below are the answers to all the 10 B) speculates

questions, rewrite them the way you C) doubts

wrote the questions, make sure each D) establishes
answer match with the question, also
2. Beginning in the 1950s, Navajo
for your information, make sure each
Nation legislator
you summarize each answer not to Annie Dodge Wauneka continuously
lengthy as it is here, also be worked to
paraphrasing the exolanation not promote public health; this _______
2 copying verbatim from the effort involved
explanation but remain the same as traveling throughout the vast Navajo
the original one(because of homeland
and writing a medical dictionary for
plagiarism);
speakers of
Diné bizaad, the Navajo language.
Which choice completes the text with
those questions below are the the most
extracted from SAT exam past logical and precise word or phrase?
questions, write them all but in a A) impartial
mixed order that is to take question B) offhand
C) persistent
1 as like question like 8, to take
D) mandatory
qustion 2 as like question 10 etc and
regarding the options, be exchanging 3. Following the principles of
the options like option A statement community-based
to be option C or D, etc ( shuffling participatory research, tribal nations
the answer choices), but due to the and research
institutions are equal partners in
bulkiness of the question, i know you
health studies
cant write them at once, so as a conducted on reservations. A
result, now be writing them by like 3 collaboration between
or 4 questions at a time; the Crow Tribe and Montana State
University
_______ this model: tribal citizens
worked alongside
22 scientists to design the methodology
and continue to
Ljhgg assist in data collection.
Which choice completes the text with
jjjb the most
1 logical and precise word or phrase?
Former astronaut Ellen Ochoa says A) circumvents
that although she B) eclipses
doesn’t have a definite idea of when it C) fabricates
might happen, D) exemplifies
she _______ that humans will someday 4
need to be 4. The parasitic dodder plant increases
able to live in other environments than its reproductive
those found success by flowering at the same time
on Earth. This conjecture informs her as the host
interest in plant it has latched onto. In 2020,
future research missions to the moon. Jianqiang Wu and
Which choice completes the text with his colleagues determined that the tiny
the most dodder
logical and precise word or phrase? achieves this _______ with its host by
A) demands absorbing and
utilizing a protein the host produces working on converting printed books
when it is about into a digital
to flower. format. He found that some words
Which choice completes the text with were distorted
the most enough that digital scanners couldn’t
logical and precise word or phrase? recognize
A) synchronization them, but most humans could easily
B) hibernation read them.
C) prediction Based on that finding, von Ahn
D) moderation invented a simple
5 security test to keep automated “bots”
5. Given that the conditions in binary out of
star systems websites. The first version of the
should make planetary formation reCAPTCHA test
nearly impossible, asked users to type one known word
it’s not surprising that the existence of and one of the
planets in many words scanners couldn’t
such systems has lacked _______ recognize. Correct
explanation. answers proved the users were
Roman Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee humans and added
shed light on the subject when they data to the book-digitizing project.
used modeling to determine Which choice best states the main
a complex set of factors that could purpose of the
support text?
planets’ development. A) To discuss von Ahn’s invention of
Which choice completes the text with reCAPTCHA
the most B) To explain how digital scanners
logical and precise word or phrase? work
A) a discernible C) To call attention to von Ahn’s book-
B) a straightforward digitizing
C) an inconclusive project
D) an unbiased D) To indicate how popular reCAPTCHA
6 is
6. Seminole/Muscogee director Sterlin 8
Harjo 8. The following text is from Edith
_______ television’s tendency to situate Wharton’s 1905
Native novel The House of Mirth. Lily Bart and
characters in the distant past: this a companion
rejection is evident are walking through a park.
in his series Reservation Dogs, which Lily had no real intimacy with nature,
revolves around but she
teenagers who dress in contemporary had a passion for the appropriate and
styles and could be
whose dialogue is laced with current keenly sensitive to a scene which was
slang. the fitting
Which choice completes the text with background of her own sensations. The
the most landscape outspread below her
logical and precise word or phrase? seemed an
A) repudiates enlargement of her present mood, and
B) proclaims she found
C) foretells something of herself in its calmness,
D) recants its breadth,
its long free reaches. On the nearer
slopes the
7. In 2007, computer scientist Luis von sugar-maples wavered like pyres of
Ahn was light; lower
down was a massing of grey orchards, team’s study
and here D) To call out a challenge the team
and there the lingering green of an faced in
oak-grove. conducting its analysis
Which choice best describes the 10
function of the 10. The following text is adapted from
underlined sentence in the text as a Edith Nesbit’s
whole? 1906 novel The Railway Children.
A) It creates a detailed image of the Mother did not spend all her time in
physical setting paying dull
of the scene. [visits] to dull ladies, and sitting dully
B) It establishes that a character is at home
experiencing an waiting for dull ladies to pay [visits] to
internal conflict. her. She
C) It makes an assertion that the next was almost always there, ready to play
sentence then with the
expands on. children, and read to them, and help
D) It illustrates an idea that is them to do
introduced in the their home-lessons. Besides this she
previous sentence. used to write
stories for them while they were at
9. A study by a team including finance school, and
professor read them aloud after tea, and she
Madhu Veeraraghavan suggests that always made
exposure to up funny pieces of poetry for their
sunshine during the workday can lead birthdays and
to overly for other great occasions.
optimistic behavior. Using data According to the text, what is true
spanning from 1994 about Mother?
to 2010 for a set of US companies, the A) She wishes that more ladies would
team visit her.
compared over 29,000 annual earnings B) Birthdays are her favorite special
forecasts occasion.
to the actual earnings later reported C) She creates stories and poems for
by those her children.
companies. The team found that the D) Reading to her children is her
greater the favorite activity.
exposure to sunshine at work in the
two weeks before
a manager submitted an earnings
forecast, the more
the manager’s forecast exceeded what QUESTION 1
the company Choice B is the best answer because it most
actually earned that year. logically completes the text’s
Which choice best states the function discussion of Ochoa’s prediction that humans
of the will one day need to live in places
other than Earth. As used in this context,
underlined sentence in the overall “speculates” would mean puts forward
structure of the an idea without firm evidence. The text
text? states that Ochoa “doesn’t have a
A) To summarize the results of the definite idea” about when humans might
team’s analysis need to live in other environments and
B) To present a specific example that characterizes Ochoa’s prediction as a
“conjecture,” or a conclusion presented
illustrates the without convincing evidence. This context
study’s findings indicates that Ochoa speculates when
C) To explain part of the methodology she makes this prediction.
used in the
Choice A is incorrect because saying that or required by law or rule, even though
Ochoa “demands,” or insists or Wauneka was a Navajo Nation legislator.
requires, that humans will one day need to Rather than suggesting that Wauneka’s effort
live in other environments than Earth’s was required for any reason, the
wouldn’t make sense in context. The text text emphasizes the continuous and
indicates that she’s unsure about extensive nature of her work.
the timing but hypothesizes that it will
someday happen. Choice C is incorrect
QUESTION 3
Choice D is the best answer because it most
because saying that Ochoa “doubts,” or
logically completes the text’s
questions or disbelieves, that humans
discussion of the collaboration between the
will one day need to live in other
Crow Tribe and Montana State
environments than Earth’s wouldn’t make
University. As used in this context,
sense
“exemplifies” means demonstrates. The text
in context. The text indicates that although
conveys how the Crow Tribe–Montana State
Ochoa is unsure about the timing,
University collaboration serves to
she hypothesizes that humans will need to
illustrate the model of community-based
live in places other than Earth and
participatory research introduced earlier
encourages research into future travel to the
in the text and expanded on later in the text.
moon. Choice D is incorrect because
Choice A is incorrect because referring to
saying that Ochoa “establishes,” or proves,
“circumvents,” or avoids, wouldn’t make
that humans will one day need to
sense in context. The text suggests that the
live in other environments than Earth’s
Crow Tribe–Montana State University
wouldn’t make sense in context. Rather
collaboration serves as an example of the
than stating that Ochoa discusses her idea
principles of community-based
with certainty and supports it with
participatory research, not that the
evidence, the text indicates that Ochoa is
collaboration evades this model. Choice B
unsure about when humans might need
is incorrect because referring to “eclipses,” or
to live in other environments.
SAT ANSWER EXPLANATIONS n READING AND overshadows, wouldn’t make
WRITING: MODULE 1 sense in context. The text describes the Crow
3 SAT PRACTICE TEST #1 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS Tribe–Montana State University
collaboration as an equal partnership, which
QUESTION 2 indicates that it’s an example of the
Choice C is the best answer because it most community-based participatory research
logically completes the text’s model, not that it overshadows the
discussion of Annie Dodge Wauneka’s work model. Choice C is incorrect because saying
as a Navajo Nation legislator. As used that the collaboration “fabricates,”
in this context, “persistent” means existing or creates, the model wouldn’t make sense in
continuously. The text states that context. The text indicates that the
Wauneka “continuously worked to promote Crow Tribe–Montana State University
public health,” traveling extensively collaboration serves as an example of the
and authoring a medical dictionary; this model, not that it created the model.
indicates that Wauneka’s effort was SAT ANSWER EXPLANATIONS n READING AND
persistent. WRITING: MODULE 1
Choice A is incorrect because describing 4 SAT PRACTICE TEST #1 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS
Wauneka’s effort related to public
health as “impartial,” or not partial or biased
QUESTION 4
Choice A is the best answer because it most
and treating all things equally,
logically completes the text’s
wouldn’t make sense in context. The text
discussion of a relationship between the
suggests that Wauneka’s continuous
dodder plant and its host plant. As used
work was partial in one way, as she focused
in this context, “synchronization” means the
specifically on promoting public
act of things happening at the same
health throughout the Navajo homeland and
time. The text indicates that the dodder and
to speakers of the Navajo language.
its host plant flower in unison and that
Choice B is incorrect because the text
this synchronization occurs because the
emphasizes that Wauneka’s effort to
dodder makes use of a protein produced
promote public health as a Navajo Nation
by the host shortly before flowering.
legislator was continuous and extensive,
Choice B is incorrect because referring to
involving wide travels and the authoring of a
“hibernation,” or the state of being
medical dictionary. Because this
dormant or inactive, wouldn’t make sense in
work clearly involved care and dedication, it
context. The text focuses on
wouldn’t make sense to describe it
something the dodder plant actively engages
as “offhand,” or casual and informal. Choice
in—making use of a protein and
D is incorrect because nothing in the
producing flowers. Choice C is incorrect
text suggests that Wauneka’s effort to
because stating that the dodder plant
promote public health was “mandatory,”
and its host engage together in “prediction,” others are biased.
or the act of declaring or indicating SAT ANSWER EXPLANATIONS n READING AND
something in advance, wouldn’t make sense WRITING: MODULE 1
in context. Rather than indicating 5 SAT PRACTICE TEST #1 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS
that the dodder plant and its host plant make QUESTION 6
a prediction about flowering activity, Choice A is the best answer because it most
the text suggests that the host produces a logically completes the text’s
protein as part of its regular flowering discussion of Sterlin Harjo’s approach to
process and that the dodder then absorbs representing Native characters on
and uses that protein to flower at the television. As used in this context,
same time. Choice D is incorrect because “repudiates” means rejects or refuses to
referring to “moderation,” or the act have
of causing something to become less intense anything to do with. The text indicates that
or extreme, wouldn’t make sense television shows tend to depict Native
in context. Although the text states that the characters as living long ago, but that Harjo’s
dodder plant absorbs and uses a series Reservation Dogs focuses
protein made by its host plant, it doesn’t on Native teenagers in the present day,
suggest that the dodder lessens the host representing a “rejection” of the typical
plant’s flowering activity; the two plants approach to depicting Native characters. This
simply flower in unison. context thus indicates that Harjo
QUESTION 5 repudiates television’s general tendency
Choice B is the best answer because it most regarding Native characters.
logically completes the text’s Choice B is incorrect because the text
description of efforts to explain the existence describes Harjo’s “rejection” of the typical
of planets in binary star systems. approach to representing Native characters
As used in this context, describing an on television, so it wouldn’t make sense
explanation as “a straightforward” one to say that Harjo “proclaims,” or declares or
would mean that the explanation is direct affirms, television’s general tendency
and uncomplicated. The text asserts regarding Native characters. Harjo is
that since it should be “nearly impossible” for described as refusing to follow the pattern
planets to form in binary star of depicting Native characters in the distant
systems, it’s “not surprising” that there isn’t past, not as proclaiming that pattern.
a straightforward explanation for Choice C is incorrect because the text
the existence of planets in such systems; the describes television’s tendency to represent
fact that one potential approach Native characters in the distant past as
involves “complex” factors offers further something that is already occurring, not
contextual support for this idea. as something that Harjo “foretells,” or
Choice A is incorrect because it would not predicts will happen in the future. The text is
make sense in context to say that focused on Harjo’s “rejection” of this pattern,
there isn’t “a discernible” explanation— not on any predictions he may have
meaning an explanation capable of being about it. Choice D is incorrect because saying
perceived—for the existence of planets in that Harjo “recants” something would
binary star systems. The text discusses mean that he withdraws a previously held
just such an explanation offered by Roman belief, and it wouldn’t make sense to say
Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee, which that Harjo recants television’s tendency to
indicates that their explanation can be represent Native characters as living in
discerned. Choice C is incorrect because the past. No beliefs previously held by Harjo
the text emphasizes how difficult it is to are mentioned. Additionally, a tendency
explain the existence of planets in isn’t a belief and thus isn’t something that
binary star systems, suggesting that the can be recanted.
situation isn’t marked by the lack of “an QUESTION 7
inconclusive” explanation—an explanation Choice A is the best answer because it most
that does not resolve the issue—but accurately states the main purpose
rather that if any explanations have been of the text. After providing a brief
offered, they’ve likely been inconclusive introduction to computer scientist Luis von
ones. Choice D is incorrect because nothing Ahn, the text focuses on discussing how von
in the text suggests that there is a Ahn’s digitization work led to the
lack of “an unbiased,” or impartial and invention of a digital security test known as
unprejudiced, explanation for the existence reCAPTCHA.
of planets in binary star systems. The text Choice B is incorrect because the text doesn’t
indicates that it’s difficult to explain the address how digital scanners
existence of planets in such systems and it work. Choice C is incorrect. Although the text
describes one attempt to do so, but mentions von Ahn’s book-digitizing
there is no evidence that explanations from project, that information is provided as a
Roman Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee or detail, not as the main purpose of the
text. Choice D is incorrect because the text Choice A is incorrect because the underlined
doesn’t provide any indication of sentence explains in part how the
reCAPTCHA’s popularity; instead, it describes team conducted their analysis of the effect of
reCAPTCHA’s origin. sunshine but doesn’t address what
QUESTION 8 the team found; a broad summary is instead
given in the other two sentences.
Choice D is the best answer because it best
Choice B is incorrect because the underlined
describes how the underlined
sentence doesn’t present any
sentence functions in the text as a whole.
specific examples from the team’s
The first sentence of the text establishes
comparisons of 29,000 earnings predictions
that Lily can be “keenly sensitive to” scenes
to
that serve as a “fitting background”
actual earnings; it simply explains in part
for her feelings—that is, she’s very aware of
how the team conducted their analysis.
when a setting seems to reflect her
Choice D is incorrect because the underlined
mood. The next sentence, which is
sentence simply explains in part
underlined, then demonstrates this
how the team conducted their analysis; the
awareness:
text never mentions any challenges
Lily views the landscape she’s in as a large-
that the team encountered in their study.
scale reflection of her current
mood, identifying with elements such as its QUESTION 10
calmness. Thus, the function of the Choice C is the best answer because it
underlined sentence is to illustrate an idea describes something that is true of
introduced in the previous sentence. Mother, as presented in the text. The text
SAT ANSWER EXPLANATIONS n READING AND indicates that in addition to other
WRITING: MODULE 1 activities, Mother writes stories for her
6 SAT PRACTICE TEST #1 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS children while they are at school and
Choice A is incorrect because the underlined makes up “funny pieces of poetry” for certain
sentence describes the scene occasions.
only in very general terms, referring to its Choice A is incorrect because the text
calmness, breadth, and long stretches suggests that Mother prefers to spend
of land. It’s the next sentence that adds her time with her children and doesn’t sit at
specific details about colors, light, and home hoping that ladies will visit her.
various trees nearby. Choice B is incorrect Choice B is incorrect because the text says
because nothing in the underlined only that Mother makes up poetry
sentence suggests that Lily is experiencing for the children’s birthdays, not that she likes
an internal conflict. In fact, the birthdays more than other special
sentence indicates that Lily thinks the occasions. Choice D is incorrect because the
landscape reflects her own feeling of text doesn’t suggest that Mother
calmness. Choice C is incorrect because the prefers reading to her children over the other
only assertion in the underlined activities she does with them, such
sentence is that Lily feels that broad aspects as playing with them and writing stories and
of the landscape, such as its poems for them.
calmness, reflect her current mood, and that SAT ANSWER EXPLANATIONS n READING AND
assertion isn’t expanded on in the WRITING: MODULE 1
next sentence. Instead, the next sentence 7 SAT PRACTICE TEST #1 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS
describes specific details of the scene
without connecting them to Lily’s feelings.
QUESTION 11
Choice A is the best answer because it most
QUESTION 9 accurately states the main purpose
Choice C is the best answer because it best of the text. In the first part of the text, the
describes how the underlined speaker addresses Paul Laurence
sentence functions in the text as a whole. Dunbar’s ability to understand people (he has
The first sentence presents the “read the hearts and souls of men”
implications of Veeraraghavan’s team’s and written of their “joy and mirth”). In the
study: sunshine exposure during work second part of the text, the speaker
hours can cause overly optimistic behavior. describes Dunbar’s thorough understanding
The underlined sentence then of the natural world (he has read “the
describes the data the team consulted and language of the flowers” and engaged with
how they were used (comparing “the little brook”). Thus, the text mainly
predictions about earnings to what the praises Dunbar for being especially
companies actually earned), and the final perceptive about people and nature.
sentence presents what the team found in Choice B is incorrect because the speaker
their examination of the data. Thus, the describes Dunbar as having read the
underlined sentence mainly functions to “hearts and souls of men” and the “language
explain part of the methodology used in of flowers” to convey Dunbar’s ability
the team’s study. to comprehend people and nature, not to
suggest that Dunbar has literally read
any of these things or has read a great deal
about them. Choice C is incorrect
because the text notes how well Dunbar has
made sense of the topics he’s written
about but doesn’t address any specific parts
of Dunbar’s writing process beyond
the suggestion that he used a pen. Choice D
is incorrect because the text focuses
on Dunbar’s understanding of people and
nature as expressed in his writing.
Nothing in the text suggests that the speaker
is recalling a particular afternoon
actually spent in nature with Dunbar; even if
there had been a shared experience,
the text isn’t focused on reminiscing.
QUESTION 12
Choice A is the best answer because it
presents the quotation that most directly
illustrates the claim that Whitman’s poem
suggests that its readers haven’t fully
understood themselves. This quotation
makes that point directly by saying to
readers, “You have not known what you are.”
The quotation goes on to reinforce
this point using a metaphor of sleep, saying
that readers have “slumber’d” and
that their “eyelids have been the same as
closed most of the time.”
Choice B is incorrect because this quotation
11. The following text is from Maggie ago, / I should have blabb’d nothing
Pogue Johnson’s but you, I
1910 poem “Poet of Our Race.” In this should have chanted nothing / but
poem, the you.”
speaker is addressing Paul Laurence D) “I will leave all and come and make
Dunbar, a Black the hymns of
author. you, / None has understood you, but I
Thou, with stroke of mighty pen, understand you.”
Hast told of joy and mirth, 13
And read the hearts and souls of men 13. Born in 1891 to a Quechua-
As cradled from their birth. speaking family in the
The language of the flowers, Andes Mountains of Peru, Martín
Thou hast read them all, Chambi is today
And e’en the little brook considered to be one of the most
Responded to thy call. renowned figures of
Which choice best states the main Latin American photography. In a
purpose of the paper for an art
text? history class, a student claims that
A) To praise a certain writer for being Chambi’s
especially photographs have considerable
perceptive regarding people and ethnographic
nature value—in his work, Chambi was able to
B) To establish that a certain writer capture
has read diverse elements of Peruvian society,
extensively about a variety of topics representing his
C) To call attention to a certain writer’s subjects with both dignity and
careful and authenticity.
elaborately detailed writing process Which finding, if true, would most
D) To recount fond memories of an directly support
afternoon spent the student’s claim?
in nature with a certain writer A) Chambi took many commissioned
portraits of
12. “To You” is an 1856 poem by Walt wealthy Peruvians, but he also
Whitman. In the produced
poem, Whitman suggests that readers, hundreds of images carefully
whom he documenting the
addresses directly, have not fully peoples, sites, and customs of
understood Indigenous
themselves, writing, _______ communities of the Andes.
Which quotation from “To You” most B) Chambi’s photographs demonstrate
effectively a high level
illustrates the claim? of technical skill, as seen in his
A) “You have not known what you are, strategic use of
you have illumination to create dramatic light
slumber’d upon yourself / all your life, / and shadow
Your contrasts.
eyelids have been the same as closed C) During his lifetime, Chambi was
most of the known and
time.” celebrated both within and outside his
B) “These immense meadows, these native
interminable Peru, as his work was published in
rivers, you are immense / and places like
interminable as Argentina, Spain, and Mexico.
they.” D) Some of the peoples and places
C) “I should have made my way Chambi
straight to you long
photographed had long been popular of Vegetation for Five Species
subjects Alicia Montesinos-Navarro, Isabelle
for Peruvian photographers Storer, and Rocío Perez-Barrales
recently examined several plots within
a diverse plant community in
southeast Spain. The researchers
14
calculated that if individual plants
14. Credited Film Output of James
were randomly distributed on this
Young Deer, Dark Cloud,
particular landscape, only about 15%
Edwin Carewe, and Lillian St. Cyr
would be with other plants in patches
of vegetation. They counted the
number of juvenile plants of five
Number
species growing in patches of
Individual Years active
vegetation and the number growing
James Young Deer 1909–1924 33 (actor),
alone on bare ground and
Dark Cloud 1910–1920
compared those numbers to what
Edwin Carewe 1912–1934 47 (actor), would be expected if the plants were
Lillian St. Cyr (Red 1908–1921 randomly distributed. Based on these
Wing) results, they claim that plants of
these species that grow in close
Some researchers studying Indigenous proximity to other plants gain an
actors and filmmakers in the advantage at an early developmental
United States have turned their stage.
attention to the early days of cinema, Which choice best describes data from
particularly the 1910s and 1920s, the table that support the
when people like James Young Deer, researchers’ claim?
Dark Cloud, Edwin Carewe, and Lillian A) For all five species, less than 75% of
St. Cyr (known professionally juvenile plants were growing in
as Red Wing) were involved in one way patches of vegetation.
or another with numerous B) The species with the greatest
films. In fact, so many films and number of juvenile plants growing in
associated records for this era have patches of vegetation was H. stoechas.
been lost that counts of those four C) For T. libanitis and T. moroderi, the
figures’ output should be taken as percentage of juvenile plants
bare minimums rather than totals; it’s growing in patches of vegetation was
entirely possible, for example, less than what would be
that _______ expected if plants were randomly
Which choice most effectively uses distributed.
data from the table to complete the D) For each species, the percentage of
example? juvenile plants growing in
A) Dark Cloud acted in significantly patches of vegetation was
fewer films than did Lillian St. substantially higher than what would
Cyr, who is credited with 66 be
performances. expected if plants were randomly
B) Edwin Carewe’s 47 credited acting
distributed.
roles includes only films made
after 1934. 16. In the mountains of Brazil,
C) Lillian St. Cyr acted in far more than Barbacenia tomentosa
66 films and Edwin Carewe and Barbacenia macrantha—two
directed more than 58. plants in the
D) James Young Deer actually directed Velloziaceae family—establish
33 films and acted in only 10. themselves on soilless,
nutrient-poor patches of quartzite rock.
15. Juvenile Plants Found Growing on
Plant
Bare Ground and in Patches
ecologists Anna Abrahão and Patricia
Bar Patches Percent found de Britto Costa
Species e of Tota in patches of
T. moroderi 9 13 22 59.1%
T. libanitis 83 120 203 59.1%
H. syriacim 95 106 201 52.7%
H. 218 321 539 59.6%
H. stoechas 11 12 23 52.2%
used microscopic analysis to production resulting from high levels of
determine that the roots atmospheric
of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha, carbon dioxide during the Mesozoic
which grow era. However,
directly into the quartzite, have there is no evidence of significant
clusters of fine hairs spikes in carbon
near the root tip; further analysis dioxide levels coinciding with relevant
indicated that these periods in
hairs secrete both malic and citric sauropod evolution, such as when the
acids. The first large
researchers hypothesize that the sauropods appeared, when several
plants depend on sauropod lineages
dissolving underlying rock with these underwent further evolution toward
acids, as the gigantism, or
process not only creates channels for when sauropods reached their
continued maximum known
growth but also releases phosphates sizes, suggesting that _______
that provide the Which choice most logically completes
vital nutrient phosphorus. the text?
Which finding, if true, would most A) fluctuations in atmospheric carbon
directly support dioxide
the researchers’ hypothesis? affected different sauropod lineages
A) Other species in the Velloziaceae differently.
family are B) the evolution of larger body sizes in
found in terrains with more soil but sauropods
have root did not depend on increased
structures similar to those of B. atmospheric carbon
tomentosa and dioxide.
B. macrantha. C) atmospheric carbon dioxide was
B) Though B. tomentosa and B. higher when the
macrantha both largest known sauropods lived than it
secrete citric and malic acids, each was when
species the first sauropods appeared.
produces the acids in different D) sauropods probably would not have
proportions. evolved to
C) The roots of B. tomentosa and B. such immense sizes if atmospheric
macrantha carbon
carve new entry points into rocks even dioxide had been even slightly higher
when
cracks in the surface are readily
available.
18. In documents called judicial
D) B. tomentosa and B. macrantha
opinions, judges explain
thrive even when
the reasoning behind their legal
transferred to the surfaces of rocks
rulings, and in those
that do not
explanations they sometimes cite and
contain phosphates.
discuss
17
historical and contemporary
17. Herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs
philosophers. Legal
could grow more
scholar and philosopher Anita L. Allen
than 100 feet long and weigh up to 80
argues that
tons, and some
while judges are naturally inclined to
researchers have attributed the
mention
evolution of
philosophers whose views align with
sauropods to such massive sizes to
their own
increased plant
positions, the strongest judicial
opinions consider
and rebut potential objections; Which choice completes the text so
discussing that it conforms
philosophers whose views conflict with to the conventions of Standard
judges’ views English?
could therefore _______ A) soul,” positing
Which choice most logically completes B) soul”: positing
the text? C) soul”; positing
A) allow judges to craft judicial D) soul.” Positing
opinions without
needing to consult philosophical works.
B) help judges improve the arguments
they put
forward in their judicial opinions.
C) make judicial opinions more
comprehensible to
readers without legal or philosophical
training.
D) bring judicial opinions in line with
views that are
broadly held among philosophers.
19
19. Public-awareness campaigns about
the need to
reduce single-use plastics can be
successful, says
researcher Kim Borg of Monash
University in
Australia, when these campaigns give
consumers a
choice: for example, Japan achieved a
40 percent
reduction in plastic-bag use after
cashiers were
instructed to ask customers whether
_______
wanted a bag.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) they
B) one
C) you
D) it
20
20. In ancient Greece, an Epicurean
was a follower of
Epicurus, a philosopher whose beliefs
revolved
around the pursuit of pleasure.
Epicurus defined
pleasure as “the absence of pain in the
body and of
trouble in the _______ that all life’s
virtues derived
from this absence.
QUESTION 11 because this quotation doesn’t suggest that
readers haven’t fully understood
Choice A is the best answer because it most
themselves; instead, this quotation makes
accurately states the main purpose
the point that the speaker has
of the text. In the first part of the text, the
understood readers and is determined to
speaker addresses Paul Laurence
create “hymns” about them.
Dunbar’s ability to understand people (he has
“read the hearts and souls of men”
and written of their “joy and mirth”). In the
second part of the text, the speaker
describes Dunbar’s thorough understanding QUESTION 13
of the natural world (he has read “the Choice A is the best answer because it
language of the flowers” and engaged with presents a finding that, if true, would
“the little brook”). Thus, the text mainly support the claim about Chambi’s
praises Dunbar for being especially photographs. The text describes a student
perceptive about people and nature. advancing the claim that Chambi’s
Choice B is incorrect because the speaker photographs “have considerable
describes Dunbar as having read the ethnographic
“hearts and souls of men” and the “language value”—meaning that they are valuable as
of flowers” to convey Dunbar’s ability records of cultures—and that they
to comprehend people and nature, not to “capture diverse elements of Peruvian
suggest that Dunbar has literally read society” in a respectful way. If it’s true that
any of these things or has read a great deal Chambi carefully photographed people from
about them. Choice C is incorrect a range of different communities in
because the text notes how well Dunbar has Peru as well as photographed the customs
made sense of the topics he’s written and sites of different communities,
about but doesn’t address any specific parts that would lend support to the claim that the
of Dunbar’s writing process beyond photographs have ethnographic
the suggestion that he used a pen. Choice D value as depictions of diverse elements of
is incorrect because the text focuses society in Peru.
on Dunbar’s understanding of people and Choice B is incorrect because the student’s
nature as expressed in his writing. claim is that Chambi’s photographs
Nothing in the text suggests that the speaker have considerable ethnographic value
is recalling a particular afternoon because they depict diverse elements
actually spent in nature with Dunbar; even if of Peruvian society; the student doesn’t claim
there had been a shared experience, anything about the technical skill
the text isn’t focused on reminiscing. demonstrated in the photographs. Choice C is
incorrect because neither Chambi’s
QUESTION 12 reputation nor the locations where his
Choice A is the best answer because it photographs may have been published
presents the quotation that most directly would be relevant to the student’s claim that
illustrates the claim that Whitman’s poem his photographs are valuable as an
suggests that its readers haven’t fully ethnographic record of Peru’s diverse society.
understood themselves. This quotation Choice D is incorrect because
makes that point directly by saying to the popularity among other photographers of
readers, “You have not known what you are.” the people and places that
The quotation goes on to reinforce Chambi photographed would be irrelevant to
this point using a metaphor of sleep, saying the student’s claim that Chambi’s
that readers have “slumber’d” and photographs are valuable as an ethnographic
that their “eyelids have been the same as record of Peru’s diverse society.
closed most of the time.”
Choice B is incorrect because this quotation QUESTION 14
doesn’t suggest that readers haven’t Choice C is the best answer because it uses
fully understood themselves but instead data from the table to effectively
characterizes readers as “immense” exemplify the idea that the film outputs of
and “interminable.” Although immense and the four individuals included in the table
interminable things can be difficult to should be considered bare minimums—that
understand, this quotation doesn’t make that is, that we should assume that the
point. Choice C is incorrect because individuals actually had higher outputs than
this quotation doesn’t suggest that readers those recorded. The table presents the
haven’t fully understood themselves years during which the individuals were
but instead conveys the speaker’s regret active and the number of known films the
over not having celebrated readers individuals are credited in. The table
sooner. In fact, this quotation says nothing at indicates that Lillian St. Cyr has 66 film
all about readers themselves—it’s credits
focused solely on the speaker’s feelings as an actor and that Edwin Carewe has 58
about readers. Choice D is incorrect film credits as a director; it follows that if
some films and records for the era were lost, patches are overrepresented among plants
it’s possible that Lillian St. Cyr acted that have survived to the juvenile
in far more than 66 films and that Edwin stage, as the data show they are, then it
Carewe directed more than 58 films. suggests that it’s advantageous for plants
Choice A is incorrect because it doesn’t at an early stage of development to grow in
effectively exemplify the idea that the patches of vegetation.
film outputs of the four individuals included in Choice A is incorrect because the statement
the table should be considered that less than 75% of juvenile plants
bare minimums. Rather than addressing the were found growing in patches of vegetation,
idea that the individuals likely had while true, doesn’t clearly support
higher outputs than those presented in the the claim that the plants growing in close
table, this choice simply compares proximity to other plants gained an
data from the table to make the point that advantage at an early developmental stage.
Dark Cloud has fewer credited acting Saying that less than 75% of plants
roles than Lillian St. Cyr (35 and 66, were found in patches doesn’t indicate how
respectively). Choice B is incorrect because the percentage growing in patches
it misrepresents data from the table, even compares with the percentage that would be
though it may exemplify the idea that expected to grow in patches on the
the film outputs of the four individuals basis of chance alone, which is the
included in the table should be considered information necessary to evaluate whether
bare minimums by implying that Edwin the claim in the text has support in the table.
Carewe acted in more than 47 films. The Put another way, if the percentage
table indicates that Edwin Carewe was active of plants found growing in patches was 15%
from 1912 to 1934, meaning that his or less, it would be true that less
47 credited acting roles were in films made than 75% were found in patches, but the data
before or during 1934, not after that would in fact weaken the claim in
time. Choice D is incorrect because it doesn’t the text, not strengthen it, since the data
effectively exemplify the idea that would show that growing in patches
the film outputs of the four individuals wasn’t advantageous. Choice B is incorrect
included in the table should be considered because only 12 plants of this species
bare minimums. Instead of addressing the were found growing in patches, which was
idea that the individuals likely had the lowest number of any species, not
higher outputs than those recorded, this the greatest number. Additionally, even if it
choice suggests that James Young were true that this species had the
Deer actually acted in and directed fewer greatest number of plants growing in
films than presented in the table (only patches, the finding would be irrelevant to
33 known films as a director instead of 35, the claim that plants of all five species gained
and only 10 known films as an actor an advantage by growing in close
instead of 33). proximity to other plants. Choice C is
QUESTION 15 incorrect because 59.1% of the plants of
these species were found growing in patches,
Choice D is the best answer because it
which is a far greater percentage,
provides the most direct support from the
not a lower percentage, than what would be
table for the claim that the plants growing in
expected if plants were randomly
close proximity to other plants gained
distributed (around 15%). Additionally, if it
an advantage at an early developmental
were true that the percentage of plants
stage. The table shows the total number
growing in patches was lower for these
of juvenile plants from five species that were
species than what would be expected
found growing on bare ground and
from chance alone, that finding would
in patches of vegetation as well as the
weaken, not strengthen, the claim that
percentage of the total number of each
growing in patches is advantageous.
species that were growing in patches of
vegetation. For each of the five species,
more than 50% of the juvenile plants were QUESTION 16
growing in patches of vegetation. The Choice C is the best answer because it
text notes, however, that a random presents a finding that, if true, would
distribution of plants across the landscape support the researchers’ hypothesis about
should result in only about 15% of the plants the plants’ dependence on dissolving
being found in patches of vegetation. rock. The text indicates that the roots of the
In other words, for each of the five species, two plant species grow directly into
the percentage of juvenile plants found quartzite rock, where hairs on the roots
growing in patches of vegetation was secrete acids that dissolve the rock.
substantially higher than could be explained The researchers hypothesize that the plants
by chance alone. This finding supports the depend on this process because
claim in the text: if plants growing in dissolving rock opens spaces for the roots to
grow and releases phosphates that
provide the plants with phosphorous, a vital have asserted that the cause of this
nutrient. If the plants carry out this phenomenon was increased plant production
process of dissolving rock even when the that resulted from increased atmospheric
rock already has spaces into which carbon dioxide. The text goes on to state,
the roots could grow, that would support the however, that atmospheric carbon dioxide
researchers’ hypothesis because levels didn’t increase around
it suggests that the plants are getting some the time of important periods in sauropods’
advantage—such as access to evolution of larger body sizes. If
phosphorous—from the action of dissolving significant periods of sauropod evolution
rock. If the plants don’t benefit from toward larger sizes occurred without
dissolving rock, they would be expected to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels,
grow in the cracks that already exist, that suggests that the evolution of
as doing so would mean that the plants don’t larger sizes didn’t depend on increased
have to spend energy creating and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
secreting acids; if, however, the plants create Choice A is incorrect because the text doesn’t
new entry points by dissolving rock describe any fluctuations in
even when cracks already exist, that would atmospheric carbon dioxide, so there’s no
support the hypothesis that they evidence in the text to support the
depend on dissolving rock for some benefit. conclusion that such fluctuations had
Choice A is incorrect because the existence different effects on different sauropod
of soil-inhabiting members of lineages. All that the text says about
the Velloziaceae family with similar root atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is that
structures to those of the two species there weren’t increases at particular points
discussed in the text wouldn’t support the that correspond with key moments in
researchers’ hypothesis that the species sauropod evolution. Choice C is incorrect
discussed in the text depend on dissolving because the text indicates that there
rock. If other such members exist, that weren’t significant increases in atmospheric
might suggest that the root structures can carbon dioxide around the time of
serve more functions than secreting important periods in sauropods’ evolution
acids to dissolve rock (since dissolving rock toward larger body sizes, not that
may not be necessary for plants living atmospheric carbon dioxide was higher when
in soil), but that wouldn’t suggest anything the largest sauropods lived than
about whether the species discussed when sauropods first appeared. Choice D is
in the text benefit from dissolving rock. incorrect because the text indicates
Choice B is incorrect because differences that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels didn’t
in the proportions of citric and malic acid increase at important periods in
secreted by the two species would be sauropod evolution, not that higher levels
irrelevant to the hypothesis that the plants would have affected that evolution.
depend on dissolving rock. There’s no The text provides no information about how
information in the text to suggest that the higher levels of atmospheric carbon
proportion of each acid has any bearing dioxide might have affected sauropods.
on the process of dissolving rock or on any
benefits the plants might receive from
QUESTION 18
Choice B is the best answer because it most
that process. Choice D is incorrect because if
logically completes the text’s
the two species thrive on rocks
discussion of Anita Allen’s argument about
without phosphates, that would weaken the
judges citing philosophers in their
researchers’ hypothesis that the plants
judicial opinions. The text indicates that
depend on dissolving rock partly because
judges sometimes cite philosophers
dissolving rock gives them access to
when writing their judicial opinions and that,
phosphates. If the plants can survive on rocks
according to Allen, judges tend to cite
without getting a vital nutrient by
philosophers whose views are in agreement
dissolving those rocks, then either the
with those of the judges themselves.
nutrient isn’t actually vital for those plants
Allen claims, however, that the best judicial
or they can get the nutrient in some way
opinions consider potential objections
other than by dissolving rocks.
and rebut them, which suggests that judges
QUESTION 17 may be able to strengthen their
Choice B is the best answer because it opinions by including discussions of
presents the conclusion that most philosophers with views contrary to their
logically follows from the text’s discussion of own.
the relationship between Choice A is incorrect because Allen’s claim is
atmospheric carbon dioxide and sauropod that judges could improve their
body size. The text establishes that judicial opinions by citing philosophers who
sauropods evolved to reach enormous sizes, disagree with the views expressed
and it notes that some scientists in the opinions, which would necessarily
require judges to consult philosophical
works. Choice C is incorrect because there’s
no discussion in the text about making
judicial opinions more easily understood by
any particular group of readers. The
focus of the text is on Allen’s claim that
judicial opinions could be strengthened
by the inclusion of discussions of
philosophers whose views disagree with
those
of the judges authoring the opinions. Choice
D is incorrect because the text
presents Allen’s argument that discussing
philosophers whose views judges
disagree with could strengthen judicial
opinions, not that doing so could bring
those opinions into line with views that are
popular among philosophers.

QUESTION 19
Choice A is the best answer. The convention
being tested is pronoun-antecedent
agreement. The plural pronoun “they” agrees
in number with the plural antecedent
“customers.”
Choice B is incorrect because the singular
pronoun “one” doesn’t agree in number
with the plural antecedent “customers.”
Choice C is incorrect because the
second person pronoun “you” isn’t
conventional as a substitute for “customers.”
It suggests that the audience (“you”) is the
customer. Choice D is incorrect
because the singular pronoun “it” doesn’t
agree in number with the plural
antecedent “customers.”
QUESTION 20
Choice A is the best answer. The convention
being tested is punctuation use
between a main clause and a participial
phrase. This choice correctly uses a
comma to mark the boundary between the
main clause (“Epicurus…‘soul’”) and
the participial phrase (“positing…absence”)
that provides additional information
about how Epicurus defined pleasure.
Choice B is incorrect because a colon can’t be
used in this way to join a main
clause and a participial phrase. Choice C is
incorrect because a semicolon can’t
be used in this way to join a main clause and
a participial phrase. Choice D is
incorrect because it results in a rhetorically
unacceptable sentence fragment
beginning with “positing.”
QUESTION 21 Choice A is incorrect because the nonfinite
participle “claiming” doesn’t supply
Choice C is the best answer. The convention
the main clause with a finite verb. Choice C is
being tested is the use of
incorrect because the nonfinite
possessive determiners. The plural
participle “having claimed” doesn’t supply
possessive determiner “their” agrees in
the main clause with a finite verb.
number with the plural conjoined noun
Choice D is incorrect because the nonfinite
phrase “Watson and Crick” and thus
to-infinitive “to claim” doesn’t supply
indicates that the findings were those of
the main clause with a finite verb.
Watson and Crick.
Choice A is incorrect because “they’re” is the QUESTION 24
contraction for “they are,” not a Choice A is the best answer. The convention
possessive determiner. Choice B is incorrect being tested is colon use within
because “it’s” is the contraction a sentence. A colon used in this way
for “it is” or “it has,” not a possessive introduces information that illustrates or
determiner. Choice D is incorrect because explains information that has come before it.
the singular possessive determiner “its” In this case, the colon introduces
doesn’t agree in number with the plural the following explanation of why some
conjoined noun phrase “Watson and Crick.” roundworms in the Southern Hemisphere
QUESTION 22 move in the opposite direction of Earth’s
magnetic field.
Choice C is the best answer. The
Choice B is incorrect because it results in a
conventions being tested are punctuation use
comma splice. A comma can’t be
between titles and proper nouns and
used in this way to join two long independent
between verbs and integrated quotations.
clauses (“Researchers…food”
No punctuation is needed to set off the
and “in…sources”) such as these. Choice C is
proper noun “Stina Chyn” from the title
incorrect because it results in a
that describes Chyn, “critic.” Because “Stina
run-on sentence. The two clauses
Chyn” is essential information
(“Researchers…food” and “in…sources”) are
identifying the “critic,” no punctuation is
fused without punctuation. Furthermore, the
necessary. Further, no punctuation
conjunction “while” fails to indicate
is needed between the verb “claims” and the
that what follows is an explanation of why
following quotation because the
some roundworms in the Southern
quotation is integrated into the structure of
Hemisphere move in the opposite direction of
the sentence. Earth’s magnetic field. Choice D is
incorrect because it results in a run-on
Choice A is incorrect because no punctuation
sentence. The two clauses (“Researchers…
is needed before or after the
food” and “in…sources”) are fused without
proper noun “Stina Chyn.” Setting the critic’s
name off with commas suggests punctuation and/or a conjunction.
that it could be removed without affecting
the coherence of the sentence,
which isn’t the case. Choice B is incorrect
because no punctuation is needed QUESTION 25
before or after the proper noun “Stina Chyn.” Choice B is the best answer. The convention
Setting the critic’s name off with being tested is pronoun-antecedent
commas suggests that it could be removed agreement. The plural reflexive pronoun
without affecting the coherence “themselves” agrees in number with the
of the sentence, which isn’t the case. plural antecedent “turtle barnacles,”
Additionally, no punctuation is needed correctly indicating what is attached to a sea
between “claims” and the integrated turtle shell.
quotation. Choice D is incorrect because Choice A is incorrect because the singular
no punctuation is needed between the verb pronoun “it” doesn’t agree in number
“claims” and its subject, “critic Stina with the plural antecedent “turtle barnacles.”
Chyn.” Additionally, no punctuation is needed Choice C is incorrect because it
between the verb “claims” and the results in an unclear and confusing sentence.
integrated quotation. In this context, it’s unclear what
the plural pronoun “them” refers to. Choice D
QUESTION 23 is incorrect because the singular
Choice B is the best answer. The convention reflexive pronoun “itself” doesn’t agree in
being tested is the use of finite and number with the plural antecedent
nonfinite verb forms within a sentence. A “turtle barnacles.”
main clause requires a finite verb to
perform the action of the subject (in this QUESTION 26
case, “some historians”), and this choice Choice A is the best answer. The convention
supplies the finite present tense verb “claim” being tested is subject–verb
to indicate what some historians do. agreement. The singular verb “allows” agrees
in number with the singular subject
“landing.” Choice B is incorrect because it results in a
Choice B is incorrect because the plural verb dangling modifier. The placement of
“are allowing” doesn’t agree in the noun phrase “the reign of Henry”
number with the singular subject “landing.” immediately after the introductory phrase
Choice C is incorrect because the illogically suggests that the reign of Henry
plural verb “have allowed” doesn’t agree in recovered two years later. Choice C
number with the singular subject is incorrect because it results in a dangling
“landing.” Choice D is incorrect because the modifier. The placement of the noun
plural verb “allow” doesn’t agree in phrase “Henry’s reign” immediately after the
number with the singular subject “landing.” introductory phrase illogically
QUESTION 27 suggests that Henry’s reign recovered two
years later. Choice D is incorrect
Choice A is the best answer. The convention
because it results in a dangling modifier. The
being tested is the use of
placement of the function word “it”
punctuation to mark boundaries between
immediately after the introductory phrase
supplements and clauses. The comma
illogically suggests that “it” recovered
after “equations” is used to separate the
two years later.
independent clause (“Hopper’s…
equation”) from the supplementary adverb QUESTION 29
phrase “though.” The colon after Choice D is the best answer. “For example”
“though” is used to mark the boundary logically signals that the information
between the clause ending with “though” in this sentence—that The Emperor’s Babe is
and the following clause (“as…age”). A colon a novel conveyed in lines of
used in this way introduces poetry—exemplifies the claim in the previous
information that illustrates or explains sentence about hybrid works that
information that has come before it. In incorporate elements of both novels and
this case, the colon after “though” introduces poems.
the following explanation of how Choice A is incorrect because “by contrast”
Hopper’s subsequent career would involve illogically signals that the information in
more than just solving equations: she this sentence contrasts with the claim about
would become a pioneering computer hybrid works in the previous sentence.
programmer. Instead, the information demonstrates that
Choice B is incorrect because it results in a Evaristo’s novel is an example of a
comma splice. A comma can’t be used hybrid work. Choice B is incorrect because
in this way to join two independent clauses “consequently” illogically signals that
(“Hopper’s…though” and “as…age”) the information in this sentence is a
such as these. Choice C is incorrect because consequence, or result, of the claim about
it results in an illogical sequence of hybrid works in the previous sentence.
sentences. Placing the period after Instead, the information demonstrates
“equations” and beginning the next sentence that Evaristo’s novel is an example of a
with “Though” illogically suggests that the hybrid work. Choice C is incorrect because
following information (that Hopper “secondly” illogically signals that the
would help usher in the digital age) is information in this sentence is a second,
contrary to the information in the previous separate claim from the previous sentence’s
sentence (Hopper’s subsequent career would claim about hybrid works. Instead, the
involve more than just solving information demonstrates that Evaristo’s
equations). Instead, the information that novel is an example of a hybrid work.
follows supports the information from
the previous sentence by explaining how her
QUESTION 30
Choice C is the best answer. “By contrast”
work and influence extended beyond
logically signals that the information
solely solving equations. Choice D is incorrect
in this sentence—that dogs can see, hear,
because it results in a run-on
and smell by the end of two weeks—
sentence. The two independent clauses
contrasts with the preceding information
(“Hopper’s…though” and “as…age”) are
(that wolves can smell but not see or
fused without punctuation.
hear at the same age).
Choice A is incorrect because “in other
QUESTION 28 words” illogically signals that the information
Choice A is the best answer. The convention about domesticated dogs in this sentence
being tested is subject-modifier paraphrases the information about
placement. This choice ensures that the wolves in the previous sentence. Instead, the
introductory phrase “upon recovering information about dogs contrasts with
two years later” appears immediately before what came before. Choice B is incorrect
the noun it modifies (“Henry”), clearly because “for instance” illogically signals
establishing that Henry recovered two years that the information about domesticated
later. dogs in this sentence exemplifies the
information about wolves in the previous
sentence. Instead, the information about
QUESTION 33
Choice C is the best answer. The sentence
dogs contrasts with what came before.
compares the two women’s
Choice D is incorrect because “accordingly”
contributions to the march: Hedgeman
illogically signals that the information about
worked behind the scenes to make sure a
domesticated dogs in this sentence is
woman speaker was included, whereas Bates
in accordance with, or results from, the
actually spoke at the event.
information about wolves in the previous
Choice A is incorrect. While it acknowledges
sentence. Instead, the information about
that the two women both
dogs contrasts with what came before.
contributed to the march, it doesn’t indicate
what Hedgeman did, so no
QUESTION 31 comparison is made. Choice B is incorrect.
Choice D is the best answer. “Increasingly” While the sentence provides
logically signals that the claim in information about the two women, it doesn’t
this sentence—that mathematicians are mention anything about Bates’s
collaborating with their peers—marks contribution to the march. Choice D is
a change relative to what was traditionally incorrect. While the sentence indicates
done. As the previous sentence that the two women both fought for civil
explains, while mathematicians may have rights, it doesn’t compare their individual
traditionally worked alone, evidence contributions to the march.
points to a shift in the opposite direction. The
claim describes the shift: a rise in
collaboration.
Choice A is incorrect because “similarly”
illogically signals that the claim in
this sentence is similar to, but separate from,
the previous claim about the
shift away from mathematicians working
alone. Instead, the claim about the
rise in collaboration elaborates on the
previous claim, describing the shift.
Choice B is incorrect because “for this
reason” illogically signals that the claim
in this sentence is caused by the previous
claim about the shift away from
mathematicians working alone. Instead, the
claim about the rise in collaboration
elaborates on the previous claim, describing
the shift. Choice C is incorrect
because “furthermore” illogically signals that
the claim in this sentence is in
addition to the previous claim about the shift
away from mathematicians working
alone. Instead, the claim about the rise in
collaboration elaborates on the previous
claim, describing the shift.
QUESTION 32
Choice D is the best answer. The sentence
presents both the study and its
findings, noting the study’s date and the
researcher’s name as well as describing
what the researcher determined about the
jawbones and how she determined it.
Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence
describes the study and the
researcher’s initial assessment, it doesn’t
present the study’s findings. Choice B is
incorrect. While the sentence describes the
study and its focus, it doesn’t present
the study’s findings or the name of the
researcher who conducted it. Choice C is
incorrect. While the sentence mentions the
study’s methodology and provides
information about pterosaurs, it doesn’t
present the study’s findings.