Mathematics

Class - 7th

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POTENTIAL SPARK COURSE
INTEGERS

Compendium

A. Introduction of numbers
B. Representation on a number line
C. Properties of addition of integers
D. Properties of subtraction of integers
E. Multiplication of integers
F. Properties of multiplication of integers
G. Division of integers
H. Properties of division of integers
I. Bird’s-eye view
J. Solved examples
K. Practice yourself
L. Solutions

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A. Introduction to Numbers
Natural numbers
You must be seeing and using this set of numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16,....., every day. The natural numbers are sometimes
referred to as the counting numbers and the positive integers and
so on.

Real numbers

Rational numbers Irrational numbers

Integers

Whole numbers

Natural numbers

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Whole numbers
The natural numbers plus the zero is known as the whole number and
so on.

Integers
Any positive and negative whole numbers, i.e. ..-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3..
is known as integers.

B. Representation on the number line

The number line is visualised as a straight line with numbers placed at
equal intervals or segments along its length. A number line is
extended infinitely in any direction and is usually represented
horizontally.
On a number line when we
(i) Add a positive integer; we move to the right.
(ii) Add a negative integer; we move to the left.
(iii) Subtract a positive integer; we move to the left.
(iv) Subtract a negative integer; we move to the right.

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Example 1

Solve 1+2 using the number line

We know that when we add a positive integer, we move to the right.

1+2=3

1 2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Example 2

Solve 2-3 using the number line

We know that when we subtract a positive integer, we move to the
left.

Example 3
Add (−4) + 7 + (−5) and (−7) + 9 + (− 2) separately on the
number line and hence compare them.

Solution:

Point B represents (−7) + 9

Point A represents (−4) + + (−2) = 0
7 + (−5) = −2 Clearly, −2 < 0

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Checkpoint

1. In a quiz, positive marks are given for correct answers and

negative marks are given for incorrect answers. If Ravi’s scores in five
successive rounds were 25, - 5, - 10, 5 and -10, what was his total at the
end?

2. Sunidhi deposits Rs. 2,0000 in his bank account and withdraws Rs.
1,650 form it the next day. If the withdrawal of amount from her
account is represented by a negative integer, then how will she
represent the amount deposited? Find the balance in Sunidhi's
account after the withdrawal.

3. Verify a-(-b) = a + b for the following values of a and b:

(i) a = 210, b = 18 (ii) a = 118, b = 120

(iii) a = 75, b = 84

4. Use the sign of >, < or = in the box to make the statements true:
(a) (-8) + (-4) ….. (-8) - (-4)

(b) (-3) + 7 – (19) ….. 15 – 8 + (-9)

(c) 23 – 41 + 11 ….. 23 – 41 – 11

(d) 39 + (-24) – (15) ….. 36 + (-52) – (-36)

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C. Properties of addition for integers

PROPERTY

CLOSURE COMMUTATIVE ASSOCIATIVE

Property 1: Closure property

Closure property under addition states that the sum of any two
integers will always be an integer, i.e. if a and b are any two integers,
a + b will also be an integer.

Example: 3 + 4 = 7

The results are integers.

Property 2: Commutative property

The "Commutative Laws" say we can swap numbers over and still
get the same answer .

When we add:
a+b = b+a

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(+ 3) + (− 4) = − 1 and (− 4) + (+ 3) = − 1
(− 14) + (+ 6) = − 8 and (+ 6) + (− 14) = −8

Thus, we conclude that addition is commutative for integers.

Property : 3 Associative Property

The "Associative Laws" say that it doesn't matter how we group the
numbers (i.e. which we calculate first).

When we add: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

Thus, we conclude that addition is associative for integers.

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Property : 4 Additive identity of integers

When we add zero to any integer, we get the same integer

Zero is an additive identity for integers.

Observe the following and fill in the gaps:

Let a be an integer:
a+0=a

Example 4:

0 + (− 3) = − 3 and (− 3) + 0 = − 3
0 + (+ 8) = + 8 and (+ 8) + 0 = + 8

Property : 5 Additive inverse of integers

The additive inverse of a number b is -b.

In other words, the additive inverse of an
integer a is what you add to a to get
zero.

a + (-a) = 0

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Checkpoint

1. State true or false against the following statements. Also, correct

the false statements,
(a) 1 is the additive identity for integers.
(b) − 7 − (− 11) = − 11 − (− 7)
(c) 0 − 72 = 7 (d) − 12 − (− 3) +9 = 0
(e) − 1 is an integer which is its own additive inverse.

2. Verify that a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c for each of the following:

(a) a = 10, b = −2, c = 3 (b) a = − 5, b = 5, c = 11
(c) a = − 100, b = − 200, c = − 300

3. Fill in the blanks and name the property used in each of the
following:
(a) (− 12) + 0 = 0 + ………… = − 12 Property: ……………………
(b) (− 3) + (− 20) = (− 20) + …………… Property: ……………………
(c) 16 + [……… + (− 3)] = [16 + (− 2)] + (− 3) Property: ……………………
(d) 147 + ………… = 0 Property: ……………………

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D. Properties of subtraction for integers

PROPERTY

CLOSURE COMMUTATIVE ASSOCIATIVE

Property : 1 Closure property

Closure property under subtraction states that the or difference of

any two integers will always be an integer, i.e. if a and b are any two
integers a − b will also be an integer.
Example: 5

5 - 8 = -3

The results are integers.

Property : 2 Commutative property

The "Commutative Laws" say we can swap numbers over and still
get the same answer.
a-b ≠ b–a

Subtraction of two integers is not commutative.

Let a and b be two integers numbers,
Then a − b ≠ b − a.
Take a = 5and b = 3,

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5− 3 = 2 ≠ 3− 5 = −2
Property : 3 Associative property

The "Associative Laws" states that the order of grouping numbers

doesn't matter (i.e. which we calculate first) …

An associative property does not hold true for the subtraction of whole
numbers. It means that we cannot group any two whole numbers and
subtract them first. Order of subtraction is a necessary factor. If 'a', 'b',
and 'c' are any three integers then,

(a -b) - c ≠ a - (b -c)

Consider the case when a = 8, b = 4 and c = 2,

8 − (4 − 2) = 6 ≠ (8 − 4) − 2 = 2.

Checkpoint

Fill in the gaps to make the following statements true and write the
property associated.

1. (-5) + (-8) = (-8) + (………) 2. -53 + …….= -53

3. 17 + ……. = 0 4. [13 + (-12)]+(……..) = 13 +[(-12)+(-7)]

5. (-4) + [15+(-3)] = [-4+15] + ……

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E. Multiplication of integers

Step 1: Multiply their absolute (without sign) values.

Step 2: Determine the sign of the overall answer (in this case, it is
called the product because we are multiplying using the following
conditions.

Try and learn

(+4) × (+8) = + 32
(-3) × (– 7) = +21
(+6) × (– 5) = -30
(-2) × (+ 9) = -18

Checkpoint

Find the product of the follows :

(a) 15×2 (b) (3)×(-11)

(c) 70×(-2) (d) (5)×15

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F. Properties of multiplication of integers

PROPERTY

CLOSURE COMMUTATIVE ASSOCIATIVE

Closure property
Multiplication of two integers numbers will result in integers. Suppose,
a and b are the two integers and a × b = c, Then c is also an integer.
Let a = -7, b = 8, -7 × 8 = -56 (integer). The integers are closed under
multiplication.

Commutative property

The value of the product does not change if the order of multiplication
gets changed. This is the commutative property of multiplication.

Let the two integers be a and b,

⇒ 2 × 6 = 12 = 6 × 2.

(a × b) = (b × a)

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Associative property

When we multiply three or more integers, the value of the product

remains the same when they are grouped in any manner. The
associative property of multiplication holds for integers.

Therefore, if 'a', 'b', and 'c' are three integers,

(a × b) × c = a × (b × c)

2×ሺ3×4ሻ=ሺ2×3ሻ×4

The product is 24 The integer have been

grouped differently
but the product is still
24.

Multiplicative property of zero

The product of an integer and 0 is always 0

If a is an integer,

(a × 0) = (0 × a) = 0

Example: 6

Find the product: (–6) × (–5) × (–11)

Solution: By associative law of multiplication, we have:

(–6) × (–5) × (–11) = {(–6) × (– 5)} × (–11) = 30 × (–11) = –330.

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Example: 7
Verify the distributive law of multiplication over addition :
(–16) × {(–5) + (–6)} = {(–16) × (–5)} + {(–16) × (–6)}.
Solution :
We have:
L.H.S. = (–16) × {(–5) + (–6)) = (–16) × (–11) = 176.
R.H.S. = {(–16) × (–5)) + {(–16) × (–6)) = (80 + 96) = 176.
∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence, (–16) × {(–5) + (–6)) = {(–16) × (–5)} + {(–16) × (– 6)}.

Distributive property of multiplication over addition

This property shows that multiplication of integers is distributed over

the sum of the integers.
If a, b, and c are the three integers.
We have,

a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)

Let a = 20, b = 30 and c = 5

⇒ 20 × (30 + 5) = 700 and (20 × 30) + (20 × 5) = 600 + 100 = 700

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Distributive property of multiplication over subtraction

This property tells that multiplication of an integer is distributed over

the difference of the integers.
Suppose ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ are three integers.
From this property we have

a × (b -c) = (a × b) - (a × c)

If a = 10, b = 20 and c = 5
⇒ 10 × (20 − 5) = 150 and (20 × 10) − (10 × 5) = 200 − 50 = 150.

Multiplicative Identity

When we multiply 1 with any integers, the product is the number

itself. 1 is the multiplicative identity of the integers. If a is an integer,
then

(a × 1) = (1 × a) = a

Example: 8

Evaluate 73 × (− 99)

Solution: 73 × (− 99)

= − [73 × 99]

= − [73 × (100 − 1)]

Using distributive property, we get

= − [73 × 100 − 73 × 1]

= − [7300 − 73]

= − 7227

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Example : 9

Find the value of (− 25) × (− 119) × (− 4)

Solution: (− 25) × (− 119) × (− 4)

By suitably rearranging terms and using associative property, we get

= (− 119) × [(− 25) × (− 4)]

= (− 119) × 100 = − 11900

Checkpoint

1. Find the product of the following integers:

(a) (− 25) × 7 (b) (− 8) × (− 15)
(c) (− 163) × 0 (d) (− 12) × (− 2) × 3
(e) (− 10) × (− 5) × 8 × (− 4) (f) (− 1) × (− 2) × (−53) × (− 5)
2. Fill in the blanks and state the property being used.
(a) (− 166) × ____ = (− 166) __________
(b) 57 × 0 =__________
(c) 3 × [(− 5) × (− 2)] = [3 × ___ ] × (− 2)___________
(d) (−4) × [5 + (−8)] = (−4) × 5 + (−4) × ________
(e) (−21) × 5 + (− 7) × (− 21) = ……… × [5 + (−7)]________
3. Verify a × (b − c) = a × b − a × c, for the following values of a, b and
c:
(a) a = − 2, b = 5, c = − 6 (b) a = − 15, b = −3, c = 2
4. Solve the following using distributive property:
(a) (− 75) × 173 + 173 × (− 25) (b) (− 21) × 5 + (− 7) × (− 21)
(c) 28 × (− 61) − (− 272) × (− 61) (d) 25 × (− 109)
(e) (− 61) × 99 (f) (− 225) × (− 199) − (− 225)

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(g) (− 27) × (− 201)
(h) 162 × (−92) − (− 162) × (− 5) − 162 × 3
5. Write the sign of the product if
(a) 5 negative and 13 positive integers are multiplied.
(b) 24 negative and 15 positive integers are multiplied.

G. Division of integers
Algorithm to divide integers
Step 1: Divide the absolute values of the integers.
Step 2: Determine the sign of the final answer (known as a quotient)
using the following conditions.

Example : Find the quotient:

(i) (–36) ÷ 9 (ii) (54) ÷ (–6)

(iii) (–72) ÷ (–18) (iv) (–20) ÷ (–1)
Solution : We have:
-36 +54
(i) ሺ-36ሻ÷9= =-4 (ii) 54÷ሺ-6ሻ= =-9
+9 -6
-72 -20
(iii) ሺ-72ሻ÷ሺ-18ሻ= =4 (v) ሺ-20ሻ÷ሺ-1ሻ= =20
-18 -1

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H. Properties of a division of integers

PROPERTY

CLOSURE COMMUTATIVE ASSOCIATIVE

Closure property

Division of two integers numbers will not necessarily result in an

integer.
Suppose, a and b are the two integers and a ÷ b = c,
Then c may or may not be an integer.
Let a = -4, b = 2,
-4 ÷ 2 = -2 (integer).
Let’s take another one
Let a = 8, b = 6,
8 ÷ 6 = 1.33( not an integer)
Hence integers are not closed under division.
Commutative Property
The value of the division changes when the order of division gets
changed.
Let the two whole numbers be a and b,

(a ÷b) ≠ (b÷a)

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Observe the following examples :
15 ÷ 5 = 15/5 = 3
5 ÷ 15 = 5/15 = 1/3

Therefore, 15 ÷ 5 ≠ 5 ÷ 15

From the above-given example, we observe that integers are not

commutative under division.
Associative property of division When we divide three or more
integer, the value will not remain the same when they are grouped in
any manner.
Thus, if ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ are three integers,

(a ÷b) ÷c = a ÷ (b ÷ c)

Observe the following examples :

(12 ÷ 6) ÷ 2 = 2 ÷ 2 = 1
12 ÷ (6 ÷ 2) = 12 ÷ 3 = 4
Therefore, 12 ÷ (6 ÷ 2) ≠ (12 ÷ 6) ÷ 2

From the example mentioned above, we observe that integers are

not associative under division.

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Checkpoint

1. Find each of the following products:

(a) 3 × (–1) (b) (–1) × 225
(c) (–21) × (–30)
2. Replace the gaps with an integer to make it a true statement:
(a) (-3) ×_____=27 (b) 5×____=-35
(c) _____×(-8)= -56 (d) ____×(-12)= 132
3. Evaluate each of the following:
(a) (–30) ÷ 10 (b) 50 ÷ (–5)
(c) (–36) ÷ (–9)
Verify that p÷(q + c) (a ÷ b)+(a ÷ c) for each of the following values of
a, b and c: a = 12, b = - 4, c = 2
4. An elevator (lift) descends into a mine shaft at the rate of 6 m/min. If
the descent starts from 10m above the ground level, how long will it
take to reach – 350 m.

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Bird’s-eye view

• The natural numbers are counting numbers and the positive

integers.
• The natural numbers plus the zero is known as the whole number
• Any positive and negative whole numbers, i.e. ..-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3..
is known as integers.
• The number line is visualised as a straight line with number
placed at equal intervals or segments along its length. A number
line is extended infinitely in any direction and is usually
represented horizontally.
• Closure property under addition states that the sum of any two
integers will always be an integer, i.e. if a and b are any two
integers, a + b will also be an integer.
• The "Commutative Laws" say we can swap numbers over and still
get the same answer .
• The "Associative Laws" say that it doesn't matter how we group
the numbers
• When we add zero to any integer, we get the same integer
• The additive inverse of a number b is -b.
• Closure property under subtraction states that the or difference of
any two integers will always be an integer, i.e. if a and b are any
two integers a − b will also be an integer.
• a-b ≠ b-a
• (a -b) - c ≠ a - (b -c)
• (a × b) = (b × a)
• (a × b)× c = a × (b × c)

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• (a × 0) = (0 × a) = 0
• a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
• a × (b -c) = (a × b) - (a × c)
• When we multiply 1 with any integers, the product is the number
itself.
• (a ÷b) ≠ (b÷a)
• (a ÷b) ÷c = a ÷ (b ÷ c)

Solved examples

Example 1
Determine each of the following products:
(i) 12 × 7 (ii) (-15) × 8
(iii) (- 25) × (- 9) (iv) (125) × (- 8)

Solution:
(i) We have,
12 × 7 = 84
[The product of two integers of like signs is equal to the product of
their absolute value]
(ii) We have,
(- 15) × 8= –120
[The product of two integers of opposite signs are always equal to
the additive inverse of the product of their absolute values]
(iii) We have,
(-25) × (-9)
= + (25 × 9) = 225

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(iv) We have,
(125) × (- 8) = - (125 × 8)
= –1000
Example 2

Verify the following:

(i) 19 × (7 + (-3)) = 19 × 7 + 19 × (-3)

(ii) (-23) × [(-5)+ (19)] = (-23) × (- 5) + (- 23) × (+19)

Solution:
(i) L.H.S = 19 × (7+ (-3))

= 19 × (7-3) = 19 × 4 = 76

R.H.S = 19 × 7 + 19 × (-3)

= 133 – 57 = 76

Therefore, L.H.S = R.H.S

(ii) L.H.S = (-23) × [(-5) + (19)]

= (-23) × [-5 + 19]

= (-23) × [14]

= – 322

R.H.S = (-23) × (-5) + (-23) × (19)

= 115 – 437

= –322

Therefore, L.H.S = R.H.S

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Example 3
1
̅̅̅̅̅̅)) ÷ሺ-5ሻ]
Simplify 4+ [ (-10×(25-13-3
5

Solution:
1
̅̅̅̅̅̅)) ÷ሺ-5ሻ]
4+ [(-10×(25-13-3
5
1
=4+ [(-10×ሺ25-10ሻ)÷ሺ-5ሻ]
5
1
=4+ [(-10×ሺ15ሻ)÷ሺ-5ሻ]
5
1
=4+ [ሺ-150ሻ÷ሺ-5ሻ]
5
1
=4+ [30]
5
=4+6
=10
1
̅̅̅̅̅̅)) ÷ሺ-5ሻ] =10
∴ 4+ [(-10×(25-13-3 [NCERT exemplar]
5

Example 4

1
Simplify 22- (-5-ሺ-48ሻ÷ሺ-16ሻ)
4

Solution:
1
22- (-5-ሺ48ሻ÷ሺ-16ሻ)
4

1
=22- ሺ-5-(-48 ÷ -16ሻ
4
1 48
=22- (-5- )
4 16
1
=22- ሺ-5-3ሻ
4
1
=22- (-8)
4

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8
=22+
4

=22+2

=24
1
∴22- (-5-ሺ-48ሻ÷ሺ-16ሻ)=24 [NCERT exemplar]
4

Example 5
A class test consists of 15 questions; four marks are awarded for every
correct answer and for each incorrect answer (–2) marks are given.
a. Manan attempts all questions, but only 9 of his answers are
correct. What is his total score?
b. One of his friends gets just five answers correct. What will be his
score?
Solution

(i) Marks given for one correct answer = 4

So, marks given for 9 correct answers = 4 × 9 = 36
Marks given for one incorrect answer = – 2
So, marks given for 6 (= 15 – 9) incorrect answers = (–2) × 6 = –12
Therefore, Manan’s total score = 36 + ( –12) = 24
(ii) Marks given for one correct answer = 4
So, marks given for 5 correct answers = 4×5 = 20
Marks given for one incorrect answer = (–2)
So, marks given for 10 (=15 – 5) incorrect answers = (–2) × 10 = –20
Therefore, his friend’s total score = 20 + ( –20) = 0

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Example 6
When the integers 10, 5, –5, –7, 0 are arranged in descending or
ascending order, then find out which one among them always stays in
the middle of the arrangement.
Solution:
Given, 10, 0, 5, -5, -7
Descending order 10, 5, 0, -5, -7
Ascending order -7, -5, 0, 5, 10
when the given integers are arranged in descending or ascending
order 0 lies in the middle.
Example 7
The next number in the pattern – 62, – 37, – 12 _____ is
Solution:
If we see this pattern to obtain a second integer add + 25 to the first
number, so -65 + 25 = -37 and -37 + 25 = -12 and -12 + 25 = 13.
∴ pattern is -62, -37, -12, 13
Example 8
You are at an elevation 380 m above sea level as you start a motor ride.
During the ride, your elevation (height) changes by the following
metres: 540 m, –268 m, 116 m, –152 m, 490 m, –843 m, 94 m. What is your
elevation (height) relative to the sea level at the end of the ride?
Solution:
Given that the starting point during the motor ride is 380 m. The
changes in the elevation during the mentioned ride are given to be 540
m, -267 m, 115 m, -152 m, 490 m, -843 m and 94 m.
The changes in the elevation (height) can be calculated as :
Changes = 540 + (-267) + 115 + (-152) + (490) + (-843) + 94
⇒ Changes = 540 – 267 + 115 – 152 + 490 – 843 + 94

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⇒ Changes = -23 m
To find elevation (height) at the end of the ride is found by,
Elevation = (Elevation (height) at the starting point) + (Changes in
elevation)
⇒ Elevation = 380 + (-24)
⇒ Elevation = 356 m
Thus, elevation (height) at the end of the ride is 356 m.
Example 9
Evaluate the following, using the distributive property.
(i) –49 × 99
(ii) (– 85) × 43 + 43 × (– 25)
(iii) 43 × (– 9) – (– 109) × 43
(iv) 78 × (–17) + ( –78) × 3
Solution:
In distributive property, numbers are split in such a way that it
becomes easy to evaluate them after splitting.
(i). -49 × 99
We can write it as,
99 × - 49 = (100 – 1) × (- 49) [∵ 100 – 1 = 99]
⇒ 99 × - 49 = [100 × (- 49)] – [1 × (- 49)]
[∵ (a – b) × c = [ac – bc ]
⇒ 99 × - 49 = - 4900 – (- 49)
⇒ 99 × - 49 = - 4900 + 49
⇒ 99 × - 49 = - 4851
Thus, the answer is - 4851.
(ii). (-85) × 43 + 43 × (-25)
We can write it as,
(-85) × 43 + 43 × (-25) = 43 × (-85 + (-25)) [Taking 43 common]

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⇒ (-85) × 43 + 43 × (-25) = 43 × (-85 – 25) [plus & minus = minus]
⇒ (-85) × 43 + 43 × (-25) = 43 × -110
⇒ (-85) × 43 + 43 × (-25) = -4630
Thus, the answer is -4630.
(iii). 43 × (-9) – (-109) × 43
We can write it as,
43 × (-9) – (-109) × 43 = 43 × (-9 – (-109)) [Taking 53 common]

⇒ 43 × (-9) – (-109) × 43 = 43 × (-9 + 109) [minus & minus = plus]

⇒ 43 × (-9) – (-109) × 43 = 43 × 100
⇒ 43 × (-9) – (-109) × 43 = 4300
Thus, the answer is 4300.
(iv). 78 × (-17) + (-78) × 3
We can write it as,
78 × (-17) + (-78) × 3 = 78 × (-17) – 78 × 3 [minus & plus = minus]
⇒ 78 × (-17) + (-78) × 3 = 78 × (-17 – 3) [Taking 68 as common]
⇒ 78 × (-17) + (-78) × 3 = 78 × (-20)
⇒ 78 × (-17) + (-78) × 3 = -1560

Thus, the answer is -1560.

Example 10

A shopkeeper had a gain of ₹ 47 on Monday and loss of ₹ 11 on Tuesday

also loss of ₹ 9 on Wednesday. Find his net gain or loss from Monday to
Wednesday.

Solution:

Profit on Monday = Rs. 47

Loss on Tuesday = Rs. 11
Loss on Wednesday = Rs. 9

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To find the net gain or net loss, we need to find total gain and total
loss.
So, total profit = Rs 47
Total loss = Rs 11 + Rs 9 = Rs 20 [The grocer faced losses on two days in
a row, Tuesday and Wednesday]
He has incurred gain (profit) in the end as total profit is more than
total loss.
Net profit = Total profit – Total Loss.
⇒ Net profit = 47 – 20

⇒ Net profit = 27

Thus, net profit is Rs. 27.

Example 11
If a and b are two integers, then which of the following may not be an
integer?
A. a + b B. a – b
C. a × b D. a ÷ b

Solution:
⇒ Option A is incorrect as a + b gives an integer
Ex: 1 + 1 = 2
⇒ Option B is incorrect as a-b gives an integer
Ex: 2-1 = 1
⇒ Option C is incorrect as a × b gives an integer
Ex: 1 × 1 = 1
⇒ Option D is correct a ÷ b may give a rational number
Ex: 5 ÷ 4

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Example 12

What’s the Error? Vikas evaluated the expression –7 – (–3) and came up
with the answer –10. What did Vikas do wrong?

Solution:
Let us solve the expression for Vikas
We have, -7 – (-3) = -7 + 3 [∵ - (×) - = +]
⇒ -7 – (-3) = -4 [∵ 7 is the greatest amongst 7 and 3, so the sign before 7
will be considered in the result]
The answer is coming out to be -4 while what Vikas did was add -7 and
-3 and neglected a minus sign in-between -7 and -3.

Example 13
If is an operation such that for integers a and b we have
p q = p × q + (p × p + q × q)
then find
(i) (– 3) (– 5) (ii) ( – 6) 2

Solution:

We have been given that,

p q = p × q + (p × p + q × q) …(i)
Apply the same formula in the questions that follows:
(i) We have (-3) (-5)
Put p = -3 and q = -5 in equation (i), we get
(-3) (-5) = [ (-3) × (-5) ]+ (-3 × -3 + -5 × -5)
⇒ (-3) (-5) = 15 + (9 + 25)
⇒ (-3) (-5) = 15 + 9 + 25
⇒ (-3) (-5) = 49

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Thus, the answer is 49.

(ii) We have (-6) 2.

Put p = -6 and q = 2 in equation (i), we get
(-6) 2 = [ (-6) × 2 ] + (-6 × -6 + 2 × 2)
⇒ (-6) 2 = -12 + (36 + 4)
⇒ (-6) 2 = -12 + 40
⇒ (-6) 2 = 28
Thus, the answer is 28.

Example 14
By observing the number line (Fig. 1.2), state which of the following
statements is not true. [NCERT exemplar]

A. B is greater than –10

B. A is greater than 0
C. B is greater than A
D. B is smaller than 0
Solution:
⇒ Option A is true as B is greater than -10
⇒ Option B is true as A is greater than 0
⇒ Option C is False as B is greater than A
⇒ Option D is true as B is smaller than 0

Example 15

Encircle the odd one out in the following question

A. (–100) ÷ 5 B. (–81) ÷ 9
C. (–75) ÷ 5 D. (–32) ÷ 9

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Solution:
⇒ Option A is incorrect since -100 ÷ 5 = -20
⇒ Option B is incorrect since -81 ÷ 9 = -9
⇒ Option C is incorrect since -75 ÷ 5 = -15
⇒ Option D is correct since -32 ÷ 9
Option D is the odd one since, in every option first integer is exactly
divisible by the second integer whereas in option D first integer is not
exactly divisible by second.

1. The sum of two negative integers will be:

(a) Positive, if the first number is larger
(b) Negative integer
(c) Positive integer
(d) Negative, if the first number is larger
2. When the integers -7, 0, 5, –5, 10 are arranged in descending or
ascending order, then find out which of the following integers will
always stay in the middle of the arrangement.
(a) 0 (b) –7
(c) 5 (d) –5
3. Which of the following reflects the maximum rise in temperature?
(a) 23° to 32° (b) –20° to +1°
(b) –18° to –11° (d) –5° to 5°
4. If p and q are two integers, then which of the following may not be
an integer?
(a) p+q (b) p–q
(c) p'q (d) p¸q

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5. Which of the following values is different from the rest of them?
(a) 20 + (–25) (b) (–37) – (–32)
(c) (−5)× (−1) (d) (45)÷(−9)
6. On dividing negative integers by another negative integer, the
quotient will be
(a) Always negative (b) Always positive
(c) Either positive or negative (d) 1
7. Which of the following statement is false:
(a) -7 + (-6 ) = -13 (b) -5 + 1 = 4
(c) 2+ (-1 ) = 1 (d) 8 + (-9 ) = -1
8. Verify a–(–(b) = a +b for the following values of a and b.
(i) a= 23, b = 118 (ii) a= 118,b= -212
9. Find each of the following products:
(i) (–18)×(–10)× 9 (ii) (–20)×(–2)×(–5)×7
10. Which property is reflected in the following 7 ×5 = 5 × 7
(a) Closure (b) Commutative
(c) Associative (d) Distributive
11. Find the value of followings:
(a) 15 × (–16) (b) 21 × (–32)
(c) (–42)×12 (d) –55×15
12. – 6 ÷( -3 ) gives
(a) 9 (b) 2
(c) - 2 (d) 3
13. 188 ÷ 2 gives
(a) 36 (b) 9
(c) 94 (d) 16

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14. Which of the following statements are true, and which are false?
(i)The product of a negative integer with a positive integer is not
positive.
(ii) The product of two negative integers is always positive.
(iii) The product of three negative integers is a negative integer.
(iv) Every integer, when multiplied with −1, gives its multiplicative
inverse.
(v)Multiplication on integers is commutative.
(vi)Multiplication on integers is associative.
(vii)Every non-zero integer has a multiplicative inverse as an integer.
15. Fill in the blanks.
(i) 76 ÷ (......) = −4 (ii) −44 ÷ (......) = −4
(iii) (......) ÷ (−4) = 28 (iv) (......) ÷ 30 = 0
(v) (......) ÷ (−1) = 42 [RS Aggarwal, Grade 7]
16. Match the column.

Column A Column B
1. The expression 4×5 and
5×4 are equal by the _____ a. Associative property

2. The expression 2+(3+4) and

b. Commutative property
(2+3)+4 are equal by the ___

3. Multiplication and _____ c. Division

are opposite operations d. multiplication
4. _____ and ____ are
e. subtraction
commutative

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17. Write the following pairs
(a) Write a negative integer and a positive integer which adds to
–13.
(b) Write a negative integer and a positive integer whose
difference is –9.
18. Verify that p÷( q +r)= (p ÷ q)+( p ÷ r) for the following values of p ,q
and r.
(a) p=12,q= –2,r= 4 (b) p=18 ,q= –3, r=6
19. Math Addition Box
Complete the puzzle by filling numbers in
the missing boxes. The missing numbers
are integers between 0 and 20. The total for
each row is on the right. The total for each
column is on the bottom. The total for the
two diagonal lines is on the top right and
bottom right.
20. In a magic square, each row, column, and diagonal add up to the
same value. Some of these squares are magic, and some are not.
Try to find them!
In these next magic squares, find the
missing numbers that make the square
magic and write the magic sum.
21. A scuba diver dove 18 ft below the surface
to observe a school of fish. Then she dove
another 24 ft to the bottom. If she started at sea level,
what was his elevation when he reached the
bottom.

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22. On Monday, the high temperature in Delhi, 95'F. On Tuesday, it rose
14'F. On Wednesday, it dropped 20'. What was the temperature on
Wednesday?
23. At its first stop, a bus picked up 10 people. At the next stop, eight
people got on, and three people got off. At the third stop, five people
got on, and twelve people got off. How many passengers should
have been there on the bus at that given time?
24. The world's tallest mountain, if measured from base to peak, is
Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The base has an elevation of -19,680 feet. The
peak has an elevation of 13,796 feet. How tall is Mauna Kea?
25. An integer, when divided by 4, gives a remainder of 3. The resulting
quotient is divided by 5 and gives a remainder of 2. The resulting
quotient is thereafter divided by 9, giving a quotient of 1 and a
remainder of 7. Find the number?
26. In a quiz, positive marks are provided for all correct answers and
negative marks are given for incorrect answers. If Ryan's scores in
five successive rounds were 20, – 5, – 10, 15 and 6. What was his total
at the end?
27. The water level in a village well was
20m below ground level. During
the rainy season, rainwater
collected in various water tanks
was drained into the well, and the
water level rises 5m above the
earlier level. The wall of the well is
1.2m high, and a pulley is fixed at the height of 80 cm. Raghu wants
to draw water from the village well. The smallest length of the rope
that he can use is

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28. In a class test having 25 questions, 3 marks are awarded for every
correct answer and (–1) marks are cut for every wrong answer
attempted.
(i) Vikas attempts all questions, but only 11 of his answers are
correct. What is his total score?
(ii) One of his friends gets only 7 correct answers. What will be his
score?

29. A shopkeeper earns a profit of Rs. 2 for

selling one pen and incurs a loss of 40 paise
for each pencil while selling pencils of his old
stock. In a particular month, he incurs a loss
of Rs 5. In this period, she sold 45 pens. How
many pencils did he sell in this period? In the
next month, he earns neither loss nor profit.
If he sold 70 pens, how many pencils did he
sell?

30. In a quiz, team P scored 40,10, 0 and team Q scored 10, 0, –40 in
three successive rounds. Which team scored more? Can we say
integers can be added in any order?[NCERT exemplar]

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 POTENTIAL SPARK COURSE
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1. [(- 8) x (- 3)] x (- 4)] is not equal to

(a) (- 8) x [(- 3) x (- 4)] (b) [(- 8) x (- 4)] x (- 3)
(c) [(- 3) x (- 8)] x (- 4) (d) (- 8) x (- 3) – (- 8) x (- 4)
2. Next three consecutive numbers in the pattern 11, 8, 5, 2,______ ,__ ,__
are
(a) 0, – 3, – 6 (b)-1,-5,-8
(c) – 2, — 5, – 8 (d)-1,-4,-7
3. Which of the following does not represent an integer?
(a) 0 ÷ (- 7) (b) 20 ÷ (- 4)
(c) (-9) ÷ 3 (d) (-12) ÷ 5
4. On the number line, the value of (-3) x 3 lies on right hand side of
(a) -10 (b) –4
(c) 0 (d) 9
5. Which of the following is not the additive inverse of a?
(a) -(-a) (b) a x (-1)
(c) - a (d) a + (-1)
6. Simplify : 36−[18−{14−(15−4 ÷2×2)}] RS Aggarwal, Grade 6,

7. The value of (−1) × (−1) × (−1) × (−1) × ... 500 4 -3 2

times? -1 1 3
8. In a magic square, each row, column, and 0 5 -2
diagonal add up to the same value. Check
whether the following square is a magic square

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9. In these next magic squares, find the

4 3 -
missing numbers that make the square
8
magic and write the magic sum.
-1 4
4 -
10. In a class test containing 10 questions, 5
7
marks are given for each correct answer
-6
and (−2) marks are credited for every
incorrect answer and 0 for each question not attempted.
(i) Rakhi gets 4 correct and 6 incorrect answers. What is her score?
(ii) Rehan gets 5 correct and 5 incorrect answers. What is his score?
(iii)Harry gets 2 correct and 5 incorrect answers. What is his score?
11. Karim lives in Leh, J&K. The table below shows the temperature
changes in Leh over a three hour period.

Time Change in temperature

5 a.m. to 6 a.m. -1.5 0C
6 a.m. to 7 a.m. -2.6 0C
7 a.m. to 8 a.m. +1 0C

Karim noticed that the temperature at 5 a.m. was -3.5 0C. What is
the temperature of Leh at 8 a.m.? Hint: Start with the temperature
at 5 a.m. and add the change in temperature over a three hour
period to find the temperature at 8 a.m. in the morning.
12. Suppose we represent the distance above the ground by a
positive integer and that below the ground by a negative integer,
then answer the following:
(i) An elevator descends into a mine shaft at a speed of 12 metres
per minute. What will be its position after 30 minutes?

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(ii) If it begins to descend from 18 m above the ground level, what
will be its position after 45 minutes?

13. In a class test (-2) marks are given for every incorrect answer and (+
3) marks are given for every correct answer and 0 marks for not
attempting any question. (i) Rahul scored 20 marks. If he has got 12
correct answers, how many questions has he attempted incorrectly?
(ii) Mohini scores –5 marks in this test, though she has got 7 correct
answers. How many questions has she attempted incorrectly? (iii)
Rakesh scores 18 marks by attempting 16 questions. How many
questions has he attempted correctly and how many has he
attempted incorrectly?
14. A water tank has steps inside it. A monkey is sitting on the first
(topmost) step. The water level is at the 9th step.
(i) It jumps 3 steps down and after that, jumps back 2 steps up. In
how many jumps will it be able to reach the water level?
(ii) After drinking water, it wants to go back to its place. For this, it
jumps 4 steps up and then jumps back 2 steps down in every move.
In how many jumps will it reach again to the top step?
(iii) If the number of downward steps is represented by negative
integers and the number of steps moved up by positive integers,
represent its moves in part (i) and (ii) by completing the following;
(a) – 3 + 2 – ... = – 8
(b) 4 – 2 + ... = 8. In (a) the sum (– 8) signifies going down by 8 steps.
So, what does the sum 8 in (b) signify?

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15. Vaibhav has overdrawn his checking account by Rs. 48. The bank
debited him Rs.15 for an overdraft fee. Later he deposited
Rs.500. What is his current balance?
16. A submarine submerges at the rate of 10 m/min. If it descends
from 20 m above the sea level, how long will it take to reach 200
m below sea level?
17. Krish is a microbiology student. He was researching the optimum
temperature for the survival of
different strains of bacteria. Studies
showed that bacteria X need optimum
temperature of -31˚C while bacteria Y
need optimum temperature of -56 ˚C.
What is the temperature difference?
18.Rucha decided to go for a drive in her
car. She started at 0 kilometres per
hour (kph). She then accelerated 20
kph. Then, to get on the highway, she
accelerated for another 25 kilometres
per hour.
A truck was going slow in front of her, so she slowed down 10 kph.
She then went off the highway, so she slowed down another 5 kph.
At what speed is she driving?

19. An aeroplane started at 0 feet above sea level. It rose 21,000 feet at
take-off. It then descended 4,389 feet because of clouds. An
oncoming plane was approaching toward the aeroplane, so it rose
6,723 feet. After the oncoming plane passed, it descended 6,652
feet, at what altitude was the plane finally flying?

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Solutions

Novice level

1 2 3 4 5 6
b a b d c a
7 10 11 12
b b b c

13. True and false

i ii iii iv v vi vii
T T T F T T F

14. Fill in the blanks

1 2 3 4 5
-19 11 -112 0 -42

15. Match the columns

1 2 3 4
B A C C,E

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Advanced level

1 2 3 4 5
d d a a a

END

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