Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school

Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

UNIT 3
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Unit Outcomes
 Apply the laws of exponents for real exponents.
 Define exponential and logarithmic functions.
 Identify domain and range of exponential and logarithmic
functions.
 Identify the Relation between Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions.
 Solve mathematical problems involving exponents
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
3.1 Exponents and Logarithms

Introduction

 Two of the most important functions that occur in mathematics and

its applications are the exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 and its inverse
function, the logarithmic function 𝑔(𝑥) =log 𝑎 𝑥.

 Such functions arise in many applications and are powerful

mathematical tools for solving real life problems such as analyzing
population growth, decay of radioactive substances, calculating
compound interest in accounting, etc .
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 In this unit, we will investigate their various properties and
learn how they can be used in solving real life problems.

3.1.1 Exponents
 Whenever we use expressions like 73 or 25 , we are using
exponents.
 The symbol 25 means 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ( 2 time as 5 factors ).
 This symbol is read as „the 5𝑡ℎ power of 2‟ or „2 raised to 5‟.
 The expression 25 is just a shorthand way of writing the product
of five twos.
 The number 2 is called the base, and 5 the exponent.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Similarly, if a is any real number, then 𝑎4 stands
for a × a × a × a.
 Here a is the base, and 4 is the exponent.
Example 1: Find the base , exponent and the value of the
following
a. (−1)9
2 4
b. ( )
3

c. 24
Example 2: Is −24 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−2)4 are the same? Justify !
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution:
1: a. For (−1)9 base -1 exponent 9 and the value (−1)9 = -1.

2 2 2 16
b. For ( )4 base exponent 4 and the value ( )4 =
3 3 3 81

c. For 24 base 2 exponent 4 and the value 24 =16

2: No because −24 = −16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−2)4 = 16 but -16 ≠ 16

Definition 3.1 For a natural number 𝑛 and a real number 𝑎,

the symbol 𝑎𝑛 , read as “the 𝑛𝑡ℎ power of 𝑎” or “𝑎 raised to 𝑛”,

is defined as follows: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × . . . × 𝑎 ( a times a, 𝑛 factors)
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
𝑛
 In 𝑎 , 𝑎 is called the base and 𝑛 is called the exponent.
 Special names are used when the expression 𝑏 2 is usually
read as ‘𝑏 squared’, and the expression 𝑏 3 as ‘𝑏 cubed’.
Thus, ‘two cubed’ means 23 = 2. 2.2 = 8
(−3𝑎)3 = −3𝑎. −3𝑎. −3𝑎 = −27𝑎3
-3𝑎3 = −3. 𝑎. 𝑎. 𝑎 = −3𝑎3
Laws of Exponents
 If 𝑎 is any real number and 𝑛 is a positive integer then 𝑎𝑛
means
𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × . . . × 𝑎 (a times a, 𝑛 factors ).
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 The laws for the behaviors of exponents follow naturally
from this meaning of 𝑎𝑛 for a natural number n.
 If 𝑎 is a real number and 𝑚 and 𝑛 are natural numbers,
then:
𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … × 𝑎 (a 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑚 factors ) × a × 𝑎 × … × 𝑎
(a times 𝑛 factors)
= 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … × 𝑎 (a times 𝑚+𝑛 factors)
= 𝑎𝑚:𝑛 .
Law 1 : 𝑎𝑚 x 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚:𝑛
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 where 𝑎 is a real number and 𝑚 and 𝑛 are natural numbers.
 That is, to multiply two numbers in exponential form (with the
same base), we add their exponents.
Example 1: 23 × 24 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2 × 2)
=2×2×2×2×2×2×
= 27
= 23:4 .
 If 𝑎 is a real number different from zero and 𝑚 and 𝑛 are
natural numbers with 𝑛 > 𝑚,
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Then :

𝑚 𝑛 𝑚:𝑛
Law 1 : 𝑎 x 𝑎 =𝑎
𝑎𝑚
Law 2 : = 𝑎𝑚;𝑛
𝑎𝑛
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

 where 𝑎 is a real number different from zero and 𝑚 and 𝑛

are natural numbers.

 Since we have not yet given any meaning to zero and

negative exponents, 𝑛 must be greater than 𝑚 for law 2 to
36 3×3×3×3×3×3
make sense. Example 1: =
33 3×3×3
3×3×3
=3×3×3×
3×3×3
3×3×3×3×3×3
=
3×3×3
.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

=3×3×3
= 33
= 26;3
Law 3. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚×𝑛 , where 𝑎 is a real number and
𝑚 and 𝑛 are natural numbers.
Example 1 : (32 )3 = (3 × 3) × (3 × 3) × (3 × 3)
= 36

= 32×3 .
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Law 4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑛 is

a natural number.

Examples 1: (2 x 3)3 = (2 × 3) × (2 × 3) × (2 × 3)

= (2 × 2 × 2) × (3 × 3 × 3) = 23 ×33
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

 If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers, 𝑏 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 is a natural

number, then by the definition of exponent.

𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
Law 5. ( ) = 𝑛 , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers, 𝑏 ≠ 0 and 𝑛
𝑏 𝑏
is a natural number.
2 4 2 2 2 2
Example 1: ( ) = × × ×
3 3 3 3 3
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

2×2×2×2
=
3 × 3 × 3x3
24
= 4
3
see this vidio carfully

Home work Exercise 3.1: 1.d 2.d,e

Exercise 3.2: b , d & f

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Laws for Integer Exponents:
 For real numbers ࢇ and ࢈ and integers ࢓ and ࢔, the
following laws of exponents hold true.
1. 𝑎𝑚 x 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚:𝑛
law of multiplication of powers of the same base.

𝑎𝑚 𝑚;𝑛
2. = 𝑎
𝑎𝑛
law of division of powers of the same base.
3. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚×𝑛
law of power of a power.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
4. (𝑎 × 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏
law of a power of a product.

𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
5.( ) = 𝑛
𝑏 𝑏
law of a power of a quotient.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home Work Exercise 3.3 : m , n and 0

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 1: Simplify the following expressions.

1 1 1
Evaluate : a) 2 × 2 × 2
2 2 2 b) 2 × 2 × 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
: :
Solution : a. 2 × 2 × 2 = 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 =2 2

1 1 1
b. 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 3
: :
=22 2 2 =2 2

𝑚 1
 we can notice that, =𝑚× .
𝑛 𝑛

 Then by putting this in Law 3. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚×𝑛

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
𝑚 1 1 1
⇒𝑎 𝑛 = (𝑎𝑚 ) 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑚 × 𝑛 = (𝑎 𝑛 )𝑚

𝑚 1 1 1
⇒𝑎 𝑛 = (𝑎𝑚 ) 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑚 × 𝑛 = (𝑎 𝑛 )𝑚 .

 Therefore we can define the expression where

𝑚
𝑚 and 𝑛 are natural numbers and 𝑛
is reduced
to lowest term as in definition 3.4.
𝑚
Definition 3.4 The Rational Exponent 𝑎 𝑛

1 𝑚 1
If 𝑎 is a real number, then 𝑎 = (𝑎 )𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

 (That is, the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of a raised to the

𝑚𝑡ℎ power).
 We can also define negative rational exponents:
𝑚
; 1
𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑚 (𝑎 ≠ 0) .
𝑎𝑛

 The laws of exponents discussed earlier for

integral exponents hold true for rational

exponents.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example1: Evaluate the following expression :

Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.5: d , e, f, g & h

 Radical notation is an alternative way of writing
an expression with rational exponents.

Definition 3.5 The 𝑛𝑡ℎ root

1
 If 𝑎 is a real number and 𝑚 an integer then
𝑛

𝑚 1
𝑛
𝑎 =
𝑛 (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚
𝑚 1
𝑚
= ( 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑛 = (𝑎 ) 𝑛 = ( 𝑎 )𝑚
𝑛
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
𝑚
Example 1: Express in the form of 𝑎 with a being
𝑛

prime number :
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.6: c, d , f & g

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 1. simplify each of the following

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Class work
From the following which one is exponential

function ?

1 2(𝑥;1)
A.( )
2

B. 𝑥 ;(𝑥;1)

C. (−3) 2(𝑥;1)

D. 𝑥 2
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

solution: A Home work Exercise 3.7: c, f, g & h

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.8 : 1 c, d 2. c,d 3.c,d

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.9 : 1 c, d

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 1:

Example 2:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 1:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Home work Exercise 3.10 : 1 e, g , h & i
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example1:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

450
= log 5 ( )
2

= log5 225
= log 5 9 𝑋 25
= log 5 25 + log 5 9 = 2+log 5 9
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 1: Find the value of the following.

a. log 200 – log 2 = -------

0.1
b. log( )
100
Solution: log 0.1 – log 100
1
1
= log – log 1002
10
2
= log 10;1– 10log
2
= -log 10 – log 10 = -1- 1 = -2
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.13 : b , d & e.

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 1: find the value of log 1.23 from table

value
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 2: find the value of log 2.478 from table

value
Solution:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Home work Exercise 3.14 :1 f,g and h 2. d , f, g &h
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Example 2: Find antilog (-2.1202)
Solution: To find the antilog negative number like
(-2.1202)
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic functio

Class work : Evaluate the following

a. Find Log(4.987) from logarithm table value.
b. Find antilog (0.7985) from antilogarithm
table value
c. Find antilog (-3.4587)
d. Find Mantissa and characteristics
log(0.00000135).
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.15 :d,e and h

Exercise 3.16 :d,e and f
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.17 : 1. d 2. e and f

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 2: Sketch the graph of f(x) = 4𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

g) The graph gets closer to the negative x axis when x is

negative and 𝑥 is large.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

f) The graph goes upward with out bound when

x is negative and 𝑥 is large.

Home work Exercise 3.20 : 1 and 2. a

Exercise 3.21 : b and c
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

 Let as see the reflection of the given function along the

line of x axis and y axis from the given table below.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Class work
1. Show that the graph of y = 𝑎 𝑥 and
y = log 𝑎 𝑥 are mirror image of each other
with respect to the line y = x when a > 0.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Solution: The graph of of y = 𝑎 𝑥 and
y = log 𝑎 𝑥 are as shown below reflected each
other along the line x= y.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Class work
1. Simplify the following.
a.
b. 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥;𝑙𝑛𝑦
1
1−ln(2)
c. 𝑒 2
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution
a. ln (e × 𝑒 2 ) = ln (e) + ln(𝑒 2 )
= 1+2lne = 1+2
=3

𝑙𝑛𝑥;𝑙𝑛𝑦 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
b. 𝑒 = =
𝑒 log𝑒 𝑦 𝑦
1
1−ln(2) 1−[ln 1 −ln 2 ]
c. 𝑒 2 =𝑒 2
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

1−[0−ln 2 ] 1+ln 2
= 𝑒 2 = 𝑒 2

1 𝑙𝑛2 1 1
𝑙𝑛2
=𝑒 𝑒 2 2 = 𝑒 𝑒 2 2

1
= 𝑒 𝑒 𝑙𝑛
2 2

= 𝑒 𝑒 log𝑒 2

= 𝑒 2
= 2𝑒
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.25: a & b

Home work Exercise 3.26: b,c &g
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

 See the given below video carefully

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Class work Exercise 3.27: g , h & i

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution :
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 2: If 4𝑥 − 3 (2𝑥:1 )+8 = 0 then the value

of x = ---------------.
A. 1 or 2
B. 2 or 4
C. 3 or 2
D. 1 or 4
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution : 4𝑥 − 3 (2𝑥:1 )+ 8 = 0
(22 )𝑥 −3 2𝑥 21 +23 = 0
(2𝑥 )2 −6 2𝑥 +23 = 0
Let 2𝑥 = 𝑦 thus implies that (2𝑥 )2 = 𝑦 2
(𝑦)2 −6 𝑦 +8 = 0
(Y-2)(y-4) = 0
Y=2 or y = 4
2𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2 = 21 or 2𝑥 = 𝑦 = 4 = 22
2𝑥 = 21 or 2𝑥 = 22
 The value of x = 1 or 2
So Choice A is the answer.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.28: g,h &i

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 1: Solve the logarithmic equation

log 2 (𝑥 + 3) = 4
See the solution below.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

See Exercise 3.29: g, h and i as home work.

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 2: by using logarithm find the value of x if 9𝑥 = 8𝑥;1 .

Solution.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Class work

10
If log 1 𝑥 + log 9 𝑥 − log 27 𝑥 = −
3
3
is given the value of x = --------.
A. 9
B. 12
C. 81
D. 27
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

10
Solution: log 1 𝑥 + log 9 𝑥 − log 27 𝑥 = −
3
3
 Notice that all the base are powers of 3. so ,we
change all to base 3.
10

log3 𝑥
1 +
log33 log3
log3 𝑥
9
− log
log3 𝑥
27
= -
3
3
1 1 10
-log 3 𝑥 + log 3 𝑥 - log 3 𝑥 = -
2 3 3

1 1 10
(- 1 + - )log 3 𝑥 = -
2 3 3
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

5 10
- log 3 𝑥 = -
6 3

log 3 𝑥 = 4 from the exponential form x = 34 = 81

so the answer is C.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Class work
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution :
By using table value we have the following
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Application exponential function

1. Compound interest
Exponential functions occur in evaluating compound
interest. Suppose an amount of money 𝑃, called the
principal, is invested at an annual interest rate r, compounded
once a year, then after a year the interest is 𝑃𝑟. If the interest
is added to the principal at the end of the year, the new
amount 𝐴(1) of money is, 𝐴(1) = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)
If the interest is reinvested, then the new principal is
𝐴(1) = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟), and after another year the interest is 𝑟𝐴(1)
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Then the amount after the end of the second year, 𝐴(2) is
𝐴(2) = 𝐴(1) + 𝑟𝐴(1) = 𝐴(1)(1 + 𝑟)
= 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)(1 + 𝑟)
= 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)2
Similarly, at the end of the third year, the amount 𝐴(3) is
𝐴(3) = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)3 .
Generally, after the end of 𝑡 years, the amount 𝐴(𝑡) is
𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)𝑡 .
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

We Observe that this is an exponential function

with base 1 + 𝑟. Let 𝑛 be the number of
compounding per year and 𝑡 be the number of
years. Then the product 𝑛𝑡 represents the total
number of times the interest will be compounded
𝑟
and the interest rate per compounding period is .
𝑛

This leads to the following formula indicated as in

theorem 3.5 for the amount after 𝑡 years
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

 Before solving the solution we define

the term payment period as follows.
Annually means ones per year (n = 1).
Semi annually means twice per year (n = 2).
Quarterly means four times per year (n = 4).
Monthly means 12 times per year (n = 12).
Daily means 365 times per year (n = 365).
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution :
a) from the above information we have
𝑝 = 2000 ,
𝑟 = 7% = 7/100 = 0.07 ,
𝑛 = 1 (𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 5
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Class work
If 2000 birr invested at 6% compounded quarterly ,
in how many years will the investment
a. to reach 3000 birr
b. to doubled
Use log1.5 = 0.1761 , log2 = 0.3010
and log (1.015) ≅ 0.0086
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Solution :
a) from the above information we have
𝑝 = 2000
A= 3000
𝑟 = 6% = 6/100 = 0.06
𝑛 = 4 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = ? ? ?
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
By using the formula A = 𝑃(1 + )
𝑛
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

0.06 4𝑡
3000 = 2000(1 + )
4

1.5 = (1.015)4𝑡
log 1.5 = log (1.015)4𝑡
log 1.5 = 4t log(1.015)
log 1.5
4t =
log(1.015)

log 1.5 0.1761

t = = ≈ 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
4 log(1.015) 4(0.0086)
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

b. If the statement is doubled A= 2P = 2 (2000) = 4000

0.06 4𝑡
4000 = 2000(1 + )
4

2 = (1.015)4𝑡
log 2 = log (1.015)4𝑡
log 2 = 4t log(1.015)
log 2
4t =
log(1.015)

log 2 0.3010
t = = ≈ 9 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
4 log(1.015) 4(0.0086)
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Graphically
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.33 : 2

solution
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Population growth
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function
Change p(x) to p(t) from graph
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

The PH scale
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 1:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Example 2:
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

Home work Exercise 3.34

Exercise 3.35 : 1. b , c &
2. b
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 3 Exponential and Logarithmic function

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