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PAL Encoder and Decoder

This document discusses the PAL encoder and decoder used in color television systems. It contains 3 key points: 1) A PAL encoder converts RGB signals into a color composite video signal (CCVS) for transmission by modulating the color difference signals U and V onto a color subcarrier using quadrature amplitude modulation. This allows both color signals to be transmitted within the same 5MHz bandwidth. 2) A PAL decoder takes a CCVS signal as input and outputs RGB signals. It demodulates the color difference signals U and V from the color subcarrier. 3) PAL improves on NTSC by changing the phase of the color subcarrier by 180 degrees every other line. This helps

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4K views22 pages

PAL Encoder and Decoder

This document discusses the PAL encoder and decoder used in color television systems. It contains 3 key points: 1) A PAL encoder converts RGB signals into a color composite video signal (CCVS) for transmission by modulating the color difference signals U and V onto a color subcarrier using quadrature amplitude modulation. This allows both color signals to be transmitted within the same 5MHz bandwidth. 2) A PAL decoder takes a CCVS signal as input and outputs RGB signals. It demodulates the color difference signals U and V from the color subcarrier. 3) PAL improves on NTSC by changing the phase of the color subcarrier by 180 degrees every other line. This helps

Uploaded by

jutex
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PAL Encoder and Decoder

By Rajender Kumar Dy. Director(Engg.) STI(T), AIR & Doordarshan

Color reproduction in Television System


Colors are generated by additive mixing of primary colors, Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B). The mixing is done in the color picture tube where three R-G-B electron guns will hit the respective RG-B phosphor dots on the screen, resulting in emission of red, green and blue light from the respective dots. When these colors of different intensities are emitted, human eyes would perceive a particular color

Additive Mixing of Primary Colors

Color separation using optical system

Color Generation in TV Picture Tube

Conversion of RGB signals into CCVS


TV Transmission is carried out in color composite video signals (CCVS), instead of RGB component video. TV receiver responds only to CCVS signals. PAL encoder convert RGB signal into CCVS signal and PAL Decoder takes CCVS as input and gives RGB as output Therefore conversion from RGB to CCVS is required.

CCVS
R-Signal

G -Signal

PAL Encoder

CCVS

B-Signal

Constrains for migration from monochrome to color Transmission


Compatibility: Color transmission must respond to B/W receivers. Reverse Compatibility: Monochrome transmission must be received by color TV. Bandwidth:Color composite video signal must utilize the same bandwidth of 5 MHz as utilized by monochrome composite signal.

How to maintain compatibility


Three RGB signals are converted into Luminance Y, and color difference signals using simple mathematical relation Y=0.3R+0.59G+0.11B, Luminance Signal U=0.493(B-Y) Color Difference Signals V=0.877(R-Y) (B-Y) and (R-Y) are weighted to avoid over modulation

Generation of Luminance and color difference signals


Gamma correction R1 = 0.59, R2 = 0.3, R3 = 0.11

Simple matrix
G

Luminance signal Y = 0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B

R1
R2 R3
R4
Inv. amp.
-Y
Amp.

Camera outputs

(R Y) adder

(R Y)

-Y

(B Y) adder

(B Y)

How to retain 5MHz BW


The color difference signals, U and V are accommodated in the luminance Y signal using frequency interleaving. The frequency interleaving is achieved by modulating U and V using QAM at color sub-carrier frequency which is given by

f SC = 284 f h

fh fv 4

Energy Spectrum of color video signal

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


QAM is a type of modulation scheme where two information, U and V can be conveyed on a single carrier, means saving BW. QAM signal or Chrominance signal C :

C = U cos( ct ) + V sin(ct )
C = C cos( c t + ) C = U
1 2

V C

+V

-U -V

= tan

V U

QAM Modulator
U U
Balanced modulator
cos( t ) c
Sub carrier oscillator

U cos( t ) c

Adder

C = U cos( c t ) + V sin( c t )

+ 90 o
sin( t ) c

V
Balanced modulator

V sin(ct )

Phase Angle for yellow Color


R = 1.0 , G = 1.0, B = 0.0 Y= 0.30+0.59 = 0.89 U = 0.493(B-Y) = 0.493(-0.89) = -0.4387, V = 0.877( R-Y) = 0.877(0.11) = 0.0965,
C = U 2 +V 2

=
1

( 0.4387 )2 + (0 .0965 )2
0 . 0965 = 167 0 . 4387
o

= 0.44

= 180 tan
o

Chrominance signal phasor positions for primary and complimentary colors

Advantage of PAL over NTSC


Phase Alteration by Line : Changing phase of the subcarrier by 180 degree at each alternating line to minimize the phase error. The phase error causes error in color reproduction. Correction of colors is done in the Human Visual System. Color correction is not done in NTSC system

Phase error correction in PAL system


V
+

Received vector with NTSC line


Transmitted vector At angle Received vector with PAL line

-U -

-V

PAL Encoder
R
Y U

Luminance Delay (400-500ns)


U Modulator

G
B
Burst gate

Matrix
V

fsc 90

+ -

+ +
+ 4.43 MHz BPF f = 2.6 MHz fc = 4.43 MHz Summing Amplifier

V Modulator

U Carrier

Color Sub-carrier 4.43 MHz


Composite syncs

Phase shift
V Carrier

fsc 0 fsc 180

Summing Amplifier

0 / 180 Phase switch


Ident PAL switch 1/2fh

Output

Composite PAL

PAL Decoder

THANK YOU

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