Name : _________________________

Date: _________________________

Lower Secondary Sciences: Reproduction Systems and STDs

1. Reproduction
• All living things have the ability to reproduce to ensure life continuity.
• Reproduction is a biological process by which new individuals from living organisms are
produced.
• There are two methods of reproduction: Asexual and Sexual:
Type of Description
reproduction
• It involves only one parent.
• No sex cells (or gametes) are involved.
• Process of fertilization does not take place.
Asexual
• New cells are produced from the parent cell by simple cell division.
• This type of reproduction is common in unicellular organisms (such as
amoeba and paramecium) and certain plant species.
• It involves two parents.
• It involves male sex cells and female sex cells.
Sexual • The process of fertilization takes place.
• Fertilization produces zygote.
• This type of reproduction is common in animals and plants.

2. Reproductive System in Human

A. The male reproductive system

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 Part Function
Penis • An organ that enables the sperms and urine to leave the body.
Testis • Produces sperms
(Plural: Testes) • Produces male sex hormone called testosterone.
• Transports urine to outside of the penis.
Urethra
• Transports semen containing sperms to outside of the penis.
Scrotum • Holds the testes outside the body.
Sperm duct
• Transports sperms to penis.
(Vas deferens)
• Produces fluids that mix with sperms to form semen.
Seminal Vesicle • The fluid contain nutrients and lubricating effect to help sperm
move better
Epididymis • Stores sperms.

• Sperms develop better at a temperature slightly lower than the body temperature, so the
testes are held by scrotum outside the body.

B. The female reproductive system

Part Function
• An organ that allows implantation of embryo and nourishes
Uterus
the growth of the foetus.
Fallopian Tube
• Transports eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
(Oviduct)

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 • A narrow opening of the uterus which becomes wider
Cervix
during birth process
• Produces eggs (or ova).
Ovary
• Produces female sex hormone called oestrogen and
(Plural: Ovaries)
progesterone
• A muscular passage which connects to the uterus that
Vagina
allows the deposit of sperms.

3. Comparison between a Sperm and an Ovum

Sperm Ovum (egg)

• Can move on its own with the help of the

• Cannot move on its own
tail.
• Nucleus located in the head segment • Nucleus located in the cell.
• Nucleus containing 23 chromosomes. • Nucleus containing 23 chromosomes.
• Only one egg released in every 28-day
• About 2 million sperms per ejaculation
cycle

4. Fertilization
• Fertilization is the fusion of the nuclei of a sperm and an egg to form a fertilized egg
called a zygote.
o During sexual intercourse, a man’s penis is placed inside a woman’s vagina to allow
the deposit of sperms.
o The sperms swim up through the uterus towards the fallopian tubes.
o The sperms that manage to reach the fallopian tubes will surround the egg.
o Only one sperm can fertilize the egg.
• The fertilized egg is now called a zygote and it contains 23 pairs of chromosomes (46
chromosomes).

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• As the zygote contains both parent’s chromosomes, the baby will inherit certain
characteristics from both parents. It is called heredity.
• The zygote then starts to travel down to the uterus. During the journey, the zygote begins
to divide itself to form a ball of cells called the embryo.
• The ball of cells takes about 7 days to reach the uterus.
• In the uterus, the embryo implants itself into the thickened lining of the uterus. The process
is called implantation.

• After a few months, the embryo develops into a foetus which is the unborn baby.
• Finger-like projections develop inside the uterus which forms the placenta eventually.
• The umbilical cord joins the foetus to the placenta. In the placenta, the foetus’ blood and
the mother’s blood do not mix.
• The placenta plays an important role in the development of the foetus:
1. Provides nutrients and oxygen to the foetus.
2. Removes waste substances and carbon dioxide from the foetus.

• The foetus will be fully developed into a baby after about 9 months

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5. Puberty
• Puberty is the period of time when the body changes and the reproductive system starts to
develop fully.
• For girls, puberty occurs between ages of 10 to 12.
• For boys, puberty occurs between the ages of 12 to 14.
• Sex hormones produced by testes (in boys) and the ovaries (in girls) trigger the bodily
changes.
Changes for female only Common changes for both Changes for male only
female and male
Mature egg produced Sex hormones releases Sperms produced
Develop pubic and under-arm
Beginning of menstrual cycle Voice deepened
hair
Breasts fully develop Sex organs become larger Facial and body hair
Widening of hips Growth spurt Muscles developed

A. Menstrual Cycle
• The menstrual cycle consists of menstruation and ovulation.
• Menstruation is a women’s monthly bleeding commonly known as period.
• Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube
during the fertile period.
• Each cycle usually lasts for about 28 days, from the first day of one period to the first day
of the next period.

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 Day Hormone Stage of Cycle

• Menstruation
- Uterine lining breaks down if fertilization does
1–5 - not take place
- It is discharged through the vagina together with
blood
• The uterine lining starts to repair and thicken due to
6 – 13 Oestrogen
the release of oestrogen.
• Ovulation occurs as the mature egg is released
14 - • Intercourse between day 12 to 17 can possibly lead to
pregnancy – this is known as the fertile period
• Due to the effect of progesterone, the uterine lining
thickens (as to prepare for implantation)
15 – 28 Progesterone
• If there is no fertilisation, the lining of the uterus
starts to break down at the end of the 28 day cycle

Hormones
• Body chemical called hormones play an important role in the menstrual cycle. They are
oestrogen and progesterone, which are released by ovaries.
• If no fertilization occurs, the levels of progesterone and oestrogen gradually fall. They do
not have an effect on uterus anymore, and the menstruation will start.
• Menstrual cycle will cease when a woman becomes pregnant. It starts again after the birth
of the baby.

Effect of Oestrogen
• One function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle is to cause the lining of the uterus to grow
and thicken after menstruation

Effect of Progesterone
• After ovulation, ovaries release another hormone called progesterone.
• This hormone causes the lining of the uterus to swell to prepare for implantation.

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6. Family Planning
• Family planning allows the married couple to decide on the following matters:
- The suitable time to have children
- The desirable number of children
• Factors affecting the family planning are mainly financial capability and career plan.

Birth control
• Birth control prevents the pregnancy by blocking one of the following events in the female
reproductive system.
- Ovulation
- Fertilization
- Implantation
• Two different modes of prevention: Temporary birth control and permanent birth control.

7. Temporary Birth Control

• Temporary birth control only prevents pregnancy on a temporary basis.
• Once the prevention is removed, the couple can have children.
• The methods can be classified under chemical, natural or mechanical

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 Temporary Nature of Mode of
For Description
Birth control method prevention
Male and • Refraining oneself from sexual
Abstinence Natural Fertilization
female intercourse with others
• A way to prevent pregnancy by not
having sex around the fertile period.
Rhythm • The person uses a calendar or a
Natural Female Fertilization
method thermometer to measure body
temperature to determine the day of
ovulation.
• It is made of thin rubber (or latex)
tube that prevents deposition of
sperms in the vagina by placing it
Male and
Condom Mechanical Fertilization on the penis.
female
• There is also a female condom
which is inserted into the vagina to
prevent sperms from entering.
• Made of rubber or plastic
Cap and • Must be fitted over the cervix by
Mechanical Female Fertilization
diaphragm doctor to stop sperms from entering
the uterus.
• Made of coil of metal or plastic
• Must be fitted in the uterus by a
doctor.
• This method helps to prevent
Intra-uterine
Mechanical Female Implantation fertilisation to take place. If
device – IUD
fertilization occurs, the fertilised
egg cannot implant itself into the
wall of the uterus as the wall is
blocked by IUD.
• The pill contains hormones that stop
ovulation so that no egg is released
Contraceptive
Chemical Female Ovulation by the ovaries.
pill
• To be effective, a woman needs to
take the pill on a daily basis

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 • In the form of cream, jelly or
tablets.
• It contain chemical substances that
Male and kill sperms.
Spermicides Chemical Fertilization
female • It is placed at the vagina before
having sex.
• Most of the male condoms are
coated with spermicides also

• Temporary birth control methods are usually used together in a combination.

- Diaphragm with spermicide
- Condom with spermicide

Intra-uterine device
(IUD)

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8. Permanent Birth Control
• Couples cannot have any children in the future as the method is difficult to reverse.
• Sterilization is a permanent method contraception. Sterilization is an action or process by
which an individual becomes incapable of reproduction. It is suitable for people who are
sure they never want children or do not want more children.
• Male sterilization is called vasectomy while female sterilisation is called tubal ligation.

A. Vasectomy
• A vasectomy is the male sterilization method.
• The sperm ducts are cut and tied to prevent the transportation of sperms to the penis.
• The man becomes sterile because he cannot make a woman pregnant anymore.
• A vasectomy does not prevent the male to have an erection or the ejaculation of semen.
The semen will not contain any sperms.

B. Tubal Ligation
• Tubal ligation is the female sterilization
method
• The fallopian tubes are cut and tied.
• The sex gametes will not meet for fertilization
even if sperms are deposited in the vagina.

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9. Abortion
• Abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy after conception.
• The fertilized egg has become an embryo. In abortion, the embryo is removed deliberately
from the uterus.
• It is a dangerous practice as it has the following harmful effects:
- The uterus and the fallopian tubes may be infected which may cause infertility
- Death may occur due to great loss of blood.
• Abortion is a controversial matter because it involves human morality.

10.Premarital Sex
• Premarital sex is having sexual contact before marriage.
• It is not a healthy act because a girl may have an unwanted pregnancy at a young age.
• It also exposes teenagers to the risk of sexually transmitted infections at an early age.

11.Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) or Infections (STIs) are acquired through the body
contact with an infected partner during sexual activity.
• STDs are caused by bacteria and viruses.
• The three common sexually transmitted infections: Gonorrhoea, syphilis and Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS):

STD Caused by Description

• It affects cervix, urethra, rectum, anus and throat.

• It can be treated by antibiotics at the early stage of infection
• Symptoms of infections may appear any time from 1 to 14 days
after being infected. However, it is possible to be infected with
no symptoms shown at all.
• It can cause blindness in baby or infertility
Gonorrhea Bacteria

In male
• A yellow or white discharge from the penis
• Irritation and/or discharge from the anus
• Inflammation of the testicles and the prostate gland

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 In female
• A yellow or greenish discharge (with strong smell) from the
vaginal
• A pain or burning sensation when urinating
• Irritation and/or discharge from the anus
• It can be transmitted through:
- Unprotected sex
- Mother to unborn child
• It can be treated but the person’s blood will always show
positive result to this infection.
• There are three main stages for the signs and symptoms of
syphilis.
• Complications take place at the tertiaty stage

Primary stage
• It takes place after three weeks of infection
• Painless sores appear at the location where syphilis bacteria
gain entry, usually on the penis of the man; in the vagina or on
Syphilis Bacteria the cervix of woman

Secondary stage
• Three to six weeks after primary stage
• Non-itchy rashes covering the whole body or in patches.
• Hair loss
• Sores on mouth, genitals, throat.

Tertiary Stage
• Heart failure
• Affects nervous system that may lead to paralysis, deformed
joints or insanity
• Blindness
• Death

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 What is AIDS?
• AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• HIV weakens the immune system of a person.
• AIDS is the most serious stage of HIV infection. At this stage,
the person’s immune system is destroyed extensively. The
person is now susceptible to other types of infection and
diseases.
• Eventually, AIDS patient dies of other types of disease, not by
HIV itself.

Mode of Transmission*
• HIV can be transmitted from one person to another person
through the following modes:
- Unprotected sex
- Sharing of needles
AIDS Virus - From a mother to the baby (before birth, during birth or
through breast feeding)
• HIV is not transmitted through the following modes:
- Sharing of utensils
- Public utilities such as swimming pools or toilets
- Hugging or touching an infected person
- Insect bites

Sign and Symptoms

• The early symptoms generally appear 6 to 12 weeks after HIV
infection
• The early symptoms may include:
- Loss of appetite - Skin rashes
- Night sweat - Chills
- Prolonged fever - Sores muscles and joints
• It is possible that some people will not experience these early
symptoms at all even when they are infected.

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 Modes of Prevention of STDs/STIs
• The infection of HIV and other STDs can be prevented through the following modes:
- Being faithful to one sex partner
- Abstinence from sex
- Having protected sex (i.e. using a condom)
- Not sharing any item that might be contaminated with blood such as drug needles,
shavers and toothbrushes.

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 Name : _________________________

Date: _________________________

Reproduction Systems and STDs (Worksheet 1)

Section A: MCQ

1. On which day would a female experience the ovulation if her menstruation starts on 25
April?

A. 30 April B. 1 May C. 9 May D. 25 May

2. Which of the following changes are most likely observed in a boy when he reaches puberty?

I. Growth of pubic hair III. Deepening of voice

II. Widening of hips IV. Developed shoulder muscle

A. I, II, III B. I, II, IV C. I, III, IV D. II, III, IV

3. The diagram below shows the structure of the female reproductive system.

What is the function of X?

A. To transport sperms to the fallopian tubes

B. To produce eggs.
C. To provide support for the development of the fertilised egg.
D. To allow fertilisation of an egg to take place.

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4. Which term describes the ejaculated fluid from a penis that is deposited in the vagina?

A. Saliva B. Sperms C. Spermicides D. Semen

5. Which of the following describes the condition when a fertilised egg divides into many
cells?

A. Embryo B. Foetus C. Placenta D. Zygote

6. Which of the following statements is not true about a zygote?

A. A zygote has 46 chromosomes.

B. A zygote divides into balls of cells only when it reaches the uterus.
C. A zygote first appears at the fallopian tubes.
D. A zygote contains two nuclei from two different sex cells.

7. Which of the following chemical substances is responsible for changes in the lining of
uterus in a woman’s menstrual cycle?

I. Progesterone III. Testosterone

II. Oestrogen

A. I, II B. II, III C. I, III D. I, II, III

8. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of events?

A. Menstruation à Ovulation à Fertilisation à Implantation.

B. Ovulation à Fertilisation à Menstruation à Implantation.
C. Implantation à Fertilisation à Ovulation à Menstruation.
D. Fertilisation à Ovulation à Menstruation à Implantation.

9. Which of the following statements is not true about gametes?

A. A sperm is a sex cell.

B. An egg contains half the number of chromosomes found in a cheek cell.
C. A sperm can move on its own.
D. A sperm triggers the start of puberty

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10. What is the average duration for menstruation in a woman?

A. 5 days B. 14 days C. 21 days D. 28 days

11. The diagram below shows the female reproductive system. At which position A, B, C or
D, is the organ that allows the deposit of sperms?

12. The diagram below shows part of the male reproductive system.

What is the function of structure M?

A. To secrete seminal juice C. To store sperms

B. To secrete chemical hormones D. To transport sperms to the urethra

13. Which of the following statements is not correct about the male sex cell?

A. It has the mobility due to the presence of tail.

B. Only one sperm can fertilize one egg at each time.
C. Its nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
D. The structure of a male sex cells consists of three sections.

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14. Which of the following sequences correctly shows the changes after an egg is fertilised?

A. Zygote à foetus à baby à embryo

B. Embryo à foetus à zygote à baby
C. Zygote à embryo à foetus à baby
D. Baby à zygote à embryo à foetus

15. Which of the following structures is not part of the male reproductive system?

A. Urethra C. Testes
B. Oviduct D. vas deferens

16. The diagram shows the male reproductive system.

Which structure conducts sperms and urine to the outside of the body?

17. Which of the following changes only takes place in female during puberty?

A. Enlargement of sex organs

B. Widening of hips
C. Growth spurt
D. Growth of pubic and armpit hairs

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18. The diagram shows the female reproductive system.

Which of the following statements about structure X is correct?

A. It produces a sex hormone called testosterone.

B. It releases a mature egg in each menstrual cycle.
C. It allows fertilisation between sperm and an egg to take place.
D. It stores matured eggs temporarily

19. The diagram shows the male reproductive system.

What is the function of structure of X?

A. To allow sex hormones to develop better.

B. To store sperms temporarily.
C. To facilitate the development of healthy sperms.
D. To produce semen to mix with sperms.

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20. The diagram shows the development of a foetus in a mother’s womb.

Which of the following is not a function of X?

A. To provide oxygen to the foetus.

B. To supply nutrients to the foetus.
C. To remove waste substances from the foetus.
D. To provide blood for the foetus.

21. The diagram shows the side view of the male reproductive system.

What are the functions of the labelled parts?

Hormone production Seminal fluid production Sperm production

A 1 and 3 2 and 3 3 and 4
B 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 and 4
C 3 only 1 and 2 3 only
D 4 only 1 and 3 3 only

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Section B: Short Answer Questions

1. (a) State one difference between an egg and a sperm.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) (i) What is fertilization?

_______________________________________________________________

(ii) Name the part where fertilisation takes place generally in human beings.

_______________________________________________________________

2. Diagrams A and B below shows two different menstrual cycles.

(a) Explain briefly what happens from day 1 to 5 in both diagrams A and B.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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 (b) Account for the difference after day 28 in both diagrams A and B.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3. The diagram below shows the male reproductive system.

(a) Name the following parts.

A: ___________________________________

B: ___________________________________

C: ___________________________________

(b) (i) Part D refers to the scrotum. What is the function of the scrotum?

_______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain the importance of this function in (b)(i)

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

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4. (a) What is meant by the fertile period in a women’s menstrual cycle? Explain.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) When fertilisation does not take place, the lining of the uterus starts to shed. Explain
briefly what has caused the lining to shed.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5. The diagram shows the female reproductive system.

(a) Label structures P, Q and R.

(i) P : ___________________________________

(ii) Q: ___________________________________

(iii) R: ___________________________________

(b) Name three substances produced by structure P.

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) How is the structure R important in human reproduction?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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Section C: Free Response Questions

1. (a) Describe three similar changes in both male and female during puberty.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) Describe fully the stages in a 28-day menstrual cycle taking place in a woman.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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 Name : _________________________

Date: _________________________

Reproduction Systems and STDs (Worksheet 2)

Section A: MCQ

1. Which of the following statements describes the purpose of a birth control method?
A. It is to prevent sexual intercourse before marriage
B. It is to prevent the entry of the penis into the vagina
C. It is to prevent the fusion of a sperm and an egg
D. It is to prevent a person from contracting STIs

2. Which of the following methods are classified as temporary contraceptive devices?

I. IUD III. Tubal Ligation

II. Condom IV. Contraceptive pills

A. I, II, III B. I, II, IV C. II, III, IV D. I, III, IV

3. Which of the following is not true about a temporary birth control device?

A. Women have to insert IUD themselves before sexual intercourse.

B. Women have to continue taking contraceptive pills daily to prevent pregnancy.
C. Fertilization of an egg can still take place even when IUD is used.
D. A cap must be placed over the cervix for its effectiveness.

4. Which of the following statements is related to female sterilisation?

A. It is the blocking of the uterus walls.

B. It is the removal of the ovaries.
C. It is the interruption at the fallopian tubes.
D. It is the closure of the cervix opening.

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5. Which statement most likely is not a good reason for undergoing an abortion?

A. Premarital sex that leads to an unplanned pregnancy.

B. Pregnancy that could threaten the life of the mother
C. An unborn child found to be deformed.
D. An unborn child with no heartbeat.

6. Which of the following birth control methods involves chemical substances?

A. Intra-uterine device C. Diaphragm

B. Spermicides D. Tubal ligation

7. Which of the following are the modes of transmission for sexually transmitted infections?

I. Sharing of drug needles III. Having multiple sex partners

II. Sharing of utensils IV. Hugging an infected person

A. I, II B. II, III C. I, III D. II, IV

8. When a person is infected with gonorrhoea, he/she will experience

A. Painless sore at mouth, throat and the genitals.

B. Hair loss when the infection develops into the secondary stage.
C. Deformed joints and teeth after a certain period of time
D. Pus discharge from the genitals.

9. Which of the following is true about AIDS?

A. AIDS is the virus that causes one person to lose his/her immune system.
B. AIDS patient are susceptible to other types of diseases that could bring about death.
C. The death of AIDS patient is caused by HIV attacking the brain organ.
D. AIDS is curable if it detected at an early stage of the infection.

10. Why is HIV a dangerous virus to human beings?

A. It destroys the digestive system.

B. It destroys the nervous system.
C. It destroys the circulatory system.
D. It destroys the immune system.

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11. In what way does an intra-uterine device (IUD) prevent a woman from getting pregnant?

A. It prevents ovulation of a mature egg.

B. It prevents fertilisation between sperms and eggs
C. It prevents implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall.
D. It prevents sperms from entering the female reproductive system.

12. Which of the following is not a mode for spreading HIV in a community?

A. Sharing of public utilities C. Have multiple sex partners

B. Sharing of drug needles D. Failure of practicing protected sex

13. Which of the following is a sign that a person has infected with syphilis?

A. Chronic diarrhoea C. Painless sores

B. Massive weight loss D. Painful urination

14. The diagram shows the female reproductive system. At which location should the
permanent sterilization be administered?

15. Which of the following contraceptive methods depends on changes in the human body
temperatures?

A. Contraceptive pills C. Spermicide

B. Cap and diaphragm D. Rhythm method

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16. Which of the following statements about vasectomy is not correct?

A. A man cannot produce sperms anymore

B. A man can still discharge semen to the vagina during sexual intercourse.
C. It requires a man to undergo a minor surgical procedure.
D. A man cannot have children anymore.

17. Which of the following methods is fully effective against both STDs and pregnancy?

A. Condoms B. IUD C. Abstinence D. Tubal ligation

18. Which of the following contraceptive methods require professional medical workers to
perform the procedure?

I. Female condoms III. Cap

II. IUD IV. Diaphragm

A. I, II, III B. I, III, IV C. II, III, IV D. I, II, III, IV

19. Which of the following is not a mechanical type of birth control method?

A. IUD C. Condoms
B. Diaphragm D. Spermicide

20. Which of the following birth control methods uses chemicals that affects the release of
mature eggs?

A. Contraceptive pills C. Tubal ligation

B. IUD D. Spermicide.

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Section B: Short Answer Questions

1. (a) Name two temporary contraceptive methods that are available for women.

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) For any one of the methods you named in (b)(i), describe how it is used as a form of
birth control.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. The diagram below shows the male reproductive system.

(a) On which organ is a condom fitted to?

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) (i) Mark, with a cross, ‘X’, on the part that is cut and tied after the procedure of
vasectomy.

(ii) Explain how this procedure can prevent pregnancy.

_______________________________________________________________

(c) Use ‘Y’ to mark on the organ that is most likely to show a symptom when infected by
gonorrhoea.

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3. The chart below shows the number of people infected with STIs in recent years.

(a) What could be the reasons that lead to an increase in the number of people infected with
STIs? State two reasons.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) (i) Name two common STIs caused by bacteria

_______________________________________________________________

(ii) Give one complication for each of the STIs you named in (b)(i).

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

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4. (a) Explain what is meant by sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(b) The table below shows the signs and symptoms of various STIs. Fill in the table to
indicate another prominent sign and symptom, the infectious agent and the name of
each specific STI.

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5. The chart below shows a survey of people practising different birth control method in the
world in 1998.

(a) What is birth control?

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) State a reason why the majority of people opt for sterilization?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) Give one possible reason why the people in the survey might not involve any adolescent
or unmarried young people?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(d) What is the percentage of people who do not exercise birth control or use other methods
not included in the survey?

_____________________________________________________________________

(e) Why is the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remaining high for these group
of people?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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Section C: Free Response Questions

1. (a) Explain the term birth control.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) For temporary contraceptive methods, state three ways in which they can prevent
fertilization from taking place.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) Describe what is meant by abortion.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. (a) What is HIV?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) How does HIV cause a person to have AIDS?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) What are the modes of prevention for HIV infection? List three modes.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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 Name : _________________________

Date: _________________________

Reproduction Systems and STDs (Worksheet 3)

Section A: MCQ

1. The diagram below shows the reproductive system of a human female.

Where does fertilization take place

A. 1 only C. 2 only
B. 1 and 3 D. 3 and 4

2. Which of the following is not unicellular?

A. Embryo C. Sperm
B. Ovum D. Zygote

3. Which of the following is a symptom of gonorrhoea?

A. brain infection C. intestinal bleeding

B. painless sores D. pus present in urine

4. How can AIDS be spread?

A. Sharing of food with an infected person.

B. Being sneezed on by an infected person.
C. Sharing of medical needles with an infected person.
D. Resting on the same bed previously used by an infected person.

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5. The following graph shows changes in the thickness of the uterus lining of a lady over a
period of 9 weeks.

What happens at X?

A. Fertilisation C. Menstruation
B. Implantation D. Ovulation

6. A woman has a 28-day menstrual cycle. Her period starts on the 17th July. On which day
is she likely to start ovulation?

A. 24th July C. 7th August

B. 30th July D. 14th August

7. Which of the following shows the correct match between the sexually transmitted infection
and one of its harmful effects?

Sexually transmitted infection Harmful effect

A Gonorrhoea Insanity
B Syphilis Sterility
C Syphilis Paralysis
D AIDS Baby of the infected mother is born blind

8. Which of the following statements about abortion is incorrect?

A. It is considered a surgical method.

B. It is a method of preventing pregnancy.
C. It may cause a lot of harmful effects to the female.
D. It is the deliberate removal of the foetus from the uterus.

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9. Which of the following is not associated with abortion?

A. Increased chance of becoming sterile

B. Higher chance of contracting sexually transmitted infection
C. Injury to uterus
D. Feelings of guilt and depression

10. Gonorrhoea and syphilis are different form each other because gonorrhoea ________.

A. is caused by a bacteria while syphilis is caused by a virus

B. only affects the male while syphilis affects both male and female
C. is treatable and syphilis is not
D. affects mainly the reproductive organs while syphilis affects the whole body

11. Name the contraception method used in the following diagram.

Sperm duct A. Vasectomy

cut and tied B. Spermicides
C. Tubal ligation
D. Intrauterine contraceptive device

12. In human sexual reproduction, genetic materials are passed down from parents to the
baby.

What determines how the baby would look like?

A. The baby usually inherits the mother’s traits.

B. The baby usually inherits the father’s traits.
C. The baby inherits half of each parent’s traits.
D. The baby randomly inherits traits from both parents.

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13. The diagram below shows a male reproductive system.

What is the function of the part labelled M?

A. produce sperms
B. stores sperms
C. release fluid that provides energy to the sperms
D. transport mature sperms to the urethra

14. The diagram shows a side view of the structures in the lower abdomen of a woman.

In which region are sperms released during intercourse and where does the fusion of sperm
and egg usually take place?

sperms released fusion of sperm and egg

A 3 2
B 4 1
C 4 2
D 1 3

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15. The diagram shows a side view of the female urinary and reproductive systems. Where
does the embryo develop during pregnancy?

16. The diagram below shows a section of the male reproductive system where the various
parts are represented by P, Q and R.

If tube Q is blocked, which of the statement(s) is / are correct?

I No sperm is released.
II No urine can be passed out.
III No male sex hormone is delivered.

A. I only C. I and II
B. III only D. none of the above

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17. The diagram below shows a contraceptive method which involves device X being inserted
into the female reproductive system.

How does device X prevent pregnancy?

A. The sperms are unable to fertilise the ovum.

B. The ovum is unable to travel along the oviduct.
C. The ovum is not released.
D. The embryo is unable to be implanted.

18. The diagram shows a chart of the menstrual cycle of a young woman.

What occurs at stages P and Q?

P Q
A fertilisation ovulation
B menstruation fertilisation
C menstruation ovulation
D ovulation menstruation

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19. The diagram shows the male reproductive system.

Which structure produces the fluid that nourishes the sperm cells and forms part of the
mixture called semen?

20. Which precautions could help to prevent the spread of AIDS?

I avoiding the sharing of needles used for ear piercing

II only having one sexual partner
III using the contraceptive pill
IV wearing a condom during sexual intercourse

A. I and III only C. I, II and IV only

B. II and IV only D. II, III and IV only

21. Which of the following sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria?

I gonorrhoea
II AIDS
III syphilis

A. I and II C. II and III

B. I and III D. I, II and III

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Section B: Structured Questions

1. The diagram below shows a few sperms surrounding an egg. One of the sperms has
successfully fertilized the egg.

(a) Where in the female reproductive system does this process take place?

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) Describe the events after sexual intercourse that will lead to fertilization of an egg.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) Upon fertilisation, the fertilised egg will move to the uterus. How does the fertilised
egg move to the uterus?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. Answer the following parts:

(a) Name one sexually transmitted infection.

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) State one way to prevent the spread of STIs.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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3. The diagram below shows the female reproductive system.

(a) Name the parts P, Q and R. [1]

P: __________________________

Q: __________________________

R: __________________________

(b) Ligation is a permanent method of contraception. Mark with the letter “X” on
the diagram above the site where ligation would be carried out.

(c) How does ligation prevent pregnancy in a female?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(d) Intra-uterine device is another type of contraception method that a female can use. Mark
with letter “Y” on the diagram where an intra-uterine device can be placed.

(e) How does the Intra-uterine device help prevent pregnancy in a female?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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4. The table below is a calendar that shows some events in Joan’s menstrual cycle in January
2022. Menstruation starts on 5th of January, and she has a 28-day cycle.

January 2022
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

(a) What substance(s) is/are being discharged from Joan’s body together with blood during
the start of her menstrual cycle?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) What would happen to the uterus wall lining in the days leading to ovulation?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) Predict the date which Joan’s next menstrual cycle is expected to start.

_____________________________________________________________________

(d) Between which dates would it be most likely for sexual intercourse to result in
fertilization?

_____________________________________________________________________

(e) One of the ways to treat a female patient suffering from ovarian cancer is to remove the
womb (uterus). Can this female patient have children after the removal of her uterus?
Give a reason.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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 (f) List two physical changes a male will experience when he goes through puberty.

_____________________________________________________________________

5. Figure below gives information about the 28-day menstrual cycle.

(a) Name another female sex hormone not shown above.

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) Using the figure above and your answer in a, explain the changes in the uterine lining
from day 1 to 28 if fertilisation occurs.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) If a woman’s first day of menstruation was 10 September, which date would ovulation
most likely occur?

_____________________________________________________________________

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6. The charts below show how the thickness of the uterine lining of two women change from
day to day during the months of September and October.
Both Alice and Bess have a 28-day menstrual cycle and ovulated on 14 September.

(a) One of the charts shows that fertilisation has taken place. Identify the woman who has
conceived and explain your answer.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) When will the first day of the next menstrual cycle be for the woman who did not
conceive?

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) If the woman in b(ii) also wants to conceive, she needs be aware of her fertile period.
Calculate the fertile period in October of this woman using the charts above.

_____________________________________________________________________

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7. The figure below shows the female reproductive system.

(a) Label structures P, Q and R.

P: __________________________

Q: __________________________

R: __________________________

(b) State one function of structure R.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) The woman is infertile due to the blockage of her oviduct. Doctor recommends her to
carry out in vitro fertilization. The medical team will extract her ovum out from her
body and fertilise it with a sperm in a test tube.

On the figure, label ‘X’ to show the place where the fertilized ovum should be
implanted back into the woman.

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8. The figure below shows a human male sex cell and a human female sex cell.

(d) How does part Q allow the male sex cell to behave differently from the female sex
cell?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(e) State one similarity and one difference between the male and female sex cells not shown
in the figure.

Similarity: ____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Difference: ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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 Name : _________________________

Date: _________________________

Reproduction Systems and STDs (Test)

Section A: MCQ [10 m]

1. Which of the following statements about AIDS is incorrect?

A. It can be spread through blood transfusion.

B. It can be transmitted from infected mother to the foetus.
C. The infected person will have a lowered resistance to disease.
D. It is curable by antibiotics.

2. Which part of the male reproductive system provides the fluids that contain nutrients and
enzymes to nourish and activate the sperms?

3. Which of the following is the best way to prevent the spread of the human
immunodeficiency virus?

A. not donating blood

B. taking oral contraceptive pills
C. taking a shower immediately after sexual intercourse
D. using condoms during sexual intercourse

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4. The graph below shows the change in thickness of the uterus lining of a female over a
period of time.

On which day is she most likely to be able to produce a zygote?

A. 6th day C. 24th day

B. 16th day D. 29th day

5. Non identical twins are twins that are genetically different from each other. How can such
twin arise?

A. Two sperm cells fertilising the same egg.

B. Two sperm cells fertilising two separate eggs.
C. Two eggs being fertilised by one sperm cell.
D. One zygote dividing into two cells that each develops into a foetus.

6. Offspring of sexual reproduction will ______________________

A. have only half the number of chromosomes as their parents.

B. have twice as many chromosomes as their parents.
C. have the same number of chromosomes as their parent.
D. look exactly the same as either one of their parents.

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7. The diagram below shows the side view of the reproductive system of a woman.

Where do these three processes normally occur?

Hormone production Fertilization implantation

A 3 only 2 only 2 only
B 2 only 1 only 3 and 4
C 3 only 1 only 2 only
D 2 and 3 1 and 3 4 only

8. The graph shows how a woman’s body temperature varies during her menstrual cycle.

What happens to her body temperature when she ovulates?

A. It falls from about 36.8°C to about 36.4°C.

B. It remains at about 36.4°C.
C. It remains at about 36.7°C.
D. It rises from about 36.4°C to about 36.8°C.

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9. Which of the following characteristics are common for both a boy and a girl when they
reach puberty?

A. Widening of hips
B. Height increase
C. Growth of facial and pubic hair
D. Body becoming muscular

10. The figure below shows a classification of birth control methods.

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Section B: Structured Questions [15 m]

1. The figure below shows part of the female reproductive system.

(a) On the figure, indicate with the letter ‘D’ the site where a diaphragm could be
inserted. [1]

(b) On the figure, indicate with the letter ‘L’ the site where tubal ligation is
performed. [1]

(c) Explain how the placement of a diaphragm can prevent the formation of an embryo,
but does not prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections. [2]

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(d) State one advantage for a woman to use tubal ligation as a form of contraception as
compared to using a diaphragm. [1]

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(e) Suggest reasons why a woman will not likely to get pregnant if she has sexual
intercourse three days after her menstruation. [2]

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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2. Figure below shows the calendar of 30 days in November. On 3rd November, a woman
who has a 28-days menstrual cycle, starts to menstruate as marked by * on the calendar.

(a) Describe what happens to the uterine lining between

(i) 3rd November and 7th November [1]
_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(ii) 8th November and 16th November. [1]

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) Explain why the change takes place in the uterine lining between 8th November and 16th
November as mentioned in (a) (ii). [1]

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) If fertilisation does not occur during this menstrual cycle, on which date would she
expect to start menstruating again? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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3. John and Alice were married last month. As they are not ready for a child, they want to
seek an effective birth control method for 3 years. They are considering the following
methods:
• rhythm method
• intra-uterine device
• contraceptive pills
• tubal ligation

Some information about John and Alice are provided:

• John is running his own business.
• Alice is a manager of a big company.
• Both of them are extremely busy with their work. Both of them tend to be absent
minded.
• She is always under a lot of stress.

(a) Based on the information given above, which birth control method among the four
methods would you recommend to them? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________

(b) Explain why you recommend the method mentioned in (a). [1]

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(c) Explain why the other methods were not recommended. [2]

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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