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C Programming language Cheatsheet
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Basics
scanf("%d", &x); -- read value into the variable x from input stream
printf("%d",x); -- printf value to the output stream
gets(str); -- reads a line from input stream into a variable
scanf("%[^\n]",s); --reads a line from input using scanf only
Sample C program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello World!!");
return 0;
}
#include is a keyword which is used to include header les like : <stdlib.h>
and <stdio.h>.
<stdio.h> library le is used to read the data from terminal and to display the
data on terminal. It has several in-built functions like printf(), scanf() etc.
main() function is the entry point of any C program.
printf and scanf are inbuilt library functions which are used for input and
output in C language. They are de ned in stdio.h header le.
return 0 is used to terminate the main() function and returns the value 0
// -- single line comment
/* comments */ -- Multi line comment
Data types
Types Data-type
Basic bool, void, int/long, long long, char, oat, double
Derived array, pointer, structure, union
Enumeration enum
Types Data-type
Void void
1. Basic Data types
Data type Description Range Memory Size Format speci er
-2,147,4
used to store 83,648
int whole to 4 bytes %d
numbers 2,147,48
3,647
used to store
0 to
unsigned non-negative
4,294,96 4 bytes %u
int whole
7,295
numbers
used to store -32,768
short int whole to 2 bytes %hd
numbers 32,767
used to store
unsigned non-negative 0 to
2 bytes %hu
short int whole 65535
numbers
-2,147,4
used to store 83,648
long int whole to 4 bytes %ld
numbers 2,147,48
3,647
used to store
0 to
unsigned non-negative
4,294,96 4 bytes %lu
long int whole
7,295
numbers
used to store -(2^63)
long long
whole to 8 bytes %lld
int
numbers (2^63)-1
Data type Description Range Memory Size Format speci er
used to store
unsigned
non-negative 0 to
long long 4 bytes %llu
whole (2^64)
int
numbers
used to store 6 to 7
oat fractional decimal 4 bytes %f
numbers digits
used to store 15
double fractional decimal 8 bytes %lf
numbers digits
used to store a one
char single characte 1 bytes %c
character r
2. Derived Data types
Arrays:
data-type array-name[size];
Pointers:
datatype *pointername;
Structures:
struct structure_name {
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} [one or more structure variables];
struct structure_name variable name;
3. Enumeration Data types non-negative
enum name{constant1, constant2, constant3, ....... };
4. Void Data types
Void speci es that there is no return value. Generally used when function returns no
value, pointer with type as void represents the address of an object but not it's type.
Variables
Syntax:
data-type variable-name = value;
Example:
int x = 10; // declaring int variable and assigning value 10 to it
char grade = 'A'; // declaring char variable and assigning value A to it
Based on scope, Variables can be classified into two types:
Local Variables
Global Variables
Literals
Literals are the constant values assigned to the constant variables.
Literal Example
Integer Literal- decimal 255
Integer Literal- octal 0377
Integer Literal- hexadecimal 0xFF
Float point Literal 53.0f, 79.02
Character literals 'a', '1'
String literals "OneCompiler", "Foo"
Escape sequences
Escape sequence Description
\n New line
\r Carriage Return
? Question mark
\t Horizontal tab
Escape sequence Description
\v Vertical tab
\f Form feed
\ Backslash
' Single quotation
" Double quotation
\0 Null character
\b Back space
\a Alarm or Beep
\nnn Octal Number
\xhh hexadecimal Number
Arrays
Array in C can be de ned as a method of clubbing multiple entities of similar type
into a larger group.
One dimentional Array:
data-type array-name[size];
Example
int a[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};
Two dimensional array:
data-type array-name[size][size];
Example
int a[2][3] = {
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6}
};
Operators
Operator type Description
Arithmetic Operators +,-,*,/,%
Comparison Operators < , > , <= , >=, != , ==
Bitwise Operators & , ^ , |, <<, >>
Logical Operators && , ||, !
Assignment Operators = , += , -= , *= , /= , %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |=
Ternary Operators ?:
sizeof operators sizeof()
Keywords(reserved words)
Keywords are words that have special meaning to the C compiler. These words help
us to use the functionality of C language.
There are 32 keywords in C language.
auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
alignas nullptr typeof alignof
Identi ers
Identi ers are user de ned names for variables, functions and arrays.
Rules:
They must be less than or equal to 31 characters.
No special characters.
Must start with a letter or under score.
Can contain letters, digits, or underscore only.
We can not use C keywords as a variable name.
Strings
Strings are an array of characters ended with null character. Enclosed in double
quotes.
Declaration
char str[]="onecompiler";
Function Description Example
gets() It allows you to enter multi-word string gets("string")
puts() It is used to show string output puts("string")
It is used to calculate the length of the strlen(string_name
strlen()
string )
It is used to copy the content of second- strcpy(destination
strcpy()
string into the rst string passed to it , source)
strcat(first_strin
strcat() It is used to concatenate two strings
g, second_string)
strcmp(first_strin
strcmp() It is used to compare two strings
g, second_string)
strrev() It is used to return reverse of a string strrev("string")
strupr() It return string characters in uppercase strupr("string")
strlwr() It return string characters in lowercase strlwr("string")
strcasec It compares two strings without strcasecmp(string1
mp() comparing the sensitivity of the case , string2)
It concatenates n characters of one string strncat(destinatio
strncat()
to another string n , source, size)
It stores the value in a pointer variable strstr(string1 ,
strstr()
and takes two strings as input string2)
Constants
Constants are the xed values. They can be declared in two ways as shown below:
const datatype <constant-name> = <constant-value>;
#define <constant-name> <constant-value>
Special characters
{} : speci es start and end of code blocks
[] : used for arrays
() : used for functions
, : used to seperate variables, constants etc
* : used for pointers
# : used as a macro processor.
Conditional Statements
1. If
if(conditional-expression)
{
//code
}
2. If-else
if(conditional-expression)
{
//code
} else {
//code
}
3. If-else-if ladder
if(conditional-expression-1)
{
//code
} else if(conditional-expression-2) {
//code
} else if(conditional-expression-3) {
//code
}
....
else {
//code
}
4. Switch
switch(conditional-expression){
case value1:
//code
break; //optional
case value2:
//code
break; //optional
...
default:
//code to be executed when all the above cases are not matched;
}
Loops
1. For
for(Initialization; Condition; Increment/decrement){
//code
}
2. While
while (condition){
//code
}
3. Do-While
do {
//code
} while (condition);
Functions
Function is a sub-routine which contains set of statements.
// declaring a function
return_type function_name(parameters);
// defining a function
return_type function_name(parameters){
//code
}
// calling a function
function_name (parameters)
Pointers
Pointer is a variable which holds the memory information(address) of another
variable of same data type.
datatype *pointername;
Example
int x = 10, *ptr;
/*ptr = x; // Error because ptr is adress and x is value
*ptr = &x; // Error because x is adress and ptr is value */
ptr = &x; // valid because &x and ptr are addresses
*ptr = x; // valid because both x and *ptr values
int a[10];
ptr = a; // since a is the address of the first element in array (a[0])
ptr++; // pointer points to next array element (a[1])
Types of Pointers
Serial Number Pointer Description
We can create a null pointer by assigning
Null the null value at the time when we are
1
Pointer declaring the pointer.It always contains the
value 0
This pointer has no associated data-type
with it. A void pointer can hold addresses
Void
2 of any data-type and can be typecasted to
Pointer
another.It is created by using the keyword
void
They are also called as uninitialised
pointers.They are called so because they
Wild point to some arbitary memory location that
3
Pointer is randomly alloted and the program can
misbehave badly.This type of pointer is not
efficient.
The pointers that are pointing to
Dangli deallocated memory or deleted memory block
4 ng are known as Dangling pointers.They can
Pointer raise an error because they point to a
deallocated memory block.
Structures
Structure is a user-de ned data type where it allows you to combine data of
different data types.
struct structure_name {
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} [one or more structure variables];
struct structure_name variable name; //declaring structure variables
Unions
Union is a user-de ned datatype similar to structs which allows to store different
data types in the same memory location. In Unnions, one member can contain a
value at any given time.
union union_name {
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} [one or more union variables];
union union_name variable name; // Declaring Union Variables
File handling
File operations like create, update, read, and deleting les which are stored on the
local le system can be performed in C.
FILE *fptr; //declaring a pointer of type File
fptr = fopen("filename",mode); //opening a file
fscanf(fptr, "format specifier", data); //read a file
fprintf(fptr, "format specifier", data); //write a file
fclose(fptr);
Mode Description
r Opens for reading.
rb Opens for reading in binary mode.
r+ Opens for both reading and writing.
w Opens for writing.
Mode Description
wb Opens for writing in binary mode.
a Opens for append.
ab Opens for append in binary mode.
w+ Opens for both reading and writing.
wb+ Opens for both reading and writing in binary mode.
rb+ Opens for both reading and writing in binary mode.
a+ Opens for both reading and appending.
ab+ Opens for both reading and appending in binary mode.
Dynamic Memory Allocation
A set of functions for dynamic memory allocation from the heap. These methods are
used to use the dynamic memory which makes our C programs more ef cient
Function Description Example
ptr =
(castType*
Stands for 'Memory allocation' and reserves a block
malloc() )
of memory with the given amount of bytes.
malloc(siz
e)
ptr =
Stands for 'Contiguous allocation' and reserves n (castType*
calloc()
blocks of memory with the given amount of bytes. )calloc(n,
size)
free It is used to free the allocated memory. free(ptr)
If the allocated memory is insuf cient, then we can ptr =
realloc() change the size of previously allocated memory realloc(pt
using this function for ef ciency purposes r, x)
Header Files
Header Files Description
stdio.h Input/Output functions
Header Files Description
conio.h Console Input/Output functions
stdlib.h General utility functions
math.h Mathematics functions
string.h String functions
ctype.h Character handling functions
time.h Date and time functions
oat.h Limits of oat types
limits.h Size of basic types
Functions to determine the type contained in wide character
wctype.h
data
assert.h Contain macro used to assist with detecting logical error
Mathematical Functions
All functions de ned under <math.h> header le.
Function Description
sin(a) Computes sine of the double angle (in radians)
cos(a) Computes cosine of the double angle (in radians)
tan(a) Computes tangent of the double angle (in radians)
asine(a) Computes principle inverse of the sine (in radians)
acos(a) Computes principle inverse of the cosine (in radians)
atan(a) Computes principle inverse of the tangent (in radians)
atan2(a) Computes principle inverse of tan(y/x) in same quadrant as (x,y)
sqrt(x) Computes square root of x
log(x) Computes natural logarithm of x (to the base e)
log2(x) Computes natural logarithm of x (to the base 2)
log10(x) Computes natural logarithm of x (to the base 10)
exp(p) Computes e to the power of p
Function Description
exp2(p) Computes 2 to the power of p
exp10(p) Computes 10 to the power of p
pow(x,y) Computes x to the power of y
ceil(x) Computes smallest integer (returned as double) no less than x
oor(x) Computes largest integer (returned as double) no greater than x
abs(x) Computes the absolute value of x
Randomize Functions
All functions de ned under <stdlib.h> header le. These randomized functions are
pseudo-random (time-based random functions).
random() : returns a random long
srandom(seed) : seeds the random generator with a new random seed
How To Compile in GCC
gcc prog.c : compiles prog.c into a.out, run result with ./a.out.
gcc -o prog prog.c : compiles prog.c into prog, run result with ./prog.
gcc -g -o prog prog.c : as above, but allows for debugging.
use of f ush()
*used to clear the buffer
*used to accept the next string
