FM TRANSMITTER
1st Group
Department: - Electronics & Tele -
Communication Engineering
Year: - 2nd Year, 3rd Semester
⁙ Group Member: -
1. Suvojit Ghosh (Roll No. – 01)
2. Soumyadip Mondal (Roll No.- 02)
3. Soumyadip Banerjee (Roll No.- 03)
4. Hiran Karmakar (Roll No. – 04)
5. Subhankar Pal (Roll No.- 05)
6. Soumik Senapati (Roll No.- 06)
Content
Serial Topic Page No.
No.
1. Introduction 01
2. Circuit Diagram 02
3. Components 03
Required
4. Component 04-06
Descriptions
5. Working principle 07
6. Final Outcome 08
7. Conclusion 09
Introduction 1
An FM transmitter, or Frequency Modulation transmitter, is a
device that generates and broadcasts radio signals on the FM radio
frequency band. It's commonly used to transmit audio signals, such as
music or voice, wirelessly to FM radio receivers. FM transmitters are
often found in applications like car audio systems, personal music
players, or as part of broadcasting equipment.
1. Audio Input: The FM transmitter takes an audio input signal from
a source, such as a Smartphone, MP3 player, or microphone. This
input can be analog or digital.
2. Modulation: The transmitter modulates the audio signal onto a
carrier wave. In FM, this modulation is achieved by varying the
frequency of the carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude
(strength) of the audio signal. This means that as the audio signal
changes, the frequency of the carrier wave changes accordingly.
3. RF Amplification: The modulated signal is then passed through an
RF (Radio Frequency) amplifier to boost its strength to a level
suitable for transmission.
4. Antenna: The amplified signal is sent to an antenna. The antenna
radiates the FM signal as electromagnetic waves into the surrounding
space.
5. Transmission: The FM signal is now transmitted over the
airwaves. It can be received by FM radios within its broadcasting
range.
6. Reception: FM radio receivers tune into the specific frequency of
the transmitter to capture and demodulate the signal. The varying
frequency of the carrier wave is translated back into the original audio
signal, which can then be heard through the speakers of the radio.
Circuit Diagram 2
Components Required 3
Compone Specifications Quan Co
nts tity st
Transistor 2N3904 2 ₹3
0
Resistor 100Ω,1kΩ,10kΩ, 6 ₹1
100kΩ,1MΩ, 0
Capacitor 4.7pF,10pF, 5 ₹3
30pF(Trimmer), 5
0.1µF
Inductor 26 SWG Copper 1 ₹1
wire 8 turns 0
Microphone Condenser Type 1 ₹1
0
Vero Board Dotted 1 ₹1
0
Box Plastic 1 ₹5
0
Total Cost: -
₹155
Component Descriptions 4
TRANSISTOR: - The 2N3904 is a widely used NPN
bipolar junction transistor (BJT) in electronic circuits. It is
commonly employed in amplification and switching
applications. The 2N3904 is characterized by its low power,
moderate voltage, and current ratings, making it suitable
for small signal amplification tasks in a variety of electronic
devices. It has three terminals: Collector (C), Base (B) and
Emitter(E) and its operation is based on the flow of current
between the collector and emitter controlled by the base
current. Overall, the 2N3904 is a versatile and economical
transistor that finds its place in many low or moderate
power electronic circuits.
Key Specifications : -
Maximum Collector-Emitter Voltage:- 40V
Maximum Collector Current:- 200mA
Maximum Power Dissipation:- 625mW
Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage:- 0.2V
Base-Emitter Saturation Voltage:- 0.65V
Input Capacitance:- 4pF
Output Capacitance:- 8pF
Transition Frequency:- 250MHz
Package:- TO-92
5
Capacitor :-
The capacitor is an electric component that has the
ability to store energy in the form of electrical
charges that creates a potential difference, which is
a static voltage, much like a small rechargeable
battery. The most basic design of a capacitor consists of two
parallel conductors (Metallic plate), separated with a dielectric
material. When a voltage source is attached across the capacitor,
the capacitor plate gets charged up. The metallic plate attached to
the positive terminal will be positively charged, and the plate
attached to the negative terminal will be negatively charged. In
this project, we use many capacitors like 4.7pF, 10pF,
30pF(Trimmer), 0.1µF.
Inductor: -
Copper winding wire is a type of electrical
conductor made from copper metal. It's widely
used in various electrical and electronic
applications due to copper's excellent conductivity
and other desirable properties. Copper is an excellent conductor
of electricity, making it the preferred material for winding wire. It
allows for efficient transmission of electrical signals and minimal
energy loss due to resistance. Copper wire is highly malleable
and ductile, making it easy to bend and shape into coils or
windings. This flexibility is crucial for creating custom electrical
components and winding coils for various devices. In this project,
we use an inductor which we made with 26SWG with 8 Turns.
6
Resistor: -
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements,
and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power
resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power s heat
may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution
systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have
resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as
sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
Key Specifications: -
Resistor 100Ω 1KΩ 10KΩ 100
s -> KΩ
Colour Brown,
Black,
Brown,
Black,
Brown,
Black,
Brown,
Black,
Code Brown, Red, Orange,Gold Yellow,
Gold Gold Gold
Wattage ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
(Watt)
Tolerenc ±5% ±5% ±5% ±5%
e
Working Principle 7
The working principle of an FM (Frequency Modulation) transmitter
involves varying the frequency of a carrier signal in proportion to the
amplitude (strength) of the audio signal being transmitted. Here's a
step-by-step explanation:
1.Audio Input: The transmitter takes an audio input, such as a
microphone or an audio source like a music player.
2.Audio Signal Modulation: The audio signal is used to modulate the
frequency of a carrier wave. In FM, it's the deviation of the carrier
frequency that carries the audio information. When the audio signal is
high in amplitude (e.g., a loud sound), the frequency of the carrier
wave is shifted higher; when the audio signal is low in amplitude (e.g.,
a soft sound), the frequency of the carrier wave is shifted lower.
3. Oscillator: The transmitter uses an oscillator circuit to generate a
stable carrier frequency. This frequency is typically in the radio
frequency (RF) range, such as in the megahertz (MHz) range.
4.Frequency Deviation: As the audio signal varies, it causes the
frequency of the carrier wave to deviate accordingly. The degree of
frequency deviation is determined by the amplitude of the audio signal
and a modulation index.
5. Amplification: The modulated signal is then amplified to a level
suitable for transmission.
6. Antenna: The amplified signal is fed to an antenna, which radiates
the modulated RF signal into the surrounding space as electromagnetic
waves.
7.Reception: At the receiving end, an FM receiver captures these
electromagnetic waves, demodulates them to recover the original audio
signal by detecting the frequency variations, and amplifies it for
playback through speakers or headphones.
Final Outcome 8
9
Conclusion
We therefore conclude that this project is indeed suitable for
electronics engineering Students especially to students taking up FM
Reception in their Electronic Communications theory subject.
The aim of the project is to design and implement simple FM
transmitter. Having realized the device and found working properly
based on its design and relatively cheap components involved in its
realization, the aim of the project can be said to be achieved.
Overall, we would say that this project was a success! We really
enjoyed learning the fundamental of circuit design and how to build
devices from scratch. The final implementation of these skills into the
final project really illustrated to our self how much we learned over the
semester.
Additionally, we would like to acknowledge various online websites
and forums that have been helpful a lot and thanks to our respected
SM sir for guarding and helping for this project.
Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled ["FM Transmitter"]
has been completed and submitted to Ramakrishna Mission
Shilpamandira, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of Diploma degree in Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering for the session 2023-26.
(Sign. of teacher)
