Functional Purpose Chart and Main Tenses.

Grammar Functional Form Time

Tense Purpose Expressions
Refers to an Subject + Everyday
everyday action, or Infinitive without Usually
Present routine. to Sometimes
Simple Things in general, Often
Permanent facts She works/ she nowadays
For future is used doesn’t work
for timetables or You work / you
programmes don’t work
DO your work?
DOES she work?
Refers to actions at Subject + Be + Now
the moment of Infinitive+ ing At the moment
Present speaking or around Right now
Continuous now. They are working Right away
Temporary actions He is working/ he
Future: used for isn’t working
arrangements. ARE you
working?
Subject + verb + Last
ed/ d Ago
Refers to situations Regular verbs In 2001
Past Simple which are Subject + Yesterday
completed in the irregular verbs in For ….
past and in a the past form
specific time. A We played the
repeated action or piano/he didn’t
habit in the past. A play the piano
state in the past
He began the
game/ he didn’t
begin the game.
DID you play?
DID she begin?

An action in Subject + be While

progress at a point ( was/were) + Ago
Past in the past. infinitive+ ing
Continuous To refer the I was /wasn’t
background events living in New
in a story. York
An action in WERE you livING
progress when in New York?
another action
happened
For experiences that Subject+ Just
 happened some have/has+ past Yet
time before now, participle Already
Present but we don’t know For
Perfect exactly when it I have lived in Since
happened. this country for Recently
Something has some time So far
happened or She has met his Up to now
finished and it has a friend. / she
connection to the HASN’T Met his
present friend.
HAVE you MET
his friend?

Refers to Subject + will + Tomorrow

Future WILL predictions about infinitive After tomorrow
the future We will travel The next year
Decisions at the
moment of
speaking.

Subject + be Tomorrow
(is,am,are) + Next
Be going to Refers to plans or going to+
intentions in the infinitive
future They are going
to travel
tomorrow

Zero Refers to things that If / when +

Conditional are always true, condition
both verbs are in present + result
Present Simple. present.
When the result of a If you have
condition is always children, you
true want them to be
happy.

First It talks about the If + condition

Conditional result of a possible present simple +
event or situation in result future
the future. If I start teaching
again, I’ll be
exhausted after
a year.
Second It refers to If + condition
Conditional hypothetical or past simple +
unreal possibilities result would +
in the future. This infinitive
possibilities are not If I were you, I
possible to happen. would work
harder

Third It refers to a If + condition

Conditional condition in the past past perfect +
that did not happen. result would +
It is often used to have + past
criticize past actions participle.
or to express if it had rained
regrets. yesterday, I
would have
taken my
umbrella

Reported It is used to say Actual words Reported Speech

Speech what other people Present simple Past simple
have said before. It I don’t believe He said he didn’t
uses the opposite believe
grammar tense. Present Past continuous
It uses verbs like: continuous He said he was
say, tell, explain, I am driving driving..
point out, ask, home Past perfect
wonder, order… Past simple He said he had
I saw her seen her
Past continuous Past perfect
I was driving continuous
Present perfect He said he had been
I have driven driving
Past perfect Past perfect
I had driven He said he had
Past perfect driven
continuous
I had been No change
driving
Will future No change
He will drive Would
Imperative He said he would
Don’t disturb me drive
Infinitive
He told me not to
disturb him
 QUESTION FORMATION

SEE THE QUESTIONS FORMULAS AND APPLY THEM CORRECTLY

1. YES /NO QUESTIONS AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + VERB+ COMPLEMENTS = DO YOU STUDY ENGLISH?
BE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT = ARE YOU A STUDENT ?

2. INFORMATION QUESTIONS: WH- + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB+ COMPLEMENTS

WHERE DO YOU STUDY? WHAT DO YOU DO ? WHEN DOES SHE STUDY ENGLISH?
WHY DID HE SPEAK ENGLISH? WHICH DID YOU PREFER? HOW DID YOU GO ?
3. QUESTION WITH WHO
WHO + MAIN VERB ( PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE)
WHO STUDIES FOR TODAY’S EXAM ? --- PRESENT
WHO STUDIED FOR YESTERDAY’S EXAM? --- PAST

WHO + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB ( + PREPOSITION )

WHO DO YOU GO WITH? WITH MY MOM / WHO DO YOU VISIT TO? TO
MY FAMILY /
WHO DO YOU WORK FOR? FOR ALPINA
WHO DO YOU SEE? I SEE JACK

4. QUESTIONS WITH HOW HOW + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB

HOW DO YOU TRAVEL TO CARTAGENA ? BY CAR, BY TRAIN, ON FOOT

HOW + ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS

HOW OLD ARE YOU ? I AM 20
HOW TALL IS HE? 1.70 CM
HOW BIG IS IT? 5 X 6 MTS
HOW WELL DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH? VERY GOOD

HOW MANY / MUCH + OBJECT (COUNTABLE PLURAL/ UNCOUNTABLE SINGULAR + AUXILIARY+ SUBJECT+ VERB
HOW MANY STUDENTS DO YOU SEE? HOW MUCH COFFEE DO YOU
WANT?

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

WHAT ------- OBJECT / PROFESSION / ACTIVITY WHAT’S THIS? / WHAT ARE YOU DOING? / WHAT’S YOUR JOB?
WHERE------- PLACE / SITE WHERE ARE YOU FROM? / WHERE DO YOU GO’
WHEN -------- TIME WHEN IS THE TEST? / WHEND OO YOU COME?
WHAT TIME- HOUR WHAT TIME IS IT? / WHAT TIME DO YOU GET UP?
WHICH – PREFERENCES WHICH DO YOU LIKE THE GREEN OR BLUE PEN?
WHY ---- REASON WHY DO YOU CRY? BECAUSE I AM SAD
HOW -- MANNER HOW DO YOU ARRIVE? I ARRIVED VERY EXHAUSTED
HOW DO YOU DRIVE? I DRIVE CAREFULLY
HOW MANY—COUNTABLE QUANTITY HOW MANY CHAIRS ARE THERE?
HOW MUCH---UNCOUNTABLE QUANTITY HOW MUCH IS IT? IT’S $5000 DOLLARS
WHO------ PERSON WHO IS THIS? IT’S MY DAD
WHOSE—POSSESSIVE WHOSE IS THIS? IT IS MY SISTER’S / IT’S MY BOOK
HOW FAR--- DISTANCE HOW FAR IS BOGOTA? IT’S 20 KMS FROM IBAGUE
HOW LONG- PERIOD OF TIME/ QUANTITY OF TIME HOW LONG DO YOU TRAVEL? 50 MINUTES