NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
OF MODERN LANGUAGES
Discrete Structures
Muhammad Umair
SPRING-2025
Mam Sara Naeem
BS Artificial Intelligence
LAB MANUAL 01
Assignment 01
ASSIGNMENT #1
QUESTION #01:
Interpret the below given statements and give answer whether they are statements, propositions
and what are the truth values of their propositions?
1. “WHAT TIME IS IT?”
• Statement: No
• Proposition: No
• Truth value: No
2. “TORONTO IS THE CAPITAL OF CANADA.”
• Statement: yes
• Proposition: yes
• Truth value: False
3. “READ THIS CAREFULLY.”
• Statement: No.
• Proposition: yes
• Truth value: No
4. “WASHINGTON, D.C., IS THE CAPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA”
• Statement: Yes
• Proposition: Yes
• Truth value: True
5. “1 + 1 = 2”
• Statement: Yes
• Proposition: Yes
• Truth value: True
6. “2 + 2 = 3”
• Statement: Yes
• Proposition: Yes
• Truth value: False
7. “X + 1 = 2”
• Statement: Yes
• Proposition: Yes
• Truth value: Indeterminate (True if x=1, False otherwise)
8. “X + Y = Z”
• Statement: Yes
• Proposition: Yes
• Truth value: Indeterminate (Coult be True or False)
QUESTION #02:
Find the conjunction of the propositions p and q where p is the proposition “Rebecca’s PC has
more than 16 GB free hard disk space” and q is the proposition “The processor in Rebecca’s PC
runs faster than 1 GHz.”
Solution:
↳ p ∧ q or p AND q
• p: Rebecca’s PC has more than 16 GB free hard disk space.
• q: The processor in Rebecca’s PC runs faster than 1 GHz.
↳ Conjunction:
• Rebecca's PC has more than 16 GB free hard disk space AND the processor in Rebecca's PC runs
than 1 GHz.
QUESTION #03:
Let p and q be the propositions
• p: I bought a lottery ticket this week.
• q: I won the million-dollar jackpot.
Express each of these propositions as an English sentence.
1. ¬p
• I did not buy a lottery ticket this week.
2. p ∨ q
• I bought a lottery ticket this week or I won the million-dollar jackpot (or Both).
3. p ∧ q
• I bought a lottery ticket this week and I won the million-dollar jackpot.
4. ¬p ∧ ¬q
• I did not buy a lottery ticket this week and I did not win the million-dollar jackpot.
5. ¬p ∨ (p ∧ q)
• Either I did not buy a lottery ticket this week, or I bought a lottery ticket this week and won the
million-dollar jackpot.
QUESTION #04:
Let p and q be the propositions
• p: It is below freezing.
• q: It is snowing.
Write these propositions using p and q and logical connectives (including negations).
1. IT IS BELOW FREEZING AND SNOWING.
• Logical expression: p ∧ q
2. IT IS BELOW FREEZING BUT NOT SNOWING.
• Logical expression: p ∧ ¬q
3. IT IS NOT BELOW FREEZING AND IT IS NOT SNOWING .
• Logical expression: ¬p ∧ ¬q
4. IT IS EITHER SNOWING OR BELOW FREEZING (OR BOTH) .
• Logical expression: p ∨ q
QUESTION #05:
Let p, q, and r be the propositions
• p: You have the flu.
• q: You miss the final examination.
• r: You pass the course.
Express each of these propositions as an English sentence.
1. p ∨ q ∨ r
• English Sentence: You have the flu, or you miss the final examination, or you pass the course
2. (p ∧ q) ∨ (¬q ∧ r)
• English Sentence: Either you have the flu and you miss the final examination, or you don't miss the
final examination and you pass the course.
3. (p ∧ q) ∨ (¬q ∧ r)
• English Sentence: "You don't miss the final examination and you pass the course.
