hello and welcome to this class

on direct and indirect speech or

reported speech.

what is the difference between Direct

and indirect or reported speech >

let's

say yesterday the teacher came to class

and said children please study hard for

your exams now this is direct speech the

teacher is directly saying it and if you

want to write it we would use quotation

marks but what if you want to come back

and tell your mom what the teacher said

we can't use quotation marks while

speaking so what would you say you're

gonna say >

the teacher told us to study

hard for the exams this is the indirect

or the reported speech >

now this is used

when we want to report or convey

information or statements that are made

by somebody else in the past and we

don't want to use their exact words if

you want to >

tell stories like he said

indirect or reported speech >

now for the

five rules for changing direct speech to

reported speech >

rule number one add

a reporting verb Clause example Naisha

says I love chocolate in reported speech

this becomes Naisha said that she loved

chocolate >

now notice the two parts

to the statement Naisha said and she

loved chocolate >

with a conjunction that. >

now she loved chocolate is the reported

speech this is the part that is being

reported >

and Naisha said is the

reporting speech >

now that is an optional conjunction >

Naisha said she loved chocolate

is correct too >

now rule number one was

that to convert direct speech to

reported speech we need to add a

reporting verb clause or the reporting

in this case Naisha said is that >

now within this Clause said is the

reporting verb >

the most common reporting

verbs are say tell and ask but there are

a host of verbs that you can use to

sound like an advanced speaker. >

example

tuisha admitted that she was happy or >

yuvan claimed that he was the tallest in

class >

Advaith informed us about his

grandmother's illness >

the Met Department

warned us about the Cyclone.

now this is a list of these Advanced

reporting verbs

make sure that you use them in your

daily English conversation >

let's recap and see

how we're doing with this quick exercise

fill in the blanks with say or tell in

the reported speech

1. please _ me

what time it is
2 he _ that he will be

here soon. 3 she _ that she loves

dancing.

_ him to come to the meeting. >

now for rule

number two of changing direct to

indirect speech

change the pronouns

so

if your friend says you should study for

that test and you come back and tell

your mom Sammy said that you should

study for that test. what will Mommy

think she will wonder who needs to study

mommy or you so in reported speech the

pronouns have to sometimes change and

there are three sub parts of this rule >

first the personal pronoun I we me may

change to third person he she they them

her and this needs to match the subject

of the speech >

example I am tired she

said. she said that she was tired I

becomes she >

kritika helped me she said

reported speech she said that kritika

the second sub

role in the pronoun change is that

the second person pronoun you may change

the third person to match the object

once again in the reporting Clause he

she they >

let's take an example you are

invited he said he said that she was

invited. you becomes she.>

be the change

you wish to see in the world said Mahatma

Gandhi. in reported speech we would say

Mahatma Gandhi urged people to be the

change they wish to see in the world you

becomes they >

and the third sub rule is

third person pronouns like he she they

usually remain the same >

he is tall she

said.

she said that he is tall. >

he has won the match. they exclaimed that

he had won the match >

now look at this

one Mahatma Gandhi said live as if you

were to live forever in reported speech

this becomes Mahatma Gandhi said that

one should live as if they were to die

tomorrow and learn as if they were to

live forever >

the pronoun one is added

here which is gender neutral third

person singular indefinite pronoun which

means roughly a person and of course you

noticed that you changed today >

now I

have a table here on the screen where all the

changes of pronouns are given. >

rule number three change time and place

words so let's say Alia tells you I have

an interview tomorrow. now a week later

someone asks you hey did Alia have an

interview? you would say yeah in fact I

met her last Wednesday and she told me

that she had the interview the next day. >

changing the time and place words in

reported speech is very important

especially if some time has passed since

the words were spoken or maybe the place

has changed >

house tonight

he said that she was coming to his house

that night.>

now words related to today

now tonight all become that day that

moment that time or that night since the

words were spoken in relation to that

specific day. though we need to be a

little careful here if we are reporting

the speech at a later date and at a

different place then changing the words

makes sense but if you're reporting it

immediately and maybe the same place

also then today could remain today and

this could remain this. so be judicious

about how you use this rule a little

Common Sense goes a long way. >

example we

went to that restaurant yesterday they

said that they had gone to the

restaurant the day before. notice the

past tense went had become past perfect

tense had gone and we're going to come

to that shortly. >

now words related to

last week were all relating to a time

period that was prior to the spoken time >

so they would all be the previous day

the previous night the previous week the

previous month or two days before or six

days prior >

hey by the way I took a train

last week in reported speech you would

say chetna said that she had taken a

train the previous week >

notice

this one the teacher said Akbar died in

1605 A.D the teacher said that Akbar had

died in 1605 A.D. time words that refer

to a specific point in the past

generally remained the same in reported

speech >

I will meet you

here tomorrow. he said that he would meet

me there the next day. >

now words related

to the Future are in relation to the

moment when they were spoken so tomorrow

becomes the next day similarly next

month or the following week >

you bring this book back tomorrow.

he asked if I could bring that book back

the following day. > now I'm putting up a

table once again on the screen >

rule number four back shift tenses. you

may have heard about back shifting of

tenses in your grammar book and I'm

going to make it really very very simple

for you in the context of reported

speech there are two steps to follow >

step number one decide whether we need

to change the tense of the reported

speech at all and step two if we do need

to change the tense then what does it

change to so let's talk about step

number one how do we decide whether we

need to change the tense of the reported

speech Let's Take a look >

first what if the reporting verb

reporting verb is in present tense >

example he says he loves his job here

says is the reporting verb which is in

present tense and reported speech we

would say he says that he loves his job

notice that he loves his job remains as

she says I love mangoes. she

says that she loves mangoes >

now if the reporting verb is in present

tense the verb of the reported speech

need not change. now quick recap of >

tenses when were we using the present

simple tense? we were using it to talk

about a general fact or rule. so he loves

his job and she loves mangoes are a

general fact. now if we change this to

past tense it may change the meaning to

that he used to love mango sheep maybe

or not sure if she still loves them

anymore and he used to love his job but

maybe something's changed we're not sure

similarly say you're at a party and you

get a call from a friend who says >

hey I

think I'm gonna be a big bit late

there's a lot of traffic on the way as

soon as you put the phone down you tell

the host that was sanchit he thinks he's

going to be a bit late because there's a

lot of traffic notice he thinks and

there is remain in the present tense

overall if the reporting verb is in the

present tense whether simple present or

present continuous. the tense of the

reported speech need not change. >

now

let's take a look whether reporting verb

is in the future tense >

example

ADI will say Reena is brilliant at her

work. will say is a reporting verb in

future tense

ADI will say that Rina is brilliant at

her work. Rina is brilliant remains

unchanged >

once again if the reporting

verb is in future tense the tense of the

reported speech remains unchanged >

dad

will say to me you need to be careful

while crossing the road

dad will tell me to be careful while

crossing the road. notice that the

reporting verb is in future tense

and the tense of the reported speech has

not changed but the say to me change to

third now finally let's take the

reporting verb in past tense >

example she

said I have finished the project.

she said that she had finished the

project >

are we going to the beach nitya asked

nithya asked if they were going to the

beach >

so if the reporting verbs say ask tell

Etc are in their past tense said asked

told then the tense of the reported

speech changes

let's get on with step two

once we know in which cases the reported

speech verb needs to change >

let's talk

about the back shifting of tenses and >

this table has

all the 12 tenses >

first all four present

tenses shift to their corresponding past

tenses

>

example I love chocolate present

she said that she loved chocolate past

simple >

I am studying for my exams

present continuous. he said that he was

studying for his exams past continuous. >

she said I have finished the project.

present perfect tense. she said that she

had finished the project. past perfect

Tense. >
we have been waiting for hours.

present perfect continuous. he said that

they had been waiting for hours. past

perfect continuous.>

simple past shifts to past

perfect and past continuous shifts to

past perfect continuous. past perfect and

past perfect continuous remain as they

are there is nowhere to go back

example

we saw a beautiful rainbow. simple past

tense. they reported that they had seen a

beautiful rainbow. past perfect tense.>

had already eaten past perfect. she said

that she had already eaten. remains past

they were watching a movie. Past

continuous. he said that they had been

watching a movie. Past Perfect continuous. >

now let's talk about all the future

tenses. will changes to Would. shall

changes to should or would and be going

to changes to Was or were going to. >

will call you later. simple future tense.

she said that she would call me later.

will changes to Would. >

we shall meet at

the park. they insisted that they should

meet at the park. shall changes to should. >

I am going to send you the documents

tomorrow. she promised that she was going

to send me the documents the next day.

am going to become was going to. notice

tomorrow also change to the next day. >

now

here is a full table of all the back

shifting of all the 12 tenses >

rule number five change the models and

auxiliary verbs. modal verbs what are

they they're like can could May might

there are some semi models like

ought to need to have to used to Etc

>

now when

we're changing direct speech to reported

speech the moral verbs also change let's

take some examples

can changes to could. I can swim across

the river.

she said that she could swim across the

river >
shall changes to should. shall we meet at

the coffee shop tomorrow. he suggested

that they should meet at the coffee shop

the next day. notice the change of

pronouns and time expressions. >

now when may is used to mean a

possibility it changes to might. we may

arrive late. they mentioned that they

might arrive late. >

May by the way is also

used for permission in which case it

changes to could. may I borrow your pen.

she asked if she could borrow my pen. >

when must is used as an

finish the report by tomorrow. he said

that he had to finish the report by the

following day. >

must is also used for

speculation in this case it Remains the

Same. she must be tired. he said that she

must be tired. >

This is a complete list of

model and auxiliary verbs and what they

change to. >

now we have a

quiz. here are five statements on the

screen in direct speech convert them to

reported speech. I love pizza she said we

are going to the park they said I have

finished my homework he said I can't

come to the party she said will you help

me he asked don't touch that the teacher

said