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Summary (-) Probabilities LS & GS

The document outlines fundamental concepts of probability, including random experiments, sample spaces, events, and their classifications such as certain and impossible events. It discusses conditional probability, independent and dependent events, and introduces tree diagrams for visualizing probabilities. Additionally, it provides formulas for calculating probabilities based on selected elements and emphasizes the importance of the total probability rule.

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47 views2 pages

Summary (-) Probabilities LS & GS

The document outlines fundamental concepts of probability, including random experiments, sample spaces, events, and their classifications such as certain and impossible events. It discusses conditional probability, independent and dependent events, and introduces tree diagrams for visualizing probabilities. Additionally, it provides formulas for calculating probabilities based on selected elements and emphasizes the importance of the total probability rule.

Uploaded by

nourhanshaaban422
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summary: Probabilities

- Random experiment: It is an operation of elements from elements randomly.


- Sample space: It is the set of all possible outcomes, and denoted by Ω.
- Event: It is a part of the sample space Ω. It is usually described by a sentence.
- Certain event: It is always occurring.
- Impossible event: It is never happens.
- The event ‹‹ and ›› is .
- The event « or » is .
- The complementary event of A is .
- ̅ ; ̅ ; .

( )
- The probability of is: ( ) ( )
.
- If one element is selected, then to calculate P(A) we use a fraction.
- If two or more elements are selected, then to calculate P(A) we use a formula ( ; or ).

( ) ( )
- ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) .
( ) ( )
- For any event of Ω, we have: ( ) .

- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
- If and are two incompatible events, then , therefore ( ) ( ) ( ).

- ( ) ( ).
- ( ) ( ).
- Note that: ; .
- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).

1
Conditional probability:
Consider two events and of a sample space Ω.
( ) is called the conditional probability of the event knowing that the event has occurred.
( )
( ) can be calculated using the formula: ( ) .
( )

Remarks:
- ( ) ( ) but ( ) ( ).
- ( ) ( ) but ( ) ( ).

Independent events – Dependent events:


Two events and of a sample space Ω are said to be independent if the incidence of one of them
does not affect the probability of the other, that is: ( ) ( ). In this case:
( ) ( ) ( ).

Two events and of a sample space Ω are said to be dependent if the incidence of one of them
affects the probability of the other, that is: ( ) ( ). In this case:
( ) ( ) ( ) or ( ) ( ) ( ).

Tree diagram:
The tree-diagram is a tree where the corresponding probabilities are placed on each branch as indicated below:

Rules
- Each knot corresponds to a state of the experience.
- The sum of the probabilities of the branches coming from the same knot is 1.

Total probability:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).

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