Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________

THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE  Types and Classes

 Industrial Production by Fermentation
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY  Properties and Uses
CLASS: SSS 2
REFERENCE MATERIALS
SCHEME OF WORK  New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary
Schools by O. Y. Ababio
WEEK TOPIC  New System Chemistry for Senior Secondary
1. Water Schools by T. Y. Toon et al
 Sources, Types, Uses and Structure of  S.S.C.E Past Questions and Answers on
Water. Chemistry
 Laboratory Preparation of Water.  U.T.M.E Past Questions and Answers on
 Test for Water Chemistry
 Causes/ Removal of Hardness of Water.
 Purification of Water for Municipal
Supply. WEEK ONE
2. Solubility and Solutions TOPIC: WATER
 Definition of Terms. CONTENT
 Calculations based on Solubility.  Sources, Types, Uses and Structure of Water.
 Solubility Curves.  Laboratory Preparation of Water.
 Uses of Solubility.  Test for Water
3. Mass/Volume Relationship  Causes/ Removal of Hardness of Water.
 Mole and Molar Quantities  Purification of Water for Municipal Supply.
 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative
Molecular Mass. WATER
 Calculations involving Mass and Water is regarded as the universal solvent. It is a good
Volume. solvent for many substances.
4. Acid/ Base Reactions
 Preparation of Standard Solutions. SOURCES OF WATER
 Indicators The following are the sources of water:
 Calculations based on Acid-Base 1. Natural water:Rainwater, Well water, Spring
Titration. water and Sea water
5. Hydrocarbons 2. Treated water: Distilled water, Pipe – borne
 Unique Nature of Carbon. water and chlorinated water.
 Characteristics Features of Organic
Compounds TYPES OF WATER
 Classification of Hydrocarbons. Water is of two types namely: soft water and hard
 Definition of Terms used in Organic water. Soft water forms lather with soap easily while
Chemistry hard water does not form lather readily with soap since
6. Saturated Hydrocarbon (Alkanes) it contains some dissolved salt in it.
 Nomenclature
 Preparation, Properties and Uses STRUCTURE OF WATER
7. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon (Alkenes) In a molecule of water, H2O, the central atom is
 Nomenclature Oxygen. Oxygen has the following electronic
 Preparation, Properties and Uses configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p4.
8. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon (Alkynes)
 Nomenclature The valence shell of oxygen has two lone pairs of
 Preparation, Properties and Uses electrons (2s22p2) and two unpaired electrons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (2py12pz1). Each unpaired electron forms a covalent
 Benzene Structure bond with an electron from a hydrogen atom. The
 Preparation, Properties and Uses water molecule has two lone pairs and two bond pairs
9. Alkanols

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
of electrons in the valence shell of its central atom, EVALUATION
thereby satisfying the octet rule for stability. 1. Describe the structure of water.
2. How will you identify a give solution to be
Ideally, the four electron pairs should be directed water?
towards corners of a tetrahedron. However, when lone
pairs of electrons is located near another lone pair, the HARDNESS OF WATER
repulsion between them is so great that they squeeze Hard water is the water that does not form lather
the other two bond pairs of electrons closer together. readily with soap.
As a result, the bond angle in water is compressed to Water acquired hardness when insoluble salts of
approximately 105o, such that the structure of the water CaSO4, MgSO4 and Ca(HCO3)2 dissolves in it from the
molecule is V-shaped or angular shape. soil which it flows through.
O
TYPES OF HARDNESS OF WATER
1. Temporary hard water
2. Permanent hard water

H H TEMPORARY HARDNESS: This is caused by the

presences of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the form of hydrogen
LABORATORY PREPARATION OF WATER trioxocarbonate IV i.e. Ca(HCO3)2
To prepare water in laboratory, dry hydrogen gas is
ignited in air. It burns with a faint blue flame to give REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS
steam, which will condense on contact with any cold 1. Physical method: By boiling
surface to form water. Ca(HCO3)2(aq)heat CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) +
CO2(g)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER 2. Chemical method: By using of slaked lime
1. Water boils at 100oC and freezes at 0oC (calcium hydroxide solution)
2. It has a maximum density of 1gcm-3 at 4oC Ca(HCO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
3. It is neutral to litmus. 2CaCO3(s)+ 2H2O(l)

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES EFFECTS OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS: It

1. Water reacts with electropositive metals to form causes
alkali and liberate hydrogen gas. E.g 1. Furring of kettles and boilers.
Na(s) + H2O(aq) NaOH(aq) + 2. Stalagmite and stalactites in caves.
H2(g)
Mg & Zn react with steam PERMANENT HARDNESS
Cu, Au, Ag, Hg do not react with water to form Permanent hardness in water is caused by the presence
alkaline solution of Calcium and Magnesium ions in the form of soluble
2. Non-metal like chlorine reacts with water to tetraoxosulphate (VI) and chlorides (i.e. CaSO 4,
form acid solution. MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2)
H20(aq) + Cl2(g) HCl(aq) + Removal of permanent hardness: By chemical
HOCl(aq) method only
1. Addition of washing soda
TEST FOR WATER Na2CO3(aq) + CaSO4(aq) CaCO3(s)
When few drops of water are added to + Na2SO4(aq)
1. White anhydrous copper (II) tetraoxosulphate 2. Addition of caustic soda
(VI), it turns blue. 2NaOH(aq) + CaSO4(aq) Ca(OH)2(s)
2. Blue cobalt (II) chloride, it turns pink. + Na2SO4(aq)
NOTE: These two tests are not specific for water. 3. Ion exchange resin
They only indicate the presence of water. Any aqueous CaSO4(aq) + Sodium zeolite Calcium
solution or substance containing water will give a zeolite + NaSO4(aq)
positive test for water. (insolu
ADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
1. It has better taste than soft water. New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School
2. Calcium salts in it helps to build strong teeth and by O.Y.Ababio (6th edition) pages 296-302
bones.
3. It provides CaCO3, that crab and snail use to WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
build their shells. SECTION A:Write the correct option ONLY
4. It does not dissolvelead, hence it can be supplied 1. Treated town water undergoes the following
in lead pipes. steps except A. co-agulationB. precipitation C.
sedimentation D. chlorination
DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER 2. Water is temporarily hard because it contains A.
1. It causes furring of kettles and boilers. CaSO4B. MgSO4C. chlorine D.Ca(HCO3)2
2. It wastes soap. 3. Temporary hardness of water is removed by the
3. It cannot be used in dying and tanning. use of one of the following A. boiling B. use of
use of Ca(OH)2C. use of Na2CO3D. use of alum
EVALUATION 4. A substance that turns white anhydrous CuSO 4
1. Mention TWO compounds that can cause blue is A. water B.liquid ammonia C.
permanent hardness of water. hydrochloric acid D. molten sulphur
2. Write two equations to show the removal of 5. Distilled water is different from deionized water
permanent hardness of water. because A. distilled water is a product of
condensed steam while deionized water is
TREATMENT OF WATER FOR MUNICIPAL filtered laboratory water B. distilled water is
SUPPLY always pure and sold in packs while deionized is
The following are the processes of treating river water not packaged for consumption C. distilled water
for town supply is condensed steam but deionized water is
1. Coagulation:Chemicals like potash alum, produced using ion-exchange resins which
KAl(SO4)2, or sodium aluminate III, NaAlO2 is absorbs undesired ions. D. distilled water is man-
added to water in a large settling tank. made while deionized water is both natural and
2. Sedimentation: The coagulated solid particles or artificial
flocs are allowed to settle in the settling tank to
form sediments at the bottom of the tank. SECTION B
3. Filtration: The water above the sediment still 1. State the steps involved in the treatment of river
contains some suspended particles. The water is water for town supply.
passed through a filter bed to remove the 2. Write two equations to show the removal of
remaining fine dirt particles. permanent hardness of water.
4. Chlorination (Disinfection): Chemicals like
chlorine is then added to the water to kill germs.
Iodine and fluorine are also added as food WEEK TWO
supplements to prevent goiter and tooth decay TOPIC: SOLUBILITY AND SOLUTIONS
respectively. The treated water is then stored in CONTENT
a reservoir and distributed to the town.  Definition of Terms.
 Calculations based on Solubility.
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION  Solubility Curves.
1. Mention two compounds that causes permanent  Uses of Solubility.
hardness in water
2. State two ways of removing permanent hardness SOLUTIONS
in water A solution is a uniform or homogenous mixture of two
3. List two advantages of hard water or more substances.
4. State Faraday’s second law of electrolysis Solution = Solvent + Solute
5. Using electron dot-cross representation, show the A solute is a dissolved substance which may be a solid,
formation of carbon (IV) oxide and name the liquid or gas.
type of bond formed A solvent is a substance (usually liquid) which
READING ASSIGNMENT dissolves a solute.

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Solubility in mol/dm3 can also be expressed as = mass
1. Aqueous Solution: This is formed when a solute x 1000
is dissolved in water. Molar
2. Chemical Solution: This is the apparent solution mass volume
of a solute in a solvent accompanied by a Solubility in g/dm3 = mass x 1000
chemical change. For example, magnesium volume 1
appears to dissolve in dilute hydrochloric acid, Solubility of a solid solute in a solvent increases with
what actually happens is that the magnesium rise in temperature while solubility of gases decreases
attacks the acid to form magnesium chloride, with rise in temperature.
which dissolves in water present.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
TRUE SOLUTION AND COLLOIDAL 1. Saturated Solution: A saturated solution at a
SOLUTION particular temperature is one which contains as
A true solution is formed when solute particles much solute as it can dissolves at that
dissolve such that they are able to get in between the temperature in the presence of undissolved solute
solvent particles. Example of true solution is aqueous particles.
solution of sodium chloride and copper (II) 2. Unsaturated solution: This is a solution which
tetraoxosulphate (VI). contains less of the solute than it can dissolve at
A False or Colloidal solution is one in which the a particular temperature.
individual particles are larger than the particles of a 3. Super saturated solution: This is a solution which
true solution, but not large enough to be seen by the contains more of the solute than it can dissolve at
naked eye. Examples of colloids are starch and a particular temperature.
albumen.
EVALUATION
TYPES OF COLLOIDS 1. Define Solubility
1. Sols and Gels: These are colloids where solid 2. Differentiate between Saturated solution and
particles are dispersed in liquid medium. Unsaturated solution
Example: starch, glue, jelly, etc
2. Aerosols: In aerosols, liquid particles are DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY
dispersed in a gas. Fog, smoke, spray of Solute: KCl, Solvent: water
insecticide is examples of aerosol. Method
3. Emulsion: For emulsions, a liquid is dispersedin 1. A saturated solution of KCl is prepared by
another liquid. Examples of emulsions are milk, dissolving excess of the solid in water in a
hair cream; cleaning action of detergents is due beaker
to their ability to form emulsion. 2. Allow the solution in the beaker to settle down
to obtain a clear saturated solution
EVALUATION 3. Decant a portion of clear solution into another
1. Define the term ‘Solution’. beaker and measures its temperature
2. State THREE differences between True solution 4. Transfer the solution into a weighed
and False solution. evaporation dish and record the mass of the
solution
SOLUBILITY 5. Evaporate the solution to a complete dryness in
The solubility of a solute (substance) in a solvent at a a water bath
particular temperature is the maximum amount of 6. Allow the resulting solid to cool and reweigh
3
solute in moles or grams that will dissolve in 1 dm of the basin with content
the solvent at that temperature. 7. Obtain mass of the dissolved salt and calculate
the mass of the salt that would dissolve in 1dm 3
The concentration in moldm-3 of a saturated solution is of water at that temperature.
termed the solubility of the substance i.e. Solubility
(moldm3) = Concentration in gdm3 CALCULATION
Molar mass Mass of basin = xg
Mass of basin + solution = yg

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
Mass of basin + salt = zg = 176moles Pb(NO3) per
Mass of solution = (y-x)g dm3 H2O
Mass of salt = (z-x)g
Mass of water used = (y-z)g 2. 1.0dm3 of an aqueous solution at 90oC contains
:. (y – z)g H2O dissolves (z – x)g salt 404g of KNO3 and 245g of KClO3.
:. 100g H2O dissolves (z – x)/(y – z) x 100g salt a. Determine which of the two salts will
[Density of water = 1gcm3] separate out when the solution is cooled to
:. No of moles of salt = 100(z – x) 60oC
(y-z) x M.M b. mass of salt that will separate out at 60oC
(Solubility of KNO3 in H2O at 60oC =
3
:. Moles of salt dissolves in 1 dm water = 100(z-x) 5.14moldm-3, solubility of KClO3 in H2O at
(y-z) x 60oC = 1.61moldm-3)
M.M
Solution:
FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOLUBILITY No of moles of KNO3 = 404/101 = 4.0moles
1. Nature of solvent and solute dm-3
2. Temperature No of moles of KClO3 = 245/122.5 = 2.0
3. Pressure (often neglected) moldm-3
The solubility of KClO3 at 60oC (5.14 moldm-3)
SOLUBILITY CURVES is higher than the amount in solution (4.0
These are the graphs of solubility against temperature. moldm-3), then KNO3 will remain in solution
The graph provides useful source of information. while KClO3 will crystallize out at 60oC since
the solubility at 60oC is lower than the amount
USES OF SOLUBILITY CURVES in solution.
1. It provides useful information about suitable
solvent and temperature for solvent extraction b. Mass of salt that will separate out at 60oC =
from natural sources 2.0 – 1.61 = 0.39mole
2. It provides useful information about temperature Mass of salt = Number of moles x Molar
for fractional crystallization of a mixture of mass
soluble salts. = 0.39 x 122.5 = 47.78g
3. The curves enable pharmacists to determine the
amount of solid drugs that must be dissolved in a 3. The solubility of KNO3 is exactly 1800g per
given quantity of solvent to give a prescribed 1000g water at 83oC and 700g per 1000g water at
drug mixture. 40oC. Calculate the mass of KNO3 that will
crystallize out of solution if 155g of the saturated
EVALUATION solution at 83oC is cooled to 40oC.
1. Define super-saturated solution
2. State two applications of solubility curves Solution:
Saturated solution of KNO3 at 83oC = 1000 +
CALCULATION ON SOLUBILITY 1800 = 2800g
3
1. If 12.2g of Pb(NO3)2 were dissolved in 21cm of Saturated solution of KNO3 at 40oC = 1000 + 700
o
distilled water at 20 C. Calculate the solubility = 1700g
of the solute in moldm-3 Mass of solute deposited = 2800 – 1700 = 1100g
From 83oC to 40oC, 2800 of saturated solution
Solution: deposited 1100g of solute
Molar mass of Pb(NO3)2 = 331g 155g of saturated solution will deposit 1100 x
No of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 12.2/331 = 155/2800 = 60.80g of salt.
0.037moles
If 21cm3 of water at 200C dissolved 0.037mole EVALUATION
salt 1. Define the following terms: Solubility, Saturated
:. 1000cm3 of water at 200C dissolves 0.037 x solution, Unsaturated solution.
1000/21

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
3 o
2. 1.33 dm of water at 70 C are saturated by 2.25
moles of lead (II) trioxonitrate (V) and 1.33 dm 3 SECTION B
of water at 18oc are saturated by 0.53 mole of 1. Define the following:
the same salt. If 4.50dm3 of the saturated solution (a) Solubility (b) Saturated solution (c)
o o
are cooled from 70 C to 18 C, calculate the Unsaturated solution
mount of solute that will be deposited in (a) 2. If the solubility of KNO3 at 0oC is 1.33mol/dm3,
moles (b) grams. determine whether a solution containing
30.3g/dm3 at 0oC is saturated or unsaturated.
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION
1. Calculate the solubility of KCl in g/dm3 if 5g of
the salt was dissolved in 50cm3 of water at 40oC WEEK THREE
3
2. If 50cm of a saturated solution of potassium TOPIC: MASS/VOLUME RELATIONSHIP
chloride at 30oC yielded 18.62g of dry salt, CONTENT
calculate the solubility of the salt in mol/dm 3 at  Mole and Molar Quantities
30oC  Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular
3. Define solubility Mass.
4. A certain mass of a gas occupies 300cm3 at 35oC.  Calculations involving Mass and Volume.
At what temperature will it have its volume
reduced by half, assuming its pressure remains MOLE AND MOLAR QUANTITIES
constant? THE MOLE
5. A certain mass of hydrogen gas collected over A mole is a number of particles of a substance which
water at 10oc and 760mm Hg pressure has a may be atoms, ions, molecules or electrons. This
volume of 37cm3. Calculate the volume when it number of particles is approximately 6.02 x 1023 in
is dry at s.t.p. (Saturated vapour pressure of magnitude and is known as Avogadro’s number of
water at 10oC = 9.2mmHg) particles.

The mole is defined as the amount of a substance

READING ASSIGNMENT which contains as many elementary units as there are
New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School atoms in 12g of Carbon-12.
by O.Y.Ababio (6thedition) pages 303-310
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT The relative atomic mass of an element is the number
SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY of time the average mass of one atom of that element is
1. A saturated solution is a solution a. in which the heavier than one twelfth the mass of one atom of
solute is in equilibrium with the solvent b. in Carbon-12. It indicates the mass of an atom of an
which the solute saturates the solution c. the element. For e.g, the relative atomic mass of hydrogen,
solvent can still accept more solute except when oxygen, carbon, sodium and calcium are 1, 16, 12, 23,
the temperature is lowered d. whose solvent has and 40 respectively.
low solubility at a given temperature
2. A graph of solubility against temperature is The atomic mass of an element contains the same
called a. sigmoid curve number of atoms which is 6.02 x 1023atoms; 1 mole of
b. supernant curve c. solubility curve d. hydrogen having atomic mass of 2.0g contains 6.02 x
dispersion curve 1023 atoms.
3. On heating 25g of a saturated solution to dryness
at 60oC, 4g of anhydrous salt was recovered.
Calculate its solubility in g/dm3. a. 160 b. 180 c. RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS
200 d. 220 The relative molecular mass of an element or
4. The solubility of alcohols in water is due to a. compound is the number of times the average mass of
their covalent nature b. hydrogen bonding c. their one molecule of it is heavier than one-twelfth the mass
low boiling point d. their ionic character of one atom of Carbon-12
5. A common solvent of sulphur is a. water b. It is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms
carbon(IV)sulphide c. alcohol d. ethanoic acid in one molecule of that substance. It is also called the

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
formula mass. The formula mass refers not only to the Molar mass 6.02 x 1023
relative mass of a molecule but also that of an ion or
radical. CALCULATIONS
1. What is the mass of 2.7 mole of aluminium
CALCULATION (Al=27)?
Calculate the relative molecular mass of: Solution:
1. Magnesium chloride Amount = Reacting mass
2. Sodium hydroxide Molar mass
3. Calcium trioxocarbonate Reacting mass = Amount x Molar mass
[Mg=24, Cl=35.5, Na=23, O=16, H=1, = 2.7mole x 27 gmol-1 = 72.9g.
Ca=40,C=12]
2. What is the number of oxygen atoms in 32g of the
Solution: gas? (O=16, NA = 6.02 x 1023)
-1
1. MgCl 2 = 24 + 35.5x2 = 24 + 71 = 95gmol Solution:
2. NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40gmol-1 Reacting mass = Number of atoms
-1
3. CaCO3 = 40 + 12 +16x3 = 100gmol Molar mass 6.02 x 1023
Number of atoms = Reacting mass x 6.02 x
EVALUATION 1023
1. What is relative molecular mass of a compound? Molar mass
2. Calculate the relative molecular mass of (a) Molar mass of O2 = 16x2 =32gmol-1
NaNO3 (b) CuSO4.5H2O Number of atoms = 32g x 6.02 x 1023
32gmol-1
MOLAR VOLUME OF GASES = 6.02 x 1023
The volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at standard The number of oxygen atoms is 6.02 x 1023
conditions of temperature and pressure (s.t.p) is 22.4
dm3. Thus 1 mole of oxygen gas of molar mass EVALUATION
32.0gmol-1 occupies a volume of 22.4dm3 at s.t.p and 1 1. Define the molar volume of a gas
mole of helium gas of molar mass 4.0gmol-1 occupies a 2. How many molecules are contained in 1.12dm3 of
volume of 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p. hydrogen gas at s.t.p?
Note: When the conditions of temperature and pressure
are altered, the molar volume will also change. Also, STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTION
standard temperature = 273K and standard pressure = The calculation of the amounts (generally measured in
760mmHg. moles or grams) of reactants and products involved in
a chemical reaction is known as stoichiometry of
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QUANTITIES reaction. In other words, the mole ratio in which
Molar mass = mass (g) reactants combine and products are formed gives the
i.e. M = m gmol-1 stoichiometry of the reactions.
Amount (moles)
n From the stoichiometry of a given balanced chemical
Note: Amount = Number of moles equation, the mass or volume of the reactant needed
for the reaction or products formed can be calculated.
Molar volume of gas = volume ( cm3 or dm3)
i.e. Vm = v dm3mol-1 CALCULATION OF MASSES OF REACTANTS
Amount (mole) n AND PRODUCTS
Amount = Reacting mass (g) 1. Calculate the mass of solid product obtained
Molar mass (gmol-1) when 16.8g of NaHCO3was heated strongly until
Also, Amount of substance = Number of there was no further change.
particles
Avogadro’s constant Solution:
23
But, Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 x 10 The equation for the reaction is:
Combining the two expressions: 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) CO2(g)
Reacting mass = Number of particles

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
Molar mass of NaHCO3 = 23 + 12 + 16x3 = C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
84gmol-1 a. From the equation,
Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 23x2 +12+16x3 = 1 mole of ethene reacts with 3mole of oxygen
106gmol-1 1 volume of ethene reacts with 3 volumes of
oxygen
From the equation: 10cm3 of ethene will react with 30cm3 of
2 moles NaHCO3 produces 1 mole Na2CO3 oxygen
2x84g NaHCO3 produces 106g Na2CO3 Since 50cm3 of oxygen was supplied, oxygen
16.8g NaHCO3 will produce Xg Na2CO3 was in excess
Xg Na2CO3 = 106g x 16.8g =10.6g Hence volume of the excess gas = initial
2x84g volume – volume used up = 50-30 =
Mass of solid product obtained = 10.6g 20cm3
2. Calculate the number of moles of CaCl2 that b. 1 volume of ethene produces 2 volumes
can be obtained from 25g of limestone [CaCO3] of CO2
in the presence of excess acid. 10 cm3 of ethene will produce 20cm3 of CO2
Therefore, 20cm3 of CO2 was produced
Solution:
The equation for the reaction is: 2. 20cm3 of CO was mixed and sparked with
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl → CaCl2(s) + H20(l) + CO2(g) 200cm3 of air containing 21% of O2. If all the
volumes are measured at s.t.p, calculate the
Number of moles = Reacting mass total volume of the resulting gases.
Molar mass
Molar mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 16x3 = Solution:
100gmol-1 In 200cm3 of air,
Number of moles of CaCO3 = 25g = 0.25 Volume of O2 = 21 x 200cm3 = 42cm3
mole 100
100gmol-1 Volume of N2 and rare gases = 200-42 =
From the equation of reaction, 158cm3
1 mole CaCO3 yields 1 mole CaCl2 The equation for the reaction is:
Therefore, 0.25 mole CaCO3 yielded 0.25 mole 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
CaCl2. Volume ratio 2 : 1 : 2
Before sparking 20cm 42cm3
3

EVALUATION Reacting volume 20cm3 10cm3

1. What does the term ‘Stoichiometry of reaction’ After sparking 32cm3 20cm3
mean? Volume of resulting gases = 32 + 20 + 158 =
Ethane [C2H6] burns completely in oxygen. 210cm3
What amount in moles of CO2will be produced
when 6.0g of ethane are completely burnt in GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION
oxygen? 1. Find the volume of oxygen produced by 1 mole
of KClO3 at s.t.p in the following reaction:
CALCULATION OF VOLUME OF REACTING 2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 302(g)
GASES 2. Define the term ‘Relative atomic mass’
3
1. In an experiment, 10cm of ethene [C2H4] was 3. Balance the following redox equations I- +
3
burnt in 50cm of oxygen. MnO4- IO3- + MnO2 in basic
a. Which gas was supplied in excess? medium
Calculate the volume of the excess gas 4. Write the symbols of the following elements:
remaining at the end of the reaction. mercury, silver, gold, lead, tin, antimony.
b. Calculate the volume of CO2 gas 5. Define valency.
produced
READING ASSIGNMENT
Solution: New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School
The equation for the reaction is: byO. Y. Ababio, Pg 156-164

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
making up the solution to a definite volume in a
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT volumetric flask.
SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY
1. Amount of a substance is expressed in a. mole For instance, a solution known to contain exactly 10.6g
b. grams c. kilograms d. mass of anhydrous sodium trioxocarbonate (IV), Na2CO3, in
2. Determine the mass of CO2 produced by 1 dm3 of solution is a standard solution.
burning 104g of ethyne [C2H2]a. 256g b.352g c. Preparation of 0.1mol/dm3NaOH
416g d. 512g 40g NaOH dissolved in 1 dm3 of the water gives
3. The mole ratio in which reactants combine and 1.0mol/dm3 solution
products are formed is known as a. rate of XgNaOH will be dissolved in 1 dm3 of water
reaction b. stoichiometry of reaction C. to give 0.1mol/dm3
equation of reaction d. chemical reaction Xg = 40g x 0.1mol/dm3
4. The unit for relative molecular mass is a. mole b. 1.0mol/dm3
-1
gmol c. grams d. mass = 4g
5. What mass of Pb(NO3)2 would be required to
9g of PbCl2 on the addition of excess NaCl Therefore, 4g of sodium hydroxide pellet is measured,
solution? [Pb=207, Na=23, O=16, N=14] a. dissolved in water and made up to 1dm3 mark to obtain
10.7g b. 1.2g c. 6.4g d. 5.2g 0.1mol/dm3NaOH

SECTION B Preparation of 0.1mol/dm3HCl

1. Calculate the number of molecules of CO2 To prepare 0.1mol/dm3HCl, the dilution formula is
produced when 10g of CaCO3 is treated with used to determine the volume of the stock acid that
100cm3 of 0.20moldm-3HCl will be measured and dissolved in water to obtain the
2. Calculate the volume of nitrogen that will be desired concentration.
produced at s.t.p from the decomposition of The dilution formula is C1V1 = C2V2
9.60g ammonium dioxonitrate (III), NH4NO2. Where C1 = concentration of stock acid = 11.6mol/dm3
(for HCl)
V1 = volume of stock acid
WEEK FOUR C2 = desired concentration of acid =
TOPIC: ACID/BASE REACTIONS 0.1mol/dm3
CONTENT V2 = volume of water = 1000cm3 (1dm3)
 Preparation of Standard Solutions. V1 = C2V2 = 0.1 x 1000 = 8.6cm3
 Indicators C1 11.6
 Calculations based on Acid-Base Titration. 3
Thus, 8.6cm of the stock acid is measured using a
measuring cylinder and added to water, then made up
TITRATION to 1dm3 to obtained 0.1 mol/dm3HCl.
There are two types of quantitative analysis namely:
volumetric and gravimetric analysis. Volumetric EVALUATION
analysis is based on volume measurement while 1. Describe how to prepare 0.05mol/dm3 H2SO4
gravimetric analysis involves direct mass 2. List the apparatuses used during volumetric
measurement. analysis(titration)

Volumetric analysis is carried art using Titration. In INDICATORS FOR ACID/BASE TITRATION
titration, a standard solution (one of known Acid-base indicators are dyes that change colour when
concentration must be using be used to react with a according to the pH of the medium. The table below
solution of unknown of concentration) shows some titration and their suitable indicator:

PREPARATION OF A STANDARD SOLUTION Acid / base Indicator

A standard solution is a solution of which the Strong acid and strong base methyl orange or
concentration is known .A standard solution is phenolphthalein
prepared by weighing a pure solute, for instance, and Strong acid and weak base methyl orange
dissolving it in a suitable solvent, usually water, and Weak acid and strong base phenolphthalein

GSS/3RD TERM/CHEMISTRY/SS 2 Page 9

Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
Weak acid and weak base No suitable indicator GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION
1. Which substance is added to the base during
CONCENTRATION titration experiment?
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute 2. What is the colour of methyl orange in a base?
in a given volume of the solution. It can be expressed 3. What is the point at which the titration
as mol/dm3 or g/dm3. experiment appears to complete called?
4. State three differences between electrolytic cell
Molar concentration and electrochemical cell
The molar concentration of a compound is one which 5. Calculate the standard e.m.f of a cell given that
contains one mole or the molar mass of the compound the e.m.f of Zn2+/Zn and Cu2+/Cu are -0.76V
3
in 1dm of the solution. Unit of molar concentration is and +0.34V respectively
3
mol/dm
READING ASSIGNMENT: New School Chemistry
Mass concentration SSS by O. Y. Ababio (6th edition) pages 165-168
The mass concentration of a compound is the mass of
the compound contained in 1 dm3 of solution. The unit WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
is g/dm3 SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY
1. The indicator used when titrating a weak acid
Relationship between Molar concentration and against a strong base isA. methyl orange B.
Mass concentration phenolphthalein C. methyl redD. any indicator
Concentration = number of moles = 2. The colour of phenolphthalein in acids is A.
n/V………………(i) blue B. red C.colourlessD. yellow
volume 3. Which of the following formulae is direct for
Number of moles, n = C x V ……………………..(ii) amount n? A. n=C/p B. n=M/m C. n=C x V D.
But, number of moles, n= m/M n=C x m
Where M = molar mass and m = mass 4. The mass concentration of a substance can be
Substituting n=m/M into …….(ii) expressed as A. mass/densityB. molar
We have m/M = C x V concentration/molar mass C. mass/volume
That is, m/V = C x M D. number of moles x volume
But m/V = mass concentration 5. At the end point there is A. a colour change
Therefore, mass concentration = molar concentration x B. no change of colourC. decrease in mass
molar mass = C x M D. an increase in mass

TITRATION REPORT SECTION B

Burette Rough 1st 2nd 3rd 1. Define the following terms (a) molar
reading titration titration titration concentration (b) Equivalent point
in (cm3) 2. 160cm3 of distilled water is added to 40cm 3 of
Final 23.40 23.20 28.20 34.10 0.500mol/dm3 H2SO4 solution. Determine the
burette concentration of the diluted solution.
reading
Initial 0.00 10.00 05.00 11.00
burette
reading
Volume 23.40 23.20 23.20 23.10
of acid
used
(titre)

Average volume of acid used = 23.20 + 23.20 + 23.10

3
3
= 23.17cm

GSS/3RD TERM/CHEMISTRY/SS 2 Page 10

Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
WEEK FIVE Organic compounds are classified into Aliphatic and
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC Aromatic compounds.
CHEMISTRY
CONTENT Aliphatic Compounds: These are compounds whose
 Unique Nature of Carbon. molecules are composed of chains of carbon atoms.
 Characteristics Features of Organic Compounds They can be
 Classification of Hydrocarbons. 1. Straight chain compounds e.g pentane
 Definition of Terms used in Organic Chemistry 2. Branched chain compounds e.g 2-methylbutane

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon Straight and branched chain aliphatic compounds exist
compounds with the exception of compounds such as as open chain and are called ACYCLIC compounds.
carbon (II) oxide, carbon (IV) oxide the Aliphatic compounds which exist as closed chain are
trioxocarbonate (IV).Carbon has unique ability to form called the CYCLIC compounds e.gcyclo propane.
numerous organic compounds because it has ability to
catenate. Catenation is the ability of atoms of an Aromatic Compounds: Benzene, C6H6, is a typical
element to form bonds between its own atoms and aromatic compound. Other aromatics compounds are
produce long chain structure. derivatives of benzene e.g C6H5OH.

All organic compounds contain carbon as the main

element together with one or more other elements such EVALUATION
as hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, nitrogen and sulphur. 1. List four reasons why carbon forms numerous
organic compounds
UNIQUE NATURE OF CARBON 2. State five characteristic features of organic
1. The valency of carbon: the electronic compounds.
configuration of carbon is as follows:
C = 6: 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN ORGANIC
Carbon form covalent bonds and after bond CHEMISTRY
formation it has neither vacant orbital nor lone HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
pair of electrons. This makes many carbon Homologous series is a family of organic compounds
compounds chemically stable. which follows a regular structural pattern and in which
2. The bond between carbon and hydrogen is non- each successive member differs in its molecular
polar. Thus, hydrogen atoms attached to carbon formula by –CH2- group.
do not weaken carbon-carbon bonds.
3. The types of orbital hybridization available to The simplest series of compounds in organic chemistry
carbon: carbon can form three types of is the Alkane series. The general molecular formula of
hybridizations: SP3, SP2 and SP hybridization. the alkane series is CnH2n+2. It is the parent series from
Hence, it has ability to form single, double or which every other series is obtained. Other
triple covalent bonds between its atoms. homologous series include the Alkenes, Alkynes,
4. Large amount of energy is required to break Alkanols, Alkanoic acids, etc.
carbon single bond.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMOLOGOUS
CHARACTERISTICS FEATURE OF ORGANIC SERIES
COMPOUNDS 1. All members conform to general molecular
1. Organic compounds are covalent in nature. formula , e.g for alkanes, CnH2n+2
2. They are non-polar substances and are 2. Each successive member differs in molecular
insoluble in polar solvents. formula by – CH2- group.
3. They have low melting and boiling points. 3. All members undergo similar chemical
4. They are highly flammable. reactions.
5. Their reactions are relatively slow compared to 4. The physical properties of members change
inorganic chemical reactions. gradually along the series.
5. All members are prepared by the same method.
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

GSS/3RD TERM/CHEMISTRY/SS 2 Page 11

Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
ALKYL AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Alkyl groups: Alkyl groups are all groups derived C C
from the alkanes by the loss of a hydrogen atom. Alkyl
groups have a general formula of CnH2n+1.They are H H
named after the parent alkane by replacing the ending
–ane by –yl. The alkyl group derived from the first two
members of the parent alkane series are: Ethyne: H C C H

Parent alkane Alkyl group FORMULAE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Formula Organic compounds are characterized by the following
Methane, CH4 Methyl formulae
-CH3 1. Empirical formula
Ethane, C2H6 Ethyl 2. Molecular formula
-C2H5 3. Structural formula

Functional groups: The substituent of hydrogen atom -Empirical Formula is the simplest formula which
in the alkane series to form the alkyl group determines indicates the component elements and ratio of
the chemical properties of the compound formed combination of atoms in a compound.
thereafter. This substituent is called FUNCTIONAL - Molecular Formula is a chemical formula of a
GROUP. compound which indicates the actual number of atoms
A functional group is an atom, a radical or a bond of each element in a compound.
common to a homologous series and which determines -Structural Formula is a formula which indicates how
the chemical properties of the series. atoms are arranged within the molecule of a substance.
Structural formula can be
Examples of functional groups include: Hydroxyl 1. Open structural formula
group -OH, amino group NH2, carboxyl group -COO, 2. Condensed structural formula
double and triple bonds. Open structure Condensed
structure
Alkyl group in a compound determines the physical H H
properties of the compound; while functional group
determine the chemical properties of the compound. H C C H CH3CH3

EVALUATION H H
1. Define a homologous series.
2. Define a functional group and give two GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION
examples. 1. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated
compounds.
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED 2. Write the open and condensed structural formula
COMPOUNDS of pentane[C5H12].
Saturated compounds are compounds containing atoms 3. Define the following terms: Homologous series
joined together by single covalent bond. Alkanes are and functional group.
saturated compounds, e.g ethane, C2H6 4. Determine the oxidation number of Cl in each of
the following compounds and give the IUPAC
H H name of the compound (a) NaOCl (b) KClO3
5. Split the following redox equations into
H C C H oxidation and reduction half equation (a) Cu(s) +
2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
H H (b) Cl2(g) + 2I-(aq) → 2Cl- + I2(s)
Unsaturated compounds are compounds containing
atoms joined together by double or triple bonds. READING ASSIGNMENT
Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated compounds, New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School
e.gEthene, C2H4 H H by O .Y. Ababio (6th edition), pages 514-520

GSS/3RD TERM/CHEMISTRY/SS 2 Page 12

Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
n=4 C4H10 Butane
WEEKEND ASIGNMENT n=5 C5H12 Pentane and so on.
SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY. There is no functional group in the alkane series.
1. Exceptional large number of carbon compounds
is essentially due to the ability of THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR
(a). carbon to catenate liberally (b).various ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS
groups to catenate In IUPAC nomenclature, every name of organic
(c). nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and the compound consists of a ROOT, SUFFIX and PREFIX
halogens to catenate with themselves names.
(d). hydrocarbons to dominate other groups.
2. Which of the following is not a characteristics Root name: Name of the parent aliphatic hydrocarbon
feature of organic compounds? of the longest carbon chain in a molecule.
(a). Covalent in nature (b). They dissolve in all
polar solvents (c).Low melting and boiling points Suffix name: Name of the principal functional group
(d).Highly flammable on the longest carbon chain in a molecule.
3. Functional groups in organic compounds
(a).determine the chemical properties of the Prefix name: Name of the other substituents on the
homologous series (b).does not modify the other longest carbon chain which are not functional groups.
when they are more than one in a molecule For example, 1- chloroethane- 1- ol; has 1-chloro as
(c).have a general formula which may include prefix, ethane as root and -1-ol as suffix.
the functional group (d). are responsible for the
physical properties. RULES FOR THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
4. Homologues have the same (a).empirical 1. Select the longest continuous carbon chain as
formula (b).structural formula (c).general parent hydrocarbon.
formula (d). molecular formula 2. Number the longest carbon chain starting from
5. The four main classes of hydrocarbons are the end that gives lowest possible number to the
(a).methane, ethene, ethyne and suffix (functional group).
benzene(b).ethane, ethene, ethyne and toluene 3. Indicate the other substituents by prefixes
(c).cycloalkane, cycloalkene, alkynes and preceded by numbers to show their position on
arenes(d). alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and the carbon chain.
aromatics 4. If the same alkyl or other substituents group
occurs more than once as side chain, show how
SECTION B many are present by using prefix di, tri, tetra etc
1. Define the following terms: a. Functional group and indicate by various numbers the position of
b. Homologous series each group on the longest carbon chain.
2. Write the open chain structure of the following 5. If there are several different alkyl groups
a. CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3 attached to the parent chain, name them in
b. (CH3)2CHCH2CH(CH2Cl)CH3 alphabetical order.
c. CH3C(Br)2CH2CH3
Examples: H HH

WEEK SIX H C1 C2 C3 H
TOPIC: ALKANES
CONTENT H CH3 H 2- methyl propane
 IUPAC Nomenclature
 Preparation, Properties and Uses. H HH CH3 H

The alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Their general H C5C4 C3 C2 C1 H

molecular formula is CnH2n+2. Hence
For n=1 CH4 Methane H HHHH 2- methylpentane
n=2 C2H6 Ethane
n=3 C3H8 Propane H HHH CH3 C2H5 H H

GSS/3RD TERM/CHEMISTRY/SS 2 Page 13

Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
group by another atom or group. Methane reacts
H C8 C7 C6 C5 C4C3C2 C1 H with chlorine in the presence of ultra-violet light
to yield a mixture of products.
H HH C3H7H C2H 5H H CH4(g) + Cl2(g)
3,3- diethyl-4-methyl-5- CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
propyloctane
6. If there are halogens together with alkyl groups Chloromethane
attached to the parent chain, name the halogens USES OF METHANE
first in alphabetical order and the alkyl group as 1. Methane is used as fuel by itself or mixed with
explained earlier. other gases.
Example 2. It is used for making hydrogen gas.
H Cl 3. It is used in making carbon black.
4. Trichloromethane is used in surgical operations
H C C OH as an anaesthetic.

Br CH3 EVALUATION
1- bromo-2- chloropropan-2-ol 1. Describe laboratory preparation of methane.
2. Write two equations to show the chemical
EVALUATION properties of methane.
Name the following compounds
1. H HH 2. CH3CHClCH2OH ISOMERISM
This is the existence of two or more organic
H C CC H compounds with the same molecular formula but
different molecular structures.
H HH TYPES OF ISOMERISM
1. Structural Isomerism
METHANE (CH4) 2. Stereoisomerism.
LABORATORY PREPARATION The structural isomerism occurs in organic compound
Methane is prepared in the laboratory by heating with the same molecular formula but different
ethanoate salt with corresponding alkalis e.g sodium structural arrangement of the carbon atom.
ethanoate and soda-lime. Soda-lime is quick lime TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
slaked with a concentrated solution of sodium 1. Chain isomerism:This is the kind of isomerism
hydroxide. It is used in preference to caustic soda which occurs due the differences in the way by
because it is not deliquescent and does not attack glass which the carbon atoms are arranged in the
so readily. chain.Example
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES H HHH H H H
1. Methane is a colourless and odourless gas.
2. It is slightly soluble in water. H- C - C - C - C-H H-
3. It is less dense than air C - C - C-H
4. It has no action on litmus paper
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES H HHHH H
1. Combustion: Methane burns in air or oxygen to Butane H
produce steam, carbon(IV) oxide and a lot of –C–H
heat
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) 2H2O(l) + H
CO2(g).
The general equation for combustion of alkanes 2- methyl propane
is represented as 2. Functional isomerism: This is the kind of
CxHy(g) + ( x + y/4)O2 y
/ 2H2O(g) + isomerism which is due to the differences in
xCO2(g). functional group.Example
2. Substitution reaction: Substitution reaction H H H H
involves the direct displacement of atom or

GSS/3RD TERM/CHEMISTRY/SS 2 Page 14

Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
H- C - C – OH 3. 1-bromo-2-methyl butane
H- C – O- C- H 4. a. What is meant by the term isomerism?
b. Draw the structure of the two isomers of the
H HHH compound with the molecular formula C2H6O.
Ethanol Give the name of each of the isomers.
Methoxymethane. c. State the major difference between the
3. Positional isomerism: This is the kind of isomers.
isomerism which occurs as a result of the 5. Give the two reasons why soda-lime is used
difference in the way the functional group is instead of caustic soda in the laboratory
positioned. Example: preparation of methane.
H HH H H

H- C =C- C- C- H H–C– C= C– READING ASSIGNMENT

C–H New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School
by O.Y. Ababio(6th edition) Pages 520-525, 530-532
H HHHHHHH
But-1-ene But-2- ene WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY
STEREO ISOMERISM: This arises as a result of 1. The name of C(CH3)4 is a. butane b. 2-methyl
differences in spatial orientation of atoms or groups of propane c. methyl propane d. 2,2-dimethyl
atoms about a carbon-carbon double bond or ring propane 2
structure or a carbon atom surrounded by four different 2. The structure of the organic compound 1,1-
groups. dichloro-2-methyl pentane is
A. H HH CH3ClB. H H CH3 H
TYPES OF STEREO ISOMERISM
1. Geometric isomerism : This is the existence of H C CCCC H H C CCC H
compound with the same
molecular formula but different spatial structural H HHHHHHHH
formula.Example
CH3CH3 CH3 H C. H HHHH D. Cl H HHH

C = C C = C H C CCCC H H C CCCC H

H HH CH3 ClCl H CH3 H Cl CH3H HH

Cis but -2-ene Trans but- 3. The carbon atoms in alkanes are a. not
2-ene hybridized b. sp3 hybridized c. sp2 hybridized d.
sp hybridized
2. Optical isomerism: They have different 4. The general formula for the alkanes is a. RCHO
configuration and they rotate plane polarized b. CnH2n+1 c. CnH2n+2 d. RCOOR
light.Example 5. C4H10 belongs to the same homologous series as
H H a. C4H8 b. C2H2 c. C3H8 d. C5H10

CH3 – C – COOH SECTION B

HOOC – C – CH3 1. a. Define the term isomerism
b. Name the alkanol that is isomeric with
OH OH Methoxy methane (CH3OCH3)
2 a. Name the following compound:(i)
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION CH3(CH2)3CH3 (ii) C2H4Cl2
Give the structure of the following organic b. Write the structure of the following
compounds: compounds
1. 1-chloro-2-methyl pentane (i) 1-methyl cyclopropane (ii) 2-bromo-4-
2. 2,2,4-trimethyl hexane methyl pentane

GSS/3RD TERM/CHEMISTRY/SS 2 Page 15

Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) +
2H2O(l)
WEEK SEVEN 2. Addition reaction: This is a reaction in which
TOPIC: ALKENES two molecules combine to form one molecule.
CONTENT a. Reaction with hydrogen (Hydrogenation):
 Nomenclature H H H H
 Preparation, Properties and Uses.
H-C= C – H + H2 H - C - C–H
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS Ethene
These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join H H Ethan
with each other by multiple bonds. The multiple bonds b. Reaction with halogens (Halogenation):
can be double bonds e.gAlkenes or triple bonds H H HH
e.gAlkynes.
H - C = C- H + Cl2 H-C- C- H
NOMENCLATURE
The process of naming in alkenes is obtained by Ethene ClCl 1,2-
substituting “ane” in alkane with ‘ene’ e.g Ethane dichloroethane
changes to Ethene, propane to propene
c. Reaction with hydrogen
LABORATORY PREPARATION halides(Halohydrogenation):
Ethene is prepared by heating ethanol with excess H H
concentrated tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid at 170o C. The
acid acts as a dehydrating agent by removing water H- C = C – H + HBr H-C
from the ethanol. Thus the process is called C-H
dehydration.
H HH Br
The reaction occurs in two stages Ethene 1-
C2H5OH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) bromoethane.
C2H5HSO4(aq) + H2O(l) d. Reaction with acidified /Alkaline KMnO4
C2H5HSO4(aq) C2H4(g) + H2SO4. (Hydroxylation): It decolourises acidified
The overall reaction is represented by the equation KMnO4, but turns alkaline KMnO4 to green and
ethane -1,2- diol is formed.
C2H5OH(aq)H2SO4C2H4(g) + H2SO4(aq)
-H2O OH OH

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES H–C=C–H + KMnO4

1. Ethene is a colourless gas with faint sweetish H- C - C -H
smell.
2. It is sparingly soluble in water. H H
3. It is slightly less dense than air. H H
4. It has no action on litmus paper. Ethane-1,2-diol (glycol)
e. Reaction with Hydrogen peroxide in the presence
EVALUATION of osmium trioxde to form ethan -1,2- diol.
1. How would you prepare a jar of ethene gas in OH OH
the laboratory?
2. Mention four physical properties of Ethene. H- C = C - H + H2O2 H–C- C -H

CHEMCIAL PROPERTIES H HHH

1. Combustion: Ethene undergoes combustion in air Ethane -1,2- diol.
or in the presence of oxygen and produce carbon (IV)
oxide and steam. f. Reaction with concentrated H2SO4produces a
fuming liquid (ethyl hydrogen sulphate)

GSS/3RD TERM/CHEMISTRY/SS 2 Page 16

Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
C2H4 + H2SO4 C2H5HSO4 4. State THREE factors that determine the
When ethyl hydrogen sulphate is hydrolyzed, spontaneity of a chemical reaction.
tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid and ethanol are 5. 0.92g of ethanol raised the temperature of 100g
produced. of water from 298K to 312.3K when
C2H5SO4 C2H5OH + H2SO4 burned completely. What is the heat of
combustion of ethanol?
g. Ethene gas decolourizes bromine water to produce
bromoethanol. READING ASSIGNMENT
H New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School
H by O.Y. Ababio (6thedition) Pages 532-535

H – C = C – H+HBrO H–C WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

–C - H SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY
1. The name of the organic compound with the
H H( brown) Br OH structure below is
Bromoethanol CH3
h. Polymerization of ethane to produce polythene. H
H HHHH H
C = C

C = C- C - C - C - C- H
CH3
n H HHHHH n A. Cis- but-2-eneB.Trans –cis-but-2-eneC.Trans-
Polyethene 1-2- but-2-eneD.1,2- dimethyl ethane.
i. Ethene can also undergo addition reaction with 2. In the reaction given below:
oxygen in the presence of silver catalyst at C2H5OH Conc H2SO4 C2 H4Conc H2SO4is
about250oC to form epoxy ethane. acting as
H H HH -H2O
A. oxidizing agent B. reducing agent C.
H – C = C - H + ½ O2 H–C - C - dehydrating agent D. drying agent.
H 3. One of the following is not a chemical property of
ethene.
O A. Polymerization B. Substitution reaction C.
USES OF ETHENE: Ethene is used Hydration D. Addition reaction
1. In the manufacture of plastics. 4. Function of the empty bottle during the
2. In making synthetic rubber. preparation of ethane gas is
3. To hasten the ripening of fruits. A. to remove oxygen B. to remove CO2C. to prevent
4. In the production of other organic compounds sucking back of the gas D. None of the above
e.g halo-alkane, ethane and ethanol. 5. Addition reaction of hydrogen and ethene is
known as
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION A. polymerization B. halogenation C. combustion D.
1. Write balanced equations to show the reaction of hydrogenation
ethene with the following:
a. Bromine water SECTION B
b. Chlorine water 1. Write and name the geometric isomers of
c. Acidified KMnO4 compound with the molecular formula C5H10
2. State four uses of ethene. 2. Write balanced chemical equation to show how
3. Why is an empty flask inserted between the flat ethene reacts with the following:
bottom flask and the conical flask holding the a. concentrated H2SO4b. bromine water c. acidified
drying agent in the laboratory preparation of KMnO4
ethene?

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC:ALKYNES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
CONTENT 1. Combustion: It undergoes combustion reaction
 Nomenclature in air to form water and carbon(IV) oxide
 Preparation, Properties and Uses 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 2H2O(l) + 4CO2(g)
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene Structure
 Preparation, Properties and Uses NB: In limited air, it burns with very smoky and
luminous flame because of its high carbon content. But
NOMENCLATURE in plenty of air and appropriate proportion, it burns
Alkynes are the homologous series of unsaturated with non-luminous very hot flame of about 3000oC.
hydrocarbon with a general molecular formula CnH2n-2.
2. Addition Reaction:Ethyne undergoes addition
Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than reaction to produce unsaturated product with double
alkenes, hence, they are chemically more reactive than bonds and then a saturated compound with single
the corresponding alkenes or alkanes. bond.
a. Reaction with hydrogen in the presence of
They are named by replacing the ‘ane’ of alkanes with nickel as catalyst.
‘yne’.
H HHH

Examples H- C ≡ C – H + H2 H – C = C – H H2(g)
H H–C -C -H

H–C≡C–H H - C - C ≡C- H EtheneH H Ethane

b. Reaction with halogens:
H ClClClCl
Ethyne Prop-1-yne
H- C≡C – H + Cl2 H–C=C–H
ETHYNE Cl2 H – C – C - H
Ethyne is the first member of the alkynes series. It has
a molecular formula,
C2H2, and a structural formula of HC = CH. ClCl
1,2- dichloroethene1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
LABORATORY PREPARATION c. Reaction with hydrogen halide: Hydrogen halide
Ethyne is usually prepared in the laboratory by the reacts with ethyne toproduce halo-alkene and
action of cold water on calcium carbide. The reaction further halogenation produce halo-alkane.
is carried out on a heap of sand to prevent the flask
from cracking as a result of the large quantity of heat ClCl
evolved.
H – C = C – H +HCl H – C = C – H HCl
EVALUATION H–C– C–H
1. Write and name all possible structure of C6H8
2. How can you prepare a few jars of ethyne in the H ClH H
laboratory? Chloroethene 1,2- dichloro ethane.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES d. Reaction with water: When ethyne is passed

1. Ethyne is a colourless gas with a characteristic through dilute tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid in the
sweet smell when pure. presence of mercury (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) as
2. It is only sparingly soluble in water catalyst, addition of water takes place to form
3. It is slightly less dense than air. ethanal.
4. It is unstable and may explode on compression to H OH H
liquid.

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
These are hydrocarbons that have the same structure as
H-C=C-H + H2O H- C = C – H benzene.
H- C – C – H Benzene is a typical aromatic compound with
molecular formula of C6H6.
Ethenol H O Ethanal
STRUCTURE OF BENZENE
e. Reaction with acidified KMnO4: If ethyne is Over the years, there has been a controversy on the
added to acidified KMnO4, it decolourises it. But structure of benzene. But in 1865, August Kekule
with alkaline KMnO4, the solution turns to suggested a structure for benzene. Kekule proposed
green. that benzene has a ring structure with alternate single
and double carbon-carbon bonds as shown below:
O
O

H – C = C – H + 4[O] HO – C -
C- OH
KMnO4Ethanedioic which can be conveniently represented as
acids

3. Polymerization: In the presence of complex

organic –nickel as catalyst ethyne polymerizes to
produce benzene.
3 C2H2 C6H6
4. Substitution Reaction These two forms of benzene structure are known as
a. Ethyne reacts with ammoniacal solution of resonance forms. Resonance occurs when two forms of
copper (1) chloride to form reddish brown the same compound have the same arrangement of
solution of copper (I) dicarbide atoms but differ in the arrangement of electrons that
C2H2 + 2CuCl Cu2C2 + 2HCl form the bonds.
b. With ammoniacal silver trioxonitrate (v), ethyne
forms white silver dicarbide The Kekule structure of benzene accounted for the
C2H2 + 2AgNO3Ag2C2 + 2HNO3 stability of the six carbon atoms but it was unable to
These reactions to form dicarbide are used to explain why a highly unsaturated compound failed to
distinguish ethyne from ethene. undergo many of the addition reactions like
decolourising bromine water, reaction with hydrogen
USES OF ETHYNE: Ethyne is halides etc; characteristic of alkenes.
1. Mixed with oxygen to produce oxy ethyne flame
for cutting and welding of metals. Benzene undergoes mostly substitution reactions.
2. Used in the manufacture of PVC plastics. Thus, the structural formula with threedouble bonds
3. Used in miner’s lamp as fuel. describing the benzene molecule does not agree with
4. Used in making synthetic fiber. the chemical behaviour of benzene. Therefore, the
bonding in benzene cannot be described as three
TEST FOR UNSATURATION double bonds and three single bonds as proposed by
Unsaturated compound decolorizes bromine water. Kekule but rather the bonding must be considered as a
delocalized electron cloud spread out over the whole
EVALUATION benzene ring. Hence, the modern structure of benzene
1. Give a chemical test to distinguish between is considered to be a plain hexagon with an inscribed
ethyne and ethene. ring which represents the electron cloud spread out
2. Write two balanced equations to show addition over the whole benzene ring as shown below:
reaction of ethyne.

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________

PREPARATION: Benzene can be prepared from:

1. Coal tar: The destructive distillation of coal ii. Nitration: This occurs in the mixture of HNO3
produced coal tar which contains benzene. and H2SO4 together with benzene
2. Petroleum: The dehydrogenated of alkane using
vanadium (V) oxide (V2O5) as catalyst at 500oC
and 20 atm gives benzene.
C6H14 V2O2C6H6 + 4H2
The process is known as catalytic reforming.
3. Polymerization of ethyne
3(H–C=C–H) C6H6
iii. Sulphonation: Benzene react with concentrated
EVALUATION H2SO4 to form benzene sulphonic acid.
1. Describe three methods of preparing benzene.
2. Draw the resonance structures of benzene
structure of benzene.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. It has a pleasant smell.
2. It has boiling point of 80oC.
3. It is insoluble in water.
4. It burns with sooty flame. iv. Alkylation:- It involves reactions of benzene with
halo-alkanes in the presence of AlCl3.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Benzene can undergo both addition reaction and
substitution reaction.
1. Addition Reaction:
i. Hydrogenation: Benzene reduces to cyclo-
hexane if hydrogen gas is passed through finely
divided nickel at 150oC. USES
1. It is used as a solvent to dissolve organic.
2. It is used as fuel in petrol.
3. It is used in the manufacture of aromatic
compound e.g. benzoic acid.

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION
ii. Halogenation: In the presence of ultra- 2. How would you obtain ethanal from ethyne?
violet light, benzene reacts with halogen to Give the equation for the reaction.
produce cyclic compound. 3. Describe how to prepare ethyne in the
laboratory.
4. What is resonance? Give the resonance structure
of benzene.
5. Explain why hydrogen fluoride exists as a liquid
whereas hydrogen chloride is a gas at room
temperature.
2. Substitution Reaction: Benzene undergoes 6. Explain why HCl in water conducts electricity
substitution reaction due to presence of single but HCl in methyl benzene does not conduct
bonds in its structure. electricity.
i. Halogenation:
READING ASSIGNMENT

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School The alkanols are classified based on the number of alkyl
by .O.Y. Ababio (6th edition), pages 535-539. groups directly linked to the carbon atom carrying the
hydroxyl group.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT 1. Primary alkanols (10): It has only one alkyl group
SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY attached to the carbon atom that carries the hydroxyl
1. Which of the following hydrocarbons is alkyne? group. Example
a. C2H4 b. C2H6 c. C2H2 d. C3H8 H H H
2. The final product of complete reaction between
ethyne and hydrogen gas is H C C OH H C OH
a. ethane b. methyl ethane c. ethane d. hydroethyne
3. Ethynepolymerizes in the presence of organo H H H
nickel complex as catalyst to form a. polythene Ethanol Methanol
b. benzene c. polythene d. methyl benzene 2. Secondary alkanols (20): They have two alkyl groups
4. Which of these compounds exhibits resonance? directly linked with the carbon atom carrying the
a. Ethanol b. Ethane hydroxyl group. Example
c. Benzene d. Butyne H H H
5. Which of these is an aromatic hydrocarbon? a.
Benzene b. Cyclohexane HC C C H
c. Ethene d. Methylamine
H OH H
SECTION B Propan - 2- ol
1 a.With the aid of a labeled diagram, describe 3. Tertiary alkanols (30 ): The alkanols here have three
the laboratory preparation of ethyne. alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom holding the
b. Give a chemical test to distinguish between hydroxyl group
ethane and ethyne. CH3
2 a.What is resonance? Draw two resonance
structure of benzene. CH3 C CH3
b. Write balanced equation to the following
reactions of benzene: OH
(i) Reaction with ethene(ii) Reaction with 2 – methylpropan -2 –ol
chlorine.
TYPES OF ALKANOLS
The type of alkanols is determined by the number of the
WEEK NINE hydroxyl group –OH, present in the molecule.
TOPIC: ALKANOLS 1. Monohydric alkanols: This type has only one
CONTENT hydroxyl(–OH), present in its molecule.
 Types and Classes Example: C2H5OH, C3H7OH.
 Industrial Production by Fermentation 2. Dihydric alkanols: This type has two of hydroxyl
 Properties and Uses group per molecule.
Alkanols is a homologous series with general molecular H H
formula of CnH2n+1OH or ROH.
The functional group in alkanols is the hydroxyl (-OH) group. H C OH H C OH

NOMENCLATURE: H C OH H C H
The names of alkanols are obtained by substituting “e” in
alkanes with “ol”. H H C OH
Example:
Methanol - CH3OH, Ethanol - CH3CH2OH H
Ethan -1, 2- diol Propan- 1,3-diol
CLASSIFICATION 3. Polyhydric alkanols: This type has three or more
hydroxyl groups per molecule.
Example

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
H - Then yeast is added at room temperature for some time
(at least one day). Yeast contains two enzymes, namely
H C OH MALTASE and ZYMASE. Maltase converts maltose t
two glucose units, while Zymase converts the glucose to
H C OH ethanol and carbon (IV) oxide.
C12H22O11 + H2O maltase2C6H12O6
Zymase
H C OH C6 H12 O6 2C2H3OH + CO2
Ethanol
H EVALUATION
1. Describe fully, the production of ethanol from a named
EVALUATION starchy material/food.
1. Name the functional group in the alkanol. 2. What type of chemical reaction is involved in
2. Give an example each by writing the structure and fermentation of sugar?
names of the classes of alkanols.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
ETHANOL 1. Ethanol is a colourless volatile liquid.
LABORATORY PREPARATION 2. It is soluble in water.
1. Hydrolyzing ethyl esters with hot alkali 3. It has boiling point of 780C.
2. Reducing ethanol with nascent hydrogen 4. It has no action on litmus paper.

COMMERCIAL PREPARATION CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1. From ethene: Ethene is obtained by the cracking of 1. Combustion: The lower members of alkanols burn
0
petroleum. It is then absorbed in 95% H2SO4 at 80 with clean flames in plenty air
30 atm to form ethyl hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (VI) 2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2+H2O
C2H4 + H2SO4 C2H5HSO4 2. Oxidation: The products of oxidation depend on the
structure of the alkanol.
The ethyl hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (VI) is hydrolyse by Primaryalkanols are oxidized to alkanal first and then
boiling in water to produce ethanol. to alkanoic acid in the presence of oxidizing agent e.g
C2H5HSO4+ H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4. KMnO4
The ethanol is distilled off leaving the acid behind which can CH3CH2OH O CH3CHO O
CH3COOH
be used again. Secondary alkanols oxidize to alkanone. Example
2. Preparation by fermentation: Ethanol is prepared CH3 CH3
industrially from raw materials containing starch or sugar CH
by 3 C OH [O ] CH3 C = O + H2O
the process of fermentation. Fermentation is an enzymatic
process which involves the decomposition of large H
organicmolecules to simple molecule by micro-organism.The Propon-2-ol
common micro-organism used is YEAST
- Tertiary alkanols are not oxidized because ther
PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM STARCHY is no carbon-hydrogen bond to be broken for
FOOD the oxidation to take place.
Ethanol can be prepared from starchy food like rice, potatoes,
maize etc. Note: The colour change of oxidizing agent if acidified
The following steps are involved; is purple KMnO4 change to colourless and range
- Crush and pressure cook the starchy materials. K2Cr2O7 turns green.
- Extract the starch granules by mixing with water.
- Allow the starch granules to settle and decant 3. Esterification:
- Treat the starch granules with malt (partially germinated This is the reversible reaction between alkanol and
barley which contains the enzyme, DIASTASE) at 50 alkanoic and to produce sweet smelling compound
for one hour. known as ester. The reaction is catalysed by
- The starch is then converted to MALTOSE. concentrated H2SO4. Example
2(C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC12H22O11 CH3CH2OH +CH3COOH H+
CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

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Name: __________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________
4. Dehydration: 2. Primaryalkanols are oxidized to carboxylic acid;
Alkanols are dehydrated to alkenes in the presence of secondary alkanols are oxidized to alkanones while
concentrated H2SO4. tertiary alkanols are (a). oxidized to alkanols(b).
CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3CH2HSO oxidized to alkanones(c). not oxidized (d).oxidized to
+ H2O alkenes
CH3CH2HSO4170oCC2H4 + H2SO4 3. The solubility of alkanols in water is due to (a). the
5. Reaction with sodium and potassium: Sodium and covalent nature(b).hydrogenbonding
potassium react vigorously with alkanols to liberate (c).their low melting point (d).their low melting point
hydrogen gas and form corresponding organic salt 4. of When acidified KMnO4 is used as oxidizing agent for
sodium and potassium. alkanol, the colour change observed is(a). yellow to red
2C2H3OH + Na 2C2H3ONa + H (b). purple to colourless(c). orange to green (d).white t
6. Reactions with the chlorides of phosphorus: Ethanol black
reacts vigorously with PCl5 in the cold to produce 5. Which of the following enzymes converts glucose to
fumes of HCl and chloroethanevapour. ethanol?(a). maltose (b).zymase
C2H5OH + PCl5C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl (c).diastase (d).amylase
PCl3 gives a similar reaction, but less vigorous.
C2H5OH + PCl3 3C2H5Cl + H3PO3 SECTION B
USES OF ETHANOL 1 (a).Write the structural formula of two named
1. It is used as organic solvent. primaryalkanols.
2. It is the main constituent of methylated spirit used to (b). Explain the structural different between secondary
clean wounds and to dissolve paint. and tertiary alkanols giving one example each.
3. It is used as petrol addictive for use as fuel in vehicles.
2 (a).What is fermentation?
4. It is used to manufacture other chemicals such as ethanol (b). Describe the preparation of ethanol from table
and ethanoic acid. sugar.
5. It is used as ingredient in making alcoholic drinks e.g.
beers, wines and spirits.
6. It is used as anti-freeze in automobile radiator because
of its low freezing point (-1170C).
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION
1. Describe how ethanol can be prepared from cane sugar.
2. Using balanced equations, state five chemical properties
of ethanol.
3. Describe a test to identify an unknown solution to be
ethanol.
4. What is the number of oxygen atoms in 32g of the gas?
[NA = 6.02 x 1023]
5. 5.6dm3 of oxygen gas was evolved at the anode during
the electrolysis of dilute copper (II) tetraoxosulphate
(VI) using platinum electrodes. What mass of copper is
deposited at the cathode during the process? [Cu = 64,
Molar volume of a gas at s.t.p = 22.4dm3, 1F = 96500C]

READING ASSIGNMENT
New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School by
O.Y.Ababio (6th edition) pages 539-544.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A:Write the correct option ONLY.
1. The functional groups of the alkanolis(a).double bond
(b). carboxyl group (c). hydroxyl group (d). triple
bond

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