server and infrastructure costs for the company, as well as potential buffering or
delays for users with slower internet connections.
3. Limited Audience Appeal: Many listeners may not notice the difference in audio quality between
lossy and lossless formats, especially when using standard audio equipment. As a result, the extra
costs involved in providing lossless iles may not attract enough customers to justify the
investment.

g) State what is meant by the sample rate and sample resolution.

Ans:
Sample Rate: The sample rate refers to the number of times per second that a sound wave is
measured (or "sampled") during the process of converting an analog audio signal into digital data.
It is expressed in Hertz (Hz) or kilohertz (kHz).
 Definition: The number of samples taken per second from an analog audio signal to create a
digital representation.
 Common Sample Rates: 44.1 kHz (CD quality), 48 kHz (used in video), and 96 kHz (high-
definition audio).
 Impact: A higher sample rate increases the accuracy of the digital representation of the sound,
capturing more detail from the original analog signal. However, this also increases the file size.
 2. Sample Resolution (also called Bit Depth):
Sample resolution, or bit depth, refers to the number of bits used to represent each sample in a
digital audio file. It determines the precision with which each audio sample can be stored.
 Definition: The number of bits used to store each sample in a digital sound recording.
 Common Bit Depths: 16-bit (CD quality), 24-bit (used in high-resolution audio).
 Impact: A higher bit depth allows for a greater range of amplitude levels, meaning the digital audio
can capture both very soft and very loud sounds more accurately. Higher bit depth reduces
quantization noise and improves dynamic range.
Example:
 44.1 kHz, 16-bit audio means the sound is sampled 44,100 times per second, and each sample is
represented by a 16-bit value, o ering 65,536 possible levels of precision for each sample.

h) Various types of compression in a tabular format with examples:

Ans: Here is a table that you can use in Excel to summarize various types of compression
methods, along with their examples and descriptions:

Compression
Description Examples Use Case
Type

JPEG
Permanently removes (images),
Ideal for media where perfect
Lossy some data, reducing file MP3
accuracy is not necessary, such
Compression size at the cost of some (audio),
as images and music.
quality MP4
(video)

PNG
Compresses data without (images), Suitable for applications where
Lossless
losing any original FLAC data integrity is critical, like text
Compression
information (audio), ZIP files or software.
(files)

TIFF
Run-Length Compresses by replacing Efficient for files with many
(images),
Encoding sequences of repeated repeating patterns, such as
GIF (simple
(RLE) data with a single value simple graphic images.
animations)

A lossless algorithm that

Commonly used in file
Huffman uses variable-length
ZIP, GZIP compression for transferring files
Coding codes for encoding
over the internet.
frequently used symbols
 Compression
Description Examples Use Case
Type

A lossless algorithm that GIF

Lempel-Ziv- Ideal for reducing the size of files
compresses sequences of (images),
Welch (LZW) containing repeated patterns.
data into shorter codes TIFF

Predicts the next piece of FLAC

Predictive data based on previous (audio), Used in high-quality audio
Coding data and encodes the JPEG-LS compression without data loss.
difference (images)

Builds a dictionary of
Dictionary- DEFLATE Used in compressing large
data chunks and replaces
Based (used in amounts of text or code for
repeated data with short
Compression ZIP, PNG) efficient storage and transfer.
codes

i) Create a pseudocode for linear search algorithm.

Ans:

#linear Search

def linear_search(list_data:list,element):

is_there=0

length=len(list_data)

for i in range(length):

if list_data[i]==element:

is_there==1

print(i)

break

else:

continue

end if

end for

if is_there!=0:

print(f"{i} is not inside the given list!")

end if

end function