Functions: Using Python
Salil Kumar Verma
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Adilabad(T.S)
salilverma80@gmail.com
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Outline
Function Definition, syntax, types
Arguments/Parameters, types
Void and non-void function
Scope of a variable, global/local, LEGB rule
Flow of execution of a program
Passing immutable/mutable objects
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Function
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Function
A function is a portion of code within a larger
program that performs a specific task.
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Function
A function is a portion of code within a larger
program that performs a specific task.
Functions are useful in reusing the code and
eliminate code redundancy.
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Function
A function is a portion of code within a larger
program that performs a specific task.
Functions are useful in reusing the code and
eliminate code redundancy.
Functions are also used to organise our code into
manageable blocks.
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Syntax for functions
def function_name(parameters):
"""docstring"""
statement(s)
return [expression]
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Docstring
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Docstring
Documenting/commenting code is a good practice
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Docstring
Documenting/commenting code is a good practice
Docstrings are triple quoted comments entered just
after function definition
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Docstring
Documenting/commenting code is a good practice
Docstrings are triple quoted comments entered just
after function definition
It implies what the function does
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Example: Function
f(x) a mathematical function
f (x) = x 2
Above mentioned mathematical function can be written
in Python like this:
def f(x):
return x*x
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Anatomy of Python function
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Python Function types
pre-defined functions and are
Built-in always available for use. e.g.
len(), type(), int(), input() etc.
pre-defined in particular modules
defined in
and can only be used when the
modules
corresponding module is imported
User-
defined by programmer
defined
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Arguments and parameters
Consider following program segment
def multiply(a,b): #Function header
print(a*b)
y=3
multiply(12,y) #Function call 1
multiply(y,x) #Function call 2
value(s) in function header → Parameters/Formal
Arguments
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Arguments and parameters
Consider following program segment
def multiply(a,b): #Function header
print(a*b)
y=3
multiply(12,y) #Function call 1
multiply(y,x) #Function call 2
value(s) in function header → Parameters/Formal
Arguments
value(s) in function call → Arguments/Actual
Arguments
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Passing parameters
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Passing parameters
1 Positional arguments (Required arguments)
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Passing parameters
1 Positional arguments (Required arguments)
2 Default arguments
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Passing parameters
1 Positional arguments (Required arguments)
2 Default arguments
3 Keyword (or named ) arguments
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Positional/Required Arguments
if a function definition header is like:
def check(a,b,c):
.
.
.
then possible function calls for this can be:
check(x,y,z) # 3 values(all variables) passed
check(2,x,y) # 3 values (literal+variable) passed
check(2,5,7) # 3 values(all literals) passed
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Default Arguments
Example of function header with default values:
def interest(principal,time,rate=0.10):
Function calls for the function:
si_int=interest(5400,2) #third argument missing
si_int=interest(6100,3,0.15) #no argument missing
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Keyword (Named) Arguments
If function header is:
def interest(prin,time,rate):
Function calls using keyword arguments:
interest(prin=2000,time=2,rate=0.10)
interest(time=4,prin=2000,rate=0.10)
interest(time=2,rate=0.12,prin=2000)
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Using multiple argument types together
Consider following function header:
def interest(prin,cc,time=2,rate=0.09):
return prin*time*rate
Some function call statements:
interest(cc=4,rate=0.12,prin=5000) (legal)
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Using multiple argument types together
Consider following function header:
def interest(prin,cc,time=2,rate=0.09):
return prin*time*rate
Some function call statements:
interest(cc=4,rate=0.12,prin=5000) (legal)
interest(rate=0.05,5003) (illegal)
Salil Kumar Verma, PGT IT, J N V Adilabad Functions 14/22
Using multiple argument types together
Consider following function header:
def interest(prin,cc,time=2,rate=0.09):
return prin*time*rate
Some function call statements:
interest(cc=4,rate=0.12,prin=5000) (legal)
interest(rate=0.05,5003) (illegal)
interest(5000,prin=300,cc=2) (illegal)
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Returning values from function
Functions returning some values (non-void
functions)
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Returning values from function
Functions returning some values (non-void
functions)
Functions not returning any value(void functions)
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Returning values from function
Functions returning some values (non-void
functions)
Functions not returning any value(void functions)
Functions returning multiple values
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Scope of variables
Scope
Part(s) of program within which a name is legal and
accessible.
Global Scope
A name declared in top level segment( main ) of a
program, it can be used inside whole program and all
blocks(functions,other blocks).
Local Scope
A name declared in a function-body is said to have local
scope, i.e. it can be used only within this function.
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Scope Example I
Program
1. def calcsum(x,y):
2. z=x+y
3. return z
4. num1=int(input("Enter first number:"))
5. num2=int(input("Enter second number:"))
6. sum=calcsum(num1,num2)
7. print("Sum of given number is ",sum)
Flow of execution of above program:
Line1 Line4 Line5 Line6 Line2 Line3 Line6 Line7
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Scope Example II
Program:
1. def calcsum(a,b,c):
2. s=a+b+c
3. return s
4. def average(x,y,z):
5. sm=calcsum(x,y,z)
6. return sm/3
7. num1=int(input("Number 1:"))
8. num2=int(input("Number 2:"))
9. num3=int(input("Number 3:"))
10. print("Average is:",average(num1,num2,num3))
Flow of execution of above program:
Line7
Line2 Line5
Line1 Line4 Line8 Line10 Line5 Line10
Line3 Line6
Line9
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Name Resolution (LEGB Rule)
Local Enclosing Global Built-in
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Mutable/Immutable properties of passed data
objects
Python’s variables are not storage containers,
rather Python variables are like memory references;
they refer to the memory address where the value
is stored.
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Mutable/Immutable properties of passed data
objects
Python’s variables are not storage containers,
rather Python variables are like memory references;
they refer to the memory address where the value
is stored.
Depending upon the mutability/immutability of its
data type, a variable behaves differently.
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Passing an immutable/mutable data type
Passing an immutable type value to a function
If a variable is referring to an immutable type then any
changes in its value will also change the memory
address it is referring to.
Passing a mutable type value to a function
If a variable is referring to mutable type then any
change in the value of mutable type will not change the
memory address of the variable.
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Summary of mutable/immutable type’s behaviour
Changes in immutable types are not reflected in
the caller function at all.
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Summary of mutable/immutable type’s behaviour
Changes in immutable types are not reflected in
the caller function at all.
Changes,if any, in mutable types
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Summary of mutable/immutable type’s behaviour
Changes in immutable types are not reflected in
the caller function at all.
Changes,if any, in mutable types
are reflected in caller function if its name is not
assigned a different variable or datatype.
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Summary of mutable/immutable type’s behaviour
Changes in immutable types are not reflected in
the caller function at all.
Changes,if any, in mutable types
are reflected in caller function if its name is not
assigned a different variable or datatype.
are not reflected in the caller function if it is
assigned a different variable or datatype.
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