BUILDING SERVICES

(SUBJECT CODE : CET476)

Department of Civil Engineering

Government Engineering College, Kozhikode
Aiswarya Manoj
 MODULE - 1
Water management services

• Pipes for water distribution, joints, fixtures and valves, water meters, etc. - Water
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storage tanks: capacity and location - water purifiers
• Terminology such as flow, pressure, head, etc. - principles of water supply in buildings
(low-rise, multi-storeyed)
• Rain water Harvesting - roof top harvesting, type of spouts, sizes of rainwater pipes,
methods of rain water harvesting – harvesting tanks and pit - typical details
 MODULE - 2
Liquid and solid waste management services

• Types of traps and chambers: inspection chamber, disconnecting chamber, intercepting trap, Strap, P-trap,

and joints.
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gully trap, grease trap - sanitary fixtures: washbasins, WCs, bathtubs, urinals, flushing cistern - Types of pipes

• Design principles of sanitary layout: location and ventilation of chambers, traps, fixtures -
• Building sanitation systems: separate, combined, single stack, one pipe and two pipe - On-site treatment:
Septic tanks, Soak pits, Cess pools, dispersion trenches – decentralized treatment systems for multi-storeyed
buildings (theory only, no design) - recycling grey water: practices
• Solid waste quantity, Types and composition, characteristics, on-site processing and disposal Methods
 MODULE - 3
Electrical and Mechanical services

• Electrical installations and Accessories of wiring (terminologies and symbols only),

Systems of wiring, Electrical layout for residence, small workshop, show room, school
building, etc.
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• Air Conditioning: Types of Air Conditioners, (Central type, Window Type, Split Unit),
capacity selection of air conditioner
• Lift: Definition, Types of Lifts, Location, Sizes, Component parts - Elevators & Escalators:
Different types of elevators and Escalators, Freight elevators, Passenger elevators, Hospital
elevators - Uses of different types of elevators – Escalators – Dumbwaiters: Types and uses
- Conveyors: Types and uses.
• Pumps – Types, Selection, installation, and maintenance
 MODULE - 4
Fire and Acoustic management services

• Causes and Effects of fire, General Requirements of Fire Resisting building as per IS
and NBC 2005, Characteristics of Fire resisting materials, Maximum Travel Distance,
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Fire Fighting Installations for Horizontal Exit, Roof Exit / Fire Lifts, External Stairs -
Firefighting equipment and different methods of fighting fire, means of escape, alarms,
etc
• Requirement of good Acoustic - Factors to be followed for noise control in residential
building -
• Acoustical Materials: Porous materials, panel absorbers, membrane absorbers,
acoustical plasters, diffusers, cavity or Helmholtz resonators. Role of functional
absorbers, Adjustable acoustics and variable sound absorbers. Acoustical correction and
retrofits to existing spaces
 MODULE - 5
Miscellaneous services

• Concept of Green buildings – Sustainable features of Green building – LEED India

rating system - energy efficiency, water efficiency – Green materials and equipment -
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waste reduction during construction, materials with recycled content, local materials,
material reuse, certified wood,
• Rapidly renewable building materials and furniture, HVAC Concept of building
automation - Design issues related to building automation and its effect on functional
efficiency, Components of building automation system; modern security system,
alarm system, fire-protection, inter- communication, monitoring devices, mechanical
means of vertical and horizontal transportation, Intelligent lighting system etc.
 MODULE – 1
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WATER MANAGEMENT SERVICES
 INTRODUCTION
• Various types of pipes are used for water
supply system including metallic and non-

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metallic pipes.
• For water mains, mainly GI and MS pipes or
even large HDPE pipes are used, while for
branch/service pipes, most commonly used are
galvanised iron and HDPE/PVC pipes. DI pipes
are used for both purposes.
 Most common types of pipes
used for water supply system :

• Galvanised Iron Pipes – metal pipe

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•
•
Mild Steel Pipes - metal pipe
Poly Vinyl Chloride pipes - non- metal pipe
• High Density Poly Ethylene Pipes - non metal pipe
• Ductile Iron Pipes
Mild Steel Pipes
• Number of joints are less as they are
available in longer length.

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• Pipes are durable and can resist high
internal water pressure and highly
suitable for long distance high
pressure piping.
• Flexible to lay in certain curves.
• Light weight and easy to transport.
• Damage in transportation is minimal.
 • Pipes are prone to rust and require
higher maintenance.
• Require more time for repairs and
not very suitable for distribution
piping.
• Available in diameter of 150-250

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mm for water supply and cut
lengths of 4 - 7 m (2.6-4.5 mm wall
thickness).
• Steel Pipes are joined with flanged
joints or welding
Galvanised Iron
(GI) Pipes
• Cheap in cost and light in weight.
• Easy to join.

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• Affected by acidic or alkaline water.
• Highly suitable for distribution system.
• Available in light (yellow colour code), medium
(blue colour code) and heavy grades (red colour
code) depending on the thickness of pipe used.
• Normally, medium grade pipes (wall thickness
2.6-4.8 mm) are used for water supply system.
Normally, 15-150 mm size pipes (nominal internal
diameter) are used for distribution system.
• Available in length of 3 m
 • GI pipes can be used in non-corrosive water with pH
value greater than 6.5.
• Used for rising main as well as distribution.

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• Normally joined with lead putty on threaded end.
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC
unplasticised) Pipes

• Cheap in cost and light in weight.

• Economical in laying and jointing.

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• They are rigid pipes.
• Highly durable and
distribution network.
suitable for

• Free from corrosion and tough against

chemical attack.
• Good electric insulation.
• Highly suitable for distribution piping
and branch pipes.
 • Less resistance to heat and direct exposure to sun.
Hence, not very suitable for piping above the ground.
• PVC pipes weigh only 1/5th of steel pipes of same

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diameter.
• Certain types of low quality plastic impart taste to
water.
• Available in size 20-315 mm (nominal internal
diameter) for water supply with pressure class of 2.5,
4, 6, 8 & 10 kg/cm2 for water supply. Ideally pipes
with 6 kg/cm2 should be used.
• Classification of pipes is done according to its pressure
class.
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• Available in lengths of 2, 3, 4, 6 m. For plain ended pipes, the
overall length shall be measured from end to end. For socketed
pipe for solvent cement jointing the effective length of pipe
shall be determined by subtracting from the overall length, the
socket length.

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• Jointing of PVC can be made by solvent cement or rubber ring
joint.
 HDPE
• Light in weight.
• Flexible than PVC pipes.
• HDPE pipes are black in
colour.
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• Suitable for underground
piping and can withstand
movement of heavy traffic.
• Allows free flowing of water.
• Highly durable and suitable
for distribution network.
 • Free from corrosion.
• Good electric insulation.
• Useful for water conveyance as
they do not constitute toxic hazard
and does not support microbial
growth.
• Normally, 20-315 mm diameter
pipes are used for water supply

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and distribution system with
pressure ranging from 6- 10
kg/cm2 . Available in coils in small
diameters. Above 110 mm
diameter, available in lengths
starting from 6 m.
 • Better version of cast iron pipes
with better tensile strength.
• Prepared using centrifugal cast
process.
• Have high impact resistance,
high wear and tear resistance,
high tensile strength, ductility
and good internal and external

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• Provided with cement mortar
lining on inside surface which
provides smooth surface and is
suitable for providing chemical
and physical barriers to water.
Such pipes reduce water
Ductile Iron Pipes contamination
• The outer coating of such pipes is done with
bituminous or Zinc paint.
• DI pressure pipes are available in range from 80-1000
mm diameter and in lengths from 5.5-6 m.

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• They are about 30 percent lighter than conventional
cast iron pipes.
• Lower pumping cost due to lower frictional resistance.
What is spigot
and socket end
in pipes?

• Spigot and sockets are

type of pipe ends.

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• Spigot is the pipe end
which is inserted into
socket.
• Spigot and socket are
joined with rubber seals,
lubricants etc.
What is flanged end in pipes?
Pipes have flanged at their ends which are joined with nuts and bolts.

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Type of Valves
for Water Flow
Control and
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Estimation
SLUICE VALVE
• Used for control on water
flow in pipeline.
• It is fixed in main line and at
start of branch line.
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• Also used as scour valve for
cleaning of pipeline.
• Provided in straight pipeline
at 150-200 m intervals.
• When two pipes lines
interest, valves are fixed in
both sides of intersection.
 Air Valve

• Fixed in order to allow air circulation in

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pipeline.
• Placed in pumping main line and
distribution line mainly which are at
higher levels.
• May be placed at every 1000 m for
pipe lines upto 600 mm dia.
Water Meters
• Devices installed on pipes to measure
quantity of water flowing in particular
area.
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• Installed to keep control on water usage
in case of metered water supply.
• Meters installed to measure household
consumption are called domestic water
meters.
• Water meters having sizes from 15 mm
to 50 mm are considered for domestic
water meters.
 • Made normally of cast iron/brass/plastic
body and plastic gears.
• Meters are classified according to the
operating principle, type of end
connections, constructional features,
method of coupling between the counter
and primary sensor, the metrological
characteristics etc.

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• Automatic water meter reading system are
used now in order to collect data from all
the meters at central point through
GSM/internet. This help in saving time for
collecting data from each individual place.
This system helps in collection, displaying
and processing of data at one single place.
It also helps in monitoring of data daily.
 • Sizing of water meter :
• Selected according to the flow to
be measured and not necessarily
to suit a certain size of water
main.
• The maximum flow shall not
exceed the maximum flow rating.

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greater than the nominal flow
rating.
• Installation guidelines and sizing
recommendations for water meters
are normally given by the supplier.
Flow Meters
• Flow meters are devices installed mainly to
measure velocity/speed of water and also derive
quantity of water.
• Flow meters are placed near water intake/head
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works, transfer mains, storage tanks/reservoirs,
distribution network like branch/main/sublines
etc.
• Various type of flow meters are available based on
characteristic and performance line accuracy of
measurement, range, resolution etc.
Type of Pipe Fittings
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 • Pipe fitting are important components as
they connect pipes and control pipe
leakages.
• Choose the diameter of the fitting based on
the size of pipe.
INTRODUCTION • These fitting are available with threading,
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mainly for metallic pipes.
• For PVC pipes, non-threaded fittings are
normally used for smaller diameter pipes.
• For HDPE pipe fitting special flanged fittings
are available for joining pipes.
 • Elbow – It connects two pipes of same
diameter at an angle, normally 90
degrees.

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• Socket or coupling - It is used to
connect two straight lengths of pipes.
The outer diameter of pipe will be
equal to inner diameter of socket after
threading.
 • Tee - it will fit two straight pipes and
will have an outlet at right angle.

• Union - It is used for joining the ends

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of two pipes which cannot be rotated.
• Used in long stretches of straight pipes in
the beginning of a pipe system and near
all appliances along stop valves.
 • Reducer - It is used to connect two pipes
with different size (diameter) to reduce
the size of pipe. Reducer can be a socket,
elbow or a tee as per required
distribution network requirement.

• Plug - It is used to plug the flow of water

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at dead ends.

• Nipple - it is tubular pipe fitting, mainly

in 300 mm length. It is used for extending
pipeline.
Water
Storage
Tanks TRACE KTU
 LOCATION

Underground Overhead
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Tanks Tanks
Preferred : Overhead Tanks
 CAPACITY OF TANK
• Be it underground or overhead water
tanks the capacity calculation is essential.

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• If you build a tank with huge capacity than
the required quantity, you may not need
to worry about the storage issue, but you
will waste a lot of money in other ways.
What happens if you build a huge tank than
your actual requirement?
Wastage of water.

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Storing water for a long time will make it contaminated. This
old contaminated water will get mixed with the new one leading to
health hazards.

Maintenance difficulty.
 Capacity Calculation
Formula

• According to IS Code 1172

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(1993), the value of the
minimum water requirement
has been retained as 135 litres
per head per day. It varies
based on the building types.
Example Calculation (Overhead Water tank)
• Assume we need to calculate the size of a water tank for a residential
building with 10 persons.

Total Water Requirement = Number of persons X Minimum Water requirement = 10 X 135 Litres = 1350 Litres

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We know, 1 m3 = 1000 litres of water.
So the required storage volume for 1350 Litres = 1.35 Cubic Metre.
Now we have calculated the volume of water requirement.
Underground Water Tank Size Calculation
Assuming we are going to construct a rectangular water tank with depth as 1 metre.
• We know volume formula, Volume = Area X Depth
• Area of the tank = 1.35 / Depth = 1.35/1 = 1.35 m2 or square metre
• Area of rectangle = Length X Breadth (Assuming L=2B)

• 1.35 = 2B2
• 2B2 = 1.35
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• Therefore, 1.35 m2 = 2B X B

• B2 = 1.35/2 = 0.675
• B = √0.675 = 0.82 m
• So length = 2 X B = 2 X 0.82 = 1.64 metre.
• Add an additional 300mm for the free flow
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WATER PURIFIERS
INTRODUCTION
• A water purifier is a device used to
remove impurities from water to

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make it safe for drinking.
• There are different types of water
purifiers, such as reverse osmosis,
activated carbon, ultraviolet, and ion
exchange, that use different methods
to purify water.
• Choice of water purifier depends on
factors like type and level of
impurities in the water, and the
intended use.
Reverse
Osmosis (RO)

• Uses a semipermeable membrane to

remove ions, molecules, and larger
particles from drinking water.

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• Process involves applying pressure to
the contaminated water to force it
through the membrane, leaving
impurities behind.
• Often used to purify water for drinking
and cooking, as it can effectively remove
contaminants such as bacteria, viruses,
heavy metals, salts, and chemicals.
• It is considered one of the most
thorough methods of water purification,
but can also be more expensive and
complex compared to other methods.
 Activated
Carbon
• Uses an adsorbent material to remove impurities
from water.

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• Process works by passing water through a bed of
activated carbon, which attracts and captures
impurities, such as chlorine, chemicals, and
organic compounds, through a process called
adsorption.
• Commonly used in combination with other
filtration methods, such as sediment filters, to
provide a multi-stage filtration process for drinking
water.
• An effective method for removing bad tastes,
odour, and some impurities from water, making it
a popular choice for residential and industrial
water filtration systems.
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• Uses ultraviolet light to inactivate or kill harmful microorganisms, such as
bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, in drinking water.
• Process works by passing water through a UV lamp, which emits UV light at a
Ultra-Violet specific wavelength that damages the DNA of microorganisms, making them
unable to reproduce and causing them to die.
(UV) filtration • Often used in combination with other filtration methods, such as activated
carbon and reverse osmosis, to provide a multi-stage filtration process for
drinking water.
• An effective method for reducing the presence of harmful microorganisms in
water, making it a popular choice for residential and industrial water
treatment applications.
Ion Exchange
Filtration
• Uses ion exchange resin to remove impurities from water.
• Process works by passing water through a column filled
with ion exchange resin beads, which are charged with
positive or negative ions.

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• The resin beads attract and exchange ions with
impurities in the water, effectively removing them.
• Commonly used to remove minerals, such as calcium and
magnesium, that cause hardness in water, as well as heavy
metals and radioactive ions.
• Often used in combination with other filtration methods,
such as reverse osmosis and activated carbon, to provide
a multi-stage filtration process for drinking water.
• An effective method for reducing water hardness and
removing specific impurities, making it a popular choice
for residential and industrial water treatment applications.
 SOME BASIC
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TERMINOLOGIES
 FLOW
• Motion of a fluid subjected to unbalanced forces.
• This motion continues as long as unbalanced forces
are applied.

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Types of Fluids
• Ideal fluid : A fluid is said to be ideal when it cannot be
compressed and the viscosity doesn’t fall in the
category of an ideal fluid. It is an imaginary fluid which
doesn’t exist in reality.
• Real fluid : All the fluids are real as all the fluids
possess viscosity.
PRESSURE
• Refers to a measurement of the force per unit area that acts
on an object in the fluid or on a closed container’s surface.

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• Cause of this pressure is due to acceleration, gravity, or by
forces that are outside the closed container.
• Application of the pressure is in all directions because the
fluid has no definite shape.
• Two types of fluid pressure: dynamic pressure and static
pressure.
• Static pressure : Behaves as a potential and the pressure
measured turns out to be the same in all directions.
• Dynamic pressure : Pressure of a liquid that is moving.
Furthermore, dynamic pressure depends on the
direction of motion.
 HEAD

• Head is the height given by

the pump to the fluid and it is
measured in meters of liquid
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column [m.l.c.] or simply
indicated in meters [m].
• "Head" is a simplified way of
expressing pressure in a system.
Head is typically denoted in terms of
length; e.g. Feet of head, meters of
head, etc.
Principles of
water
supply TRACE
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buildings
 • The design of pipe should be made so that there is no
contact between the lines feeding to the cistern or any
such other appliance with those feeding water for human
consumption.
• Pipe network should be completely water tight and also
remain undamaged either by traffic loads, vibrations or
temperature and any strains of buildings.
• Optimum discharge of water should be obtained
consistent with economy.

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• The system should be free from water hammer,
corrosion and should also look aesthetic.
• Plumbing fixtures and appurtenances should be supplied
with water in sufficient volume and at pressures
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue
noise under all circumstances.
• The pipe network should be laid and fixed so that it shall
be accessible at any time for attending to damages,
leakages etc.
• The pipe network should be of adequate size to give the
desired rate of flow
• The pipe network should be laid and fixed that it does not
pass by the side of any sewage line or refuse drain nor
does it pass through any field of foul ground where dirt or
city have been deposited and manure dumps
• The pipe network should be divided into sections to
facilitate repairs. These sections Should be separated by
valves in order that a section can be isolated for repairs
keeping the rest of the distribution.

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• The methods of joining pipe should be such as to avoid

• Whenever the pipes are bent it should be so made that

these are not likely to materially diminish or alter cross
section.
• The piping should be so laid that air locks do not occur and
it should be possible to flush out the network from time to
time.
 • In the case of underground tanks, the
contamination of stored water on account of
above ground flow and due to seepage of
underground water should be avoided.
• Whenever underground tanks are required for
firefighting purposes, the same should be
approachable easily by fire tenders.

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• The water which is required for firefighting is so
provided that every day it gets renewal through an
inflow of fresh water supply.
• Lead piping should not be utilized anywhere in the
domestic water supply system.
• Polythene and PVC pipes should not be installed
near hot water pipes or near any source of heat.
• The dead ends in the pipe lines should be avoided
to the extent possible.
Rain water
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Harvesting
Definition

• The technique used to increase

the recharge of ground water by
capturing the rain water is
known as
harvesting".
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"rain water

• A process, by which the ground

water reservoir is enhanced at a
rate exceeding that obtaining
under natural conditions or
replenishment
 OBJECTIVES OF RAIN
WATER HARVESTING

• Reducing loss of water by its

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running-off
• Avoiding flooding of roads
• Meeting the demands of
increasing water
• Reducing water contamination.
 METHODS OF RAIN
WATER HARVESTING

Depends upon TRACE KTU

• Soil characteristics
• Rainfall pattern
• Climatic conditions of that particular
region.
Methods for Rain
Water Harvesting

• By storing water in tanks or

reservoirs
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• By construction of pits
• By digging wells
• By recharging of ground
water by constructing
shallow percolation tanks.
Roof top harvesting

• Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting is

the technique through which rain
water is captured from the roof
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catchments and stored in reservoirs.
• Harvested rain water can be stored
in sub-surface ground water
reservoir by adopting artificial
recharge techniques to meet the
household needs through storage in
tanks.
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• In its simplest form, roof top water harvesting involves taking down a PVC or M.S. pipe of 90-
120 mm dia from the roof's outlet to the ground floor, which can be connected to water tank
(placed either above the ground level or below the ground level) or to the under ground water-
table.
• The rainwater before collection should however generally be passed through simple sand or
charcoal filters, for the removal of suspended particles and micro organisms from the rain run of
being collected.
• The roofs or court yards should also be kept as clean as possible at the time of rains.
 • To meet the ever increasing
Need for Rooftop Rain Water demand for water
• To reduce the runoff which
Harvesting chokes storm drains
• To avoid flooding of roads
• To augment the ground
water storage and control
decline of water levels

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pollution
• To improve the quality of
ground water
• To reduce the soil erosion
• To supplement domestic
water requirement during
summer, drought etc.
 Components of rain
water harvesting
• Catchment area
• Coarse mesh / leaf screen

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• Gutter
• Down spout or conduit
• First flushing device
• Filter
• Storage tank
• Recharge structure
 Catchment area

• The surface on which the rain water falls.

• May be a roof top or open area around the
building.
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• Quality of water collected from roof top is
comparatively much better than collection
from the ground.
• Rain water harvested from catchment
surfaces along the ground should be used for
lawn watering, flushing etc., because of
increased risk of contamination. This water
can also be used for recharging ground
aquifers after proper filtration.
Coarse mesh / leaf
screen
• To prevent the entry of leaves and
other debris in the system, the coarse
mesh should be provided at the mouth

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of inflow pipe for flat roofs.
• For slope in roofs where gutters are
provided to collect and divert the rain
water to downspout or conduits, the
gutters should have a continuous leaf
screen, made of ¼ inch wire mesh in a
metal frame, installed along their
entire length, and a screen or wire
basket at the head of the downspout.
 Gutter
• For collecting water from sloping roof and to divert it to
downspout.
• These are channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to
collect and transport rain water to the storage tank.

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• Can be of semi-circular, rectangular or trapezoidal shape.
• Must be properly sized, sloped and installed in order to
maximize the quantity of harvested rain.
• Made using any of the following materials:
(a)Galvanized iron sheet
(b) Aluminum sheet
(c) Semi-circular gutters of PVC material which can be
readily prepared by cutting these pipes into two equal
semi-circular channels
(d) Bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half (for low-
cost housing projects)
Down Spout /
Conduit
• Rain water collected on the roof top is
transported down to storage facility
through down spouts / conduits.
• Conduits can be of any material like PVC,
GI or cast iron.
• Should be free of lead and any other
treatment which could contaminate
the water.
• Diameter of pipe required for draining
out rain water is based on rainfall
intensity and roof area.
First flushing device

• Roof washing or the collection and disposal of the

first flush of water from a roof, is very important if
the collected rain water is to be used directly for
human consumption.
• All the debris, dirt and other contaminants
especially bird dropping etc. accumulated on the
roof during dry season are washed by the first rain
and if this water will enter into storage tank or
recharge system it will contaminate the water.
• To avoid this contamination, a first flush system is
incorporated in the roof top rain water harvesting
system.
• The first flushing device, dispose of the first spell of
rain water so that it does not enter the system
First flushing device
 Filter

• If the collected water from roof top is to be

used for human consumption directly, a filter
unit is required to be installed in RWH system
before storage tank.
• Used to remove suspended pollutants from
rain water collected over roof. The filter unit
is basically a chamber filled with filtering
media such as fiber, coarse sand and gravel
layers to remove debris and dirt from water
before it enters the storage tank.
• Should be placed after first flush device but
before storage tank.
• There are various type of filters which have
been developed all over the country.
• Type and selection of filters is governed by
the final use of harvested rain water and
economy.
Storage tank
• Whenever the rain water collected from roof
top is used directly for various purposes,
storage tank is required.
• Can be cylindrical, rectangular or square in
shape.
• Material of construction can be RCC,
ferrocement, masonry, PVC or metal sheets.
• Depending upon the availability of space,
the storage tank can be above ground,
partially underground or fully
underground.
 The design of storage tank is
dependent on many factors
which are listed below:

(a) Number of persons in the

household – The greater the number of
persons, more will be requirement of
water.
(b) Per capita requirement – varies
from household to household, based
on standard of living. The requirement
also varies with season. In summer the
requirement is more in comparison to
winter. Similarly, the per capita
requirement is more in urban areas in
comparison to rural areas.
(c) Average annual rainfall
(d) Rainfall pattern
• If the rainfall is uniformly
spread throughout the
year, the requirement of
storage capacity will be
less. But if the rainfall is
concentrated to a limited
period in a year, the
storage tanks of higher
capacity will be required.
Type and size of catchment

• Depending upon the

type of roofing
material, the runoff
coefficient varies
which affect the
effective yield from a
catchment area.
• The size of the
catchment also has a
bearing on tank size.
• More the catchment
area, larger the size of
storage tank.
• In hilly terrains, rain water harvesting is
preferred
• In saline or coastal areas, rain water
provides good quality water and when
recharged to ground water, it reduces
salinity and also helps in maintaining
balance between the fresh-saline water
interface
• In Islands, due to limited extent of
fresh water aquifers, rain water
harvesting is the most preferred source
of water for domestic use
• In desert, where rain fall is low, rain
water harvesting has been providing
relief to people
Storage in Ground
Water Reservoir

• For rooftop rain water harvesting through

existing tubewells and handpumps, filter
or desilting pit should be provided so
that the wells are not silted.
• Such tubewells if pumped intermittently,
increase the efficiency of recharge.
• If the ground water reservoir is recharged
through, shaft, dug well etc., inverted
filter may be provided.
Storage in Tanks
• A storage tank should not be located close to a source of
contamination, such as a septic tank etc.
• A storage tank must be located on a lower level than the roof to
ensure that it fills completely.
• A rainwater system must include installation of an overflow pipe
which empties into a non-flooding area. Excess water may also
be used for recharging the aquifer through dug well or
handpump or tubewell etc.
• A speed breaker plate must be provided below inlet pipe in the
filter so as not to disturb the filtering material.
• Storage tanks should be accessible for cleaning.
• The inlet into the Storage tank should be screened in such way
that these can be cleaned regularly.
• Water may be disinfected regularly before using for drinking
purpose by chlorination or boiling etc.
Collection Efficiency

How efficiently the Collection efficiencies

rainfall can be of 80% are often used
collected depends on depending on the
several considerations. specific design.
 Rainfall
Reliability.

• The first step is to

determine how much
water would be
generated from your
roof area.
• Average monsoon
rainfall is used for this
purpose.
 Determination of volume of water that
can be harvested
• The formula for calculation for harvesting potential or volume of water
received or runoff produced or harvesting capacity is given as:-

Harvesting potential (Volume of water Received) = Area of Catchment x

Amount of rainfall x Runoff coefficient

• Here, Runoff coefficient for concrete roof=0.9

• Annual rainfall at Kozhikode = 3063mm/year = 3.063m/year
• Suppose, due to space restriction, it will be decided to design a rainwater
storage tank to store water for the dry period.
Runoff water to be stored to consume at dry period.
• Dry period is the period between two consecutive rainy seasons.
• From December to May is considered as the dry period in India.
• Dry period = 6 x 30=185 days.
• Total number of consumers = 300 numbers (Approx.)
• Per capita water demand = 45 litre/day (For schools and college) [IS 1172: 1993
Code of Basic requirements for water supply, Drainage and Sanitation]
• Total amount of water demand per day = 300 x 0.045 = 13.5 m³/day
• Total amount of water demand per 185 days = 13.5 x 185 = 2497.5m3
Water tank design:
• A square tank is considered.
• Free board of water tank =
0.25m
• Take depth of tank = 2.5m
• Dimension of tank -
THANK YOU