EXAM GUIDE

2023 EDITION
UGC-NET
POLITICAL SCIENCE

• Fact Sheets covering entire

Political science syllabus

• Theme wise questions asked in

past year papers

• 5 sets of Sample Papers with

Answers and additional
Information

• PDF of past year paper analysis

of latest 4 papers of 2023

By the Author of

1
POL SC HELP
 SPARE FEW MIN TO READ HOW BEST TO USE THIS GUIDE
DEAR STUDENTS…WELCOME BACK!
This guide is the outcome of more than 6 month’s endeavour. It is based on the theme wise
analysis of all past year papers of UGC-NET. Information in the guide are customized to
include all the themes/topics asked in past year papers.
What it contains?
• Arranged in FIVE parts:
• Part I: More than 50 theme wise fact sheets, in tabular form, containing key facts &
information covering the syllabus of Political Science as subject domain.
• Part II: Most unique part: Theme wise questions asked in past year papers
• Part III: 5 sets of sample question papers, of 100 each, with Answer Hints.
o Answer hints with additional information
o MCQs selected after analysing past year papers of UGC-Net
o Most relevant MCQs for UGC-NET.
• Part IV: Tips and tricks to prepare for and tackle MCQs.
• Part V: Unique Resource: PDF of past year paper analysis of latest 4 papers of 2023-
March & June 2023
Please Note the highlighted and coloured facts:
• Underlined and Bold: Important
• Violet coloured texts: Asked earlier
• Bold Violet: Very Important
How to use the Guide for the best results?
• Read carefully all the key points given in tabular form at least 4-5 times
• Watch the related Pol Sc Help theme wise PYQA videos for more information about
the past year questions.
• Highlight the most important information, in your view, and revise them on daily
basis; at least 10-12 times before the exam.
• Make a mental map of information; for example: thinkers who gave Elite theory-
Mosca, Pareto, C wright Mill ; thinkers who gave modernisation theory- Lucian Pye,
Rostow, David Apter, Edward Shils, Organski, and so on.
• Try the MCQ sample paper in exam mode- in one go, within 2 hour, without seeing
Answer or visiting google
• Revise your own notes, the guide, and the PYQ (given in pdf form) as many times as
possible, may be 10-11 times!
• Most important be cool & confident, enjoy the process without thinking much about
the result.
GOOD WISHES!

2
 INDEX
(WHERE IS WHAT?)
Section Content/Fact Sheets
1 Fact Sheets- Political Theory 4
Fact Sheets- Constitution 28
Fact Sheets- Indian Polity 50
Fact Sheets- Comparative Politics 78
Fact Sheets- Public Administration 88
Fact Sheets- International Relation 101
Fact Sheets- Western Political Thoughts 210
Fact Sheets- Indian Political Thoughts 249

Section 2 Fact Sheets PYQA : Theme Wise Analysis of 267

Past Year’s NET Papers

Section 3 Sample Papers: 5 Sets 321

Section 4 Answer Keys with Addl. Info 456

Section 5 Tips & Tricks to crack MCQs 506

Section 6 PDF of past year paper analysis of latest 4 papers 510

of 2023- March & June 2023

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 SECTION 1

THEME WISE
FACT SHEETS

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FACT SHEETS PT:
POLITICAL
CONCEPTS &
THEORY

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 FACT SHEET PT.1: DEFINITIONS OF POLITICAL CONCEPTS

Concept/Term Different definitions

Politics • Politics is the art of the possible- Otto Von Bismarck

• Politics is about who gets what, when and how- Harold Lasswell
• Politics as capacity of acting in concert- Hannah Arendt
• Politics as authoritative allocation of value - David Easton
• politics is an ethical activity concerned with creating a ‘just
society’ and ensuring ‘good Life’ of the community- Aristotle
• Politics is power-structured relationships, arrangements whereby
one group of persons is controlled by another- Kate Millet
• Politics is about ‘attending to the general arrangements of a set of
people whom chance or choice have brought together’- Oakeshott
• How Heywood gave different dimensions of Politics
• Politics as that which concerns the state
• Politics is conduct of public Life
• Politics is conflict resolution in public domain
• Politics as conflict (among differing interests) in public
domain

• Oft-repeated • Harold Lasswell’s politics as who gets

questions from this what, when and how?
theme • Who said politics is the study of influence
and influential? Harold Lasswell
• David Easton: Politics as authoritative
allocation of value

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Power • Most popular definition of power: A has power over B to the
extent that A can get B to do something which B would not have
done otherwise- Robert Dahl
• Power as currency/money: Power is to politics as money is to
economy; Like money, power also circulates in society- Talcott
Parsons
• Power as creating action in group by communication to realize
the public realm - Hanah Arendt
• ‘Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely’-
Lord Acton
• Power as normalization and subjection through governable
identities- Foucault
• Power as Cultural Hegemony- Antonio Gramsci
• Power as structural arrangement in which perceptions of people
are shaped to perpetuate domination without any observable
conflict- Steven Lukes
• Extractive vs Developmental Power; Extractive power- Power
over, power to get other do something; Developmental Power-
ability to fulfils one’s own self-appointed goals- C.B.
MacPherson

• Oft-repeated questions from this theme in NET exams:

• Power as Currency- Talcott Parson
• the action frame of reference- Talcott Parson
• Radical view of power, 3rd dimension of power- Steven Lukes
• Knowledge-power relation- Foucault
• Lord Action’s quote : Power tends to corrupt; absolute power
corrupts absolutely
• “anything that establishes and maintains the control of man over
man”- Hans Morgenthau
• Who defined national interest in terms of power? Hans
Morgenthau
• “the power of man over the minds and actions of other men”-
Hans Morgenthau”
• Power is central to Realism in IR
• Offensive Neo-realism- maximisation of power

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Justice • Justice as harmony of soul and each individual and class
performing its duty to best of their abilities and aptitudes- Plato
• Justice as 'fairness’ in distribution of income, wealth, rewards,
honours, political offices, punishments etc, based on the principle
of equity- proportional and arithmetic equality- Aristotle
• Justice as Fairness in distribution of resources, awards, honours,
and political offices- John Rawl
• Entitlement Theory of Justice: distribution of holdings in a society
is just if everyone in that society is entitled to what he has- Robert
Nozick
• Justice by practical reasoning; justice as fair procedure (Niti) vs
justice realized (Nyaya)- Amartya Sen
• Justice as perfect obligation- J.S.Mill
• Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier

Oft-repeated questions from this theme in NET exams:

• Justice as 1st virtue of any social order- John Rawls
• Fairness- the essential virtue of Justice
• Rawl’s theory of justice: end-state theory, patterned
distribution, welfare state, based on the difference principle,
distributive justice, positive or modern liberalism, normative
theory, but based on rationalism and core thoughts of
liberalism, revived the social contract tradition
• The Idea of Justice as fairness in Rawlsian theory flows
from individual.
• Plato’s Justice: one man- one work; one class- one duty;
functional division of society
• Nozick’s theory of Justice: Entitlement theory of justice,
procedural theory, libertarian account of justice, included
‘rectificatory justice’
• Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier
• First Virtue of society- Justice- John Rawls
• First virtue of Justice- Fairness- John Rawls
• Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station of life-
Plato

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Rights • A person has a right to X when if and only if others have moral
obligation to provide or allow him/her X- Immanuel Kant
• Rights are entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way-
Andrew Heywood
• One man’s capacity of influencing the act of others, not by his own
strength but by the strength of the society – Holland
• A right is a claim recognized by society and enforced by the state-
Bosanquet
• Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man
can seek, in general, to be himself at his best- Harold Laski
• Every state is known by the rights it maintains- Laski
• Rights are what we may expect from others and others from us,
and all genuine rights are conditions of social welfare- Hobhouse
• Rights are ‘trump’ (of individuals against society/state)- Ronald
Dworkin
• rights are the conditions in which individuals are able to conceive
and realize ‘the good’ for themselves and others- T.H.Green
• A person has a right to X when his or her interest in X is
sufficiently important for others to have duty to provide or allow
him/her X- Interest based theory of Rights

Oft-repeated questions from this theme in NET exams:

• Who called natural rights as nonsense upon stilts?-
Bentham
• “Rights properly so-called are creations of law properly so
called”- Bentham
• Legal Rights- Bentham
• Natural Rights: Propounded by John Locke
• 3 generations of Rights- 2nd Gen rights- socio-economic
rights- right to health, education, housing, etc
• 1st Gen Rights- civil liberties, political rights; 3rd Gen-
Group and cultural rights
• Latest Right- Right to Development- Soft Law
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted
on 10 Dec, 1948, has 30 articles
• “Every state is known by the rights that it maintains”-
Laski

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 • Rights as Trump – Ronald Dworkin
• Strong rights: which cannot be taken away for common
welfare
• Weak Rights: The rights that can be curtailed to achieve
the common welfare
• Functional theory of Rights- Laski
• Herbert Spencer combined natural rights with
physiological metaphor in his organismic theory of state.
• Liberal Theory of Minority Rights: Will Kymlicka

Liberty/Freedom Freedom is obeying laws reflecting general will of the political

community- Rousseau
It is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing
or enjoying – Moral Freedom ( T.H.Green)
A free man, is he, that in those things, which by his strength and wit
he is able to, is not hindered to do what he has a will to- Hobbes
freedom is state in which man is not subject to coercion by
arbitrary will of others- Fredrich Hayek
Man is free to act without subject to arbitrary will of another within
allowance of moral law- John Locke

Oft-repeated questions from this theme in NET exams:

Isaiah Berlin:
• Differentiated negative and positive liberty
• Supported negative liberty
• Compared positive liberty to slippery slope towards
totalitarianism
• Positive liberty- concept of the divided self
Ancient vs Modern Liberty: Benjamin Constant
J.S.Mill
• Wrote ‘Ón Liberty’
• ‘Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual
is sovereign’
• Supported negative liberty
• Harm Principle
• Self and other regarding actions; state only to intervene in
‘other regarding actions’

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 • Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers emphasises
primarily on Liberty
• Negative Liberty: Night-watchman, Lissaze- faire, or minimalist
state
• Positive Liberty: Welfare state; interventionist state
• Rousseau, Green, Hegel- supported positive liberty

Definition and How Prominent thinkers viewed State:

Theories of State
• State is the highest form of political association aiming at the
highest of goods- Aristotle
• State is March of God on earth- Hegel
• State represents complete and highest Good- Plato
• Political association set up as a result of social contract to
preserve life and maintain peace & order- Hobbes
• Political association or commonwealth set up as a result of social
contract to protect and further natural rights- Locke
• State represented General will of the body politic set up as a result
of the Social Contract- Rousseau
• the state was an artificial means of producing a unity of interest
and a device for maintaining stability; it is a means for attaining
the greatest happiness of the greatest number-Jeremy Bentham
• state as 'the people' affairs, who are united by a common
agreement about law and rights and by the desire to participate in
mutual advantage'- Cicero
• state as an end in itself existing for its own preservation
• and for its own advantage- Machiavelli
• a 'lawful' government of several household s, and of their common
possessions, with sovereign powers- Jaen Bodin
• 'a partnership in all science, a partnership in all arts, a
partnership in and in all perfection... a partnership not only
between those who are living, but those who are dead, and those
who are to be born’- Edmund Burke
• 'a body of persons, recognized by each other as having rights, and
possessing certain institutions for the maintenance of those
rights’- T.H.Green
• ‘positive instrument which helps the individual achieve progress
and enjoy liberty’- J.S.Mill

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 • State is the instrument to protect and further the interest of the
whole Bourgeoisie class- Karl Marx
• Human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use
of physical force/violence within a given territory- Max Weber

Theories of State Divine Origin theory of State: Divine Right theory of Kingship
• the state was established and governed by God, the King is
the representative of God. King has the divine right to rule
and he is accountable only to God, none other.
• Proponents: Manu, St. Thomas, James-1, Bousset, Robert
Filmer
Historical/Evolutionary Theory:
• State evolved naturally due to political nature of humans as
long and gradual socio-natural evolutionary process.
• Proponents: Garner, Gettel, J.W.Burgess, Maclver
• Aristotle and Hegel also gave historical, natural, organic,
and integrative theory of state
Social Contract Theory of Origin of State
• State is the result of a social contract among individuals who
surrendered their individual rights and power into a
commonwealth to form a political community and came out
of the state of nature
• Proponents: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau
Marxist Theory of State
• Instrumentalist view: State as the instrument to protect and
further the interest of the whole Bourgeoisie class
• Proponents: Karl Marx, Engels, Ralph Miliband
• Structuralist view: State is a social mechanism through
which capitalist social structure and relation of productions
are continuously re-produced.
• Proponents: Louis Althusser, Nicos Poulantzas
Pluralist Theory of State
• State is associations of associations
• State is one among many associations
• State like a neutral referee managing interests of many
associations/groups
• Proponents: Robert Dahl, R.M. MacIver, David Truman,
Harold Laski, Seymour Martin Lipset

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Important • State represents the highest Good- Aristotle
perspective/phrases • State is necessary Evil- Classical Liberalism
about state
• State is unnecessary Evil- Anarchism
• State is one among many associations- Pluralism (R.M. MacIver)
• State is instrument of class domination- Marxism
• Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against
the State- Fascism (Benito Mussolini)
• State is March of God on earth- organicism (Hegel)
• State is individual writ large- Plato

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 FACT SHEET PT.2: DEMISE OF POLITICAL THEORY: DEBATES

Theme/topic Important facts/info

Meaning • With the advent of Behavioural revolution in political science,
during 1950s, more importance was given to facts, observations,
data, quantification, developing testable hypothesis/theory by
using ‘scientific methods’. Positivism and empiricism were the
hallmark of the Behavioural revolution.
• Under the influence of Behavioural revolution, many thinkers
declared death or demise of political philosophy and Normative
Political Theory. Till then Political Theory was mostly political
philosophy which was bent heavily towards normative-
philosophical approach.
Thinkers declaring • David Easton- ‘The Decline of Modern Political Theory(1953)’
death or demise of • Alfred Cobban – ‘The Decline of Political Theory( 1993)’
political Theory
• Dante Germino - Beyond Ideology: The Revival of Political
theory( 1967)’
• Daniel Bell- The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political
Ideas in the Fifties (1960)
• Peter Laslett: ‘ Political Theory is dead’
• Robert Dahl also declared death of political theory
• Reimer- ‘Political theory in doghouse’

Note: when declaring demise death of political theory, these

thinkers considered political theory as political philosophy.
4 factors for decline • The Decline of Modern Political Theory, in Journal of Politics (
of political theory- 1953)’- David Easton gave 4 factors for decline of political theory;
David Easton they were:
o 1. Historicism 2. Moral Relativism 3. Confusion
between Science and Theory 4. Hyper Factualism

Thinkers who • Isiah Berlin

supported revival of • Leo Strauss: brought values back to political science
political theory
• George H. Sabine
• Hannah Arendt
• Eric Vogelin- ‘the New Science of Politics’- ‘political
science and political theory is inseparable’

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 • David Easton- ‘We cannot shed
our values in the way we remove our coats’
• John Rawls: Revived Normative political theory with his
‘Theory of Justice’
• Oakeshott
• Robert Nozick
• Herbert Marcuse

David Easton’s 8 (1) Regularities; (2) Verification; (3) Techniques; (4)

characteristics Quantification; (5) Values; (6) Systematisation; (7) Pure Science;
features of and (8) Integration
Behaviouralism
Easton’s 7 credo of 1. Substance 2. change 3. Brute reality 4. fact-value synthesis 5.
relevance of Post- protect human values 6. action orientation 7. Political scientists as
behaviouralism actors of social change

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FACT SHEET PT.3: OTHER THEMES IN POLITICAL THEORY ASKED IN NET
EXAMS
Themes Addl. Info:
Post- behaviouralism Its features- both qualitative and quantitative; action’
and ‘relevance’; No to value neutrality, less Eurocentric
Post- Positivism Observations and data collection process is Not value-
neutral;

theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and

values of the researcher can influence what is being
observed;

Balance between quantitative and qualitative methods.

knowledge is conjectural(speculative) and hence reality

can be known only imperfectly

Post-Marxism Rejects economic determinism of classical Marxism

Support structuralist view of the capitalist state
Was first propounded by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal
Mouffe in 1970s
Influenced by poststructuralism and postmodernism
Neo-Marxism Reformulated classical Marxism by incorporating
elements from critical theory, psychoanalysis, or
existentialism
Dependency theories, progressive comparativists, etc.
are influenced by Neo-Marxism
Proponents: Eric Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen
Habermas
Immanuel Wallerstein, A.G. Frank
Basic tenets and terms related to • Individualism
Liberalism • Natural Rights
• Negative Liberty
• State as necessary evil
• Minimalist state
• Private property
• Constitutional Government
• Tolerance

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 • Universalism

Basic tenets and terms related to • Free market Economy

neo-Liberalism or libertarianism • Low taxation
• No to distributive justice
• Nightwatchman state
• No to Welfare State
• Market over state
• Individual freedom is prime

Difference between classical and Unlike classical liberalism, modern liberalism supports
modern liberalism distributive justice and welfare state

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 FACT SHEET PT.4 : MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

Ideologies Core Theme and Features Main Thinkers

Liberalism • Individual freedom (of • Classical vs • Classical:
choice) and autonomy, modern liberalism Locke, Hobbes,
Individualism • Classical- minimal Aadam Smith,
• Prefer ‘Rights’ over state ( state as Thomas Paine
‘Common Good’: Moral necessary evil), • Modern: John
primacy of claim of Inviolable Rawl,
individual against claims of property rights, T.H.Green,
society/state universalism Laski, Dworkin,
• Inviolable natural rights of • Modern: Welfare Hobhouse,
Life, Liberty, Property state, distributive R.H.Tawany,
G.D.H Cole,
• Melioristic: social institutions justice, J.S.Mill,
and political arrangements multiculturalism
Bentham
can be improved • Modern
Liberalism also • Libertarian-
• Tolerance Robert Nozick,
called Positive
• Universalism: universal liberalism. Fredrich Hayek,
nature of human, equal Milton Friedman
human worth, universal • Libertarianism-
human rights revival of classical
liberalism- neo-
liberalism : Free
market Economy,
Low taxation,
Nightwatchman
state, Market over
state,Individual
freedom is prime

Marxism • Analyse political • Multiple strands • Classical: Lenin,

phenomenon from class lens • Classical Marxism Mao Zedong,
• Historical Materialism: Rosa
• Neo-Marxism Luxemburg,
Changes in economic base
(mode of production) of • Neo-classical Alexandra
society brings about changes • Gramscianism Kollontai,
in its socio-political-cultural M.N.Roy
(superstructure); civilization

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 progresses through this • Neo- Marxist:
dialectical process Louis Althusser,
• Perpetual class struggle- Justin
exploited vs exploiter; Rosenberg,
change in mode of Immanuel
production changes the class Wallerstein,
characteristics Andre Gunder
Frank
• master/slave, lord/serf,
capitalist/labour • Neo-classical
Marxism-
• Capitalist system is
Gerald A.
exploitive, keep surplus
Cohen, Adam
labour as profit, alienate
Przeworski, John
workers, and faces regular
E. Roemer and
crisis
Erik Olin Wright
• Vision of state less, class
• Gramscianism (
less, property less communist
Post- Marxism):
society
Ernesto Laclau ,
• ‘From each according to his Robert W. Cox ,
ability, to each according to Chantal Mouffe
his needs’- in final stage of
• Critical
Communism
Theory-
Frankfurt school
thinkers- though
they are against
both Marxism
and Liberalism
but Neo-
Marxism may be
included under
the umbrella of
critical theory
Conservatism • Preserving ideas, institutions • Branch of classical • David Hume
and socio-cultural traditions. liberalism • Edmund Burke
• Belief in Hierarchy, order, • In economy- • Hobbes
and authority, social conservatives are
traditions, customs, norms quite liberal • Locke

• Organicism: Society as • But conservative • Michael

organic entity- has evolved in socio-cultural Oakeshott
over centuries of social domain • Joseph de
customs/practices/traditions • More popular and Maistre
• State required for social order electorally • Metternich

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 • Only gradual and calibrated successful than • Benjamin
change in social liberal parties Disraeli
practices/traditions • Called right wing • Karl Popper-
• Pragmatism- Truth lies in ideology piecemeal social
concrete experience than engineering
moral preposition • Contemporary
• …prefer the familiar to the times- Quintin
unknown, to prefer the tried Hogg, Margret
to the untried, fact to Thatcher,
mystery, the actual to the Angela Merkel,
possible, the limited to the Marine Le Pen,
unbounded, the near to the Ronald Reagon
distant…( about
conservativism by Oakeshott)
Post- • No objective truth, against • Post-structuralism • Richard Asley
modernism the Binary ( good vs bad) • De-constructivism • Jenny Adkins
• Knowledge is not simply a • Critical theory • Foucault (Post-
cognitive factor, it is also structuralism)
normative and political • Subjectivity
• Truth is • Derrida (De-
• Power & knowledge linked constructivism)
and support/constitute each subjective,
other depends on the • Lyotard- against
perspective of the meta-narratives
• Reality socially constructed subject(observer) • Baudrillard
• Rejects meta narratives • Timeline-
(grand narratives or • Richard Rorty
beginning 1970s
narratives of narratives) • Slavoj Žižek
• Critical of classical • Gilles Deleuze
liberalism, and positivism, • Nietzsche
superiority of science, (Nihilism)
modernity discourse
Anarchism • Against any form of formal, • Utopic ideologies • William
external, and hierarchical • Stateless, authority Godwin-
authority in managing socio- less blissful social Philosophical
political arrangements life Anarchism
• Organisation of society on a • Gandhiji- • Peter Kropotkin-
voluntary cooperative basis enlightened communal
without force/coercion Anarchism anarchism
• Belief in virtuous(good) • Pierre-Joseph
human nature, which can Proudhon -
manage both individual & Mutualism

20
 social life without any • Mikhail
external formal authority Bakunin
• State is unnecessary evil revolutionary
Anarchist
• Accept authority of experts
and moral authority of • Leo Tolstoy-
collective decision Pacificist
Anarchist
• Mutualism : socialist,
federated, and non- • Gandhiji-
hierarchical authority-less enlightened
society holding property for Anarchism
common use and earnings;
individuals enjoy rights and
oblige to allow others the
same- reciprocity

Feminism Given in separate fact sheet.

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 FACT SHEET PT.5 : APPROACHES TO POLITICAL THEORY

Approaches Important facts/meaning Main thinkers/activists- their

contributions

Normative • Also called philosophical approach • Plato- Ideal State

Approach • Raises normative question- ‘Why • Saint Augustine- ‘City of
should I obey the state?’, ‘How should God’
rewards be distributed?’ and ‘What • Thomas Aquinas: 5 proofs of
should the limits of individual freedom God
be’? ‘How good life of community be
ensured?’ • John Rawls- Normative
theory of Justice but based on
• Focus: moral, ethical, just political rationalism
arrangements
• Robert Nozick- Entitlement
• What ‘should be’ rather than what ‘is’ theory of Justice
• Value loaded, prescriptive, political • Leo Strauss: brought value
philosophy back in Political theory
• Rationalism: sources of knowledge • Hanah Arendt- power as co-
transcendental (other worldly), based creation
on logic and abstract reasoning
• Macheal Sandel-
• Deductive or top down approach of Communitarian
investigation/theorising
• T.H.Green- moral freedom
• Vision of an ideal society and political
arrangements • Charles Taylor-
Communitarian
Empirical • Analyse and describe political • Aristotle- 1st empirical
Approach phenomenon ‘as it is’, factual analysis of Constitutions
• Uses methods of scientific observation, • David Hume: philosophy as
quantitative analysis, testing hypothesis the inductive, experimental
• 2 pillars: Behaviouralism and Logical science of human nature
Positivism • Francis Bacon: father of
• Objective, factual, value-free, scientific empiricism

• Attempt to build scientific political • Auguste Comte- father of

theory (science of politics) Positivism and inventor of the
term sociology
• Empiricism: Sensory experiences the
only source of knowledge • John Locke: Tabula Rasa-
human brain at birth like
• Inductive or bottom up approach of white slate
investigation/theorising

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 • David Easton- father of
empirical approach- gave
system theory
• Karl Popper- scientific theory
are falsifiable
• Robert Dahl- Pluralist thinker
• Seymour Lipset- Pluralist
thinker
• Gabrieal Almond- structural-
functional approach
• Jean Blondel
• Peter Laslett
• Herbert Simon- logical
positivism

Historical • Genealogy: Uses history as genetic • Karl Marx- Historical

Approach: process of evolution of political Materialism
phenomena. • Hegel: historical evolution of
• History used as vast repository of test idea
cases to be used to theorizing for • Machiavelli- used this
present and future. approach in ‘the Prince’
• Studying past to understand the causes • Skocpol- ‘States and Social
of political phenomenon in present. Revolutions: a Comparative
• More weightage to individual human Analysis of France, Russia
agency than societal structure and and China’
institutions • Ram Manohar Lohia –
• Adopts normative philosophical ‘Wheels of History’
approach • Vivekanand- ‘Cycle of Caste
rule’
• Oakeshott- ‘What Is History?’

Critical • Critical of the mainstream thinking and • All post-modernist thinkers-

Approach theories Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard,
• Want to overturn existing socio- Baudrillard, Nietzsche
political arrangements/structures. • Note: many critical thinkers
• Aim for societal transformation, human are also are critique of both
emancipation, decreasing domination modernity and post-modernity
and increasing freedom

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• Emerged in connection with the many • All thinkers of Frankfurt
social movements- feminist, School (Neo-Marxism): Ernst
environmentalist, anti-domination, Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max
Subaltern, etc. Horkheimer, Erich Fromm,
• Include radical feminism, green Herbert Marcuse, Habermas
politics, eco-feminism, constructivism, • All radical feminists- Kate
post-structuralism, deconstructivism Millet, Rebecca Walker, Eve
and postcolonialism, etc. Ensler, Shulamith Firestone,
• Adopt post-positivist approaches, Sandra L Whitworth etc.
discourse analysis, and deconstruction • Post-colonial thinkers- Samir
• Align itself with sub-altern, Amin, Edward said, Andre
marginalized and oppressed groups Gunder Frank, Franz Fanon,
Chandra Mohanty
• Reveal inequalities, injustice, and
asymmetries that mainstream • Subaltern thinkers: Ranajit
approaches intend to ignore Guha, David Arnold, Dipesh
Chakrabarty.Partha
Chatterjee, Sudipta Kaviraj,
Gayatri Spivak
• Ecofeminism: Vandana Shiva,
Maria Mies, Ariel Salleh,
Mary Mellor, Ana Isla

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 FACT SHEET PT. 6: FEMINISM- IN MULTIPLE WAVES

Feminist Important facts Main thinkers/activists- their contributions

wave

1st wave • Also called Liberal • Marry Wollstonecraft: ‘Vindication of the

Feminism rights of women- 1792’
• Timeline: 19th & early 20th • Fanny (Frances) Wright
century • J.S. Mills: ‘Subjugation of women-1869’
• It demanded Equal rights for • Harriet Taylor
women in public
sphere/political • Raja Ram Mohan Roy

• Focus- education, job, equal • Pandita Ramabai- ‘the high caste Hindu
pay, voting rights, property women’- 1887
rights, legal rights, equality
in marriage, family, society

2nd Wave • Also called radical feminism • Simone de Beauvoir: ‘the second sex’ –
• Timeline: 1960s-70s women are not born but made-1949

• Questioned socially • Shulamith Firestone: ‘The Dialectic of sex-

constructed gender notions 1970’
of masculinity and • Kate Millet: ‘Sexual politics-1971’
femininity, patriarchy, and • Germaine Greer- ‘The Female Eunuch’-
reproductive role 1972
• Reshape society and
restructure its institutions
• Slogan- ‘Personal is
political’; ‘women are
made, not born’
• Universal sisterhood,
included black/coloured
women

3rd • May be called post-modern • Rebecca Walker- ‘Becoming the Third

Wave feminism, eco-feminism, Wave’
transfeminism, etc. • Eve Ensler- ‘Vagina Monologues’
• Timeline: 1990s-2010 • Amy Richards- ‘Opting In’
• Demanded freedom to • Naomi Wolf- ‘The Beauty Myth’.
control their bodies and their
lives • Susan Faludi- ‘Backlash’

25
 • Intersectionality- women • Germaine Greer-‘The Whole Woman’
experience "layers of • Carol Ann Duffy- ‘The World's Wife’
oppression" – caste, class,
colour, gender, race
• Fighting classism, racism,
sexism by overturning the
notions of gender, race,
class, and structure &
symbols supporting them.
• Raised issues of violence
against women, women's
reproductive rights, sexual
liberation, derogatory terms
for women, transgender
rights, etc.

4th Wave • Timeline- since 2012 • Rebecca Solnit- ‘Men Explain Things to Me
• Focus: focus on (2014)’
empowerment of women, • Jessica Valenti- ‘Sex Object: A Memoir
against sexual harassment, (2016)’
body shaming, and rape • Laura Bates- ‘Everyday Sexism (2016)’
culture, etc.
• Use of social media
• Me Too movement
Marxist Class and private property, • Friedrich Engles: ‘the origin of family,
or and not gender private property, and state-1884’
Socialist discrimination, are the main • Alexandra Kollontai- ‘Sexual relation and
Feminism issues the class struggle’
Consider mainstream
• Sheila Rawbatham: ‘Women, resistance,
feminism as capitalist or
revolution and hidden form of history-1943’
Bourgeoise feminism- limited
to white women • Martha Nussbaum-‘Sex and Social Justice’

Eco- Examine socio-political • Susan Griffin-‘Woman and Nature’

Feminism arrangements from the • Maria Mies-‘Ecofeminism’ ( with Vandana
perspective of connections Shiva
between women and nature
• Mary Mellor: ‘Feminism & ecology’
Gendering Nature
• Sallie McFague
Eco-Feminism was coined by
French feminist Françoise • Vandana Shiva
d’Eaubonne in 1974 • Greta Gaard

26
 Feminist perspective of Green • Judi Bari- Earth First!
politics that calls for an
egalitarian, non-patriarchal,
non-exploitative,
collaborative social order.
Feminism • Critical feminist Theory – Sandra Whiteworth
in UGC • Social Constructist feminist– Elisabeth Prugl
NET Past
year • Post Structuralist feminist – Charlotte Hooper
Papers • Post Colonialist feminist – Chandra Mohanty
• Susan Miller Okin- Feminist conception of Justice
• J. Ann Tickner- Re-formulation of 6 Principles of Morgenthau
• Feminists argue that women’s values are based primarily on prescribed
social role
• Vandana Shiva- Ecofeminist
• Juliet Mitchell: Socialist feminist

27
 FACT SHEETS- CONST :
CONSTITUTION AND
POLITICAL PROCESSES IN
INDIA

28
 FACT SHEET CONST 1: CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Aspect Facts

Content 25 Parts, 448 Articles, 12 Schedules, 5 Appendices, and 105 Amendments.

Parts & Part Subject matter Articles
Articles-
I The Union and 1 to 4
subjects
its territory

II Citizenship 5 to 11

III Fundamental 12 to 35
Rights(FR)

IV DPSP 36 to 51

IV A Fundamental 51 A (inserted 42nd Amendments- 1976)

duties

V Union or 52-151
Central
Government

President 52-72
Council of 74-75
Minister and
PM
The Union 124- 147
Judiciary
Comptroller 148-151
and Auditor-
General of
India(CAG)
Union 79-122
Parliament

VI State 152-237
Government

Governor 153-162
Council of 163-164
Minister and
CM

29
 The State 168-212
Legislature

High Courts 214-232

VII No Part VII,
yes; it was
related to
States in the B
part of the First
schedule, was
repealed by 7th
Amendment

VIII The Union 239-242

Territories

IX Panchayati Raj 243 to 243-O

System(PRI)

IX A The 243-P to 243-ZG

Municipalities

IX B Cooperative
Societie

X The Scheduled 244 to 244-A

and Tribal
Areas

XI Relations 245 to 263

between the
Union and the
States

XIV Services Under 308 – 323

the Union and
the States

XV Election- 324 to 329-A

Election
Commission

XVII Official 343 to 351

Language
(Hindi)

XVIII Emergency 352 to 360

Provisions

30
 National 352
Emergency

State 356
Emergency
Financial 360
Emergency

XX Amendment of 368
the
Constitution

Schedules First Schedule States and UTs

Second Salaries of Presidents and other high offices of Union of
Schedule India

Third Schedule Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for union/state ministers,

Legislature (MP/MLA), candidate for election, Judges of
SC/HC, CAG etc.
Note: Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for President, Vice
president, Governor are in specific articles- 60, 69, 159
respectively.

Fourth Schedule Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and UTs.

Fifth Schedule Administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes- 10

states

Sixth Schedule Administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam,

Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Seventh Division of powers between the Union and the States
Schedule List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III
(Concurrent List).
Presently, the Union List contains 100 subjects (originally
97), the state list contains 61 subjects (originally 66) and the
concurrent list contains 52 subjects (originally 47).

Eighth Schedule Languages recognized by the Constitution

Originally, 14 languages but presently there are 22
recognized languages

Ninth Schedule Acts and Regulations (originally 13 but presently 282)

related to Land reforms and other matters which cannot be
challenged in court
Inserted by 1st Amendment, 1951

31
 For implementation of Land Reforms after abolition of
Zamindari System
Now, it has also come under Judicial Review

Tenth Schedule Anti-Defection Laws- disqualification of the MPs/MLAs

on the ground of defection
added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985
Eleventh Panchayati Raj System
Schedule added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992
29 subjects for Panchayats

Twelfth Municipalities
Schedule added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992
18 subjects for Municipilaties

Amendments Important Main changes/facts/related to

Amendments

1st- 1951 Reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech

(Public order, Friendly relations with foreign states,
Incitement to an offence)
Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms Acts
Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of Pvt. property by
Govt
17th Amendment- Amended 31 A and 9th schedule
1964 Golaknath case was against these amendments
24th Amendment- Parliament got right to amend any part of Constitution
1971 including Fundamental Rights (article 368)
To counter SC ruling in the Golaknath case-1967
25th Amendment- Inserted 31 C: exempted any law giving effect to the
1971 article 39(b) and 39(c) of DPSP from judicial review,
even if it violated the Fundamental Rights
Both 24th & 25th SC struck down a part of the amendment in
amendment was ‘Kesavananda Bharati’-1973- case.
attempt by Indira
Gandhi Govt to make
India a socialist state.
They, however,
culminated into ‘Basic
Structure’ Doctrine

32
26th Amendment- Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of
1971 princely states

31st Amendment-1973 Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats

35th and 36th Sikkim incorporated into India and became a State
Amendment-1975
39th Amendment- Placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of
1975 Prime Minister.
In 1976, SC struck it on violation of basic structure.
42nd Amendment- Passed during Emergency
1976 Called mini-Constitution- so many changes
Curtailment of fundamental rights
SC, in Minerva Mills Inserted 51 A: fundamental duties Inserted "Socialist,
case, quashed the Secular, Integrity" in Preamble.
amendments to
Most of changes were reverted by 44th amendment-
Articles 31C and 368
1978
on basic structure
doctrine.
44th Amendment- After emergency by the Janata Govt
1978 Reverted most of changes of 42nd amendments
Tighter conditions for emergency, protection of
Fundamental Rights and human rights
52nd Amendment- Anti-defection laws- disqualification on ground of
1985 change of party (defection)
Added 10th Schedule
56th Amendment- Formation of Goa State
1987

61st Amendment-1989 Reduced voting age to 18 years

69th Amendment- legislative assembly and council of ministers for
1991 National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Inserted articles 239AA- Governance of NCT of
Delhi
73rd Amendment- Panchayati Raj System
1992 Inserted 243 to 243-O
74th Amendment- Constitutional status to Municipalities
1992 Inserted 243-P to 243-ZG

33
 86th Amendment- Right to Education- 6-14 year children
2002 Inserted article 21-A

91st Amendment-2004 Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of

legislative members

93rd Amendment- provision of reservation (27%) for Other Backward

2006 Class (OBCs) in govt and educational institutions
99th Amendment- National Judicial Appointments Commission
2015 (NJAC)for Judge’s appointments
Was struck down by SC on violation of basic structure
of Constitution.
101st Amendment- GST (Goods and Services Tax) introduced
2017

103rd Amendment- 10% reservation to Economically Weaker Sections

2019 (EWSs)
104th Amendment- Abolished nomination of 2 Lok Sabha seats to Anglo-
2020 Indians
Extended reservation for 10 years

105th Amendment- Latest Amendment

2021 Restores the power of the State Governments and
Union Territories to identify and specify Socially and
Economically Backward Classes (SEBCs)
Note:
1. G. Rohini Committee is related to this matter (issue
of sub-categorisation of OBCs)
2.by using this power, many states, such as Bihar, are
intending to do caste survey to know numbers of
different caste

The Aspect Fact/features

Constituent
Constituted under The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
Assembly
How its members by indirect election by the members of the Provincial
were elected? Legislative Assemblies under the Government of
India Act, 1935
How many members? 389 (292- British Provinces; 93 - princely states; 4
from the chief commissioner provinces)

34
After partition, how 299
many members?

When first meeting? 9 December 1946

Last Meeting? 24 January, 1950; the signing day

Adopted on 26 November 1949

Implemented on 26 January 1950

How many to total 11 sessions; two years, eleven months and seventeen
sittings and time? days
Important • Drafting Committee – B. R. Ambedkar.
Committee • Union Power Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Provincial Constitution Committee – Vallabhbhai
Patel.
• Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights,
Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas –
Vallabhbhai Patel.
• Steering Committee: Rajendra Prasad
• Order of Business Committee - K M Munshi
• The Oligarchy (by Granvile Austin): Nehru, Azad,
Rajendra Prasad, Patel

President Provisional: Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha

Permanent: Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Objective Resolution Was presented by Nehru on 13 December 1946; was

adopted on 22 January 1947

Famous quotes • Article 356 is like ‘safety valve’ and would reamin a
dead letter- Ambedkar
• Article 32 is the heart and soul of the Constitution –
Ambedkar
• “If things go wrong in the new Constitution, the
reason will not be that we had a bad Constitution,
what we will have to say that Man was vile”-
Ambedkar
• “Constitutional morality must be held higher than
public morality”- Ambedkar
• Indian constitution as a ‘seamless web’- Granville
Austin
• Indian Constitution as a social Document- Granville
Austin

35
 • ‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and
trepidation than in hope and inspiration’- Paul Brass
• “ But in the long run, it would be in interest of all to
forget that there is anything like majority or minority
in this country and that in India there is only one
community…”- Patel
• Directive Principles of State Policy are like “pious
aspirations”- Ivor Jennings
Constitution Special Majority Majority of 2/3rd members present and voting
al GK and supported by more than 50% of the total strength of
Trivia the house.
This type of majority is used for most of the
Constitutional amendment and impeachment of
Judges.

Very special majority Two thirds of the total membership of the House
required for impeachment of President
Note: Very special majority is only required for this
purpose

Grounds of President: violation of the Constitution

Impeachment Judges: ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

President hands over Vice President and vice-versa

resignation to?
Speaker hands over Dy. Speaker and vice-versa
resignation to?
SC/HC Judges hands President
over resignation to?

FR vs DPSP; which is In general FR but DPSP 39(b) and 39(c) is superior to

superior? FR 14, and 19.
Which case gave Keshavnanda Bharti case- 1973
‘Basic Structure’ Parliament cannot change the Basic Structure or basic
doctrine? feature of the constitution.
In Which case first Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan -1964
mention of ‘Basic
Structure’?
Which case decided Berubari case (1960)
‘preamble Not part of
Constitution’?

36
 But SC, in Keshavnanda Bharti case- 1973,
overturned earlier decision and stated that preamble is
part of Constitution.
In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of
India also, the Supreme Court has once again held that
Preamble is the integral part of the Constitution but is
not directly enforceable in a court of justice in India
Which article is used Article 13(2) – “The State shall not make any law
by the courts for which takes away Fundamental Rights and any law
Judicial Review? made in contravention of this clause shall, to the
extent of the contravention, be void”

Which article became Article 31(c) inserted by 25th Amendments-1971- this

battle between FR gave primacy to DPSP over FR
and DPSP? This article led to long battle between SC and
Government.
Which article saw Article 21- Right to Life ( Right to education, Right
most Judicial to privacy, right to shelter, right to pollution free
Activism environment, etc. all were declared FR under article
21)

Lok Sabha Vs Rajya Both have equal powers Except in:

Sabha 1. Money Bill- can only be introduced in LS, RS
very limited power of amendments
2. No confidence motion can only be presented
in LS

Special powers of 2 powers- not available to LS

Rajya Sabha 1. It can allow legislation by parliament on State
list subjects
2. It can pass resolution to create All India
Service

Who declares/certify The Speaker of Lok Sabha

a bill as Money Bill?
Who is the The Vice President
chairperson of Rajya
Sabha?

Important DPSP Distributive Justice, social control of production:

article 39(b), 39(c)
Organisation of village panchayats- article 40
Right to work- article 41

37
 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and
maternity relief- article 42
Living wages for workers, Worker’s participation in
management: article 43
Participation of workers in management of industries-
article 43A
Promotion of co-operative societies- article 43B
Uniform civil code: article 44
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry-48
Environmental protection: article 48A
Protection of monuments and places and objects of
national importance- article 49
Separation of judiciary from executive- article 50
Promotion of international peace and security: article
51

6 FR Right to equality: article 14 to 18

Right to Freedom: article 19 to 22
Right against exploitation: article 23 to 24
Right to freedom of Religion: article 25 to 28
Cultural & Educational Rights: article 29 to 30
Rights to constitutional remedies: article 32

Article 32 vs 226 32: writ petition in SC against violation of FR

226: writ petition in HC against violation of FR as well
as any other constitutional/legal rights
Hence, scope of 226 is wider than 32

Constitutional GOI Act 1909: Morley-Minto reform- separate

reforms before 1947 electorate for Muslims
Government of India Act 1919-
called Montague-Chelmsford reform- Dyarchy in
provinces ; Sikhs got special electorates
GOI Act 1935: Mini Indian Constitution- Provincial
Autonomy ; created the Federal Court
Cabinet Mission Plan 1946- Constituent assembly

Which article protect Article 31B

9th Schedule from
Judicial Scrutiny?

38
 Emergency Many of the emergency provisions taken from the
Weimer Constitution, Germany
National Emergency-352- 3 times- 1962, 1971, 1975
• Can be extended by 6 months at a time by
Parliament
• Maximum duration- unlimited
Financial Emergency-360- never invoked
• Maximum duration- unlimited
State Emergency-356- more than 100 times!
• Maximum duration- 3 years

Which landmark case SR Bommai case (1994)- after that invoking 356 came
restricted use of under strict judicial scrutiny
article 356?
What name India and Bharat ( Article 1)
constitution give to
India?

When preamble was 1976-42nd amendments- ‘Secular, Socialist, Integrity’

amended? were added.
When Fundamental In 2002, through 86th amendments, 11th duty was
duty was expanded? added.
FR available to both Right to equality before law (14), right to life (20, 21),
citizens and right to freedom of religion (25,26,27,28)
foreigners
On which grounds On grounds of sovereignty and integrity of India, the
right to freedom is security of the State, friendly relations with foreign
restricted? States, public order, decency or morality or in relation
to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an
offence

Which FR are group Article 29, 30: Rights to Minorities to protect their
rights? language, Script, culture and establish and administer
educational institutions.
Very Article 1 India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of State
Important
14 Right to equality
Articles
19 Right to Freedom
21 Right to Life & Personal Liberty

39
22 Protection against arrest and preventive detention in
certain cases
Called ‘the necessary evil’

25 Right to freedom of religion

31 B shields legislation from being declared

unconstitutional and void by putting them into ninth
schedule

32 Right to constitutional remedy, filing writ petition in

SC if FR are violated

51A Fundamental Duties

74 President to act in accordance with of advice Council

of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head.

78 PM: role, function, duties

76 Attorney General (AG) of India

109, 110 Money Bills

110-Definition of “Money Bills”.
109-Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

112 Budget-Annual financial statement

124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court-

judges appointment, removal

143 Power of the President to consult and take advise

from the Supreme court

148 Comptroller and Auditor-General ( CAG)

153 Governor (in each State)

243- PRI 243 A-Gram Sabha

243K. Elections to the Panchayats.
Note : Panchayats- 234A to 243 O
Municipilaties-243P to 243 ZG

226 Writ petition in HC for violation of FR and legal rights

280 Finance Commission

312 All India Services

315 Public Service Commission (UPSC)

40
 324 Election Commission of India

352 National Emergency

356 State Emergency

360 Financial Emergency

359 Suspension of Fundamental Rights, except 20 & 21,

during emergencies

257, 365 257: centre can give directions to State

365: failure to comply with the direction mean
constitutional breakdown, article 356 may be invoked

368 Amendment: Power of Parliament to amend the

Constitution

370, 371, 371 (A-J) Special provisions for many states

Article 370: J&K ; now repealed
Article 371 – Maharashtra and Gujarat
371 A: Nagaland; 371 B : Assam ; 371 C: Manipur;
371D & E – Andhra Pradesh; 371 F-Sikkim; 371G –
Mizoram; 371H – Arunachal Pradesh; 371 I – Goa ;
371J- districts of Hyderabad-Karnataka region

Odd Articles which were asked- better to remember them

Odd Articles 50 Separation of judiciary from executive
which were
60 Oath or affirmation by the President
asked
61 Impeachment of the President

69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President

72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to

suspend, remit or commute sentences
Note Art.161: Pardoning power of Governor

86 Right of President to address and send messages to

Houses.

102 Disqualifications for membership of the

Parliament/house
Note: Article 103: President is the final authority to
decide on this matter

108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases

41
 Note: No joint sitting for amendment Bills

122 Bar the courts to inquire into proceedings of

Parliament

123 Ordinance: Power of President to promulgate

Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
Note: Art. 213: Ordinance by Governor

141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all

courts.

142 provides discretionary power to the Supreme Court as

it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its
jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order
as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause
or matter pending before it.
Recently, the SCI used this power to release A G
Perarivalan, who had served over 30 years of life term
in the Rajiv Gandhi killing case.

144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the

Supreme Court

159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor

165 Advocate-General for the State.

201 Bills passed by State Legislature is reserved by a

Governor for the consideration of the President,

214 High Courts in states

231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or
more States

233 Appointment of district judges

239 Administration of Union territories

Note Art. 239AA: Special provisions with respect to
Delhi

243 ZH to 243 ZT Co-Operative Societies

244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.

249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a

matter in the State List in the national interest

42
 250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any
matter in the State List if a Proclamation of
Emergency is in operation

253 Legislation for giving effect to international

agreements

263 Inter-State Council.

300A Right to Property: Persons not to be deprived of

property save by authority of law.

312 All-India services

323A Administrative tribunals.

329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.

331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the

House of the People.
Now repealed by 104th amendment

338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes

338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

338B National Commission for Backward Classes

340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the
conditions of backward classes.
343 Official language of the Union.
What are Not well defined; includes:
‘Basic • The supremacy of the constitution.
Structure
/feature’ • A republican and democratic system.
• The secular character of the Constitution.
• Separation of powers among 3 organs of the state
• Independence of Judiciary
• The federal character of the Constitution.
Constitution • Article 21- Judicial Activism
in UGC NET • Sequence of 6 freedom under article 19: speech and expression, assemble
PYQs peaceably, form associations, move freely, reside and settle any part of India,
practise any profession

43
• Article 123: Ordinance by President
• President’s power: Disqualify MP on the recommendation of EC- art. 102,
103
• Articles related to PRI- 243 A to 243 O
• Removal of EC- on the recommendation of CEC; CEC- like Judges
• Words in Preamble
• Landmark cases related to status of preamble: Berubari (preamble Not part
of Constitution) and Keshavananda (preamble is part of Constitution)
• 5 Writs- matching, conditions for issuing Writ of certiorari
• Veto powers of Indian President, Pocket Veto
• Article 231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
• Article 233. Appointment of district judges.
• Members of Cabinet Mission
• Original Jurisdiction of SC- art 32 and centre-state and federal disputes;
• Governors, The Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Judges of the
Supreme Court and the Attorney General of India and the Central Vigilance
Commissioner of India are appointed by the President by a warrant under his
hand and seal,
• Government of India Act 1919- features
• 5 subjects transferred from state to Concurrent list by 42nd Amendment-1976
o Education
o Forests,
o Weights & Measures,
o Protection of Wild Animals and Birds, A
o administration of Justice
• Article 1: India as union of State
• Article 144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court
• Regarding FR and DPSP- multiple times, facts/features, relation, articles
• Article 368: Amendment power of Constitution – facts
• Article 70: empower the Parliament to make provisions for a contingency
when the offices of both the President and the Vice-President fall vacant
• Granville Austin Books : The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of A Nation
(1966) and Working in a Democratic Constitution: A History of the Indian
Experience
• Election Commission of India(ECI)- Bulwark of free and fair election-
Rudolph & Rudolph

44
• Grounds of imposing president’s rule in states under article 356
• Chronology and features of pre-independence constitutional reforms
• Constitutional vs statutory vs other bodies/commissions
• Basic structure doctrine- Keshavananda Bharti case
• Article 312: All India Services- exclusive power of Rajya Sabha
• All India serives mentioned in Constitution- IAS, IPS, Indian Judicial
Service (IJS)
• 91st amendments- limits the number of Ministers – 15% of total no. of
legislature
• 61st amendments- lowering of voting age
• Public Accounts Committee (PAC)- 22 members (15- LS, RS-07)
• Estimate Committee- largest committee- 30 members only from LS
• Inter-state council- article 263- who appoints- President; set up in 1990; PM
is the chairperson
• Main functions/role of Inter-state council- center-state relation
• Zonal Councils, set up as per state reorganisation Act, Union Home Minister
is the chairperson
• Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly- Nehru, Patel, Prasad, Azad (Granvile
Austin)
• ‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and trepidation than in hope
and inspiration’- Paul Brass
• Article 31 B- protect Acts in 9th Schedule from Judicial review
• 86th amendments-2002- RTE- 11th duty (duty of parents towards education
of children)
• State Election Commission- conducting elections of Panchayats
• 3 times National Emergency ( Art. 352)- 1962, 1971, 1975
• Most important characteristic of a Parliamentary Government- Collective
responsibility of the Executive to the Legislature
• The Constituent Assembly was setup under the Cabinet Mission Plan-1946
• 1989- Lok Sabha rules amended to provide for Department Related
Parliamentary Standing Committees
• Government of India Act, 1935 created the Federal Court in India
• Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”- Morris Jones
• About Rajya Sabha- condition and tenure of members, powers, roles
• ‘We are under the Constitution but the Constitution is what the judges say it
is’- India and USA

45
• Art. 51A (Fundamental Duties) and Art. 300A (right to property) were added
later on ; 51 A- 42nd and 300A 44th Amendments
• Any fifty Members of the Electoral College may propose name of a
candidate for the Office of President of India
• Who among the following former Presidents of India kept pending the
‘Indian Post Office Amendment Bill’?- Gyani Zail Singh, who used his
Pocket Veto
• Art. 356 as a “safety valve” and a dead letter- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
• Correct sequence regarding the passage of the Budget- General Discussion,
Voting on Grants, Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill
• Regarding Money Bill (article 110)- originate only in LS, Speaker certifies
• Art. 170 and 171: Numbers of MLA and MLC
• Article 335- Reservation for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
the services
• Art. 280- Finance Commission; Art. 359: suspension of FR during
Emergency
• Inspirations/provisions of Indian constitution from different nation’s
constitution- DPSP- Irish, Emergency- Germany, FR-USA,
Liberty/equality- French, residuary powers with union- Canada, etc.
• Nos. of members of different parliamentary committee
• The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27 and 28 are available to all persons whether citizens or foreigners.
• FR only to Indian- Art. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
• First Law officer- Attorn General- art. 76
• Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service
Commission. No impeachment required.
• Maximum period of Emergency under Art 356- 3 years; under 352/360-
unlimited
• About amendment procedure under art 368- no joint sitting
• Conditions of Parliament legislating for states/on state list items
• Numbers of members in the constituent Assembly of India
• Fundamental Duties- part IV, art. 51 A
• Ordinance and Pardon powers of President/governor- facts
• Nehru Report- 1928; chairperson- Motilal Nehru
• Tension areas in centre-state relation: Art. 356, Role of Governor, Fiscal
federalism

46
• Article 257: The executive power of the Union shall also extend to the giving
of directions to a State
• Art. 365: state emergency if state does not follow center’s directions as per
art. 257
• PRI under 73rd amendments extended to 5th schedule areas by PESA -1996 ;
but it is not applicable to 6th schedule areas
• 36th amendment- Sikkim state; 97th- cooperative society; 99th- NJAC
• LS seats: 543- 79- SC, 41- ST; 423- unreserved;
• 6th Schedule states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• Art. 105- Parliamentary privileges
• Extension of FR under Right to life- Art. 21: right to pollution free air, road,
reputation, shelter, privacy, education, etc.
• Art. 19(2): Reasonable restriction on Right to Freedom: subject to
sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations
with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to
contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence
• SAARC Bommai case-1994- Misuse of Art. 356 and Centre-state relation
• Shankari Prasad Case- SC declared that amending powers of Parliament
under Art. 368- Unlimited
• Golaknath Case: Parliament cannot amend FR
• Keshavananda Bharti- Parliament can amend any provision but cannot
change basic structure of the Constitution
• Bi-cameral Legislature: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana,
Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Art. 359: Rights under Art. 20, 21 cannot be suspended during Emergency
• Sikh got separate electorate – GOI 1919
• Depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers) got
separate electorate – GOI 1935
• Article 86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses

47
 FACT SHEET CONST 2: CATCHY AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES IN
CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY

Term Meaning Addl. Info

Filibuster A filibuster is a tactic employed in the Though originated in Senate

United States Senate to prevent or in USA, used in all
delay voting on any bill/proposal. democracies.
Most common form of filibuster is
unnecessary lengthy debates by the
Senators.

Gerrymandering Gerrymandering is a practice intended While demarcating (called

to gain an unfair electoral advantage delimitation) constituencies,
for a particular party by manipulating some areas may be
the geographical boundaries of included/excluded
electoral constituencies. intentionally to suit
caste/religion arithmetic of
the constituency.

Guillotine Guillotine refers to the exercise of 1. It is a French word faster

passage of bills/proposals en- masse way of execution.
(in a block) due to time limit. 2. Generally used by the
Speaker of the House, to
pass Demands for Grants, as
part of Budget, at the last
allotted day, in block,
without any discussion.

Zero Hour • It is the time gap between the 1. It is entirely Indian

end of Question Hour (which is Parliamentary Innovation.
of 1 hour from 11 am to 12) 2. It may last for about one
and the beginning of the hour, from 12 to 1 PM,
regular business of the House. before the House breaks for
• MPs can ask any question of lunch.
public importance during the
zero hour at short notice.

Whip • Official directions issued to Members voting against

members of Legislature to vote party line may lose their
on party line membership

No Confidence • To remain in power the If passed, the Government

Motion Cabinet/Government must loses confidence of the
house and has to resign

48
 obtain the confidence of the
Lok Sabha
• May be moved by opposition

Cut Motion It is the proposal in the Lok Sabha to If the motion is

cut (reduce) the Demands for grants by adopted(passed), it amounts
Government ministries during the to a no-confidence vote, and
Budget session. Government will fall.
Adjournment Normal business of the House is
Motion suspended to discuss urgent matter of
public interest

Yield the floor Stopping one’s speech to allowe other Popular in US Senate where
speakers to speak the members may speak for
indefinte time.
Laid on the floor Denote submission of important CAG, CEC, Finance
of house reports, and subordinate legislation in Commission, etc. submit its
the Parliament by the executive. annual report to te President,
who get them laid on te floor
of the house

Starred Question Those questions during the question Supplementary questions

hour which is replied orally by the may be asked.
concerned minister. Startted questions are given
more importance.
UN- Starred Those questions during the question Supplementary questions
Question hour which is replied in written form can not be asked.
by the concerned minister.

49
 FACT SHEETS- IND
POL: INDIAN POLITY
POLITICAL PROCESS

50
 FACT SHEET IND POL.1: POLITICAL PARTIES: *7 NATIONAL
PARTIES

Name Founded Founder Prominent leaders- Interesting Facts

in current

Congress 1885 A.O.Hume Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Congress dominance-

Gandhi 1951-1967
Divided 1969-
Congress (O) and
Congress(R)
NCP, TMC, YSR
congress, etc split
from Congress

BJP 1980 Atal Bihari Narendra Modi, Amit New Avtar of

Bajpai and Lal Sah, Rajnath Singh, Bhartiya Jan Sangh,
Krishna Advani Nitin Gadkari founded in 1951 by
Syama Prasad
Mukherjee

Communist 1925 SA Dange, D.Raja, Binoy Symbol: Ears of Corn

Party of M.N.Roy, SV Viswam, K. and Sickle
India(CPI) Ghate, and Subbarayan Largest opposition
others. party to Congress in
1st Lok Sabha
M.N.Roy formed CPI
in Tashkent in 1920

CPI-M 1964 A. K. Gopalan Sitaram Yechury, Symbol: Hammer,

Jyoti Basu, E. M. Prakash Karat, Manik Sickle and Star
S. Sarkar, Pinarayi Split from CPI on
Namboodiripad Vijayan issue of Indo- China
war
CPI- pro Soviet, pro-
congress

Bahujan Samaj 1984 Kanshi Ram Mayawati Symbol- Elephant

Party( BSP)

51
 Trinamool 1998 Mamta Banerjee Mamta Banerjee, Symbol- Flower and
Congress(TMC) Derek O’Brien Grass
Split from Congress
Ruling West Bengal
since 2011

National 1999 Sharad Pawar, Sharad Pawar, Supriya Symbol: Clock

Congress P.A. Sangma, Sule, Praful Patel Split from Congress
Party(NCP) Tariq Anwar on issue of foreign
origin person as PM
*Note: National People’s Party(NPP) was recogbised by the ECI as 8th national Party in
2019, but still on ECI website only 7 national parties are shown. You may decide if MCQs
asked about NPP or nos. of recognised national parties.

52
 FACT SHEET IND POL. 2: REGIONAL AND STATE PARTIES

Name Founded Founder Prominent leaders- Interesting Facts

in current

Telugu Desam 1982 N. T. Rama Rao Chandrababu Naidu Symbol: hut, wheel
Party (TDP) (NTR) and plough
Colour: Yellow
Was largest
opposition party in
8th Lok Sabha( 1984
to 1989)
Dravida 1949 C. N. Annadurai M.K.Stalin, T. R. Symbol: rising sun
Munnetra Karunanidhi- long Baalu Split from DK,
Kazhagam serving leader founded by Periyar
(DMK) E. V. Ramasamy

All India Anna 1972 M. G. O. Panneerselvam Symbol: two-leaves

DMK Ramachandran(MGR) (OPS), E. Split from DMK
(AIADMK) J. Jayalalithaa- long Palaniswami
serving leader ( EPS)

Samajwadi 1992 Mulayam Singh Mulayam Singh Symbol: cycle

Party (SP) Yadav Yadav, Akhilesh
Yadav

Rashtriya 1997 Lalu Prasad Yadav Lalu Prasad Yadav, Symbol- Lantern
Janata Dal( Tejaswi Yadav
RJD)

Shiromani 1920 SGPC, Master Tara Prakash Singh Badal, Symbol- Flower and
Akali Dal Singh, Sardar Sukhbir Singh Badal, Grass
(SAD) Sarmukh Singh Harsimrat Kaur Badal Second-oldest party
Chubbal, etc. in India

Rashtriya Lok 1996 Ajit Singh, son of Jayant Chaudhary Symbol: hand pump
Dal (RLD) legendary farm leader
Charan Singh
Indian 1996 Devi Lal Om Prakash Chautala, Symbol: Spectacles
National Lok Abhay Chautala Currently ruling
Dal (INLD) Haryana with BJP

53
Jharkhand 1972 Binod Bihari Mahato Sibu Soren, Hemant Symbol: Bow &
Mukti Morcha Soren Arrow
(JMM) Currently ruling
Jharkhand state

Janata Dal 1999 H. D. Deve Gowda H. D. Deve Gowda, H. Symbol: Lady

(Secular) D. Kumaraswamy Farmer Carrying
Paddy on her Head
Telangana 2001 K. Chandrashekar K. Chandrashekar Rao Symbol: Motor car
Rashtra Rao , K. T. Rama Rao Led the Telangana
Samith(TRS) state formation
movement
Ruling Telangana
since its formation

Justice Party 1916 Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar E. V. Ramasamy; T. Oldest of the

M. Nair, P. Theagaraya regional parties
Chetty and Alamelu E. V. Ramasamy ,in
Mangai Thayarammal 1944, converted
Justice Party into DK

54
FACT SHEET IND POL.3: PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF
INDIA
Name Tenure Vice President Unique facts
Dr Rajendra 1950- Dr. Radhakrishnan Differed on many issues with Nehru
Prasad 62 Govt, especially on Hindu code bill
and suggested that president is not
entirely bound by advice of council
of minister

Dr. 1962- Dr. Zakir Hussain Teachers' Day is celebrated on his

Radhakrishnan 67 birth anniversary ( 5th Sept)
Dr. Zakir 1967- V.V. Giri 1st President to die in office
Hussain 69 Was VC of Jamia Millia University

V.V. Giri 1969- Gopal Swarup Pathak He won president election by

74 defeating official Congress candidate
as Indira Gandhi called for
‘Conscience Vote’.
Congress split into Congress(R) and
Congress (O) on this issue in 1969
Fakhruddin Ali 1974- B.D.Jatti 2nd President to die in office
Ahmed 1977 He signed Emergency in 1975
Neelam Sanjiva 1977- 1. B.D.Jatti President during Janata Government
Reddy 82 2. Mohammad He was the official Congress
Hidayatullah president defeated by V.V.Giri in
1969
In 1979, accepted Charan Singh,
PM’s advice on dissolution of Lok
Sabha even when the PM had no
majority in the Lok Sabha

Giani Zail Singh 1982- R. Venkataraman In 1986- did not give assent to postal
87 bill by using his pocket veto; postal
bill would have allowed Government
to read private letters/mails on
security grounds.
R. 1987- Shankar Dayal Worked with four PM (Rajeev
Venkataraman 92 Sharma Gandhi, V.P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar
and P V Narasimha Rao) and
appointed three of them.

55
 Start of Coalition Governments

Shankar Dayal 1992- K. R. Narayanan Returned two executive orders to the

Sharma 97 cabinet
13 days Bajpai Government in 1996

K. R. Narayanan 1997- Krishan Kant Most assertive President

2002 Returned proposals of cabinet for
imposition of emergency in UP and
Bihar
Made mandatory to produce letters of
support from alliance partners as
proof of majority for PM claimant
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul 2002- Bhairon Singh Missile man, DRDO scientist,
Kalam 2007 Shekhawat architect of 2nd Pokhran Test
Returned office of profit bill to
cabinet
His birthday, 15 Oct, is celebrated by
UN as ‘World Students Day’

Pratibha Patil 2007- Hamid Ansari 1st Women President of India

2012
Pranab 2012- Hamid Ansari Refused to sign ordinances on anti-
Mukherjee 2017 corruption law
commuted death sentences of four
convicts against the advice of the
cabinet
Ram Nath 2017- Venkaiah Naidu 2nd President from the ‘Dalit’
Kovind community after K.R. Narayanan

56
 FACT SHEET IND POL.4: DY. PMS OF INDIA

Name Tenure PM, Party

Sardar Patel 1947-50 PM- Nehru, Congress party

Morarji Desai 1967-69 PM-Indira Gandhi, Congress

Charan Singh 1979` PM- Morarji Desai, Janata Party

Jagjivan Ram 1979 PM- Morarji Desai, Janata Party

Y.B. Chavan 1979-80 PM- Charan Singh, Congress Party

Devi Lal 1989-91 PM: V.P.Singh, Janata Dal and Chndra Shekhar
Note: He was Dy. PM twice

L.K.Advani 2002-2004 PM- Atal Bihari Bajpai, BJP

Note: Constitution does not mention the post of Dy. PM; hence, Dy. PM takes oath as
union minister.

57
 FACT SHEET IND POL. 5 : IMPORTANT COMMISSION AND
COMMITTEE

Name Formed in Issue Findings/ recommendation

Gorwala Committee 1951 Report on Public

Administration in India

Balwant Rai Mehta 1957 To examine the working Recommended 3-tier Panchayati
Committee of the Community Raj System for Rural India
Development Programme
(CDP)
Santhanam 1962 Anti- corruption • Setting up Central Vigilance
committee Commission (CVC)
• CVC was set up in 1964
Kothari Commission 1964 Advise guidelines and • 10+2+3 pattern
policies for the • Women’s education
development of education
in India. • Neighbourhood school system
• Establishment of Indian
Education Service

Sadiq Ali Committee 1964. Panchayati Raj • Was set up by Rajashthan state
Institutions in Rajashthan Govt

Kapur Commission 1966 Killing of Gandhiji Role of Savarkar and his

associates

Khosla Commission- Death of Subhash Both commission rejected any

1970 Chandra Bose conspiracy and rumours of
Mukherjee activities of Bose after the plane
Commission 2005 crash

Rajamannar 1969 Centre-state Relation Set up by DMK Govt in Tamil

Committee Nadu

Tarkunde Committee 1974 Election reforms Election Commission- 3 member

minimum age for voting-18 yrs

Shah Commission 1977 To probe the excesses • Misuse of MISA, and Defence
committed during the of India rules during emergency
emergency • Excess in sterilization program
• Poor role of Bureaucracy

58
Ashok Mehta 1977 Panchayati Raj System • 2-tier Panchayati Raj
Committee Institutions
• 1st committee to recommend
Constitutional status to PRI

Sarkaria Commission 1983 Centre-state relationship Far reaching suggestions on role of

Governors and use of Article 356

M.P. Thakkar 1984 Killing of Indira Gandhi Conspiracy and persons

Commission responsible for the killing
G.V.K. Rao 1985 Various aspects of PRI • Set up Planning commission
Committee • District as the basic unit of
planning

P.K.Thungan 1989 Various aspects of PRI • to consider the type of political

Committee and administrative structure
needed in the District Planning.
Dinesh Goswami 1990 Election reforms • Increasing security deposits for
Committee candidates;
• lowering age bar for fighting
election
• Not more than 2 seats one can
contest
• DPSP to PR
• Anti-defection law
• Government funding of election
expenses

M.C.Jain 1991 Killing of Rajeev Gandhi Conspiracy and persons

Commission responsible for the killing
Liberhan 1992 Babri Masjid demolition Causes and persons responsible
Commission for the Mosque demolition
Srikrishna 1993 1992-93 Bombay riots Conspiracy and persons
Commission responsible for the riots

Ram Nandan Prasad 1993 OBC reservation Creamy layers among Backward
Committee Castes for being eligible for
reservation
Swaminathan 1994 Population policy Stabilizing population,
Committee restructuring family welfare
program

59
Bhuria Committee 1995 Panchayati Raj Extension of PRI in tribal areas
Institution(PRI)

Indrajit Gupta 1998 Election reforms political funding and measures to

Committee discourage criminals from helping
candidates during elections.
Nanavati 2000 1984 anti-Sikh riots Persons responsible for the riot.
Commission

Nanavati-Mehta 2002 Godhra train burning and Causes of both the incidence and
Commission Gujarat Riot-2002 persons responsible.

Kelkar Committee 2002 direct tax reforms increasing the income tax
exemption limit, rationalization of
exemptions, abolition of long term
capital gains tax, abolition of
wealth tax etc

Phukan Commission 2003 Tehelka Tape scandal- Persons involved in the corruption
fake defence deal & incidence
corruption caught on
camera
Jeevan Reddy 2004 Election reforms • Anti-defection measures
Committee • 10-fold increase in security
deposits
• Barring criminals from
contesting election.

Swaminathan 2004 Farmer’s issues Minimum support price(MSP)

committee formula

Sachar Committee 2005 Socio-economic and Very poor Socio-economic and

educational condition of educational condition of Muslims
Muslims in India. in India. They are worse off than
Dalits.

M.M. Punchhi 2007 Centre-state relationship • Misuse of 356

Commission • National integration council
• Concurrent list changes only
with State’s consultation, etc.
Srikrishna 2010 Situation in Andhra Related to formation of Telangana
Committee Pradesh state

60
Srikrishna 2017 Personal Data Protection The committee submitted its
Committee report and Draft Personal Data
Protection Bill, 2018;
The bill is yet to be enacted.

G Rohini 2017 Issue of sub- By 105th amendments powers of

Commission categorisation of OBCs the State Governments and Union
Territories was restored to identify
and specify Socially and
Economically Backward Classes
(SEBCs)

61
 FACT SHEET IND POL. 6: BOOKS AND AUTHORS ON INDIAN POLITY AND
POLITICAL PROCESS

Book Author Theme

Democracy and Discontent: Atul Kohli • Political change in India from the
India's Growing Crisis of late 1960s to the late 1980s.
Governability • How declining dominance of
His other books: Congress challenged political
• Poverty Amid Plenty in the order and stability.
New India
• Democracy and
Development in India
• State-Directed
Development
• The Success of India's
Democracy

The Child and the State in Myron Weiner Issue of child labour, migration,
India state politics
His other books: Initiated the study of State Politics
• Party politics in India (1957) in India
• State Politics in India (1968)
• Sons of the Soil: Migration
and Ethnic Conflict in
India(1978)
Religion, Caste, and Politics in Christophe
India Jaffrelot
Hindu nationalist Movement
and Indian Politics

The Politics of India Since Paul Brass

Independence
Caste, Faction, and Party in
Indian Politics
•‘Factional Politics in an
Indian State(1965)’

62
•‘The Politics of India Since
Independence(1990)’
•‘Ethnicity and
Nationalism(1991)’
•‘The Production of Hindu-
Muslim Violence in
Contemporary India (2004)’
•‘An Indian Political Life:
Charan Singh and Congress
Politics, 1937 to 1961 (2011)’

Coalition Politics and E. Sridharan

Democratic Consolidation in
Asia
1.The government and politics Morris-Jones Explained single party dominance
of India (Congress)
2. Parliament in India Adopted structural-functional
3. Politics Mainly Indian approach

1. Nationalist Thought Partha Chatterjee Indian nationalism as not main but

and the Colonial derivative discourse among many
World: A Derivative sub-national groups/communities,
Discourse which he called fragments of Indian
2. The Nation and its Nation.
Fragments Subaltern thinker

1. The Modernity of Lloyd and Sussane How in India traditional structures

Tradition Rudolph and norms have been adapted or
2. In Pursuit of Lakshmi transformed to serve the needs of a
modernizing society
3. Explaining Indian
Democracy: A Fifty Study of political economy of the
Year Perspective Indian state

Working a Democratic Granville Austin working of the Indian Constitution

Constitution: A History of the from 1950 to 1985
Indian Experience

1.Gandhi's Political Bhikhu Parekh Also wrote “Rethinking

Philosophy Multiculturalism: Cultural
2. Colonialism, Tradition and Diversity and Political Theory”
Reform: An Analysis of
Gandhi's Political Discourse

63
 1. Understanding Caste: Gail Omvedt She wrote many books on
From Buddha To Ambedkar, Buddhism, Indian
Ambedkar And women’s struggle
Beyond Also wrote “Seeking Begumpura”
2. Reinventing
Revolution: New
Social Movements in
India

The Intimate Enemy Asish Nandy Political, economic, and cultural

domination under colonialism

Caste in Modern India M. N. Srinivas Concepts: Dominant Caste,

Sankritisation

Rajni Kothari Books: Rajni Kothari Coined’ the Congress System’

•Politics in India (1970) Polticisation of Caste
•Caste in Indian Politics Indian State as ‘incremental
(1970) democratic modernization’
•State Against Democracy Indian Society as ‘political society’
(1988) Used structural-functional
•Rethinking Development approach
(1988)
•Rethinking Democracy
(2005)
•Communalism in Indian
politics (1998)

Achin Vanaik Books Achin Vanaik Wrote profusely on issues

•‘Communalism Contested: concerning religion, communalism
Religion, Modernity and and secularism
Secularization(1997)’
•‘Hindutva Rising: Secular
Claims, Communal
Realities(2017)’
•‘India in a Changing
World1995)’
The political economy of Pranab Bardhan
development in India(1984)

64
FACT SHEET IND. POL. 7: COMMENTS/QUOTE ON INDIAN POLITY
BY THINKER/AUTHORS

Comment/quote Thinker/author Addl. Information

Indian economy as “Bullock Cart Lloyd and They also said that caste in India
Capitalism” Sussane Rudolph fosters democracy

Indian politics as tussle between a Lloyd and In their book ‘In Pursuit of
“demand polity” and a Sussane Rudolph Lakshmi’
“command polity”

India as ‘weak-strong state’ Lloyd and ‘Explaining Indian Democracy’-

Sussane Rudolph by Rudolph & Rudolph

Indian federalism as “bargaining Morris Jones Theory of single party dominance

federalism” in India
Constitution of India is federal in KC Wheare
structure and unitary in spirit
Indian Politics as “Politics of Myron Weiner Initiated the study of State Politics
Scarcity” in India

India as a “polycentric hierarchy Aseema Sinha Wrote “The regional roots of

developmental politics in India”
Indian state as interchangeably Atul Kohli Author of “Democracy and
“weak” and “captured” Discontent: India's Growing Crisis
of Governability”

Indian nationalism as Partha Chatterjee Wrote: “Nationalist thought and

“Derivative Discourse” the colonial world- A Derivative
Discourse”
Indian democracy as ‘Democracy Pradeep Chhibber Wrote : “Democracy without
Without Associations’ Associations: Transformation of
the Party System and Social
Cleavages in India ”

India as a Patronage-Democracy Kanchan Chandra

describes Indian federation as a Pranab Bardhan
“holding together federation and
not a ‘coming together
federation”

Calls India a “flailing state.” Lant Pritchett flailing : wave or swing wildly, un
steady, not settled

65
Indian party system as Giovanni Sartori until the 1960s in terms of this
"predominant party system" model, Congress was the
predominant party

Indian Party System as ‘one party Morris Jones Rajni Kothari called it ‘the
dominant system’ Congress System’

Indian State as ‘incremental Rajni Kothari ‘Politics in India’ ; ‘Caste in

democratic modernization’? Indian Politics’; ‘State Against
Democracy’: books by Rajni
Kothari
Three democratic upsurges in the Ashutosh Varshney in his work ‘Is India
democratic politics in India Varshney becoming more Democratic’
discussed the three democratic
upsurges in the democratic politics
in India
‘India’s Constitution was born Paul Brass ‘The Politics of India since
more in fear and trepidation than Independence’- by Paul Brass
in hope and inspiration’

India as a Democratic James Manor ‘Politics and State-Society

Developmental State Relations in India’- James Manor
India as an example of Anthony D. Smith ‘Nationalism’ – by Anthony D.
“Polycentric Nationalism” Smith
Indian constitution as a ‘seamless Granville Austin Semaless web of 1. Social
web’ revolution, 2. unity, and 3.
Democracy

66
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 8 : LANDMARK SC CASES WHICH
CHANGED INDIAN POLITY

Case Year Decision and effect

State of Madras v. Champakam 1951 • SC struck caste-based reservation;
Dorairajan • FR is superior to DPSP.
• Led to 1st amendment

Shankari Prasad case 1951 No judicial review to Amendments as

Amendments under article 368 is not ‘law’
under article 13(2)
Parliament has unlimited power of
amendment

Balaji v/s State of Mysore 1962 Reservation cannot be more than 50%

Sajjan Singh vs State of Rajashthan 1964 First case in which mention of ‘Basic
Structure’ was made.

Golaknath Case 1967 Amendments under article 368 are ‘law’

under article 13(2) and hence can be struck
down if they violate Fundamental rights
Parliament cannot amend FR

Kesavananda Bharati case 1973 ‘Basic Structure Doctrine’-Parliament

can amend any part of constitution
provided basic structure/feature of the
constitution is not changed.

ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla 1976 Even the right to life under article 21 can
be suspended during emergency under
article 359
Justice Hans Raj Khanna, one of the judges
on the bench, opposed it
The judgement was criticized as SCI failed
to protect the Fundamental Rights

67
 Through 44th amendments: Fundamental
Rights under article 20, 21 cannot be
suspended during emergency

Minerva Mills case 1980 Further established ‘Basic Structure

Doctrine’
Power of Parliament to amend the
constitution was limited
Restored balance between FR and DPSP

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978 ‘Due Process’ doctrine : Right to life (
article 21) gave SC power to judicial
review of not only ‘procedure established
by law’ but also ‘ due process of law’

Three Judges Cases: 1. SP Gupta v 1981- Gave ‘Collegium system’ of Judges

Union of India (1981) 98 appointment
2. Supreme Court Advocates‐on‐
Record Association v Union of India
(1993)
3. Re Special Reference No 1 of 1998

Supreme Court Advocates-on-record 2015 Called the 4th Judges case

Association & Anr. vs. Union of India Against the 99th amendments and NJAC
Both were quashed by the SCI on the
grounds of ‘Basic Structure’ doctrine

Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra 1983 Right against violence in police custody

Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal 1985 ‘Right to Livelihood’ FR under article 21
Corporation

Shah Bano case 1985 • SC decided ‘Right to alimony (living

support from divorced husband)’ to
Muslim women
• But the central Government enacted law
to nullify SC decision.
• Generated heated debate on Secularism

68
 Attorney General of India v. Lachma 1988 Public hanging violates article 21- hence
Devi should be banned.

Shantistar Builders v. N.K. Totame 1990 ‘Right to Shelter’ under article 21

Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar 1991 ‘Right to pollution free environment’ FR

under article 21

Indra Sawhney v. Union of India 1992 Creamy layer policy: creamy layer among
OBC, SC/ST be excluded from reservation.

S.R. Bommai v/s Union of India 1994 Application of article 356 to dismiss state
Government was made tough
Profoundly affected centre-state relation

Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan 1997 Vishaka Guidelines: against sexual

harassment of women at work place

Lily Thomas v. Union of India 2013 Disqualification on conviction for certain

offences: convicted person disqualified for
6 years from contesting election.

• Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of 2017 ‘Right to Privacy’ under article 21
India
• Maneka Gandhi vs the Union of
India; R Sukanya vs R Sridhar;
These cases helped bring ‘Right to Privacy’
Kharak Singh vs State of Uttar
under article 21
Pradesh; Govind vs State of Madhya
Pradesh

Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union Of India 2018 Decriminalised homosexuality by striking
off parts of Section 377 of the Indian Penal
Code (IPC).

69
 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 9: LANDMARK ACTS

ACT Year Addl. Info

The Delhi Special Police 1946 CBI was set up under this law
Establishment Act
The Representation of the People 1951 Rules for election for Parliament and State
Act Legislature
Amended many times

Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 To implement article 17 ( abolition of

untouchability) and protect rights of SC/ST

Essential Commodities Act 1955 Uninterrupted supply of essential goods; to

stop hoarding or black marketing
In 2020, the Act was modified along with 2
Farm Acts

The Citizenship Act 1955 Rules for acquiring Indian citizenship

States Reorganisation Act 1956 Reorganisation of States on linguistic basis-

14 State, 6 UTs
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) 1967 Give powers to Govt to deal with people for
Act (UAPA) protecting integrity and sovereignty of India
The Water (Prevention and Control 1974 Control and prevent water pollution
of Pollution) Act,

The Air (Prevention and Control of 1981 Control and prevent air pollution
Pollution) Act,

The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980

The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 Protection and improvement of the

environment
The Muslim Women (Protection of 1986 This Act was brought by Govt to nullify the
Rights on Divorce) Act SC judgement on Shah Bano case

Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 To minimize corruption in government

agencies and public sector

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled 1989 • To prevent discrimination, atrocities and

Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) hate crimes against SC/ST
Act, • It was felt that Protection of Civil Rights
Act 1955 was not adequate for SC/ST

70
The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Protection of wild animals, birds and plants

Energy Conservation Act 2001 To conserve energy and promote clean

energy.

The National Green Tribunal Act 2010 NGT was set up quick disposal of the cases
pertaining to environmental issues
To implement ‘Right to clean environment’
under article 21
Maintenance of Internal Security 1971 • Govt might arrest anyone on suspicion of
Act (MISA) threats to national security
• MISA was used during Emergency (1975-
77) to arrest opposition leaders,
journalists, etc
• Janata Govt abolished MISA in 1977
Persons With Disabilities (Equal 1995 • Special provisions, special quota for
Opportunities, Protection of Rights disable persons
and Full Participation) Act • Was amended in 2016- ‘Rights of Persons
with Disabilities Act, 2016’

Foreign Exchange Management 1999 • Orderly development and maintenance of

Act, (FEMA) foreign exchange market in India
• Replaces Foreign Exchange Regulation
Act (FERA)

Information Technology Act 2000 • To regulate ICT in India

• Also called cyber Act

The Competition Act 2002 • Competition Commission of India(CCI)

was set up under this Act
• Replaced MRTP Act
Right to Information Act 2005 Landmark Act to implement ‘Right to
Information’

National Rural Employment 2005 MG NAREGA is implemented under this

Guarantee Act Act
Protection of Women from 2005 The Act provides a definition of "domestic
Domestic Violence Act violence" for the first time in Indian law

Disaster Management Act 2005 Corona Pandemic was dealt in under this
Act

71
Commission for Protection of Child 2006 constitution of a National Commission and
Rights Act State Commissions for Protection of Child
Rights and Children's Courts for providing
speedy trial of offences against children

Right of Children to Free and 2009 Also called RTE Act

Compulsory Education Act Right to Education (under article 21) is
implemented under the Act
Sexual Harassment of Women at 2013 ‘Visakha Guideline’ came out of this Act
Workplace (Prevention,
Prohibition and Redressal) Act

National Food Security Act 2013 National Food Security Mission is

implemented under this Act

The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 Lokpal and Lokayuktas were appointed
under the Act
Whistle Blowers Protection Act 2014 To protect those who disclose corruption in
2011 Govt organisation

Goods and Services Tax 2017 GST was implemented under this Act
(Compensation to States) Act
Jammu and Kashmir 2019 State of J&K was made 2 UTs- J&K and
Reorganisation Act Ladakh

Consumer Protection Act 2019 New and more stronger Consumer

protection Act in which many new services
added
Muslim Women (Protection of 2019 • Made triple talaq unlawful
Rights on Marriage) Act • Called anti- triple talaq Act
Transgender Persons (Protection of 2019 To protect the rights of Transgender Persons
Rights) Act,

Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 Provide Indian citizenship for persecuted

religious minorities from Afghanistan,
Bangladesh and Pakistan who are Hindus,
Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or Christians,
and arrived in India before the end of
December 2014
1.The farmers' produce trade and 2020 • These are 3 Farm laws which provide for
commerce (promotion and market reforms in Indian Farming sector,
facilitation) act, 2020. contract farming, and liberalisation of
trade in farm produce

72
2.The farmers (empowerment and • Farmers of Punjab, Haryana, and UP are
protection) agreement on price agitating against these Farm Law, which
assurance and farm services act, are on hold by the order of SC.
2020.
3. The essential commodities
(amendment) act, 2020.

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 FACT SHEET IND. POL. 10: STATE RE-ORGANISATION

Year Event/state created Unique facts

1950 Constitution arranged Indian State into A, B, C, D groups A: former British

provinces
B and C: Princely
states
D: A&N Islands

1952 Potti Sreeramulu, a freedom fighter and revolutionary leader,

died after 56 days of hunger strike for creation of Andhra
Pradesh (from Madras presidency)

1953 Andhra Pradesh created 1st State on the

basis of Language

1956 States Reorganization Act 14 states, 6 UT

Abolished A,B,C,D groupings

1960 Bombay was divided into Maharashtra and Gujrat Gujrat becomes the
15th State.

1961 Dadra and Nagar Haveli becomes the 7th UT

1962 Goa, Daman and Diu acquired from Portuguese Goa, Daman and
Diu- 7th & 8th UT

1963 Nagaland carved out from the state of Assam Nagaland- 16th
State
1966 Punjab and Haryana created Punjab- last state on
Chandigarh also created as UT and common capital language basis

1971 HP was created HP was UT

1972 Meghalaya, Tripura, and Manipur became state NE re-organisation

1975 Sikkim merged in India Sikkim-22nd state

1987 Goa, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh became State from 25 states
UTs

2000 Chhattisgarh (from MP), Jharkhand (from Bihar), and 28 states

Uttarakhand (from UP) became states

2014 Telangana (from Andhra Pradesh) became state 29th State

74
 FACT SHEET IND. POL 11: MAJOR CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
SCHEMES/MISSIONS/PROGRAMS

Scheme name Purpose/sector Unique

facts/features

PM Jan Dhan Yojna Financial inclusion Opened 42 crore

new accounts in
name of poor

PM Mudra Yojna Loan for self-employment About 30 cr loan of

Rs 15 lakh cr given
Swachh Bharat Cleanliness, hygiene at public places 11 cr toilets made
Mission

Smart City Mission Improved urban living 100 smart cities

Ayushman Bharat Universal Health Insurance Scheme for poor Insurance cover of
Mission 5 lakh per family
per year
Mission Universal Immunization program
Indradhanush

Ujjwala Yojna Free LPG connection to rural poor

Ujala Scheme Cheap LED bulbs in all homes

Soubhagya Yojna Electricity connections to all remaining un- Pradhan Mantri
electrified households Sahaj Bijli Har
Ghar Yojana -
Saubhagya

Pradhan Mantri Awas Providing affordable housing to the poor PMAY-G: Rural
Yojana (PMAY) households areas
PMAY-U: Urban
areas
About 1.8 cr
houses provided

UDAN Scheme Affordable air travel for common man Ude Desh ka Aam
Naagrik-UDAN

Atal Pension Yojna Social security for poor in form of Rs 1000 to Poor need to
5000 Rs monthly pension subscribe to the

75
 pension fund;
Government
Atal Mission for Strengthen urban Infrastructure- sewage,
Rejuvenation and street lights, transport, etc
Urban
Transformation
(AMRUT)

Atal Tinkering Labs To provide students experience in creating and

modifying 3D designs

Fasal Bima Yojna Government sponsored and subsidized crop

insurance
Soil Health Card Free soil testing for farmers
Scheme

Kisan Samman Nidhi Direct cash transfer of Rs 2000 per 4 months Direct Income
Yojana to Farmers Transfer Scheme
for farmers
PM Street Vendor's to empower Street Vendors by not only
AtmaNirbhar extending loans to them; collateral free
Nidhi(PM working capital loans of up to INR10,000/- of
SVANidhi) one-year tenure, to approximately 50 lakh
street vendors, to help resume their businesses
in the urban areas, including surrounding peri-
urban/rural areas.

76
 FACT SHEET IND. POL 12: INDIA’S MISSILE PROGRAM

Weapon Name Feature

Pralay Missile Solid-fuel surface-to-surface guided Short-range ballistic missile

Nag Missile Anti-tank guided missile- to destroy enemy tanks

Trishul Missile Short range surface-to-air missile

Agni Missile Medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles

Nirbhaya Long range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile
Missile

A-SAT Missile To destroy satellites in space for strategic or tactical purpose

K-5 and K-6 Intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile
Missile

Sant Missile Standoff Anti-tank Guided Missile

Brahmos Medium-range supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from
Missile submarine, ships, aircraft, or land

77
 FACT SHEETS- CP :
COMPARATIVE
POLITICS- CONCEPTS

78
 FACT SHEET-CP 1: TRADITIONAL APPROACHES AND METHDOS OF
INVESTIGATION IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS

Approaches Facts/features Main thinkers/theorists

Normative • Oldest one: Since pre- political Aristotle, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel,
Philosophical science era T.H.Green, Leo Strauss, Isaiah
• Method: Abstract reasoning, Berlin
moral arguments, Formal logic
and analytic philosophy
• Prescriptive, deductive, value
loaded, idealistic, speculative
Historical • Genealogical – treating history as Machiavelli: used this approach in
Approach a genetic process – how a ‘the Prince’
political phenomenon evolved Oakeshott, Hobbes, Locke,
over time Rousseau, Marx, Laski
• Studying past to understand the
causes of political phenomenon
Hegel and Marx also used
in present
Historical approcah ( evolution of
• Example : comparative analysis ideas/matter through Historical
of the French, Russian and Dialecticism)
Chinese Revolutions, by Skocpol
Institutional • Focus on Institutions and Aristotle: 6 types of
Approach structures of political system constitution/Government
• Formal, legal, state/Government Polybius: division of powers
and its organs among organs of state
• Eurocentric, prescriptive, Bryce: study of American
normative, speculative government in comparative
perspective
• Evolved as Comparative
Government Edward Finer: wrote’ The History
of Government’- Comparative
analysis of Government from
earliest time
Duverger, Sartori: Comparative
study of political party and party
system
Herman Finer and Carl Fredrich-
other proponents

79
 FACT SHEET CP.2: MODERN APPROACHES AND METHDOS OF
INVESTIGATION IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS

Approaches Facts/features Main thinkers/theorists

Behavioural • Focus on observing, recording, Charles Merriam: ‘New Aspects
Approach and analysing human behaviour of Politics’ : founder of
to understand politics behavioural approach in
• Systematic collection and Comparative Politics
examination of facts Graham Wallas wrote ‘Human
Nature in Politics’
• Empirical and positivist
approach Arthur Bentley wrote ‘The
Process of Government’
• Scientific testable hypothesis
Both these books help usher
• Value-fact Separation
behavioural approach in
• Attempt to make pure science of political science
politics
The eight characteristics
features of behaviouralism as
given by David Easton: (1)
Regularities; (2) Verification;
(3) Techniques; (4)
Quantification; (5) Values; (6)
Systematisation; (7) Pure
Science; and (8) Integration.

Political System • Political system: Inter-related David Easton- father of the

Approach institutions, political activities, system approach –‘ A system
actors and processes which Analysis of Political Life’
continuously interact with each Gabriel Almond: ‘Comparative
other and to larger society Politics: A Developmental
• Derived from Biology and Approach’
General System Theory Morton Kaplan: used system
• Input, Output, Environment, approach in IR
Feedback David Apter: ‘Introduction to
• 'system' replaced ‘state’ as item Political Analysis’
of comparison Karl Deutsch: ‘Nation and
• Easton’s definition:” behaviour World’
or set of interactions through Features/facts of the System
which authoritative allocations Approach:

80
 of values are made and • Developed from the general
implemented in society” systems theory by Ludwig
• Inputs to the system : Von Bertallanfy
• Demands : claims for • Structural functionalism and
actions that people make to input/output approach were
satisfy their interests and built on the system approach
values • Called the ‘Balck Box’
• Support: political approach as it does not go
obligation – Consent, obey deeper inside the system
law, pay taxes • David Easton gave a ‘flow
• Input functions by Almond: model’ of political system
political socialization, political • Good for genralisation and
interest articulation political broad comparison across
interest aggregation political culture/region but weak in
communication details
• Outputs : Laws, rules,
regulations, judicial decisions
• Easton identified 4 types of Input
functions as demand:
Participation in political system,
Allocation of goods and services,
Communication and information,
Regulation of behaviour
• The sequence of regulatory
mechanism by Easton is: Gate-
keeping at the boundary, socio-
cultural norms, communication
channels and reduction
processes

Structural- • Derived from system approach Gabriel Almond and G C

Functional • Study political structures and Powell : used Easton’s system
approach functions carried out by them in approach to give structural-
a political system functional approach
Almond borrowed most of the
• Input functionsv (Almond):
terminology of his structural-
political socialization,
functional approach from
recruitment, interest articulation
Talcott Parsons
and aggregation, and political
communication Structural functionalism as a
method was developed to study
• Output functions: Rule making,
the politics of Politics of
application, and adjudication
developing countries

81
 Rajni Kothari and Morris Jones
used this approach to study
Indian politics
Fred Riggs also used this
approach to study the polity of
developing nations

Political Culture Political Culture: pattern of • Gabriel Almond: father of

Approach orientation and basic attitude in a political culture approach
society towards political system • Gabriel Almond and Sidney
Verba: ‘The Civic Culture’
Almond & Verba: comparative study of Political
Attitudes and Democracy in 5
3 aspects: Cognitive, Affective,
Nations- USA, Germany,
Evaluative
Mexico, Italy, and UK
3 types: Parochial, subject,
participative • Talcott Parsons: Influenced
Almond & Verba through his
definition of culture- sets of
• Almond- homogeneous culture norms, values, and attitude
in developed nations
• Rajni Kothari and Morris
Jones used this approach also
• Edward Finer: matured, in studying Indian politics
developed, low, and minimal • Almond and Verba suggested
political culture a ‘sleeping dogs’ theory of
democratic culture that implies
that low participation indicates
broad satisfaction with
government
New • Both ‘hard’ and ‘Soft’ • James March & Johan
Institutionalism Institutions- norms, rules, Olsen: founders of New
behaviour pattern Institutionalism –‘The New
• Linked Institutions to macro Institutionalism: (1984)’
socio-economic structure and • Douglous C North- Rational
individual behavior Choice New Institutionalism
• Analytical, explanatory & • William Scott: ‘Sociological
Empirical institutionalism New Institutionalism’
• 3 new Institutionalism: Rational • Paul DiMaggio and Walter
Choice, Cultural( sociological), W. Powell- ‘Institutional
Structural Isomorphism’ ; ‘The New
Institutionalism in

82
 Organizational
Analysis(1991)’

Political • Emerged in 1960-70s • Lucian Pye: ‘Political culture

development and • Harry Truman the US President: and political development’ ;
Modernization gave special meaning to political development 3
theory development in his famous aspects- equality, capacity,
speech after WWII, this started Differentiation
modernisation theory • ‘Aspects of political
development’

• There is a fixed path of • Lucian Pye identified 6 crises

development & modernization as in political development: 1.
traversed by western nations; by Identity 2. Legitimacy 3.
following the same path, poor Penetration 4. Participation 5.
3rd world nations would also Unification 6. Distribution
become developed. • David Apter:’ The politics of
modernization’- technocratic
approach
• These theories were claimed to
be applicable across cultural, and • Gabriel Almond: ‘Political
were able to explain political Development’
processes everywhere • James Coleman, and Sidney
Verba also gave theory of
political development
• Closely linked to US foreign
policy towards developing • James Coleman: ‘The
countries and its attempt to Development Syndrome-
check the tides of Differentation-Equality-
socialism/communism Capacity’
(containment policy- Truman • Samuel Huntington:
Doctrine) ‘Political Development and
Political Decay’
• To help 3rd world countries • Huntington identifies
become developed & modern by political development with the
following similar path as institutionalisation of political
travelled by USA/western organisations and procedures
Europe • He challenged the idea of
• Approaches: political culture, political development as an
developmentalism, corporatism, unilinear process-rather it is
democratization, etc. cyclic
• Edward Shils: ‘Political
Development in the New

83
 • Thinkers supporting States’ ; ‘Center and
modernisation theory were periphery’
considered traditional • Edward Shils’ categories of
comparativists; those opposing it political system: (i)Political
progressive comparativists. Democracy (ii) Tutelary
Democracy (iii) Modernizing
Oligarchy (iv) Totalitarian
Oligarchy (v) Traditional
Oligarchy
• Organski: ‘The stages of
political development’ – 1.
political unification, 2.
industrialisation, 3. national
welfare, and 4. affluence.
• W.W. Rostow: ‘Politics and
the stages of growth’ : 5 stages
of modernization - 1)
traditional society, 2)
preconditions to take-off, 3)
take-off, 4) drive to maturity
and 5) age of high mass
consumption
• Max Weber, Talcott Parsons,
A.M. Henderson and Joseph la
Palombara: political
development is linked with
legal and administrative
development
• Fred Riggs: balance between
the principles of equality and
capacity in political
development; Development
Trap- imbalance between
equality and capacity
• Halpern: ‘will and capacity’
approach to the study of
political development

Dependency Challenges to Modernisation • Raúl Prebisch- ‘Doctrine of

Theories Theory: Dependency Theory unequal exchange’ : Father of
• Dependency theory criticized the dependency theory
dominant model of development

84
 as ‘Eurocentric’, furthering the • Theotonio Dos Santos- ‘The
capitalist interests of the ‘West’. Structure of Dependence’
• They were influenced by Neo- • Dos Santos: 3 types of
Marxism, which visualised dependency: colonial,
International state system as financial-industrial,
global capitalist system in which technological-industrial
the developed capitalist nations ( • Fernando Henrique
core) dominated and exploited Cardoso- Associated-
underdeveloped 3rd world( development-dependent -was
Periphery) also president of Brazil
• Latin America became the fertile • Andre Gunder Frank-
ground of dependency theorists ‘Development of
• They were called progressive Underdevelopment’
comparativists • Immanuel Wallerstein-
World System Theory; Core,
Semi-periphery, periphery
• Johan Galtung: structural
theory of imperialism
• Samir Amin: global law of
value -a system of unequal
exchange

Elites Theory • It was critique of democracy, Gaetano Mosca:

pluralism, and socialism • all societies ruled by a
• First developed in the context of numerical minority, the
polity of western Europe political class.
• In any organisation, Government • Elites- superior
(of any form- democracy or organizational skills.
dictatorship) only a small • Circulation of Elites:
minority- Elites- occupy top constant competition
positions, take decisions and rule between elites, with one
• Remaining people are mere elite group replacing
masses who are mostly another repeatedly over
bystanders time
• Elite Theory appeared against • He wrote: ‘The Ruling
the Pluralist theory, which Class’
believed that in democratic form • Mosca’s Elite theory is
of Government, political power more liberal than Elite
is widely disbursed among theory of Vilfredo Pareto
multiple groups/communities

85
• Robert Dahl called Vilfredo Pareto-
pluralism ‘ Polyarchy’ Circulation of Elites- the ruling
class replaced by another
ruling/aristocratic class through
revolution
• ‘History is graveyard
of Elites’
• 2 types of Elites: Lion &
Fox
• He also gave the
concepts of “residues”
and “derivations.”

C Wright Mills: ‘
• ‘The Power Elites’
• Nexus of the leaders of
the military, corporate,
and political class and
how the ordinary citizen
is a relatively powerless
subject of manipulation
by the power elites
Robert Michels
• ‘Iron Law of
Oligarchy’
• Bureaucratic
organization as rule of
elites; not Democratic
• Theory of mass mind
• formulated on the basis
of the study of German
Social Democratic Party
Schumpeter: “Democracy as a
political Method “
• democracy as nothing
more than periodic
elections and ordinary
citizens, beyond the act
of voting, should have

86
 no role in shaping
policy.
Ortega Gasset
• Theory of the Masses,
Political Formula
Karl Mannheim
• Organising and directing
Elites; informally
organised and diffused
Elites
Burnham
• Economic Approach to
Elitism

87
FACT SHEETS- PA:
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

88
 FACT SHEET-PA. 1: PRINCIPLES AND APPROCAHES TO PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

Theory/Approach Facts/Features/Literatures
Scientific The term Scientific Management was coined by Louis Brandies but
Management Theory was popularised by Taylor
F.W.Taylor Taylor gave this theory in 1911
First coherent theory of organisation- mechanistic theory of
Organisation
4 core principles of Scientific Management
• Science, not rule of Thumb
• Scientific Selection, training and development of workers
• Joining science of work and worker
• management and workers sharing responsibilities
Features:
• Time and motion studies
• Scientific analysis of time, motion, workflow, tools,
implements
• Man as machine
• Economic man- driven by purely economic interests
• Standardisation of tools
• Separation of planning and execution
• Greater responsibility on managers
• ‘Differential rate’ or ‘Piece-rate’ system
• Functional organizational structure- Functional foremanship
• Mental revolution on part of both workers and management
Books/Literature:
• Shop Management- 1900
• On the art of cutting metals- 1906
• The Principles of Scientific Management-1911
• Two Papers on Scientific Management-1919

Other interesting facts:

Frank Gilbreth & Lillian Gilbreth were earliest proponents of
scientific Management; Lillian Gilbreth may be called ‘Mother of
Scientific Management’.

89
Henri Fayol He wrote ‘General and Industrial Management (1916)’
Gave 6 Managerial Abilities(Physical, mental, Moral, educational,
technical, experience)
5 managerial functions in organisation: POCCC: Planning,
Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, and controlling.
The 14 principles of Management of Henri Fayol are:
1. Division of Work
2. Authority and Responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of Command
5. Unity of Direction
6. Subordination of Individual Interest
7. Remuneration
8. The Degree of Centralization
9. Scalar Chain ( Hierarchy)
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de Corps

Luthar Gullick & • Luthar Gullick’s POSDCORB

Lyndall Urwick Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting
and Budgeting

• 4 P Principle by Luthar Gullick- Purpose, Process, Person and

Place
• Gulick was influenced by Fayol’s fourteen principles.
They wrote: ‘Papers on the science of administration(1937)’-
contains the most comprehensive enunciation of the classical theory

Weber’s Ideal Type of • Weber gave Bureaucratic Theory in 1921

Bureaucracy • 3 types of Authority:
• Traditional, Charismatic, Rational-Legal
• Modern organisation, bureaucracy is based on Legal-
Rational Authority
• Features of Ideal Type of Bureaucracy

90
 • Division of labour, Expertise, specialization
• Hierarchy, Impersonal relationship, rules and regulations
• Rationalism - ‘Rational-Legal Authority’
• Merit based selection, career orientation
Books/Literature: by Weber
• Ideal type of Bureaucracy- 1921
• The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism-1905
Other interesting facts:
• "Iron Law of Oligarchy“- by Robert Michels- Bureaucratic
organization as rule of elites; not Democratic
• Hegel in his ‘The Philosophy of Right’ praised Bureaucracy
• Marx termed Bureaucracy a form of class domination;
instrument of state power; instrument to further interests of
capitalist class
Human Relation Hawthorne Experiments:
Theory- Elton Mayo • Between 1924-32 ; led by Mayo, supported by
Roethlisberger and Dickson
• Great Illumination Experiment (1924–27)
• Relay assembly test room (1927-33)
• Human Attitude and Sentiments (1928-31)
• The Bank Wiring Experiments (1931-32)
Features:
• Organization as social system
• Workers as social man embedded in social settings
• No to purely Economic incentives
• Social factors may affect worker’s motivation and productivity

Other interesting facts:

• Most of the Hawthorne Experiments were failure, but Mayo used
them to give Human Relation Theory
• Mayo initiated behavioural approach in Pub Admin
• Mayo is credited to have started the behaviuoral revolution in
Public Administration

91
 Books/Literature:
Elton Mayo:
• ‘The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (1933)
• ‘Human problems of an individual civilization’ (1946)
• ‘The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization’(1945)
Douglas Murray McGregor:
• ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’(1960)- gave theory X and
Theory Y
• Abraham Maslow: gave hierarchy of Needs
• Herzberg gave motivation-hygiene or two factor theory
• Chester Barnard: ‘The Functions of the Executive’(1938)’-
‘Zone of Indifference’
• Simon gave the concept of ‘Zone of acceptance’- very similra to
‘Zone of Indifference’ of Bernard
• Rensis Likert: gave : Likert scale : to measure worker’s attitude
at workplace
Rational Decision- • Simon- influenced by Vienna school of logical positivism
Making- Herbert • Simon was positively influenced by the ideas of Barnard
Simon
• Gave preference to facts over value: separation of fact and values
• Condemned ‘principles of administration’ as mere proverbs and
myths
• Rational Decision Making: 3 Steps
• Intelligence: Scanning, identifying problems
• Design: identifying and evaluating alternatives
• Choice: selecting the best alternative- decision
Features:
• Hierarchical chain of means-ends
• Value fact dichotomy(separation)
• Comprehensive rationality- infinite time and information to
identify and evaluate all alternatives
• Decision maker-‘Economic Man’
Bounded Rationality:
• In organisation -‘Administrative Man’
• Satisficing, rather than maximising

92
 • Bounded rationality due to limitation of time, information,
processing capabilities

Books/Literature/Contributors
Herbert Simon:
• ‘Administrative Behaviour (1945)
• ‘Public Administration(1950)
• ‘Organisation (1958)
Dwight Waldo: Opposed Simon’s value fact separation and value-
free science of administration
• ‘The Administrative State(1948)’
Ecological Approach- • Riggs used structural functional approach and interactions of
Fred Riggs administrative system with culture of larger society in
developing nations
• Studied administrative system of Philippines, Thailand, and
India
3 types of society: Fused, Prismatic, Diffracted
Developing country- Prismatic Society
3 Features of Prismatic Society
• Formalism: Rules/Regulation vs their actual implementation
• Heterogeneity: Great diversity, contradictions, and
differences
• Overlapping: Same functions by multiple structures and
same structure doing multiple functions
• Economic sub-system: Bazar Canteen Model
• Administrative sub-system: The ‘Sala’ Model- Clects( club+sect)

Features of the ‘Sala’ Model:

• Rationality and efficiency vs non-administrative
considerations
• Attainment rather than achievement- basis for selection
• Public organization start behaving as Clects
• Political role of bureaucrats
• Bureaucracy more powerful than the political leadership

93
 Books/Literature/ Contributions
Riggs:
• ‘Agraria and Industria: Toward a Typology of Comparative
Administration(1955)’
• The Ecology of Public Administration (1961)
• Administration in Developing Countries (1964)
• Robert King Merton: ‘A Reader in Bureaucracy’-1952
• John Merriman Gaus: ‘Reflections on public
administration’(1947)
• Robert Dahl : ‘Science of Public Administration- 3 problems’-
article in 1947- asserted that Public Administration is not science
due to 3 inter-realted issues of values, culture, and behaviour

Entrepreneurship and • Entrepreneurs: create something new, something different; they

Innovation- Peter change or enhance values; they don’t do existing thing better,
Drucker they do different thing
• Innovation: Conversion of new idea, new imaginations into
device or method to improve human life & experience
Entrepreneurial Strategies:
• ‘Fustest with the Mostest’ - aiming at market leadership
• Creative Imitation: Imitating idea to create useful
device/method
• Entrepreneurial Judo: Hit them where they ain’t”
• "Ecological niche “: occupy a specific market segment
• Both Innovation and Entrepreneurship can be learned and
practiced
• Drucker also gave the concept of ‘MBO- Management by
Objective’
• Books/Literatures:
• Peter Drucker: Innovation and Entrepreneurship(1985)

Feminist Perspective Books/Literature/ Contributions

• Camilla Stivers:
• ‘Gender Images in public administration’-1993
• ’Bureau Men, Settlement Women’- 2000
• ‘Democracy, Bureaucracy, And the Study of
Administration’-2001

94
 • Kathy E. Ferguson:
• ‘The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy’- 1984
• Mary Parker Follett:
• "Power with" rather than "power over”
• Non-hierarchical matrix style organization, Integration,
Partnership, Transformational leadership

New • Attempt to restore values and ‘public spiritedness’ back to Public

Public Administration
Administration( NPA) • Came out of 1st Minnowbrook conference- 1968
• Led by Dwight Waldo and Frank Marini
• Core theme: Relevance, values, equity and change
Other Features:
• Social equity; No to Value-neutrality; No to ‘Politics-
Administration’ Dichotomy; Client Orientation; less
hierarchical, less formal Bureaucracy
• 4 D’s of New Public Organization: Decentralization,
Delegation, democratization, debureaucratization

Books/Literature/ Contributions
• Dwight waldo: Led the NPA movement
• ‘The Administrative State’ (1948)
• ‘Ideas and Issues in Public Administration’(1953)
• ‘Public administration in Time Of Turbulence’(1971)

Frank Marini: coordinated 1st Minnowbrook conference

• ‘Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook
Perspective’-1971
Herbert Kaufman: ‘‘Administrative Decentralization and political
power’(1969)’; ‘The Forest Ranger: A Study in Administrative
Behaviour (1960)’

New Public • Attempt to tune Public Administration to Neo-liberal economic

Management (NPM) system
• Public sector to adopt Pvt sector managerial practices and style
• Emerged in UK in late 1980s-Thatcher era
• Spread to OECD Nations-Canada, USA, Australia, New
Zealand; later on to developing nations

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 • 2nd Minnow Brook conference-1988 and ‘Re-inventing
Government’ by Osborne and Gaebler (1992)- driving force
Features:
• Market principles- competition, customer focus, economy,
efficiency, profit, etc. in Public Administration
• Management style and practices of private sectors
• Devolution and decentralisation
• Government to ‘Steer’ Not ‘Row’- Regulatory State
• Contracting out, outsourcing Government to private sector
• Result oriented; performance measurement and appraisal
• Citizen as Customer
• Entrepreneurial spirit in public organizations

• NPM Buzzwords: Quasi-market, performance measurement,

Contracting out, outsourcing, PPP, minimum Government
maximum governance, Autonomy, empowerment

Books/Literature/ Contributions
• David Osborne (1951) and Ted Gaebler: ‘‘Reinventing
Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming
the Public Sector’ (1992)’
• Margret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan- supported NPM
• Fredrick Hayak: Neo-liberal ideologue- influenced Thatcher and
Reagan

New Public • Re-inventing ‘Publicness’ of Public Administration

Service(NPS)

Features:
• Serve rather than ‘Steer’
• Focus- ‘Public Interest’; Democratic Citizenship,
Community and Civil Society
• Serve Citizen NOT Customer
• Complex Accountability
• creation of public value rather than profit or productivity
• Trusteeship and stewardship in Public Administration
• Participative, collaborative, responsive, open and accessible
govt./governance

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 Books/Literature/ Contributions
• Robert B. Denhardt: Father of New Public Service
• ‘New Public Service: Serving, not Steering’(2003).
• ‘ Public Administration: An Action Orientation’ (1987)
• ‘Theories of public organization’ (1984)
• ‘ Re-vitalization of Public service’( 1987)

• Janet Denhardt: along with Robert Denhardt led NPS movement

• ‘ Street level Leadership: Discretion and Legitimacy in
front line Public Service’- 1998
• ‘The New Public Service, The Dance of Leadership’ -2006
Michael Sandel: Communitarian- shared public value- part of NPS

Good Governance • Came into fore in 1990s- 1992 world bank report- ‘Governance
and Development’
• First used by Harlan Cleveland in mid 1970s who said “ what
we want is minimum government, maximum Governance”
Features:
• Participation, Rule of Law, Transparency, Responsiveness,
Accountability, Social Equity and Inclusiveness, multi-stake
holder model, governance approach

Good Governance Index:

• Human Development Index (HDI)
• Quality of Life Index (QLI)
• Ease of doing Business Index
• Corruption Perceptions Index
• Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
• Universal Human Rights Index

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FACT SHEET PA.2: VERY IMPORTANT BOOKS AND AUTHORS IN
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Books/articles/Essay Author Facts/Features

The Study of Administration-1887 Woodrow • Article by Wilson which

Wilson formally started academic
discipline of Public
Administration
• Politics-Administration
Dichotomy

Politics and Administration: A Study in Frank Johnson • Further deepened the

Government(1900) Goodnow Politics-Administration
Dichotomy
The Principles of Scientific Frederick Gave scientific Management
Management-1911 Taylor principles
Political Parties: A Sociological Study Robert Michels “Iron Law of Oligarchy “
of the Oligarchical Tendencies of
Modern Democracy-1911

General and Industrial Management- Henri Fayol Included 14 principles of

1916 management

‘Economy and Society’-1921 Max Weber In this book included

‘Bureaucracy’ -essay- his
bureaucratic theory

Introduction to the study of Public L.D.White 1st text book in Public

Administration-1926 Administration
Principles of Public Administration- W. F. 2nd textbook in the field
1927 Willoughby

1. ‘The Human Problems of an Elton Mayo Human Relation Approach

Industrial Civilization. (1933) Behavioural Approach in
2. ‘Human problems of an individual Public Administration
civilization (1946)
3. ‘The Social Problems of an Industrial
Civilization (1945)

Papers on the science of Luther Gulick Collection of papers/articles

administration-1937 on scientific principles of
Administration

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Notes on theory of Organizations-1937 Luther Gulick ‘POSDCORB’- prominently
and Lyndall appeared in this book
Urwick

The Functions of the Executive-1938 Chester Barnard • Organisation as social

cooperative system
• ‘Zone of Indifference’

Dynamic Administration-1941 Mary Parker ‘Constructive conflict’, ‘law

Creative Experience-1924 Follett of situation’ ‘situational
Leadership’
1. Administrative Behaviour: A Herbert Simon • ‘Bounded rationality’
Study of Decision-Making • ‘Satisficing’’
Processes in Administrative
Organization • ‘Administrative Man’

2. ‘Public Administration’(1950)
3. ‘Organisation' (1958)

‘The Human Side of Enterprise’(1960) Douglas ‘Theory X and Theory Y’

McGregor

• ‘The Administrative State(1948)’ Dwight Waldo Brought values back into

• Ideas and Issues in Public Public Administration
Administration
Toward a New Public Administration: Frank Marini With Waldo led the NPA
The Minnowbrook Perspective-1971 movement

1.Agraria and Industria: Toward a Fred W. Riggs • Ecological approach to

Typology of Comparative Public Administration
Administration(1955) • ‘Prismatic Society’-
2.The Ecology of Public Administration formalisation,
(1961) heterogeneity, overlapping
3.Administration in Developing • ‘Bazar Canteen model’
Countries (1964)
• ‘Sala Model’; ‘Clect’

‘Science of Public Administration- 3 Robert Dahl • Public Administration is

problems’-1947 Not Science
• 3 Problems: values,
behaviour, and culture.

‘Reflections on public administration’- John Merriman Ecological approach to

1947 Gaus Public Administration

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A Reader in Bureaucracy-1953 Robert Merton Link between social class,
status and bureaucracy

Women in Public Administration-2010 Helisse Levine Feminist Approach to Public

and Maria Administration
D'Agostino
1.‘Gender Images in public Camilla Stivers One the most prominent
administration’-1993 thinker on feminist approach
2.’Bureau Men, Settlement Women’- to Public Administration
2000
3.‘Democracy, Bureaucracy, And the
Study of Administration’- 2001
The Feminist Case Against Kathy E.
Bureaucracy-1984 Ferguson

Managing for Results-1964 Peter Drucker Management by Objective

The New Public Service: Serving, Not Robert B. ‘New Public Service’
Steering-2003 Denhardt Approach

Politics and Vision-1960 Sheldon “Inverted Totalitarianism”, in

Sanford Wolin which economic rather than
political power is
dangerously dominant

Creating public value-1995 Mark Moore Public sector should create

public value Not profit or
wealth

Reinventing Government-1992 David Osborne Helped bring New Public

and Ted Management (NPM)
Gaebler
Ethics and Public Administration - H. George
1993 Frederickson
Administrative Decentralization and Herbert A journal Article
political power-1969 Kaufman

Who Governs?: Democracy and Power Robert Dahl Developed his pluralist
in an American City(1961) decision making theory
The Science of Public Administration: Robert Dahl values, behavior, and
Three Problems. ( Essay) culture makes difficult to
develop science of
administration

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FACT SHEETS- IR:
INTERNATIONAL
REALTION

101
 FACT SHEET 1 : IR THEORIES
IR. 1A: REALISM: REALIST APPROCAH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features
Core Themes • National Interest defined in terms of Power is the bases
of IR and Global politics
• Interest and power are signposts of politics
• Statism: States are the main actors in IR
• International state system is Anarchic- absence of any
world Govt. Each state is to survive by self-help
• No Idealism, universal morality, benevolence, altruism
in IR
• Each nation can do anything to protect its national
interest, only limitation is the relative power and
capabilities
• Politics is autonomous of universal moral principles.
Politics has its own rules of morality.
• Nations while protecting their national interests are not
bound by universal moral precepts.

Features • 3 ‘S’ : Statism, Survival, Self-Help

• Statism: States are main actors of IR
• Survival and Self-Help: International state system
is anarchic; hence self-help is only way for survival
of state
• Great variation in relative powers of the states
• Balance of Power: In absence of world govt for survival
Power must be balanced by power.
• States are defined as rational actors, pursuing their
interests rather than being agents of morality.
• Interests rather than national morality guides actions of
states in global world order.
• State pursue goal of ‘security maximization’ or ‘power
maximization’ for its survival
• Security Dilemma( coined by John Herz) : lack of
trust- each state increasing its capabilities/power- end
result heightened tension, no increase in security
Classical Realism • Hans Morgenthau is father of Classical Realism

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 • Gave 6 principles of Realism in his book ‘Politics among
nation(1948)’
• Based on human nature: competitive and egoistic human
nature as base of realist approach
• Behaviours of States matches human behaviour
• Interest and power are signposts of politics
• Politics has its own standard of morality.
• National interest, and Not national morality, decides
foreign policy
• Other thinkers: Thucydides, Thomas Hobbes, E.H. Carr,
Arnold Wolfers

Neo Realism • Propounded by Kenneth Waltz in his book ‘Theory of

International Politics(1979)’
• Instead of human nature its bases its theory on Anarchic
Structure of International state system and great
variation in relative powers and capabilities of states.
• Also called structural realism
• States aim security, power is means to attain security
• Hence, States are security maximiser
Offensive Vs Defensive • Offensive: State are power maximiser
Neo Realism • States try to achieve security through domination and
hegemony
o John Mearsheimer-chief proponent
• Defensive: States are security maximiser, for them
power is only means to achieve security goal.
• States maintain moderate and reserved policies to attain
security
• Structural modifiers- security dilemma, geography, elite
beliefs and perceptions
o Kenneth Waltz, Robert Jervis, John Herz,
Stephen Walt, Jack Snyder
Main Thinkers- • Thucydides: Father of Realism; His ’Melian
Classical Realism dialogue’(on Peloponnesian War- between Athens &
Sparta) is regarded as a classic realist account.
• Machiavelli : His ‘Prince’ a classic in Realism
• Thomas Hobbes: His ‘Leviathan’ is realist in approach

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 • Hans Morgenthau: Father of IR; ‘Politics Among
Nations’ (1948)- gave 6 principles of Classical Realism
• Interest & Power Flag post/placard of Politics
• Interest defined in terms of power- bases of IR
• Politics separate from morality
• E. H. Carr : ‘The Twenty Years' Crisis’ (1939)
Main Thinkers- Neo- • Kenneth Waltz: Father of Neo-Realism
Realism • wrote ‘Man, the State, and War’,( 1959)
‘Theory of International Politics’ (1979)- this book
gave birth to Neo-realism
• John Mearsheimer: Offensive Neo-realism; “The
Tragedy of Great Power” (2001)
• Robert Kaplan: ‘’The Coming Anarchy” (paper
articles), Asia's Cauldron; pioneer in system approach
in IR
• Robert Jervis: Perception and Misperception in
International Politics
• Reinhold Niebuhr : Christian realism ; ‘Moral Man and
Immoral Society’(1932), ‘Nature and destiny of
Man’(19390

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 FACT SHEET IR 1.B: LIBERALISM: LIBERAL APPROACH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features

Core Themes • Taking human nature as positive (rational, co-operative,

tolerant), it focusses more on co-operation,
interdependence, international institutions, etc. in IR
• National Interests are varied, multi-dimensional, cannot
be solely defined in terms of power
• States are main but not the sole actor
• NGOs, MNCs, International Institutions, cobweb of
people/groups linked through multiple channels of
interactions
• Free trade, free flow of capital, modernisation,
globalisation, democracy, people to people contact and
cooperation, international regime and institutions, shall
bound/integrate nations towards cooperation and
interdependence
• Vision of less conflictual and more peaceful and
progressive world joined by common interests and bound
by interdependence and integration.

Features • Liberalism and realism are two contending mainstream

theories in IR
• Deals with ‘Low politics’ Issues- Economic, Social,
ecological, technological (High politics- National
security, War, Diplomacy- dealt in by realism)
• Idealism- Belief in moral values, cosmopolitanism,
progress, peace, Institutions
• Closely linked to liberal democracy- free market
capitalist economy, Democratic welfare state- and
Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG)
• 2 variations: Classical and Neo-Liberalism
• Neo-liberalism has gone too close to neo-realism in
ideology

Neo Liberalism • Less idealistic, more pragmatic

• Primacy of state, power politics, anarchic world order but
belief in Institutions to facilitate peace and cooperation
• States are rational actor, seeking to maximize their
interests- which are varied- in the anarchic world order

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 • In cooperative venture, states are concerned with absolute
gains, not relative gains, but concerned about cheating
• State may shift loyalty and resources to institutions if they
are mutually beneficial and fulfil interests of the state
• Obstacle to cooperation: areas of no common interest (zero
sum game), cheating- no compliance by others,
• International regimes and institutions help govern a
competitive and anarchic world system
Democratic peace • Liberal belief that democracies often avoid going to wars
theory due to people’s pressure
• Given first by Immanuel Kant (‘Perpetual Peace’)
• Democratic Peace Theory: Michael W. Doyle
Complex • Given by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye
Interdependence theory • Multiple and layered channel of interconnections: Inter-
state, trans governmental, and transnational
• Absence of Hierarchy among Issues: overlapping issues-
no primacy to security/military issue
• Minor role of Military force in resolving conflicts in
globalized world
• It has become core principle of neo-liberalism. It is half
way between realism and liberalism, between power
politics and cooperation, between high and low politics.

Main Thinkers • Classical:

• Immanuel Kant: gave ‘Perpetual Peace’ Theory
• Thomas Paine: wrote ‘Rights of Man(1791)’
• Jeremy Bentham: Father of utilitarianism
• Woodrow Wilson: 14 point - statement of principles
for peace
• Neo-Liberalism
• Democratic Peace; Security Community
• Michael W. Doyle- ‘’Democratic Peace’’,
‘’Liberalism and World Politics’’
• Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye: Complex
Interdependence Theory- ‘Power and
Interdependence’
• David Mitrany- Functional integration theory-‘ The
Functional Theory of Politics(1975)’

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 FACT SHEET IR 1.C: MARXISM: MARXIST APPROACH TO IR

Themes/components Facts/features
Meaning- Core Theme • Viewing and analysing IR from class lens.
• Based on Marxist theory of state- state acting to protect
and further the interests of dominant class
• Class, and not states are the main actor in IR
• IR is not interplay of Interest and power but reflection
of global mode of production and resulting relation of
production among states- global economic structure
determine global politics
• International system is capitalist world order whose
structure and dynamics further the interest of dominant
class
• Colonialism and imperialism were process of capitalist
expansion; Globalization is nothing but global
expansion of capitalism- new capitalist imperialism
• Dominant class/state not only use force but also its
hegemony to make their ideas, ideologies, worldviews
as mainstream and commonly accepted by subordinate
class/states- soft power or cultural hegemony

Features • A kind of critical theory.

• Present a 3rd way, different from mainstream Realism
and Liberalism
• Multiple Strands
• World System and Dependency Theory
• Hegemony of Gramsci
• Neo-Marxism
• Critical Theories- The Frankfurt School

World System Theory • Given by Immanuel Wallerstein

• Structure of global state system – Core, periphery, and
semi- periphery areas;

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 • Core: developed capitalist states; Periphery: poor state
working as satellite of core- exploited by core
• Closely linked to theory of imperialism and dependency
theory
• Dominant class in core in alliance with dominant class
in periphery exploit masses/labour class in periphery.

Dependency Theory • Given by Raúl Prebisch, Fernando Henrique Cardoso,

and Andre Gunder Frank
• Seemingly developed regions within an
underdeveloped nation are satellites of the ‘Core’
• These satellites further develop their own satellites in
the hinterland of the periphery
• Hierarchical satellite structure
• Such development is not autonomous, self-generating,
sustainable, and equitable. Actually, it is development
of underdevelopment( A.G. Frank)!

Hegemony by Gramsci • Antonio Gramsci’s concept of ‘Hegemony’ in his

‘Prison Notebook’(1971)
• Hegemony- 3rd dimension of power –manufactured
consent- moral, political, cultural values/ideas of
dominant class accepted as ;normal and ‘common
sense’ by subordinate/exploited class
• Hegemony is created and maintained by civil society
and network of institutions- media, educational system,
NGOs, etc. in the ‘Superstructure’
• Through Hegemony, dominant class maintain its
dominance in the ‘Base’ without use of
coercion/violence
• In IR, hegemony manifest in dominant capitalist
power/state controlling global superstructure – internet,
financial market, global trade- and manufacturing
consent on prevailing moral, political, cultural
values/ideas- dress, food, entertainment, Leisure,
worldview, etc.
Great Debate in Marxist • Structuralist vs Instrumental view of Capitalist State
IR- Miliband–Poulantzas • Miliband: Capitalist state works to serve the interest of
debate the capitalist class- instrumental view of state
• Nicos Poulantzas: Instead of serving the interest of
capitalist class, the state reproduces the social structure

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 which perpetuates capitalism- structural view of the
state

Main Thinkers • Classical: Lenin, Stalin, Mao Zedong, Louis Althusser,

Karl Kautsky
• World system theory & Dependency theory:
Immanuel Wallerstein, Raúl Prebisch, Fernando
Henrique Cardoso, Andre Gunder Frank
• Gramscianism: Antonio Gramsci, Robert Cox
• Neo-Marxism: Justin Rosenberg, Immanuel
Wallerstein, Samir Amin, AG Frank
• Analytical Marxism: G. A. Cohen, Jon Elster, John
Roemer, Erik Olin Wright, Adam Przeworski
• Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen Habermas,
Andrew Linklater
• Marxist Feminist: Rosa Luxemburg, Alexandra
Kollontai

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 FACT SHEET IR 1.D: FEMINIST APPROACH TO IR

Themes/components Facts/features
Core Themes • Viewing and analysing IR from Gender lens.
• Theory and practices of IR are guided by Masculine world
view
• National interest defined in terms of power, power
defined as domination, security defined as having
maximum power
• Competition for power, war, exploitation
• States are Power seeking, rational and amoral entity
• International processes are not gender-neutral, and gender
relation are not insulated from international factors.
• Personal is International
• all aspects of IR are related to gendered relation in
family/society– war, security, power, Interest, foreign
policy
• Question invisibility and marginalization of women in IR-
where are the women?
• ‘Militarization’, overemphasis on brute power, war,
conflict, interests further push women to the margin of
IR
• Redefining concepts and components of IR from feminist
perspective will make world more peaceful, interconnected,
co-operative, moral, and less exploitative, unequal,
conflictual

Features • A kind of critical theory.

• Reveal the gendered aspect of IR
• Multiple Strand
• Liberal Feminism
• Radical Feminism
• Marxist Feminism
• 3rd World Feminism
• Eco-feminism

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Main Thinkers • Liberal:
• Marry Wollstonecraft (‘’vindication of the rights of
women’’)
• J.S.Mill- ‘Subjection of Women’
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Radical:
• Simone de Beauvoir- ‘the second sex’
• Marxist:
• Rosa Luxemburg, Alexandra Kollontai
• Prominent IR feminists:
• Judith Ann Tickner:
• Most influential feminist in IR
• She re-formulated Morgenthau’s 6 principles of IR from
feminist perspective
• Her famous books:
• ‘Feminism and International Relations’;
‘Gender in international relations’
• Cynthia Enloe:
• Where is women in International Relation?
• Her books: ‘Bananas Beaches and Bases’; ‘personal
is international’
• Carol Cohn : Her books : ‘Women and Wars’
• Laura Sjoberg: “Gendering Global Conflict:
Toward a Feminist Theory of War ”

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 FACT SHEET IR 1.E: CONSTRUCTIVISM IN IR

Themes/components Facts/features

Core Themes • Core aspects of IR, such as Anarchism, Power politics,

institutionalism, etc., are socially constructed, that is, they
are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice
and interaction.
• Thus, instead of human nature or structure of state system,
it bases its theory on social construction of ideas and
concepts related to IR.
• For Constructivists, features and events of IR are matter of
interpretation rather than explanation.
• Constructivists cut both neo-realism and neo-liberalism
citing them as too much materialistic. Rather it gives more
weightage to ideas, which are socially constructed.
• Core them “structures of human association are determined
primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and
that the identities and interests of purposive actors are
constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by
nature” (given by Alexander Wendt)
• Social Theory of IR
Features • A kind of critical theory.
• Reveal the socially constructed character of IR
• It negates cognitivist approach to knowledge, rather it
focusses more on knowledge created through social
interactions, meaning making by societies.
• Focusses on role of ideas, identities, norms and culture in
international politics
• Identity determines interests; interests determine action
• International organizations are purposive social agents in
world politics that can shape state interests
• Closer to post-modernist approach to IR
Main Thinkers • Nicholas Onuf – coined the term ‘constructivism’
o His book ‘World of Our Making(1989)’
• Alexander Wendt- most influential constructivist thinker
• His books: ‘’Social Theory of International Politics’’
• Peter J. Katzenstein

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• Emanuel Adler
• Michael Barnett
• Kathryn Sikkink
• John Ruggie
• Martha Finnemore
• Her Book: ‘’National Interests in International Society’’
• ‘’Rules for the World: International Organizations in
Global Politics’’

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 FACT SHEET IR 1.F: OTHER THEORIES/APPROACHES TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features
Post-Modernist • Negate possibility of any objective truth.
Approach to IR • Truth or knowledge is subjective, depends on the
perspective of the subject
• mistrust of grand narrative( meta-narrative): It reject
grand theory such as Marxism or Hegel’s historicism
• De-constructivism: to understand true meaning of any
word, concept, we need to analyse the word in relation to
its opposites and other related words and how its meaning
is related to these words.
• For example, feminist use de-constructivism to analyse
gender relation by deconstructing the meaning of men &
women in any language.
• Uses genealogy, text, narrative, discourse, deconstruction
and double reading to explain world politics.
• Linked to Post-structuralism: analysing themes &
concepts of IR going beyond the structure of state system,
as done in Neo-realism & neo-liberalism.
• Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, both post-
modernists, are founders of post-structuralism.
• Post-structuralism uses methods of deconstruction, double
reading, archaeology and genealogy, etc. to understand
IR.

Main Thinkers • Jean-François Lyotard: mistrust of grand narratives

• Michel Foucault: Power as normalisation, giving specific
identity, and making people governable
o Knowledge- power constituting each other
• Jacques Derrida- Deconstruction of text
English school in IR • The English school is built around three key concepts:
international system, international society and world
society.
• International System:
• formed when two or more states have sufficient
contact between them, and have sufficient impact on
one another’s decisions to cause them to behave as
parts of a whole.

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 • International Society:
• An international society exists when a group of like-
minded states conceive themselves to be bound by a
common set of rules in their relations with one
another, and share in the working of common
institutions
• international society is about the creation and
maintenance of shared norms, rules and institutions.
• World system:
• world society transcends the state system and takes
individuals, non-state actors and ultimately the global
population as the focus of global societal identities and
arrangements.

Main Thinkers • Herbert Butterfield –‘Diplomatic Investigations (1966)’

• Hedley Bull- The Anarchical Society (1977)
• Martin Wight- Systems of States (1977)
o He combined rationalism of Hugo Grotius, Realism
of Hobbes, and Revolutionism of Kant to develop
a synthetic IR theory
• James Mayall - Nationalism and International Society
(1990)
The Copenhagen • The Copenhagen School places particular emphasis on the
School non-military aspects of security, a shift away from
traditional security studies
• Main thinkers: Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de
Wilde.
• The primary book of the Copenhagen School is Security:
A New Framework for Analysis, written by Buzan, Wæver
and de Wilde.
• Many of the school's members worked at the Copenhagen
Peace Research Institute.
• A prominent critic of the Copenhagen School is Bill
McSweeney.

Rational Choice • States and non-state actors in IR are rational actors- in

Theory interaction they try to maximize their interest/preferences
• Outcomes in IR are result of rational behaviour by the
concerned actors

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 • “logic of consequences” - actors choose the most efficient
means to reach their goals on the basis of a cost-benefit
analysis
• Key concepts - incomplete information, credibility,
signalling, transaction costs, trust, and audience costs
• Rational Choice Institutionalism: actors use
international institutions to maximize their utility, and that
institutions affect rational behaviour of the actors.
• Main Thinkers: James D. Fearon(rationalist explanation
for war), Thomas Schelling(conflicts as bargaining
situations)

Neo-Classical Realism • Neoclassical realism is an approach to foreign policy

analysis, in which dynamics of international politics is
analysed in terms of domestic politics, such as state–
society relations, the nature of their domestic political
regimes, strategic culture, and leader perceptions
• Thus, it synthesises domestic and global politics
• Initially coined by Gideon Rose in a 1998
• It is a combination of classical realist and neorealist,
particularly defensive realist
• Main Thinkers:
• William Wohlforth
• Thomas J. Christensen
• Jennifer Sterling-Folker
• Gideon Rose
• Randall Schweller
• Fareed Zakaria

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 FACT SHEET IR 1.G: GREAT DEBATES IN IR

The great debates Facts/features Remarks

1. Idealism vs Timeline: Inter-war ( 1930-40) E.H, Carr’s book ‘The
Realism Idealists: possibility of perpetual peace, Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-
institutionalism- League of nation, 14 1939’, describes this debate
point principle, etc
WWII, and failure of the
Realists: Anarchy, statism, self-help, League of nation declared
survival victory of Realism over
Idealism

2. Timeline: 1950s A Methodological debate

Behaviouralism Behaviouralism: positivist scientific How to study IR?
vs Traditionalism approach to study IR, fact value
separation, primacy to facts,
Hedley Bull ( of English
observations, inductive method,
school) - Traditionalist
scientific theory falsifiable
Morton Kaplan( system
approach in IR)-
Traditionalism: Behaviouralist
Historicist/interpretative and subjective
approach to study IR , philosophical,
normative, case study method

3. Inter- Timeline: 1970s and 1980s Neo-Neo debate is part of

Paradigm Debate Between Realism, this
Pluralism/Liberalism, and Marxism Neo-neo debate focusses on
efficacies of international
institution and regimes
Also called debate between realism,
institutionalism( neo-liberalism) and Neo-realists believe in
structuralism( Marxism) relative gain and IR as zero
sum game, whereas liberal
institutionalism ( neo-
liberalism) believes in
absolute gain

4. Rationalism vs Timeline: Contemporary Denote Post-positivism in

Reflectivism IR

117
was started by Robert Keohane in an Also called Positivism –
International Studies Association Post Positivism debate
debate in 1988
an epistemological ( how
Rationalists: positivism, scientific do we know IR) debate
enquiry, Analytical, empirical
validation or falsification
Reflectivism includes post-
modernism, feminism,
Reflectivity: emphasize the importance constructivism and critical
of norms and ideas in IR, prefer theory
interpretive and subjective study,
values cannot be separate from
observation, knowledge-power nexus

Rationalist theories: Neo-realism, Neo-

liberalism
Reflective theories: Social
constructivism, critical theories

118
FACT SHEET: IR BOOKS &
AUTHORS

119
 FACT SHEET IR 2: IMPORTANT IR BOOKS AND THEIR
AUTHOR(S)

Ideology Book( year) Author Theme

Realism Politics Among Nations: Hans 6 principles of classical

The Struggle for Power and Morgenthau realism
Peace (1948)

Melian dialogue (about 400 Thucydides War between Athens &

BCE) Sparta- Peloponnesian
war
1.‘Theory of International Kenneth Gave theory of Neo-
Politics’(1979) Waltz realism
2. Man, the State, and War
Level of Analysis
The Tragedy of Great John Offensive Neo-realism-
Power Politics (2001) Mearsheimer states are power
maximisers; conflict
between great powers will
never see an end
The Twenty years' Crisis E. H. Carr Realist account of
(1939) International-war period
Moral Man and Immoral Reinhold Christian realism
Society (1932) Niebuhr
Nature and destiny of Man
(1939)

1) The Coming Robert 1) Theses on the state of

Anarchy (article,1994) Kaplan current world affairs in
2) Asia's Cauldron the post-Cold War era
(2014) 2) Conflict among nations
3) Monsoon: The in south China Sea
Indian Ocean and the 3) growing importance of
Future of American Power the Indian Ocean and its
(2010) perimeter states as the
new geopolitical center
of the developing world
Perception and Robert Jervis political psychology:
Misperception in cognitive psychology to
decision making in IR-

120
 International Politics(
1976)

The Art of War(1521) Niccolò A realist account of

Machiavelli military history, strategy,
or theory; in the form of
Socratic dialogue

The Art of War(5th Century Sun Tzu ancient Chinese military

BCE) treatise

Leviathan (1651) Thomas Realist account of state of

Hobbes nature, state, sovereignty,
a-moral and value-free
international system, etc.

System and Process in Morton A. unit level analysis and

International Politics Kaplan system theory in IR
(1957)

Liberalism On the Law of War and Hugo Grotius •Jus ad Bellum (right to
Peace(1625) war)
•Jus in Bello (rights in
war)
•Rights of Individuals
•Humanitarian
Intervention
•Freedom of the Seas

Perpetual Immanuel Democratic peace theory

Peace (1795) Kant

14 point peace Woodrow Idealism in IR- peace,

principle(1918) Wilson cooperation,
interdependence
After Hegemony: Robert Gave principles of neo-
Cooperation and Discord in Keohane liberalism in IR
the World Political
Economy(1984)

Soft Power: The Means To Joseph Nye Nye coined ‘soft power’
Success In World Politics( in IR
2004)
Power and Keohane and Gave theory of complex
Interdependence-World Nye interdependence

121
 Politics in Transition Primary book of neo-
(1977) liberalism in IR
1.Liberal Peace: Selected Michael W. Gave democratic peace
Essays ( 2011) Doyle theory
2. ’Liberalism and World
Politics’’( 1986)

The Functional Theory of David Gave theory of Functional

Politics (1975) Mitrany integration
International Regimes Stephen D. international regime as
(1983) Krasner international process and
collection of rules, norms
of behaviour in IR
Diplomacy and Domestic Robert Gave Two-Level Game
Politics: The Logic of Two- Putnam theory for international
Level Games (1988) organisation
Taking Preferences Andrew Role of domestic factors
Seriously: A Liberal Theory Moravcsik in shaping international
of International Relations relations
(1997)

Marxism Economic and Philosophic Karl Marx Early Marx- Theory of

Manuscripts (1844) Alienation
The German Ideology With Engels materialistic conception
(1845),; published in 1932 of history
The Manifesto of the class struggle, conflict in
With Engels
Communist Party (1848) capitalist society, social
revolution "The history of
all hitherto existing
society is the history of
class struggles“
Das Kapital (Capital)- 1967 Dissection of Capitalism,
its contradiction,
destructive tendencies
With Engles a critique of the ‘Young
The Holy Family(1844)
Hegelians’ and their
thoughts
Other books by Marx:
Note He wrote on class
The Poverty of Philosophy’ struggle, and socio-
; ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire political history of France.
of Louis Bonaparte’ ;’The

122
Civil War in France’ ; ‘the
Grundrisse’; ‘Theories of
Surplus Value’ ;'the critique
of political economy’, ‘The
Class Struggles in France’,
and ‘The Critique of the
Gotha Program of 1875’

The Origin of the Family, Critique of capitalist

Private Property and the Frederick nuclear family
State (1884) Engels
Socialism: Utopian and
Scientific (1880)

World-Systems Analysis: Gave ‘World System

An Introduction (2004) Immanuel Theory’- Core, Semi-
The Modern World-System ( Wallerstein periphery, and Periphery
1974)
The Capitalist World-
Economy (1979)

The Development of Andre Gave the dependency

Underdevelopment (1966) Gunder Frank theory
Capitalism and
Underdevelopment in Latin
America (1967)
Unequal Samir Amin Unequal exchange
development(1974) between the ‘Core’ and
‘periphery’
Amin coined the term’
Eurocentrism’
‘Prison Notebooks’ (1929- Antonio Gave theory of ‘cultural
35) A Gramsci Hegemony’
Great and Terrible World:
The Pre-Prison Letters,
1908-1926

The follies of globalisation critique of “realist” theory

Theory (2000) Justin of IR ; provides a
The empire of civil society Rosenberg historical-materialist
(1994)

123
 approach to the
international system
Production, power, and Robert W. reciprocal relationship
world order (1987) Cox between power and
Political economy of a production
plural world (2002) Globalisation: global civil
society, power and
knowledge
Beyond Realism and Andrew Critical Theorist
Marxism(1990) Linklater
‘The Transformation of
Political Community’
(1998)
Critical Theory and World
Politics (2007)

One-Dimensional Man Herbert critique of both capitalism

(1964) Marcuse and the Communist
society of the Soviet
Union
The Theory of Jürgen Criticism of
Communicative Action Habermas modernisation; adaptation
(1981) of Talcott Parsons’ AGIL
Paradigm

Feminism Gendering world politics J. Ann Feminist re-formulation

(2001) Tickner of 6 Principles of
Morgenthau
Gender in international J. Ann
relations (1992) Tickner

Bananas, Beaches and Cynthia Role of women in IR as

Bases(1990) Enloe plantation sector workers,
diplomatic wives, sex
workers on military bases,
etc.
tackles themes of tourism,
nationalism, militarism,
consumerism, diplomacy,
and domestic work.

‘Women and Wars’ (2013) Carol Cohn

124
 Gendering Global Conflict. Laura Women’s issue in conflict
Toward a Feminist Theory Sjoberg & war
of War (2013)

Beyond the Band of Megan Busting the myth of only

Brothers (2015) MacKenzie man capable of military
service

Just War Theory( 1991) Jean Bethke

New Wine in Old Bottles: Elshtain
International Politics and
Ethical Discourse (1998)
Women and War(1995)
Feminist International Christine
Relations: An Unfinished Sylvester
Journey(2001)

Feminist International Marysia

Relations: 'Exquisite Zalewski
Corpse'(2013)
Feminism and international Sandra
relations (1994) Whitworth

Social Social Theory of Alexander Propound constructivist

Constructivism International Politics Wendt approach to the study of
(1999) international relations

World of our making ( Nicholas Formative book on

1989) Onuf constructivist approach to
IR
World Ordering: A Social Emanuel An evolutionary-
Theory of Cognitive Adler constructivist social
Evolution( 2019) theory of change and
stability of international
social orders

A world of regions (2005) Peter J. Importance of regions in

Katzenstein post-cold war global
politics.

National Interests in Martha

International Society Finnemore
(1996)

125
 Empire of Humanity: A Michael
History of Barnett
Humanitarianism (2011)

Security Communities Emanuel a group of states that

(1998) Adler and enjoy relations of
Michael dependable expectations
Barnett of a peace.

The Security: A New Barry Buzan, New perspective on non-

Copenhagen Framework for Analysis Ole Wæver military security
School and Jaap de
Wilde.

People, States and Fear: Barry Buzan

The National Security
Problem in International
Relations (1983)

Mixed Models, methods, and J.David Scientific study of world

progress in world politics Singer politics and the causes and
(1990) prevention of war.

Political Community and Karl Deutsch Theory of Security

the North Atlantic Area Community
(1957)

Essence of Decision (1971) Graham Decision making in IR by

Allison case study of 1962 Cuban
Missile Crisis

India and Asian Shivshankar

Geopolitics: The Past, Menon
Present (2021)
Never-Ending War on Alex Lubin
Terror (2021)
The Rule of Unwritten Peter G.
International Law (2020) Staubach

The Best and the Brightest David Explains origins of the

(1972) Halberstam, Vietnam War- how
common sense defy
global politics
Seeing Like a State (1998) James Scott, About man-made
disasters by centralized

126
 political authority (i.e.,
the absence of dissent)
and “totalistic” ideologies

Strategy of Conflict Thomas Against the backdrop of

Schelling the nuclear arms race in
the late 1950s, the book
explains game theory in
IR

Arms and Influence Thomas Explains the diplomacy of

Schelling violence- how arms
capability gives
bargaining powers to
states

Guns, Germs, and Steel. Jared explains why small

Diamond differences in climate,
population, agronomy,
and the like turned out to
have far-reaching effects
on the evolution of human
societies and the long-
term balance of power in
IR

The Influence of Sea Power Alfred Role of sea power in IR

Upon History: 1660–1783 Thayer
Mahan

An Inconvenient Truth Al Gore Al Gore got Nobel peace

prize for his work on
climate change. He
headed IPCC.

Things Fall Apart Chinua significant account of

Achebe colonialism in Africa

Heart of Darkness Joseph raises questions

Conrad about imperialism and
racism

Black skin, while mask Frantz Fanon post-colonial studies,

Eurocentrism, black side
of European culture

127
A dying Colonialism Frantz Fanon Frantz Fanon- one of the
most prolific post-
colonial writer/thinker

The wretched of the Earth Frantz Fanon

Orientalism Edward Said provides deep insight
about colonialism from
the perspective of
colonized people.
a critique of the cultural
representations of
‘Eastern’ Culture by
‘Europe’
Capitalism and Andre Explained his dependency
Underdevelopment in Latin Gunder Frank Theory- developing
America nation as satellites to the
core- developed nations

Eurocentrism: Modernity, Samir Amin Explained his concept of

Religion & Democracy Eurocentrism
The Implosion of
Contemporary Capitalism
The Clash of Civilization Samuel P. In this book Huntington
(1996) Huntington argued that future wars
would be fought not
between countries, but
between cultures

The Third Wave: Samuel P. Account of

Democratization in the Late Huntington democratisation all
Twentieth Century (1991) around the globe in 1980s
with weakening of
Communism.

The Great Illusion (1909) Norman discuss why there is war

Angell between the countries of
Europe, and how those
could be avoided

Bounding Power (2007) Daniel Explains republican

Deudney security theory, a stream
of realism in IR

128
Men and Citizens in the Andrew deals with the tension
Theory of International Linklater between the obligations of
Relations(1982) citizenship and the
obligations of humanity in
modern theories of the
state and international
relations

• The Rise and Fall of the Paul

Great Powers (1987) Kennedy
• Preparing for the Twenty-
first Century (1993)

• Conflict and defense Kenneth E.

(1962) Boulding

• Seeing Like a State(1998) James C. Raises question to high

Scott modernism, that centers
on confidence in the
ability to design and
operate society in
accordance with scientific
laws
• Weapons of the
Weak(1985) Coined the term ‘Infra-
politics’- methods
adopted by weak/sub-
alterns to resist the
dominant class

• The Influence of Sea Alfred

Power upon Thayer
History(1890) Mahan

• The Great Karl Polanyi political upheavals that

Transformation( 1944) took place in England
during the rise of the
market economy

• Manias, Panics and Charles P. Account of great

Crashes( 1978) Kindleberge depression and other
global financial crisis

• Rules for the World( Martha How International

2004) Finnemore organisation works

129
• The Anti-Politics James a critique of the
Machine(1990) Ferguson mainstream discourse of
"development"

• Our enemies and US( Ido Oren challenges IR’s

2003) understanding of itself as
an objective, progressive
social science.

• The Better Angels of Our Steven Pinker long-term downwards

Nature( 2011) trends in war and use of
violence in IR

• Ruling the Void Peter Mair Raises issue of decline of

Democratic politics

• White House Years & Henry Known for his ‘ Shuttle

Years of Upheaval(1973) Kissinger Diplomacy’

• The Best and the David origins of the Vietnam

Brightest(1972) Halberstam War

• Arms and Thomas Use of military

Influence(1966) Schelling capabilities as bargaining
power in IR

• People, States and Barry Buzan Buzan- Copenhagen

Fear(1983) School

• Systems of states (1977) Martin Wight Wight – English School

• The Anarchical Society Hedley Bull Belonged to the English

(1977) School

• After Victory (2001) and John He is liberal

Liberal Leviathan (2011) Ikenberry

• The Cold War: A New John Lewis Greatest historian of the

History(2005) Gaddis cold war

• Pax Indica ( 2012) Shashi

Tharoor

• Friends Not Masters( Mohammad autobiography of

1967) Ayub Khan President Mohammad
Ayub Khan of Pakistan,
and also a description of
the major events in the
history of Pakistan

130
• The shallow graves of 2000 Shahryar Khan
Rwanda

• An American Social Stanley

Science: International Hoffmann
Relations

• Nationalism and Anthony D.

modernism Smith

• Imagined Benedict Nation as imagined

Communities(1983) Anderson community

• Nations and Nationalism( Ernest

1983) Gellner

• Tragedy of Garrett How rational choice by

Commons(1968) Hardin actors kill the common
property

• Silent Spring( 1962) Rachel Landmark book on

Carson ecology

• Limits to growth( 1972) Club of Rome Early idea of sustainable

development

• Our Common Future( Brundtland This was UN commission

1987) Commission on sustainable
development

• Neo-colonialism: The Kwame Coined the term’ Neo-

Last Stage of Imperialism Nkrumah colonialism’
(1965)

• The nerves of government Karl Deutsch Landmark book on

(1963) communication theory-
cybernetics

• View from the UN U Thant 3rd secretary-general of

UN -1961 to 1971
1st from Asia
Longest serving UN Sec-
Gen

• In the Eye of the Storm Kurt 4th secretary-general of

Waldheim UN

• Pilgrimage for Peace Javier Pérez 5th secretary-general of

de Cuéllar UN

131
 • Interventions: A Life in Kofi Annan 7th secretary-general of
War in Peace UN

• Unvanquished: A U.S.– Boutros 6th secretary-general of

U.N. Saga Boutros- UN
Ghali

• Casino Capitalism (1986) Susan Challenges conventional

• The Retreat of the state( Strange ideas on global economy
1996) How globalisation affect
Sovereignty of states
Books on • Globalism/Anti- Anthony
globalisation Globalization(2002) McGrew and
David Held

• Democracy and the David Held Held is one the most

global order (1995) influential thinker on
• Globalization (1999) globalisation
Also remember his book :
• Cosmopolitanism: Ideals
‘Models of Democracy
and Realities (2007)
(1987)’
• Global Transformations(
1999)

• The World is Flat: The Thomas

Globalized World in the Friedman
Twenty-first Century(
2007)

• In Defense of Jagdish
Globalization (2004) Bhagwati

• Globalization and Its Joseph Globalisation itself is not

Discontents (2002) Stiglitz bad but it has not been
pushed carefully, or fairly
Stiglitz is a Noble laureate

• Ten Lessons for a Post- Fareed He is considered as neo-

Pandemic World( 2020) Zakaria classical realist
• The Post-American
World (2008)

Few popular • Revolution in Syria(2021) Kevin Mazur

Contemporary
books on IR

132
• Sincerity in Politics and Sorin Baiasu Collection of Essays
International Relations(
2021)

• India and Asian Shivshankar Menon served as National

Geopolitics( 2021) Menon Security Adviser( NSA)
of India under Prime
Minister of India
Manmohan Singh

• Territorial Politics and Martin Belov

Secession(2021)

133
FACT SHEETS IR 3:
MAJOR GLOBAL
EVENTS, TREATIES,
MOVEMENTS

134
 FACT SHEET IR 3.1: MAJOR COLD WAR EVENTS IN
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia

Truman 1947 • US foreign policy towards containment of Communist
Doctrine expansion worldwide, especially in 3rd world
• “US would provide political, military and economic
assistance to all democratic nations under threat from
external or internal authoritarian forces”
• Called ‘containment’ policy
Berlin 1948-49 • Blockade of West Berlin by USSR; Western Allies
Blockade organised the Berlin Airlift to keep food and supplies
flowing to West Berlin
• 1st major crisis of the cold war

Korean War 1950-1953 • Korea was Japan’s colony; after defeat of Japan in
WWII, it was divided into North and South Korea
along 38 degree latitude; North-Communist; South:
Capitalist
• 1950-53: War between north & south Korea supported
by USSR/China and USA respectively
• 1st major war during the Cold war

The Suez Crisis 1956 • Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal

• This led to invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel,
followed by the United Kingdom and France
• Known as 2nd Arab-Israel war, after the 1st war in 1948
Hungarian 1956 • countrywide revolution against the USST supported
Revolution communist Government
• Was suppressed by USSR

U-2 Incident 1960 • USSR shot down U-2 reconnaissance plane of USA
over its territory claiming it was Spy plane
• Resulted into diplomatic crisis and cancelling the 1960
Paris Summit between the WWII allied powers

Congo Crisis 1960-65 • Civil war in Congo after it gained independence from
Belgium
• Proxy war between USA and USSR; they supported
rival groups

135
Erection of the 1961 • Major diplomatic activities concerning the city of
Berlin Wall Berlin
• The ‘Iron Curtain’ manifested in form of physical
barrier ( the Berlin Wall) between the ‘East’ and ‘West’
Bay of Pigs 1961 • a failed attempt by the USA to topple the Communist
Invasion regime in Cuba by supporting opposition groups
(Cuban exiles)
• This angered Cuban President Fidel Castro and led to
Cuban Missile Crisis
Colombo 1962 • Indo-China War- peace attempt by 6 NAM countries
proposal who met at Colombo
Cuban Missile 1962 • Cuba became communist led by Fidel Castro in 1959. It
Crisis allowed USSR to install nuclear missiles facing USA
• USA blocked sea access to Cuba, heightened tension
between the superpowers
• Sanity returned to both superpower and war avoided
• 1st real possibility of nuclear war during the cold war
• IR theory of decision making used this as case study-
Graham Allison wrote ‘Essence of Decision:
Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis’
The Vietnam 1955-75 • Vietnam (Indochina) was French Colony. During
War WWII Japan took over Indochina;
• 1955: France leaves, new state of Vietnam was divided
into North & South along 17 degree Latitude; North-
Communist; South: Capitalist
• 1965: USA sends massive land troops to south Vietnam
to fight Communist forces; war lingers till 1975;
• Communist won, Vietnam United as communist nation;
huge negative impact on USA
• This led to renewed cold war called ‘ New Cold War’
The Prague 1968 • a period of political liberalization and mass protest in
Spring the Czechoslovakia against the dominance of USSR
• Was suppressed by USSR but lasted for 8 months as
people/civilian resisted
• Finally the Velvet Revolution ( 1989) set the country
free from Soviet domination.

136
Arab-Israel 1967-73 Israel and Arab countries fought 5 wars; most intense
Conflicts were
• 1967: The Six-Day War ( 3rd Arab-Israel war)
• 1973: The Yom Kippur War( Ramadan War, or
October War)- led to oil crisis, Camp David Accords
Iranian 1979 • Islamic revolution in Iran led by its spiritual leader
Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini
• Iran overthrew the US supported Shah dynasty and
became an Islamic Republic
• Since then, US has strained relation with Iran
Afghanistan 1979- 89 • 1978: Communist coalition toppled the centrist govt;
Crisis USA helped the ‘Mujahideen’ opposing the communist
Govt.
• USSR sent a large troop to protect the communist
regime; proxy war between USSR and USA lingered
for 10 years, when in 1989 USSR pulled out of
Afghanistan
Fall of the 1989 • 9 November 1989: the wall dividing east and West
Berlin war Germany was broken- Germany unified
• Signalled end of the cold war
August Coup in August Coup by hardliner communist leaders against Gorbachev;
USSR 1991 failed by street protest led by Boris Yeltsin
Dissolution of December Gorbachev Resigned, USSR dissolved
USSR 25, 1991

137
FACT SHEET IR 3.2: MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS, EXCLUDING THE
COLD WAR EVENTS
Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia

Treaty of Versailles 1919 Formal treaty ending the WWI

It also sowed the seed of WWII by treating Germany
very harshly pricking its national pride

Women's Suffrage 1920, 19th Amendment of the US Constitution- granting

USA voting rights to women after a long struggle
New Zealand, in 1893, 1st country to give voting rights
to Women
Stalin Became USSR 1924 Stalin’s doctrine: 1. Leninism 2. Socialism in single
chief country

The Great Depression 1929 Wall street, the US share market, crashed in October
1929 starting the

The New Deal 1933 Series of programs, public work projects, financial
reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin
D. Roosevelt to counter the effects of the Great
Depression

Berlin Olympic Games 1936 Played under the backdrop of Nazi Germany’s idea of
racial purity; Athlete Jesse Owens, busted this racial
myth by winning 4 gold medals- Hitler watched

Annexation of the 1938 Hitler, as part of theory of Lebensraum( nation need

Sudetenland space to breath), annexed the Sudetenland region of
neighbouring Czechoslovakia; the allied power just
watching

WW II Begins 1939 1 September 1939- Hitler attacked Poland, the allied

powers declared war on Germany; WW II begins

Molotov–Ribbentrop 1939 A non-aggression pact between Hitler and the Stalin that
Pact enabled those two powers to partition Poland between
them
Obviously Hitler broke this pact two years later

Operation Barbarossa 1941 June 22, 1941- Hitler launched attack on Russia
Pearl Harbour 1941 Dec 7 , 1941- Japan did a massive air attack on U.S.
Bombing Navy ships parked at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, US military
base in pacific ocean; USA joined WWII

138
The D-Day- invasion 1944 June 6, 1944- Codenamed Operation Neptune- most
of Normandy crucial victory of the Allied forces which captured
Normandy, France- led to liberation of France and
victory of Allied powers in the Western Fronts

Nuclear Bombing on 1945 6 and 9 August, 1945- USA dropped Nuclear bomb (
Japan named ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’) on Hiroshima (
6Aug- Little boy) and Nagasaki( 9 Aug- Fat Man)

End of WWII 1945 Sept 2, 1945- Japan surrenders, WWII ends

Truman Doctrine 1947 US foreign policy of containment of Communism

Independence of 1948
Burma and Ceylon
(Sri Lanka) from
Britain

The Marshall Plan 1948 Official name ‘European Recovery Program’- USA
giving aid of $13 billion to 16 Western European
countries to rebuild their economy after WWII

Birth of Israel 1948 May 15, 1948

1st Arab-Israel War

Berlin Blockade 1948 24 June, 1948: USSR surrounding West Berlin, air lift
operation by USA and its western allies
Start of the Cold War

Apartheid 1948 Beginning of apartheid in South Africa.

Creation of NATO 1949 30 member countries
North Macedonia latest to Join in March 2020

Rise of Communist 1949 1st Oct, 1949- Establishment of the People's Republic of
China China( PRC) under leadership of Mao Zedong; The
Republic of China ( RoC) led by Chiang Kai-shek
relocates to Taiwan.

USSR goes Nuclear 1949 2nd nuclear country, 3rd was UK, 4th France, 5th China
First Hydrogen Bomb 1952 USA tested First Hydrogen Bomb- code-named Mike,
Test

Bandung Conference. 1955 29 African Asian countries participated

Warsaw Pact 1995 Easter Bloc counter to NATO; now dissolved

Pakistan’s 1956 Pakistan adopts its own Constitution
Constitution

139
Treaty of Rome 1957 Treaty of Rome, which would eventually lead to the
European Union

Sputnik 1 1957 Launch of Sputnik 1 by USSR and the beginning of the

The Space age Space Age.
Yuri Gagrin- 1st man to space- 1961; Valentina
Tereshkova 1st woman in space
Laika, the Dog, 1st animal in space

French Fifth Republic 1958 French Fifth Republic established

Great Leap Forward 1958 Mao Zedong launched Great Leap Forward- economic
and social campaign as part of 2nd Five year plan

Dalai Lama to India 1959 Uprising in Tibet against China leads to the exile of the
Dalai Lama to India

Beginning of the 1959 1st Nov, 1959

Vietnam War
American Civil Rights 1960 Against racialism, equal civil rights to Blacks
Movement

Sino-Soviet split. 1960 1950- Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and

Mutual Assistance
independence of 1962 From France
Algeria
Martin Luther King Jr. 1963 Very famous speech on jobs and freedom
delivers "I Have a
Dream" speech

Assassination of John 1963 22 Nov, US president Kennedy assassinated

F. Kennedy
Segregation ends in 1964 Civil Rights Act abolishes segregation in the USA.
USA.

Singapore gains 1965 separated from Malaysia to become an independent and

independence sovereign state.
Cultural Revolution in 1966 Mao Zedong launched Cultural Revolution- purging (
China cleaning, removing) remnants of capitalist and
traditional elements from Chinese society

Six-Day War 1967 3rd Arab-Israel war

resulted in Israel occupying the Gaza Strip, the Sinai
Peninsula( from Egypt), the West Bank( from Jordan)
and the Golan Heights( from Syria).

140
ASEAN founded 1967 Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of
ASEAN ; 10 members; Headquarter- Jakarta

Sino-Soviet border 1969 near Manchuria

conflict

Man on Moon 1969 20 July- under the Apollo Mission, Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin become the first two humans on the moon.

Black September 1970 known as the Jordanian Civil War- between Jordanian
army under the leadership of King Hussein, and the
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), under the
leadership of Yasser Arafat

Munich massacre 1972 17 Israeli Olympic team members( during the Munich
Olympic- 1972) killed in terrorist act by Black
September terrorist organization

Oil crisis. 1973 Sharp rise in oil prices causing global energy crisis
Break of Bretton Woods exchange System

Carnation Revolution 1974 Overthrow of authoritarian regime of Estado Novo ;

transition to Democracy

Operation Entebbe 1976 a remarkable counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission

carried out by Israeli commandos at Entebbe Airport in
Uganda

Open Door policy of 1978 economic policy reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in
Deng Xiaoping 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that wanted to
invest in the country
Start of China becoming capitalist

Solidarity movement. 1979 a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement in Poland,

using methods of civil resistance to advance the causes
of workers' rights and social change
Lech Wałęsa was the main leader of the movement

Iran hostage crisis 1979 Taking hostage of 52 US diplomats and citizens by the
students supporting the Islamic Revolution in Iran; they
took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran
The crisis went for 444 days!

Iran–Iraq War. 1980

Operation Opera 1981 a surprise airstrike conducted by the Israeli Air Force on
an unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor near Baghdad

141
Falklands War. 1982 undeclared war between Argentina and the UK over two
British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the
Falkland Islands ;

Israeli invasion of 1982

Lebanon
Bombing of U.S. 1983 results in 63 deaths.
Embassy in Beirut

Invasion of Grenada 1983 Grenada is an island nation in Caribbean sea

by USA.

Bhopal Gas disaster. 1984 Leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from the Pesticide
plant of Union Carbide, killing several thousands

Mikhail Gorbachev 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the

Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Iran–Contra affair 1985 a political scandal in USA involving the sale of arms to
the Khomeini government of the Islamic Republic of
Iran

Challenger disaster 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger breaks apart 73 seconds into its
flight, killing all seven crew members aboard.
Major setback to NASA space programs
The Chernobyl 1986 nuclear accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power plant
disaster Worst Nuclear accident
Perestroika and 1988 Perestroika( economic restructuring) and Glasnost(
Glasnost Political Openness) by Mikhail Gorbachev
Many consider them as Genie taken out of Bottle by
Gorbachev; led to fall of USSR

Tiananmen Square 1989 Chinese troops fired at student-led demonstrations held

Massacre in Tiananmen Square, Beijing
US invasion of 1989
Panama

Gulf War 1990 Code name: Operation Desert Storm

Liberation of Kuwait, which was annexed by Iraq by US
-led coalition of 35 nations

German reunification. 1990 3 Oct, West and East Germany united

142
Operation Solomon 1991 a secret Israeli military operation to airlift Ethiopian
Jews to Israel.

Yugoslav Wars 1991 Beginning of breakup of Yugoslavia- Balkanisation

Velvet Divorce 1993 Peaceful breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech
Republic and Slovakia.
World Trade Center 1993 Terrorist attack on the WTC, New York
bombing.

EU was born 1993 1st Nov, 1993- European Union Becomes Reality
Amazon.com is Born 1994 By Jeff Bezos
Hong Kong back to 1997 Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the
China United Kingdom to China.
Hong Kong and Macau- Special Administrative Region
following “one country, two systems" policy

Asian financial crisis 1997 Impacted much of East Asia and Southeast Asia ; raised
fears of a worldwide economic meltdown

Google founded 1998 Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin.

Euro introduced 1999 The new currency of EU- Euro introduced

UN The Millennium 2000 To discuss role of UN in new millennium
Summit UN MDG- 8 Millennium Development Goals-2000-
2015

9/11 2001 11 Sept, 2001- Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on USA

US-Iraq War 2003 Despite Hans Blix, the head on Un enquiry commission
finding no Nuclear or WMD in Iraq USA attacks Iraq
with its coalition of willing

Facebook Founded 2004 By Mark Zuckerberg

The iPhone 2007 Steve Jobs introduced iPhone, which changed the mobile
handset market
Sub-prime lending 2008 Engulfed almost entire globe
Financial crisis

Bin Laden Killed 2011 At Abbottabad, Pakistan by US Navy SEAL

Russia Annex Crimea 2014 Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea
USSR was expelled from G-8

143
Hong Kong Protests 2019 Street protest in Hong Kong against possible dilution of
‘one country, two system’ policy which gives some
autonomy to the Hong Kong

The Pandemic 2020 COVID-19, the worst Pandemic engulfs the globe,
changing the very way human lived on planet Earth
USA leaving 2021 In accordance with the Doha agreement (February 29,
Afghanistan 2020) between the Taliban and USA, the latter left
Afghanistan in August 2021
After a brief chaos, Taliban resumed its second time rule
on Afghanistan
None of the contries have officially recognised the new
Taliban regime
Russian Attacks on 2022 February, 2022- Putin’s Russia invades Ukraine on
Ukraine pretext of self-defense as it apprehends Ukraine joining
NATO
Ukraine’s President: Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Ukraine’s Capital: Kiev

144
 FACT SHEET IR 3.3: IMPORTANT TREATIES, COVENANTS,
AGREEMENTS
Treaties Year Facts, Features, Impacts. Relevance

Thirty Years' 446/445 • Signed between ancient Greek city-states of Athens

Peace BCE and Sparta
• Ended the First Peloponnesian War

Magna Carta 1215 • royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of

England
• Granted certain rights to Feudal Lords and Barons
Westphalia Treaty 1648 • Ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years'
War, and gave the Westphalian template of
International state system- Sovereignty, territorial
integrity, equality, non-interference in domestic
issues, etc.
• The treaty is still very much relevant.
Treaty of Paris 1657 • Established military alliance between England and
(1657) France against Spain.
• There are many ‘treaty of Paris’ ; included here only
as arbit info

Treaty of Union 1707 • Unites the Kingdoms of England and Scotland to

create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Peace of Utrecht 1713 • Ends the War of the Spanish Succession.

Treaty of 1765 • Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II grants Diwani rights
Allahabad to the British East India Company, India.
• Start of British Colonial Rule in India
Treaty of Purandar 1776 • Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and the British
East India Company, India.

Treaty of Salbai 1782 • Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and the British
East India Company, India. To end the first Anglo-
Maratha War
Treaty of 1784 • between Tipu Sultan and the British East India
Mangalore Company to end the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Treaty of 1792 • between Tipu Sultan and the British East India
Seringapatam Company to end the third Anglo-Mysore War.

145
Carnatic Treaty 1801 • The Nawab of Arcot give away territories in India to
Great Britain for two hundred rupees
Treaty of Paris of 1815 • After the end of Napoleonic Wars, the 5 great powers
1815 and Congress of Europe- Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the
of Vianna United Kingdom- entered into an agreement
• This general consensus among great power in Europe
was called ‘the concert of Europe ’which lasted till
WW I

Treaty of Sugauli 1816 • between the East India Company and Nepal after the
Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16
• It fixed the boundary line of Nepal,

Treaty of Nanking 1842 • peace treaty which ended the First Opium War
(1839–1842) between the United Kingdom and
China

Treaty of Lahore 1846 • Ends the First Sikh War between Great Britain and
the Sikh Empire.
First Geneva 1864 • Establishes rules for the humanitarian treatment of
Convention battlefield casualties.

Treaty of Bern 1874 • Setting up the Universal Postal Union ( UPU), which
became the second oldest international organization
• The oldest is International Telecommunication
Union(ITU), set up in 1865
Treaty of 1879 • Ends the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan
Gandamak War.
Triple Alliance 1882 • Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and
(1882) Italy.

London 1900 • Convention for the Preservation of Wild Animals,

Convention of Birds and Fish in Africa
1900 • First international agreement on wildlife
conservation.
Treaty of 1905 • Formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War.
Portsmouth • Japan defeated Russia, giving confidence to many
Asian colonial nations
International 1912 • The first international drug control treaty.
Opium
Convention

146
Treaty of Brest- 1918 • Between Russia and the Central Powers; Russia pulls
Litovsk out of World War I.
Treaty of 1919 • the most important of the peace treaties that brought
Versailles World War I to an end.
• But it sowed the seed of WWII by treating Germany
very harshly
• Also called treaty of Paris
Treaty of 1919 • brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end
Rawalpindi • United Kingdom recognizes Afghanistan's
independence

Treaty on the 1922 • Birth of USSR

Creation of the
Union of Soviet
Socialist
Republics

Treaty of Berlin 1926 • Germany and the Soviet Union pledge neutrality.
Kellogg–Briand 1928 • signed by Germany, France, and the United States
Pact or • They pledged not to take recourse to war
Pact of Paris
• These were series of treaties to avoid WW II

Geneva 1929 • Establishes rules for the treatment of prisoners of

Convention on war; predecessor of the 1949 Third Geneva
Prisoners of War Convention.
Statute of 1931 • Creates the British Commonwealth.
Westminster
Montevideo 1933 • The Convention codifies the declarative theory of
Convention statehood as accepted as part of customary
international law
• It also states rights & duties of states
• Give 4 criteria to statehood: a permanent population,
a defined territory, government, and capacity to enter
into relations with the other states
Munich 1938 • Czechoslovakia Surrenders the Sudetenland to
Agreement Germany.
Molotov– 1939 • Also known as Hitler–Stalin Pact, Nazi–Soviet Pact
Ribbentrop Pact or Nazi–Soviet Alliance

147
 • a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and
the Soviet Union
• Of course this didn’t stop Hitler to attack Russia

Pact of Steel 1939 • a military and political alliance between Fascist Italy
and Nazi Germany

Tehran 1943 • Top leaders of 3 allied powers met at Tehran , Iran

Conference after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
• the three leaders coordinated their military strategy
against Germany and Japan and made a number of
important decisions concerning the post World War
II era

Bretton Woods 1944 • creates IMF and World bank

system • Bretton woods exchange system for global trade
• The exchange system came to an end in 1973
Dumbarton Oaks 1944 • also called the Washington Conversations
Conference • Idea of setting up the UN were formulated and
negotiated

Yalta Conference 1945 • Also known as the Crimea Conference

• Conference of the Victors, the allied powers, to
decide the post WWII world
• Attended by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet
Premier Joseph Stalin.

Potsdam 1945 • Another conference of the allied power to plan the

Conference post-war peace

San Francisco 1945 • UN set up

Conference • 51 nations( Poland next day) signed the UN charter
on 26 June 1945

General 1947 • a legal agreement between many countries, signed at

Agreement on Geneva in 1947, whose overall purpose was to
Tariffs and Trade promote international trade by reducing or
(GATT) eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas
• On 1st January 1995, WTO started functioning as
new Avatar of GATT, though GATT still exists

North Atlantic 1949 • Also known as the Washington Treaty

Treaty • NATO was set up

148
Treaty of London 1949 • Created the Council of Europe
Universal 1948 • UDHR was proclaimed by the United Nations
Declaration of General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948
Human Rights
(UDHR)
Genocide 1948 • Signed at Paris; Criminalizes genocide
Convention
Treaty of San 1951 • Formally ends the war between the Allied powers
Francisco and Japan, ending the WWII

ANZUS Treaty 1951 • collective security non-binding agreement between

Australia , New Zealand separately, and the United
States to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific
Ocean region
Central Treaty 1955 • Also known as the Baghdad Pact
Organization • Military alliance between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan,
(CENTO) Turkey and the United Kingdom
• formed in 1955 and dissolved in 1979.
Southeast Asia 1955 • Formed in 1955 by the Manila Pact, signed in 1954
Treaty • Members( 8): the United States, France, Great
Organization Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines,
(SEATO) Thailand and Pakistan
• Was dissolved in 1977
• Note: Pakistan was member of both CENTO and
SEATO

Bandung 1955 • Meeting of 29 newly independent Asian and African

Conference states, which took place in 1955 in Bandung, West
Java, Indonesia
• It was precursor to the NAM Summit at Belgrade-
1961

Warsaw Treaty 1955 • Called the Warsaw Pact

Organization • Established the military alliance of communist
Eastern Bloc under the leadership of USSR
• Was dissolved in 1991
Treaty of Rome 1957 • Established the European Economic Community.

149
International 1957 • Established the International Atomic Energy
Atomic Energy Agency( IAEA)
Treaty • IAEA promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy,
and to inhibit its use for any military purpose,
including nuclear weapons.
Indus Waters 1960 • a water-distribution treaty between India and
Treaty Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank
• Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water
• India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Satluj
Montevideo 1960 • Establishes the Latin American Free Trade
Treaty Association.
Vienna 1961 • International treaty on diplomatic intercourse and the
Convention on privileges and immunities of diplomatic missions
Diplomatic
Relations

International 1969 • Elimination of racial discrimination, and criminalize

Convention on the hate speech
Elimination of All •
Forms of Racial
Discrimination
(ICERD)
Montreal 1971 • Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
Convention against the Safety of Civil Aviation

Camp David 1978 • signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli
Accords Prime Minister Menachem Begin
• The accord led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel
peace treaty.

Schengen 1985 • Common VISA for European Community member nations

Agreement
Vienna 1969 • International agreement regulating treaties between states.
Convention on the • Known as the "treaty on treaties", it establishes rules,
Law of Treaties procedures, and guidelines for how international treaties
are defined, drafted, amended, interpreted, and generally
operated

Malta Summit 1989 • Meeting between US President George Bush and Soviet
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev during which they
declared the end of Cold war

150
Madrid 1991 • a peace conference, held in Madrid and co-sponsored
Conference by US and USSR.
• It was an attempt to revive the Israeli–Palestinian
peace process through negotiations, involving also
Arab countries, including Jordan, Lebanon and
Syria.

Maastricht Treaty 1992 • Foundational treaty to establish European Union (EU)

• Signed between the then-twelve member states of the
European Communities
• Created the ‘Euro Zone’- new EU currency

Oslo Accord 1993 • set up a framework that would lead to the resolution of the
ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
• It was the first face-to-face agreement between the
government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO).
• Established Palestinian interim self-government,
North American 1994 • Free trade agreement between Canada, the United States
Free Trade of America, and Mexico
Agreement • NAFTA is now replaced by United States-Mexico-Canada
(NAFTA) Agreement (USMCA), which entered into force on July 1,
2020

United Nations 1994 • Provides universal legal controls for the management of
Convention on the marine natural resources and the control of pollution
Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)
United Nations 2000 • non-binding UN pact to encourage businesses and firms
Global Compact worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible
policies, and to report on their implementation
UNASUR 2008 • created Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
Constitutive • Signatories: twelve South American nations
Treaty

Abraham Accord 2020 • Also called the Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization
agreement
• This agreement was brokered by USA
• Later on, Bahrain and Morroco also joined

151
FACT SHEET IR 3.4: LESSER-KNOWN CONVENTIONS WHICH MAY BE ASKED
AS ARBIT QUESTIONS

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Basel 1989 • Control of international Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
Convention Their Disposal
• It does not, however, includes the movement of radioactive waste.
Warsaw 1929 • international convention which regulates liability for international
Convention carriage of persons, luggage, or goods performed by international
aircraft carriers.
• The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, replaced the Warsaw
Convention
Metre 1875 • Signed in Paris, the treaty created the International Bureau of
Convention Weights and Measures (BIPM)
Marrakesh 1994 • Signed in Marrakesh, Morocco, the agreement concluded 8-year-
Agreement long Uruguay Round and established the World Trade
Organization( WTO)

Ramsar 1972 • conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.

Convention
Ashgabat 2016 • a multimodal transport agreement between the governments of
Agreement Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, India, Pakistan, and
Oman for creating an international transport and transit corridor
facilitating transportation of goods between Central Asia and the
Persian Gulf
• India joined the agreement in 2018
Chicago 1944 Established the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a
Convention specialized agency of the UN charged with coordinating
international air travel

Madrid 1996 to provide for an international registration system facilitating the

Protocol registration of trademarks in multiple jurisdictions around the world

Nagoya 2010 Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of
Protocol Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on
Biological Diversity(Rio de Janeiro - 1992-93)

152
 FACT SHEET IR 3.5: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL
TREATIES, CONVENTIONS, AGEERMENTS

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Antarctic Treaty 1959 • Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes

freedom of scientific investigation and bans military activity
on the continent
• First arms control and environmental treaty
Outer Space 1967 • Forbids the placing of nuclear weapons or any other weapons
Treaty of mass destruction on celestial bodies and into outer space in
general.
Stockholm 1972 • United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
Conference • First UN summit on environment and sustainable
development
• UNEP- United Nations Environment Programme was set up
in 1972
• world environment day- 5 June- started in 1972
• Recently 50th anniversary of Stockholm Conference was
celebrated in form of Stockholm + 50 conference at
Stockholm
• This year 50th anniversary of world environment day was also
celebrtaed

Montreal Protocol 1987 • To protect the stratospheric Ozone hole, banned used of CFC
• It was the outcome of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer

Rio Earth Summit 1992 • Landmark agreement on sustainable development

• to devise strategy for stabilizing CHG (greenhouse gases)
emissions at safe levels on the basis of equity and in
accordance with ‘common but differentiated responsibilities
and respective capabilities’
• Agenda 21: Developed states should take the lead,
committing themselves to restoring 1990 levels of
CHG emissions by the year 2000.
• UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
framework for further action ; bound signing parties/nations
to continue dialogue through Conference of Parties (CoP).

153
 • Since Rio summit, 26 CoP have been held till date. All global
negotiations and Climate agreements are signed through the
CoP mechanism

Kyoto Protocol 1997 • 3rd CoP held at Kyoto, Japan

• Set legally binding targets for developed nations to limit or
reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to at least 5.2 per cent
below their 1990 levels by 2012
• Kyoto Protocol also established 3 innovative market
mechanisms for meeting emission targets- Clean Dev
Mechanism (CDM), Joint implementation, Carbon

Bali Climate 2007 • It was Cop 13- 13th meeting of CoP to UNFCCC
Change • Roadmap for new Emission Reduction Regime post Kyoto
Conference Protocol after 2012
Copenhagen 2009 • CoP 15 of UNFCCC
Summit • The Summit was to decide a new framework for climate
change mitigation beyond 2012
• But no final agreement on the new Regime post Kyoto
Paris Climate 2015 • CoP 21 under UNFCCC
Agreement • The agreement set goal to limit global warming to well below
2 degree compared to pre-industrial levels.
• The agreement legally binds all parties to communicate
commitment, in terms nationally determined contribution
(NDC), to reduce their CHG emissions in order to reach the
goals of the Paris Agreement.
• However, implementation of NDC itself is not legally
binding.
• By 2020, all countries had to submit their nationally
determined contributions (NDCs) for reducing CHG emission
and other climate change actions by 2035.
• US, in 2020, become the first nation in the world to formally
withdraw from the Paris climate agreement.
Glasgow Climate 2021 • CoP 26 under UNFCCC
Change • The latest CoP and Climate change conference held in
Conference Glasgow-Nov, 2021
• CoP 27 will be held at Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt

154
 FACT SHEET IR 3.6: ARMS CONTROL TREATIES

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Antarctic Treaty 1959 • Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes

freedom of scientific investigation and bans military
activity on the continent
• First arms control and environmental treaty
Partial Test Ban 1963 • Banned Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in
Treaty (PTBT) Outer Space and Under Water
• First nuclear arms control treaty
• India signed and ratified the treaty
Anti-Ballistic Missile 1972 • Signed by USA and USSR
Treaty (ABM) • Limits the use of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems
Non-Proliferation 1968 • Limits the spread of nuclear weapons through non-
Treaty (NPT) proliferation, disarmament, and the right to utilize
nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
• India has neither signed nor ratified
• Israel and Pakistan also not signed
• North Korea signed but came out of it in 2003
Biological Weapons 1972 • effectively bans biological and toxin weapons by
Convention (BWC) prohibiting their development, production, acquisition,
transfer, stockpiling and use
SALT (Strategic Arms 1972 • bi-lateral nuclear arms limitation treaty between USA
Reduction Talks) and USSR during the height of the cold-war
• Signed by US president Richard Nixon and Leonid
Brezhnev, general secretary of USSR
• This agreement set limits on the number of strategic
ballistic launchers of the US and USSR for a period of
five years pending a comprehensive agreement.
• The agreement set target for reduction of ICBM and
SLBM (Inter-continental ballistic and submarine-
launched ballistic missile).

Threshold Test Ban 1974 • established a nuclear "threshold," by prohibiting nuclear

Treaty tests of devices having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons

155
SALT II 1979 • Signed by US president Jimi Carter and Leonid
Brezhnev, general secretary of USSR
• SALT II was not ratified due to the deterioration of the
relation between USA and USSR following the Soviet
intervention in Afghanistan.

Moon Treaty 1979 • The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on

the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies as per the
international law, including the United Nations Charter.

INF Treaty 1987 • Signed by USA and USSR

• Eliminates nuclear and conventional ground-launched
ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500
kilometres

START (Strategic 1991 • bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet
Arms Reduction Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic
Treaty)- START I and offensive arms
Start II • START resulted in the removal of about 80% of all
strategic nuclear weapons then in existence
• START 1 was followed by Start II ( signed in 1993)
and in 2010 it was renewed as ‘New START Treaty’
between USA and Russia, extending deep reductions of
American and Soviet or Russian strategic nuclear
weapons through February 2026
• START II banned the use of multiple independently
targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) on
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Hence, it is
often cited as the De-MIRV-ing Agreement

Treaty on Open Skies 1992 • Signed in Helsinki, Finland

• Establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance
flights over the entire territory of its participants.
Chemical Weapons 1993 • Prohibition of the Development, Production,
Convention (CWC) Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their
Destruction

Comprehensive 1996 • Bans nuclear weapons test explosions and any other
Nuclear-Test-Ban nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military
Treaty (CTBT) purposes, in all environments.
• India has not signed CTBT
• yet to enter into force

156
Strategic Offensive 2002 • Also known as treaty of Moscow,
Reductions • Limits the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the United
Treaty(SORT) States.
• was superseded in 2011 by the New START treaty

Vienna Document 1990- • series of agreements on confidence and security-

2011 building measures between the states of Europe

Arms Trade Treaty 2013 • multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade
in conventional weapons
Wassenaar 1996 • promoting transparency and greater responsibility in
Arrangement transfers and trades of conventional arms and dual-use
goods and technologies
• India is party to the agreement
Australia Group( AG) 1985 • is a multilateral export control regime (MECR)
• to help member countries to identify those exports
which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the
spread of chemical and biological weapons.
• India Joined AG in 2018
Nuclear Suppliers 1975 • Voluntary association of 48 countries that are capable of
Group (NSG) exporting and transporting nuclear technology
• Purpose of the NSG’s guidelines is to prevent civilian
nuclear material, equipment, and technology from
reaching countries that might use it to construct nuclear
weapons
• India is Not a member of NSG
Treaty on the 2017 • UN backed treaty of nuclear disarmament
Prohibition of nuclear • first legally binding international agreement to
weapons (TPNW) comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with
the ultimate goal being their total elimination.
• But till date only about 50 nations have signed the
treaty. None of the 9 nuclear nations, including
India has signed the treaty.
• USA has openly opposed the treaty calling its
allies not to sign the treaty.

157
 FACT SHEET IR 3.7: CONVENTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Universal Declaration of 1948 • UDHR was proclaimed by the United Nations
Human Rights (UDHR) General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948

International Covenant on 1966 • Signing parties commits to respect the civil and
Civil and Political Rights political rights of individuals, including the right
(ICCPR) to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech,
freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights
to due process and a fair trial.
• China and Cuba have Not signed ICCPR
International Covenant on 1966 • It commits the signing parties to work toward the
Economic, Social and Cultural granting of economic, social, and cultural rights
Rights (ICESCR) (ESCR) to the individuals, including labour
rights and the right to health, the right to
education, and the right to an adequate standard
of living.

International Bill of Human 1994 • Name given to UN General Assembly

Rights Resolution 217
• Includes UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR
Convention on the Elimination 1979 • international bill of rights for women
of All Forms of Discrimination • to eliminate discrimination against women and
against Women (CEDAW) girls in all areas and promotes women's and girls'
equal rights
Convention on the Rights of 1989 • Protection of civil, political, economic, social,
the Child (CRC) health and cultural rights of children

International Convention on 2003 Monitored by The Committee on Migrant

the Protection of the Rights of Workers (CMW)
All Migrant Workers and
Members of Their Families
(ICRMW)
International Convention for 2006 to prevent forced disappearance defined in
the Protection of All Persons international law, crimes against humanity.
from Enforced Disappearance
(CED)

158
Convention on the Rights of 2007 to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment
Persons with Disabilities of human rights by persons with disabilities and
(CRPD) ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy full
equality under the law.

159
 FACT SHEET IR 3.8 : IMPORTANT GLOBAL WOMEN’S
MOVEMENTS AND ORGANISATIONS

Movement/organisation Country Year Facts/Features

Women’s Rights USA 1848 Start of series of Women’s right
Movement movement
Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
woman suffrage USA 1869 Lucy Stone
movement to Henry B. Blackwell, Julia Ward
1890 Howe, T.W. Higginson
National Organization USA 1966 Largest Feminist Organisation
for Women( NOW) Fonder: Betty Friedan and many
other Feminists

Equality Now Global 1992 Founder: Jessica Neuwirth

protection and promotion of the
human rights of women and girls
Every Woman Global 2011 Founder: Sophie Armstrong
Foundation (EWF) to provide outreach programs and
community events to women of all
ages, circumstances and backgrounds

International Alliance of Geneva 1904 Founder: Carrie Chapman Catt

Women (IAW) works to promote women's rights and
gender equality, and that historically
was the main international
organization that campaigned for
women's suffrage( voting rights)
IAW for professional women
founded in 1980
International Council of Washington 1888 first international women's
Women (ICW) D.C. organization
women's rights organization working
across national boundaries for the
common cause of advocating human
rights for women

160
 The ICW enjoys consultative status
with the United Nations and its
Permanent Representatives to
ECOSOC, ILO, FAO, WHO, UNDP,
UNEP, UNESCO, UNICEF,
UNCTAD, and UNIDO.

One Billion Rising 2012 Started by Eve Ensler

Movement to end rape and sexual
violence against women
The "billion" refers to the UN
statistic that one in three women will
be raped or beaten in her lifetime.

V-Day (movement) 1998 Started by Eve Ensler

To end violence against women and
girls

Time's Up USA 2018 Advocacy and support for victims of

workplace sexual harassment
United Nations UN 1976 provides financial and technical
Development Fund for assistance to innovative programmes
Women (UNIFEM) and strategies that promoted
women's human rights, political
participation and economic security
Replaced by UN Women in 2011

UN Women UN 2011 United Nations Entity for Gender

Equality and the Empowerment of
Women
New Avatar of UNIFEM

Women Deliver 2007 Founded by Jill Sheffield

works to generate political
commitment and financial
investment for fulfilling Millennium
Development Goal 5—reducing
maternal mortality and achieving
universal access to reproductive
health

Women without Borders Vienna 2001 founded by Dr. Edit Schlaffer

(WwB) works to empower women as agents
of change

161
Women's International Geneva 1915 working "to bring peace for women"
League for Peace and and to unite women worldwide who
Freedom (WILPF) oppose oppression and exploitation

World Pulse Internet 2003 Social-Media-for-Social-Revolution

a social network for women.

Zonta International 1919 a global organization of executives

and professionals working together
to advance the status of women
worldwide through service and
advocacy

4 UN Women 1975-85- 1975- • Mexico City in 1975

Conferences UN Decade 95 • Copenhagen in 1980
for Women • Nairobi in 1985
• Beijing in 1995

162
FACT SHEET IR 3.9: LIST OF SOME PROMINENT GLOBAL SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
Name Year Addl. Info, Features, Trivia
World social 2001 Global resistance movement against neo-liberal
forum (WSF) globalisation
WSF meets every year same time when World Economic
Forum Meet.
They advocate alt-globalisation- more humane, equal, and
just globalisation

Battle of Seattle 1999 series of protests surrounding the WTO Ministerial

Conference of 1999 at Seattle, USA

Peoples’ Global worldwide co-ordination of radical social movements,

Action grassroots campaigns and direct actions in resistance to
capitalism and for social and environmental justice
PGA was part of the anti-globalization movement.
Animal 2019 Climate justice movement with the stated aim of
Rebellion compelling government action towards a plant-based food
system

Anti- A social movement critical of economic globalization

globalization Also called global justice movement
movement

Alt-right 2010 A far-right, white nationalist movement

Black Lives 2013 highlight racism, discrimination, and inequality
Matter experienced by black people
This movement re-ignited after the murder of a black US
citizen- George Floyd- by a Police officer
Brights Insisting that public policies should be based on science
movement
Chicano 1940s & Resistance movement in USA by people of Mexican
Movement 50s descent
Chipko 1970s People resisted cutting of forest trees by Government
Movement contractors in Uttarakhand

Civil rights 1954— to abolish racial segregation, discrimination, and

movement 1968 disenfranchisement of blacks/coloured people in United
States

163
Earth First! 1980 a radical environmental advocacy group in United States.

Ecofeminism draw on the concept of gender to analyse the relationships

between humans and the natural world
Relate women to mother Earth

Efficiency early 20th to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy
movement century and society, and to develop and implement best practices
Environmental USA- Greenpeace
movements India: Narmada Bachao, Chipko, Silent Valley movement
LGBT Worldwide movements for equal rights of Lesbian, gay,
movements bisexual, and transgenders

India Against 2011 IAC led the famous Anna Hazare movement against
Corruption corruption

Mad Pride 1993 Mad Pride is a mass movement of the users of mental
health services, former users, and the aligned, which
advocates that individuals with mental illness should be
proud of their 'mad' identity.

March for Our 2018 March for Our Lives (MFOL) was a student-led
Lives demonstration in support of gun control legislation in
USA
MeToo 2017 Worldwide movement against sexual harassments of
movement women ; the movement encouraged women to reveal the
identity of the perpetrator.

Namantar 1978-94 a Dalit Buddhist movement to change the name of

Andolan Marathwada University, in Aurangabad, Maharashtra,
India, to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University.
Occupy 2011-12 expressed opposition to social and economic inequality
movement and to the lack of perceived "real democracy" around the
world.

Pro-choice Women’s movement in USA supporting the view that a

movement woman should have the legal right to abortion
pro-life Just opposite to anti=abortion movement in USA
movement
Slow Food An anti-globalisation movement which advocates local
movement food and traditional cooking against the fast food culture.

Tea Party 2009-13 an American fiscally conservative political movement

movement calling for lower taxes and for a reduction of the national

164
 debt and federal budget deficit through decreased
government spending

The Bees Army an opposition movement, using social media nad

electronic platforms, aimed at confronting what the
movement describes as Saudi Arabian government
propaganda

The Zeitgeist 2008 Anti-capitalist movement in USA

Movement critical of market capitalism, describing it as structurally
corrupt and wasteful of resources

Time to Change 2007 a mental health campaign in England, launched in 2007

with the objective of reducing mental health-related
stigma and discrimination

Time's Up Time's Up is a non-profit group that raises money to

support victims of sexual harassment

Umbrella 2014 a political movement that emerged during the Hong Kong
Movement democracy protests of 2014. Its name arose from the use
of umbrellas by the protesters as a tool for passive
resistance

Veganism Veganism is the movement for abstaining from the use of

animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated
philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals

Via Campesina 1993 an international farmers organization based at Belgium

an international movement which coordinates peasant
organizations of small and middle-scale producers,
agricultural workers, rural women, and indigenous
communities from Asia, Africa, America, and Europe
My Stealthy 2014 Women’s online movement in Iran
Freedom Women’s protest against the compulsory hijab laws
Women Against 1950 first of these organizations was created in the 1950s in
War response to the Vietnam War.

Women's Begin Worldwide long movement to obtain voting rights for

suffrage mid-19th women; mainly based in USA
century International Woman Suffrage Alliance- formed in Berlin
-1904

165
 FACT SHEETS IR 4:
INTERNATIONAL
INTER-OVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS

UN, IMF, World Bank,

WTO

166
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.1: UN: ESSENTIAL FACTS, GK, TRIVIA

Information Facts & Features

Item

Formation Finalised in San Francisco Conference (April 25–June 26, 1945)

Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944- Finalisation of basic principles
Yalta Conference: Those principles were re-affirmed

Inauguration 24 October, 1945

Day

Objectives • maintaining international peace and security,

• protecting human rights,
• delivering humanitarian aid,
• promoting sustainable development,
• and upholding international law

Headquarter New York City

Nos. of 51
Founding 50 members signed the UN charter on June 26, 1945
Members
Poland, the 51st founding member, signed in Oct, 1945
India is one of the founding member
Current 193 ; last member to join UN- South Sudan in 2011
members

6 organs or 1. the General Assembly- all members- equal votes

principal 2. the Security Council- 15, 5 permanent members have veto
organisations
3. the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. the Trusteeship Council; now dissolved
5. the International Court of Justice( ICJ)- at Hague
6. and the UN Secretariat, headed by UN secretary General
UN UN special Agency Year Set Up/ Function
specialized Headquarter
agencies Current Head

UNESO Nov,1945/ Paris Helping improve

Director General education worldwide
(DG): Ms Audrey and to protecting
Azoulay important historical and

167
 cultural sites around the
world.
Food and Agriculture Oct, 1945/ Rome leads international
Organization (FAO) DG: Qu Dongyu efforts to fight hunger.
technical knowledge
and information to aid
development.

WHO (World Health 1948/ Geneva attainment by all

Organisation) DG: Dr Tedros peoples of the highest
Ghebreyesus possible level of health.
Health: a state of
complete physical,
mental and social well-
being and not merely
the absence of disease
or infirmity.

ILO 1919/ Geneva Promotes international

DG: Guy Ryder labour rights by
formulating
international standards
on the freedom to
associate, collective
bargaining, the
abolition of forced
labour, and equality of
opportunity and
treatment.
UNIDO (United Nations 1966/ Vienna promotes industrial
Industrial Development DG : Gerd Müller development for
Organization) poverty reduction,
inclusive globalization
and environmental
sustainability.

ITU (International 1865 (Oldest)/ protect and support

Telecommunication Geneva everyone's fundamental
Union) Secretary General- Dr right to communicate,
Hamadoun Touré set global standard for
telecommunication

UPU ( Universal Postal 1874 ( set up by treaty helps to ensure a truly

Union) of Bern; 2nd oldest) universal network of

168
 DG: Masahiko up-to-date postal
Metoki services
IMO (International 1948/ London sets standards for the
Maritime Organization) Secretary-General- safety and security of
Kitack Lim international shipping

ICC (International Set up in 1998 under permanent international

Criminal Court) the Rome Statute court with jurisdiction
Headquarter: Hague, to prosecute individuals
Netherland for the international
crimes of genocide,
President: Justice
crimes against
Piotr Hofmański
humanity, war crimes
and the crime of
aggression

WMO (World 1950/Geneva promoting international

Meteorological President: David cooperation on
Organization) Grimes atmospheric science,
climatology, hydrology
and geophysics
IMF(International 1944/Washington Exchange rate, global
Monetary Fund) MD: Kristalina economic development,
Georgieva structural adjustment
program, loan to tide
over Balance of
payment

World Bank Group 1944/ Washington Funding development

President: David projects to both
Malpass Government and NGOs
for education, energy,
health, development

IR 4.2 UN Funds, Programs, related agencies

UN Funds, UNDP Set up: 1965 United Nations
Programs, Headquarter: New Development
related York City Programme
agencies helping to eradicate
poverty, reduce
inequalities and build
resilience so countries

169
 can sustain progress to
meet SDG

UN-HABITAT Set up : 1975 To promote socially

Headquarter: Nairobi, and environmentally
Kenya sustainable human
settlements
development and the
achievement of
adequate shelter for all.

UNICEF Set up: 1946 United Nations

Headquarter: New International Children's
York City Emergency Fund
to save children’s lives,
to defend their rights,
and to help them fulfil
their potential, from
early childhood through
adolescence

WFP Set up: 1961 World Food

Headquarter: Rome, Programme
Italy world’s largest
humanitarian agency
was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 2020.

UNFPA Set up: 1969 United Nations

Headquarter: New Population Fund
York City

UNHCR Set up: 1950 United Nations High

Headquarter: Geneva Commissioner for
Refugees

UN WOMEN Set up: 2010 gender equality and the

Headquarter: New empowerment of
York City women

IAEA (International Set up : 1957 Called "Atoms for

Atomic Energy Agency Headquarter: Vienna Peace" organization
DG: Rafael Mariano "Atoms for Peace" was
Related Agency Grossi famous address of US
president Eisenhower

170
 Aim: to promote the
safe, secure and
peaceful use of nuclear
technologies

WTO Set up: 1995 World Trade

Headquarter: Geneva Organisation

IOM Set up: 1951 International

Headquarter: Geneva Organization for
Migration

UNFCCC Set up: 1992 United Nations

Headquarter: Bonn, Framework Convention
Germany on Climate Change
Conference of parties (
CoP) for climate talks
held every year under
UNFCCC
UN Commission on Set up: 1992 To oversee the
Sustainable Headquarter: New outcomes of the 1992
Development (CSD) York City Rio Earth Summit on
Sustainable
Development
UN Human Rights Set up: 2006 to promote and protect
Council Headquarter: Geneva human rights around
the world.

Office of the High Set up: 1993 to promote and protect

Commissioner for Headquarter: Geneva human rights that are
Human Rights guaranteed under
(OHCHR) international law and
stipulated in the
Universal Declaration
of Human Rights
(UDHR) of 1948

Current António Guterres- Portuguese

Secretary
General
First Trygve Lie- Norwegian
Secretary
General

171
UN SDG SDG- Sustainable Development Goals- 17 key Goals for entire humanity,
adopted in 2015, for universal call to end poverty, protect the planet, and
ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity:
1. No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health and Well-being, (4)
Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and
Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and
Economic Growth, (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, (10)
Reducing Inequality, (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities,
(12) Responsible Consumption and Production, (13) Climate
Action, (14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land, (16) Peace,
Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the Goals.
Also remember MDG (Millenium Development Goals)- 8 goals- 2000-
2015

Trivia • 1st Asian to become secretary General- U Thant of Myanmar

• U Thant is also the longest serving UN secretary General
• 1st South Asian to be elected as President of General assembly-
Vijaya Laxmi Pandit- India
• 1st Pakistani to be elected as President of General assembly-
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
• Current President of General assembly, Abdulla Shahid, is from
Maldives
• 1965: Numbers of security council members increased to 15
• NIEO: New International Economic Order- proposal by ‘South’ in
UN under UNCTAD(United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development- 1964) and during the 4th NAM summit at Algiris;
rejected by developed ‘North’
• All the climate talks, called CoP, are done under UNFCCC (United
Nation framework convention on climate change), which was framed
during Rio earth Summit-1992
• G-77: at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed
to promote its members' collective economic interests
• Now China is 2nd biggest fund giving nation , after USA, to UN

172
 FACT SHEET IR 4.3: SOME ADDITIONAL TRIVIA RELATED TO UN
FAMOUS QUOTES/ENDEAVOURS

Info item UN Secretary Addl. Info/Trivia

General
Quote: Dag • 2nd UN Sec Gen (1953-
1.“The United Nations was not created to take Hammarskjold 61)
humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell” • Swedish politician
• Known for his
2. “Everything will be all right - you know quotes/one liner
when? When people, just people, stop thinking
of the United Nations as a weird Picasso
abstraction and see it as a drawing they made
themselves. - Dag Hammarskjold

Quote: “The one common undertaking and Trygve Lie 1st UN Sec Gen (1946-53)
universal instrument of the great majority of the Book: ‘In the Cause of
human race is the United Nations.” Peace (1954)’
“State should be viewed as the servant of its Kofi Anan 7th UN Secretary General
people and not vice versa” He was from Ghana
Wrote “We the Peoples: A
UN for the Twenty-First
Century”
Agenda For Peace- 1995 Boutros Boutros- • 6th UN Sec Gen (1992-
Ghali 96)
• From Egypt
• It included Preventive
diplomacy, peace
making peace-keeping,
and Post-conflict Peace
building ( in this order)

“Uniting for Peace" UN General The Resolution states that

Assembly in any cases where the
Security Council, because
of a lack of unanimity

173
 resolution- 377 A among its five permanent
(1950) members (P5), fails to act
the GA will do
whatsoever possible, by
collective actions, to
maintain peace.
“Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” 8 global 8 MDGs: No extreme
development poverty and hunger,
goals to be universal primary
achieved by 2015 education, gender
fixed after the equality and women
Millennium empowerment, reduce
Summit of the child mortality, improve
UN in 2000 maternal health, combat
2000-2015 HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
other diseases,
environmental
sustainability, global
partnership for
development
“SDG”- 2015-30 17 key Goals for For sustainable
entire humanity development

174
 FACT SHEET IR 4.4: UN CHARTER- CHAPTERS AND THEIR
CONTENTS

Chapter What it contains Addl. Info/Trivia

of UN
charter

Chapter I Purposes and Principles-

Article 1-2

Chapter 2 Membership Article 3-5

Chapter 3 UN Organs; Article 7-8

Chapter 4 The General Assembly; UNGA- like Parliament of UN
Article 10-22 Much less powerful than UNSC

Chapter 5 The Security Council; UNSC- like Government of UN

Article 23-32 15 members- 5 permanent with Veto
From 11 to 15 member- 1965

Chapter 6 Pacific Settlement of Peacekeeping force/mission- not mentioned in

Disputes ; Article 33-38 UN charter

Chapter 7 Article 39-51; Action with Using force to bring Peace

Respect to Threats to the Peacekeeping mission: called chapter six and
Peace, Breaches of the half ( why?)
Peace, and Acts of
As it is in between chapter 6 (Pacific Settlement
Aggression
of Disputes) and chapter 7 ( using force for
peace)

Chapter 8 Article 52-54; Regional Regional IGOs- such as ASEAN

Arrangements

Chapter 9 Article 55-60;

International Economic
and Social Cooperation
Chapter Article 61-72; The ECOSOC- Economic and Social Council , one
10 Economic and Social of the six principal organs of the UN,
Council responsible for the direction and coordination of
the economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural
activities carried out by the UN

175
Chapter Declaration Regarding
11 Non-Self-Governing
Territories

Chapter International Trusteeship

12 System
Chapter The Trusteeship Council The Trusteeship Council, which was set up
13 under UN mandate system, was dissolved in
1994, when Palau, the last of the original 11
trust territories, gained its independence.

Chapter Article 92-96; The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United
14 International Court of Nations
Justice (ICJ) Headquarter: Peace palace, Hague, Netherland
ICC Also co-located
Chapter Article 97-101; The UN secretary General Heads the UN Secretariat
15 Secretariat
Chapter Article 102-105;
16 Miscellaneous Provisions
regarding International
Treaties

Chapter Article 106-107;

17 Transitional Security
Arrangements
Chapter Article 108-109; When adopted by a vote of two thirds of the
18 Amendments to UN members of the General Assembly and ratified
charter in accordance with their respective
constitutional processes by two thirds of the
Members of the United Nations, including all
the permanent members of the Security Council.
Chapter Article 110-111; 50 members signed UN charter, at San
19 Ratification and Signature Francisco, 26 June 1945
Poland Signed UN charter on 15 October 1945-
51 founding member
India is one of the Founding Members

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 FACT SHEET IR 4.5: UN SECRETARY GENERALS

Name Country Period Addl. Info/Trivia

Trygve Lie Norway 1946 1st *Sec-Gen UN

1952 Wrote’ In the Cause of Peace’
Dag Sweden 1953- 2nd and perhaps most popular Sec-Gen UN
Hammarskjöld 1961 Wrote ‘Markings (1963)’
Famous for his Quotes on UN

U Thant Myanmar 1961- Longest serving UN Sec Gen

71 1st from Asia
Wrote ‘View from the UN’

Kurt Waldheim Austria 1972- Wrote ‘In the Eye of the Storm’
81

Javier Pérez de Peru 1982- Also was PM of Peru

Cuéllar 91 Longest lived UN Sec-Gen
Wrote ‘Pilgrimage for Peace’
Boutros Boutros- Egypt 1992- Oversaw breakup of Yugoslavia and the
Ghali 96 Rwandan genocide
1st from Africa
Published ‘Agenda For Peace’ in 1995
Wrote ‘Unvanquished: A U.S.–U.N. Saga’

Kofi Annan Ghana 1997- Won 2001 Nobel Peace Prize

2006 “We the Peoples: A UN for the Twenty-First
Century”
UN global compact and MDG during his tenure
In September 2016, Annan was appointed to
lead a UN commission to investigate the
Rohingya crisis in Myanmar

Ban Ki-moon South 2007- 2nd from Asia

Korea 2016 UN SDG

António Guterres Portugal 2017- Current UN Sec-Gen

*Sec- Gen: Secretary General

177
 FACT SHEET IR 4.6: INDIA’S PARTICIPATION IN UN
PEACEKEEPING MISSION

Peace Keeping Mission Year Addl. Info

UN Peacekeeping in Korean 1950- Operation Tomahawk by USA forces
war 54

Indo-China 1954– Indo China- Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos

70

United Nations Emergency 1956–

Force (UNEF) in Middle East 67
United Nations Operation in 1960–
the Congo ( ONUC) 64

United Nations Transitional 1992-

Authority in Cambodia 1993
United Nations Operation in 1992–
Mozambique(ONUMOZ) 94
United Nations Operation in 1993–
Somalia 94

United Nations Assistance 1994-

Mission for Rwanda 96

Angola 1989- The United Nations Angola Verification

1999 Mission I (I UNAVEM) was a peacekeeping
mission in Angola during the civil war.

Sierra Leone 1999- United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone

2001 (UNAMSIL)

Ethiopia-Eritrea 2006– United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea

08 (UNMEE)

Lebanon Since Currently ongoing UN peacekeeping

1998

Congo Since Ongoing- UN Stabilization Mission in the

2005 Democratic Republic of the Congo or
MONUSCO

Golan Heights Since UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)

2006 is a United Nations peacekeeping mission

178
 tasked with maintaining the ceasefire between
Israel and Syria in the aftermath of the 1973
Yom Kippur War

Ivory Coast Since United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire

2004 (UNOC)

Haiti Since United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti

1997

Liberia Since United Nations Mission in Liberia

2007

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 FACT SHEET-IR 4.7 : WORLD BANK GROUP

Information Facts & Features

Item

Formation Was set up in 1944 along with IMF as outcome of Bretton Woods
agreement to provide concessional loan to European countries for
reconstruction post WWII

Objectives • To provide concessional loan to European countries for reconstruction

post WWII
• Since 1960s, it has changed and widened its role. Now it provides long
term low interest loans technical assistance to both Government and
Non-Government developmental projects in middle-income or
creditworthy poorer nations in the areas of Health care, education,
energy, agriculture, water & electricity, environmental protection,
sustainable development, etc.
• It is further widening its role from project financing to macro-economic
management by broader "structural adjustment” loans to Middle & low
Income nations

Headquarter Washington, D.C.

It is group of 5 World Bank Group Consists of:
organisations 1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)-
popularly called the World Bank
2. International Development Agency (IDA)
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
4. and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
5. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(ICSID)

Current 189
members
Current David R. Malpass- American economist
President

First MD Eugene Meyer

Trivia • In addition to providing loans, the World Bank’s assessment of a
member government’s economic performance significantly
influences the borrower’s access to other donor aid and private
capital

180
• To position itself as “Knowledge Bank” where it tried to position
itself as the repository of ‘development expertise’.
• Member nations of IMF automatically becomes its members
• Sources of funds: by selling World Bank bonds to investors and
Contributions from Members
• voting rights proportionate to economic strength (share of
the Bank's capital stock held by the member)
• World Bank is technically an agency of the United Nations system

181
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.8 : IMF: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Information Facts & Features

Item

Formation Finalised in The Bretton Woods Conference- 1944, formally known as

the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, at the Mount
Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA
Inauguration 1944
Year

Objectives Initial: oversee the new monetary order that was established by the
Bretton Woods agreement
After collapse of Bretton Woods agreement: Reducing global poverty,
encouraging international trade, and promoting financial stability and
economic growth

Headquarter Washington, D.C.

Nos. of 44
Founding
Members

Current 190
members

Current MD Kristalina Georgieva- Bulgarian economist

First MD Dr. Camille Gutt

Trivia • Gita Gopinath is the Chief Economist of IMF from 1 October

2018
• IMF became infamous in 3rd world countries due to its ‘Structural
Adjustment’ program to help poor countries tide the Forex crisis
• Chief Institution through which L.P.G. guided by the
Washington consensus - was carried out in 2nd & 3rd world
countries
• Member states contribute fixed quota proportion to their
economic strength and getting proportionate voting rights

182
 FACT SHEET-IR 4.9 : WTO: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

Information Item Facts & Features

Formation Finalised in the Uruguay rounds of GATT in 1995, which is UN

forum for trade.
WTO is new Avatar of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade ) which is a legal trade agreement among many nations under
UN conference on Trade and Employment in 1947 at Geneva

Inauguration Day 1 January 1995

Objectives Regulating and facilitating ‘free’ trade among member nations and
dispute resolution related to trade

Headquarter Geneva, Switzerland

Nos. of Founding 23
Members

Current members 164

Current MD Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala- Nigeria- 1st Women DG; 1st DG from
developing nations

First MD Peter Sutherland- Ireland

Important WTO • Doha Round, started in 2001 is the latest rounds of trade talks
rounds of talks • Doha Development Agenda: to improve the trading
prospects of developing countries.
• Stalemate of Doha Round on Agriculture and subsidies
Trivia • ITO (International Trade Organization) was to set up along
with IMF and World bank as outcome of Bretton Woods
conference in 1944; but due to reluctance of USA, ITO never
became reality.
• India is the founding member of WTO
• China joined WTO in 2001
• trading territory (custom territory) may become member-
Hong Kong and Taiwan; EU is also a member.
• Each member has permanent mission or representative at
WTO headquarter at Geneva
• One Member One Vote- Unlike IMF

183
 FACT SHEETS- IR 5:
REGIONAL
INTER-OVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS

ASIA AND BEYOND

184
 FACT SHEET IR 5.1: REGIONAL COOPERATION ORGANISATIONS: ASIA

Regional Forum Facts & Features

ASEAN • Association for South East Asian Nations

• Established: • 1967- Bangkok Declaration
• 10 Members: 5 founders- Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand Plus Brunei
Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar (Burma) and
Cambodia
• Headquarter: at Jakarta, Indonesia
• Current chairmanship: Cambodia
• Latest ASEAN Summit: Oct, 2021 at Bandar Seri
Begawan, Brunei

SAARC • South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

• Set up: 8 December 1985 at Dhaka, Bangladesh- SAARC
charter signed
• Members: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan,
Maldives, Sri-Lanka (Founders) plus Afghanistan (joined
in 2007)
• Headquarter: at Kathmandu, Nepal
• Latest SARRC Summit: 18th at Kathmandu- Nov, 2014

BIMSTEC • Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and

Economic Cooperation
• members of BIMSTEC: India, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Nepal (SAARC nations) plus Myanmar and
Thailand (non-SAARC nations)
• Called mini-SAARC, India investing in it as an alternative
to SAARC under its ‘Look east Policy’
• Headquarter: at Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• Latest BIMSTEC Summit: 4th - Kathmandu, Nepal August
2018

APEC • Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

• Promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
• 21 Members- USA, Canada, Russia, China, Australia,
New Zealand, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Japan, South Korea,
Hong Kong, Taiwan, and 7 ASEAN nations
• It is backed by USA

185
 • More than 50% of World’s GDP
• Headquarter : at Singapore
• Latest APEC summit: Nov, 2021 chaired by New
Zealand, held virtually.

RCEP • Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

• a free-trade agreement involving the ASEAN Plus Six
(excluding India)
• It is backed by China
• The RCEP is the first free trade agreement between China,
Japan, and South Korea, three of the four largest economies
in Asia.
• RCEP is the world's largest trading bloc- $2.3 trillion trade
potential in 2019
• Headquarter: Hanoi, Vietnam
• India backed out and didn’t join RCEP
BRICS • Acronym coined for an association of five major emerging
national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South
Africa
• Formed in 2009, S. Africa joined next year
• Headquarter: Shanghai, China
• BRICS Development Bank: now called New Development
Bank
• Latest BRICS Summit: Host- India, Sept, 2021- virtual
PECC • Pacific Economic Cooperation Council
• A network of member committees composed of individuals
and institutions dedicated to promoting cooperation across
the Asia Pacific region
• 23 members- many ASEAN members, China, Japan,
Korea, etc
• Headquarter: Singapore
Shanghai Cooperation • Also called Shanghai Pact, is a Eurasian political,
Organisation (SCO) economic, and security alliance; set up in 2003
• Members: 8: Shanghai Five- China, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan PLUS India, Pakistan,
Uzbekistan
• India, Pakistan Joined in 2017

186
 • The SCO is the largest regional organisation in the world
in terms of geographical coverage and population, covering
three-fifths of the Eurasian continent and nearly half of the
human population.
• Headquarter: Beijing, China
• Latest SCO summit: Sept, 2021- virtual
Gulf Cooperation • Members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Council (GCC) and the United Arab Emirates
• All members are Monarchy
• Founded 1981
• Headquarter: Riyadh in Saudi Arabia.
• Proposed to become "Gulf Union" with tighter economic,
political and military coordination.

OIC • Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

• founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, mostly
being Muslim-majority countries
• Objective:” the collective voice of the Muslim world" and
works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim
world in the spirit of promoting international peace and
harmony"
• SAARC nations who are members of OIC: Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Maldives
• Headquarter: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The Indian Ocean • Aims:
Rim Association • Social development of Indian Ocean Rim region.
(IORA)
• Enhancing security and protection from piracy.
• Trade facilitation.
• Set up on 6 March 1997
• Headquarters: Ebene, Mauritius
• 23 members- Australia, Bangladesh, the Comoros, France,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles,
Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania,
Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen
Collective Security • Military alliance in Eurasia consisting of Armenia,
Treaty Organization Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and
(CSTO) Uzbekistan

187
 • Headquarter: Moscow
Other • BCIM: The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Forum
Forum/economic for Regional Cooperation
corridors in Asia • CPEC: China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
• BBIN: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) initiative
• CMEC: China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC)
Asia Cooperation • IGO to include whole Asia and to integrate separte regional
Dialogue (ACD) organisations- ASEAN, SAARC, SCO, GCC, etc
• Set up 2002
• Members: 34 country- India, China, Indonesia, and almost
all Asian countries
• Headquarter : Kuwait
Mekong Ganga • MGC was set up in 2000 at Vientiane, Laos to cooperate in
Cooperation (MGC) the areas of tourism, culture, education, and transportation.
• 6 member countries- India, Thailand, Myanmar,
Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam

East Asian Summit • The East Asia Summit (EAS) is the Indo-Pacific's premier
(EAS) forum for strategic dialogue
• 18 members - the ten ASEAN countries plus Australia,
China, India, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea,
Russia and the United States.
• ASEAN leads the forum, and the chair position rotates
between ASEAN Member States annually.
• The EAS annual Leaders' Summit is usually held alongside
ASEAN Leaders' meetings in the fourth quarter of every
year

188
 FACT SHEET IR 5.2: GLOBAL IGOs AND REGIONAL
ORGANISATIONS: OTHER THAN ASIA

Regional Facts & Features

Forum/IGO

G-7 • An inter-governmental organisation (IGO) of world’s largest

and advanced economies and wealthiest liberal democracies-
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, and USA
• Set up in 1973; 1st Summit- 1975
• Headquarter: None! as it is not based on a treaty and has no
permanent secretariat or office
• It was called G-8 from 1997 to 2014, when Russia was also
a member; after Russian annexation of the Crimea, it was
expelled from the group
• Also called ‘Library Group’
• Latest G-7 Summit : June 2021 in Cornwall, England
G-20 • IGO comprising 19 countries and the European Union (EU).
• Composed of both industrialized and developing nations-
90% GDP, 75-80& trade, 2/3rd population, and half the land
!
• India, Brazil, Argentina, China, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia,
South Korea, South Africa- developing nation and member
of G-20
• Set up in 1999
• Headquarter: does not have a permanent secretariat or
Headquarters
• Current President: Indonesia
• India is slated to become next president in December, 2022
• Primary forum for international economic and financial
cooperation among developed & developing world
• Latest G-20 Summit: Oct, 2021- Rome, Italy
• Next planned at Bali, Indonesia in Oct, 2022
NAM • Founded in Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1961 by newly
independent 3rd world countries
• 5 founding members- 1. Josip Broz Tito from Yugoslavia
2. Jawaharlal Nehru from India · 3. Gamal Abdel Nasser

189
 from Egypt 4. Sukarno from Indonesia 5. Kwame
Nkrumah from Ghana
• Its Algiris Summit in 1973 led to demand of NIEO- New
International Economic Order
• Latest Summit: October 25–26, 2019 in Baku, Azerbaijan
• Current Presidency: Azerbaijan, till 2022

G-77 • Set up in 1964, at Geneva, by 77 developing nations as an

outcome of UNCTAD- United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development-1964
• UNCTAD itself is an IGO based at Geneva
• Since then membership of G-77 increased to 134
• Headquarter: same as UN Headquarter
• Work for the economic interest of developing nation, new
economic order( NIEO), and sustainable and equitable
development
• Latest Summit : 45TH Annual Meeting of Ministers for
Foreign Affairs – Nov, 2021, New York
• Present Chairmanship: Pakistan
NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Set up: 1949
• Security Alliance: mutual defence in response to an attack
by any external party.
• Members: 30 (USA, UK, and other European nations)
• Recent members: Montenegro in 2017 and North Macedonia
2020.
• Recently, Ukraine, Georgia, Sweden, and Finland expressed
their desire to join NATO
• Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium
• Latest meeting held in March at Brussels, Belgium
• Next meeting 28-30 June, Madrid, Spain

WARSAW PACT • Officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and

Mutual Assistance among USSR and Eastern Bloc
nations
• Set up: 1955, Warsaw, Poland
• Direct rival to NATO
• Headquarter: at Moscow, USSR.

190
 • Was Dissolved in 1991

EU • European Union
• Set up: 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty
• Political and economic union of European nations
• 27 Members- UK, France, Germany, and all
western/central/south plus few erstwhile Eastern Bloc
European nations.
• North Macedonia- latest member to join EU – march
2020
• UK exited EU ( BREXIT)- on 31 January 2020
• Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium
• Behave like supra-nation: Has European Parliament,
Common currency (Euro), common VISA (Schengen Visa),
Common Foreign and Security Policy, common market
• European Commission- its executive arm
• EU is member (represented) of UN, WTO, G7, G20

AU • African Union
• Replaced Organisation of African Unity (OAU), set up in
1963
• Set up : 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• 55 members: almost all African Nation
• Headquarter: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Current chairmanship- Senegal
• Largest regional organisation in terms of membership count
• Latest Summit: 34th- February , 2021- virtual
NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement
• Set up 1994
• Members: USA, Canada, Mexico
• Headquarter: The NAFTA Secretariat is located in separate
national offices in Mexico City, Ottawa and Washington
• One of the largest trade blocs in the world by GDP
• NAFTA is now replaced by United States-Mexico-Canada
Agreement (USMCA), which entered into force on July 1,
2020

MERCOSUR • Official name : Southern Common Market

191
 • South American trade bloc
• Set up : by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991
• Full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
• Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1
December 2016.
• Associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Peru and Suriname
• Headquarter: Montevideo, Uruguay.
UNASUR • Union of South American Nations
• Regional IGO of 12 South American countries
• Headquarter: Quito, Ecuador
• Set up in 2008
• Almost defunct (non-working) as most of the members have
withdrawn

OAS • Organization of American States

• Set up 1948
• 35 Members: of both North and South America
• Headquarter: Washington, USA

CIS • Commonwealth of Independent States

• Formed in 1991 by erstwhile republics under USSR
• 9 members: 4 central Asian republics ( except Turkmenistan
which is associate member), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Moldova, and Russia
• Headquarter: Minsk, Belarus

OPEC • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

• Set up: 1960 in Baghdad
• Members: 5 founders- Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and
Venezuela plus: 7 African nation( Libya, Angola, Algeria,
Gabon, Guinea, Nigeria, Congo), UAE
• Headquarter at Vienna, Austria

Cairns Group • The Cairns Group is a coalition of 19 agricultural exporting

countries which account for more than 25 per cent of the
world’s agricultural exports, and one observer (Ukraine).
• Set up in Cairns, Australia, in 1986
ANZUS • The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty

192
 • Collective security non-binding agreement between
Australia, New Zealand, and the United States to co-operate
on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region
• ANZUS was overshadowed in late 2021 by AUKUS, a
trilateral security pact between Australia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States.

Caribbean • An IGO that is a political and economic union of 15 member

Community states of the Caribbean Sea
(CARICOM) • Primary objectives to promote economic integration and
cooperation among its members, and to coordinate foreign
policy.
• Established in 1973, Headquarter- Georgetown, Guyana
• Belize.is the current chair
Now Dissolved or • UNASUR: Union of South American Nations; Set up: 2008
Defunct ; but by 2019 most members withdrew
organisations • SEATO: set up in 1954 by Southeast Asia Collective
Défense Treaty, or Manila Pact, as cold war military alliance;
was dissolved in 1977
• CENTO: Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO), originally
known as the Baghdad Pact, a cold war military alliance, set
up in 1955, dissolved in 1979
• Pakistan was member of both SEATO and CENTO ; both the
organisation was backed by USA for its strategic interests in
Asia.
• WARSAW PACT: see above.
• NAFTA- replaced by USMCA

193
 FACT SHEET IR 5.3: SOME LESS KNOWN IGOs, ECONOMIC
CORRIDORS, ETC.

IGO/Corridors Facts & Features

The Asia‐Africa • Set up: 2017
Growth Corridor • The AAGC consists of four main components: 1. development
(AAGC) and cooperation projects, 2.quality infrastructure and institutional
connectivity, 3.capacity and skill enhancement and 4. people-to-
people partnerships
• Unlike OBOR, now BRI (Belt and Road Initiative), which entails
development of both land corridor (new economic belt) and
ocean (marine silk road), AAGC will essentially be a sea corridor
linking Africa with India and other countries of South-East Asia
and Oceania by reviving ancient sea-routes

ECOWAS • Economic Community of West African State

• Set up: 1975
• Headquarter: Abuja, Nigeria
• Members: 15 member states of West Africa
• Objective: to achieve "collective self-sufficiency" for its member
states by creating a single large trade bloc
• ECOWAS also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region

AEC • African Economic Community

• an organization of African Union( AU) which aims the creation
of free trade areas, customs unions, a single market, a central
bank, and a common currency
• Includes many Regional Economic Communities (RECs)-
Community of Sahel-Saharan States(CEN-SAD, COMESA-
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Economic
Community of Central African States (ECCAS), ECOWAS,
Southern African Development Community (SADC), and AMU
Arab Maghreb • Maghreb: western part of North Africa and the Arab world-
Union (AMU) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia
• Set up: 1989
• Members: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia (the
Maghreb states)

194
FACT SHEETS-
IR 6: MORE IR
GK AND
TRIVIA

195
 FACT SHEET IR 6.1: NAMES OF LINES SEPARATING TWO
COUNTRIES

Line Separating Countries

Durand Line • Afghanistan and Pakistan

Radcliff Line • India and Pakistan

• India and Bangladesh
McMahan Line • India and China
Line of Actual • India and China after 1962 Ceasefire
Control ( LOAC)
The Macartney– • a proposed boundary in the disputed area of Aksai China
MacDonald Line • It was proposed by British Indian Government to China in 1899
via its envoy to China, Sir Claude MacDonald.
The Ardagh– • is the north-eastern boundary of Kashmir drawn, in 1897, by
Johnson Line surveyor William Johnson and recommended by John Charles
Ardagh as the official boundary of British India
• Both the above lines were not made operational
38th parallel Line • North and South Korea
17th Parallel Line • North and South Vietnam
20th Parallel • Libya and Sudan
22nd Parallel • Egypt and Sudan
31st Parallel • Iran and Iraq
49th Parallel • Canada and USA
Blue Line • Lebanon and Israel
Maginot Line • Between France and Germany
• France built it with series of defence structure to prevent attack
from Nazi Germany

196
 FACT SHEET IR 6.2: MAJOR OPERATIONS/EXCERCISES BY
INDIAN FORCES/ GOVT

Operations/exercises Period, boarder Remarks

Operation Brasstacks, 1986-87, Rajasthan It was the major and largest

mobilization of Indian forces involving
the combined strength of two Army
Commands - almost 500,000 troops -
half the Indian Army.

Operation Parakram 2001-02; along the This was in response to a terrorist

Line of Control (LoC) attack on the Indian Parliament in New
in the region of Delhi on 13 December 2001
Kashmir

Operation Meghdoot 1984, Siachen Codename for the Indian Armed

Forces' operation to seize control of the
Siachen Glacier in Kashmir,
precipitating the Siachen conflict.
Operation Pawan, Virat, 1987 Operations of Indian Peace Keeping
Trishul, Checkmate force ( IPKF) against LTTE in Sri-
Lanka

Operation Vijay 1999, Kargil, J&K Indian operation to push back the
infiltrators from the Kargil Sector, in
the 1999 Kargil War.
Operation Black 2008, Mumbai Against the 2008 Mumbai Terror
Tornado, Operation Attacks
Cyclone

Surgical Strike 2016, Uri sector India’s response to hit terrorist camps
in POK after the Uri terrorist Attack

Balakot strike 2019, Balakot, India’s response to hit terrorist camps

Kashmir in POK after the Pulwama terrorist
Attack

Operation Rakshak J&K Indian Army operations in Jammu and

(1990), Operation Sarp Kashmir
Vinash (2003) and Include humanitarian missions such as
Operation Randori Operation Megh Rahat and operations
Behak (2020.) with a social aim such as Operation
Goodwill and Operation Calm Down.[

197
Operation Polo: 1948, Hyderabad Integration of Hyderabad

Operation Devi Shakti 2021, Afghanistan To help fleeing Hindus and Sikhs from
the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Operation Vijay 1961, Goa Liberation of Goa

Smiling Budhha 1974 Pokhran, First Pokhran Test

Rajasthan Indian became a nuclear Power

Operation Shakti 1998 Rajasthan Second Pokhran Test

Operation Safe 2011 To evacuate its citizens who were

Homecoming fleeing from the Libyan Civil War

Operation Sukoon 2006 launched by the Indian Navy to

evacuate Indian, Sri Lankan and
Nepalese nationals, as well as Lebanese
nationals with Indian spouses, from the
conflict zone during the 2006 Lebanon
War.

Project Mausam 2014 A cultural project by the Indian

Ministry of Culture and Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI)
aims to rebuild maritime cultural
connections with the 39 countries
bordering the Indian Ocean

Operation Raahat 2015 To evacuate Indian citizens and foreign

nationals from Yemen during the 2015
Yemeni Crisis

Operation Maitri 2015 A rescue and relief operation in Nepal

carried out by the government of India
and Indian armed forces in the
aftermath of the April 2015 Nepal
earthquake.

Operation Ganga 2022 To evacuate Indian citizens/students

stranded in Ukraine on face of the
Russian attack on Ukraine, February
2022

198
FACT SHEET IR 6.3: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY INSTRUMENTS IN RECENT
TIMES

Foreign Policy Year Facts & Features

Component
‘Extended 1998- • India’s extended neighbourhood can be said to
Neighbourhood’ policy 2004 stretch from the Suez Canal to the South China Sea.
• This includes West Asia/the Gulf, Central Asia,
Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean Region

Genuine NAM 1977- • Policy of non-alignment, without fear or leaning to

79 one side or another
• This was against the Policy of leaning more
towards USSR
• Under Indian PM Morarji Desai

Indira Doctrine 1971- • India’s security is coterminous with the region and
77 any interference of external powers is taken as a
threat to India’s security.

‘Look East’ Policy 1991 • Under PM Narsimha Rao

• To develop political, economic and security co-
operation with countries in Southeast Asia
• To act as a counterweight to China in Southeast Asia
• More engagement with ASEAN
‘Act East’ Policy 2014 • Under PM Narendra Modi
• to promote economic cooperation, cultural ties and
develop a strategic relationship with countries in the
Asia-Pacific region
• focus is being given to the development of the North
East region.

Gujral Doctrine 1996 • Good relation with immediate neighbours, in south

Asia, by extending one way ( non-reciprocal )
concessions

AIFTA 2009 • ASEAN India Free Trade Agreement

• The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement was
signed and entered into force on 1 January 2010

‘Look West’ Policy 2014 • To engage more with Middle East and Gulf
countries- politically, economically, and culturally

199
 • Free Trade Agreements with Gulf Cooperation
Council(GCC)
• Closer ties with OPEC (Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries)

BIMS-TEC 1997 • Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral

Technical and Economic Cooperation
• 5 SAARC nations- India, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Bhutan, Sri Lanka Plus Myanmar and Thailand
• Secretariat is in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• Referred to as the mini SAARC.
• Due to political conflict between SAARC members,
India focussing on BIMS-TEC

2+2 Talks • Top level bilateral talks of foreign and defines

minister of each country
• India is holding 2+2 talks with USA Japan, and
Australia

QUAD 2007 • Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

• Strategic dialogue between the USA, Japan,
Australia and India
• Started in 2007, on Japan’s initiative
• Joint military exercises called ‘Exercise Malabar’
• Latest QUAD meeting: March 2022- virtual
FTA • Free Trade Agreement
• India signed FTA with Sr-Lanka and ASEAN

CEPA • Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

• India signed CEPA with South Korea ( 2009),
Japan(2010), and UAE( 2022)

200
FACT SHEET IR 6.4: FORMER NAMES OF ASIAN/SOUTH ASIAN
COUNTRIES/ CAPITALS

New Name Old Name

Ethiopia • Abyssinia

Beijing • Peking

Jakarta • Batavia

Cote D'Ivoire • Ivory Coast

Ghana • Gold Coast

Harare • Salisbury

The Netherlands • Holland

St Petersburg • Leningrad

Sri-Lanka • Ceylon

Taiwan • Formosa
Iran • Persia
Iraq • Mesopotamia
Indonesia • Dutch East Indies
Istanbul • Constantinople
Japan • Nippon
Thailand • Siam
Myanmar • Burma
Malaysia • Malaya
Malawi • Nyasaland

201
Manchuria • Manchukuo
Cambodia • Kampuchea
Vietnam • Cochin-China
Istanbul • Constantinople
Beijing • Peking
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam • Saigon
Surinam • Dutch Guyana
Tokyo, Japan • Edo
Tanzania • Zanzibar
Yangon • Rangoon
Zaire • Congo

202
FACT SHEET IR 6.5: CAPITALS OF SOME SELECTED COUNTRIES

Country Capital
United Arab Emirates • Abu Dhabi

Nigeria • Abuja

Ghana • Accra

Ethiopia • Addis Ababa

Turkey • Ankara

Turkmenistan • Ashgabat

Azerbaijan • Baku

Kyrgyzstan • Bishkek

Tajikistan • Dushanbe

Kazakhstan • Nūr-Sūltan
Georgia • Tbilisi
Uzbekistan • Tashkent
Croatia • Zagreb
New Zealand • Wellington
Poland • Warsaw
Mongolia • Ulaanbaatar
Libya • Tripoli
Taiwan • Taipei
Bosnia and Herzegovina • Sarajevo
Chile • Santiago
Iceland • Reykjavík
Morocco • Rabat

203
Ecuador • Quito
North Korea • Pyongyang
Mauritius • Port Louis
Cambodia • Phnom Penh
Uruguay • Montevideo
Peru • Lima
Gabon • Libreville
Bolivia • La Paz
Ukraine • Kiev
Rwanda • Kigali
Sudan • Khartum
Uganda • Kampala
Cuba • Havana
Ireland • Dublin
Tanzania • Dar es Salaam
Syria • Damascus
Venezuela • Caracas
Australia • Canberra
Hungary • Budapest
Romania • Bucharest
Colombia • Bagota
Paraguay • Asunción

204
 FACT SHEET IR 6.6: INDIA’S FRIENDSHIP AND STRATEGIC
TREATIES

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Indo-Bhutan Treaty 1949 • Was extended by signing 2007 Treaty of Perpetual Peace
of Perpetual Peace and and Friendship
Friendship

Liaquat–Nehru Pact 1950 • Also called Delhi Pact

• bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan in which
refugees were allowed to return, abducted women and
looted property were to be returned, forced conversions
were unrecognized, and minority rights were confirmed.

India-Nepal Treaty of 1950 • The treaty allows free movement of people and goods
Peace and Friendship between the two nations and a close relationship and
collaboration on matters of defense and foreign policy.

Indo–Soviet Treaty of 1971 • Signed in the backdrop of India-Pakistan conflict in 1971

Peace, Friendship and • Raised questions on India’s commitment to NAM
Cooperation

Shimla Agreement 1972 • Signed in 1972 after the Bangladesh war

• signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd July 1972
• Agreement to solve all issues by bilateral talks without
involving external agencies
India–Bangladesh 1972 • Signed by the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi and
Treaty of Friendship, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur
Cooperation and Peace Rahman.
India Bangladesh 1974 • Exchange of the landlocked territories
Land Boundary • was revived in 2015; for this Indian Parliament enacted
Agreement 100th constitutional Amendment Act 2015.
India- Sri Lanka 1987 • Signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between Indian
Accord Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J.
R. Jayewardene
• It was to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by enabling
the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and
the Provincial Councils Act of 1987

205
 • India sent its Force- Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF),
which had to fight a bitter and tough battle with LTTE
• This failed accord became prime reason for loss of life of
Rajeev Gandhi
Lahore Declaration 1999 • The Lahore Declaration was an agreement between India
and Lahore Treaty and Pakistan to reduce the risk of accidental or
unauthorized use of nuclear weapons.
• Signed at Lahore by Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif and
Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee after the historic Lahore
Summit
• Before the Summit, Vajpayeeji rode the inaugural Delhi–
Lahore Bus service to reach Lahore from Delhi.
• But this bonhomie (friendly relation) lasted only for a
short time as soon afterwards Pakistan forces entered into
Kargil, which led to the outbreak of 1999 Indo-Pakistan
Kargil War in May 1999.
• Lahore Bus service was suspended after 2001 Parliament
attack.

Mahakali treaty 1996 Agreement between India and Nepal regarding the
development of watershed of Mahakali River

206
FACT SHEET IR 6.7: INDIA’S FTAS AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP

FTA Agreement Year Signed with Addl. Info, Features,

Trivia
CEPA-Comprehensive South Korea- 2009 Most Comprehensive
Economic Partnership Japan-2010 FTA
Agreement
UAE-2022
CECPA- Comprehensive 2021 Mauritius
Economic Cooperation
and Partnership
Agreement

CECA- Comprehensive Singapore (2005) and

Economic Cooperation Malaysia (2011)
Agreement
BECA: Basic Exchange 2020 USA
and Cooperation
Agreement

India-Sri Lanka Free 1998 1st FTA of Sri-Lanka

Trade Agreement
(ISLFTA)
Asia Pacific Trade 1975 Previously known as An initiative under the
Agreement (APTA) the Bangkok United Nations
Agreement Economic and Social
Oldest preferential Commission for Asia and
trade agreement the Pacific (ESCAP) for
between countries in trade expansion through
the Asia-Pacific exchange of tariff
concessions among
Members:
developing country
Bangladesh, China,
members of the Asia
India, Lao PDR,
Pacific Region.
Republic of Korea
and Sri Lanka
ASEAN-India Free Trade 2009 A free trade area among the ten member states of
Area (AIFTA) the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) and India

207
FACT SHEET IR 6.8: COLONIES OF MAJOR COLONIAL POWERS

Colonial Power Colonies

UK/ Great • In Asia: India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar( Burma), Malaysia,
Britain Singapore , Hongkong, Brunei, Jordan, Bahrin, Qatar , Kuwait ,
Muscat and Oman
• Africa: Egypt, Myanmar, Kenya, West Indies, Nigeria, Uganda,
Kenya, Sudan, Lesotho, Botswana, Somalia, Egypt, Eastern
Ghana(Gold Coast), Gambia, South Africa , Zimbabwe
(Rhodesia ), Niger, Zambia , Malawi Cameroon, New Guinea , and
Benin
• South America: Guiana
• Central America: Belize (British Honduras)
• Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Thirteen Colonies (United States)
• Islands and other: Fiji, Caribbean islands- Barbados, Antigua,
Jamaica, Grenada, Bermuda, Solomon Islands, Cyprus, Malta,
Zanzibar, Tonga, Samoa

France AFRICA:
• French North Africa: French Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia
• French West Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast,
Burkina Faso, Benin, Gambia, Senegal, and Niger.
• French Equatorial Africa: Chad, the Central African Republic,
Congo, French Cameroon, and Gabon
• East Africa and Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Mauritius, Djibouti,
Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago

ASIA:
• French Indochina: Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
• Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen
• Island ( Oceania): Papua New Guinea

Netherland/Dutch Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), Dutch New Guinea, Suriname, Dutch
Brazil

208
Spain Peru, Chile, Canary Islands, many areas of Latin America, Cuba,
Puerto Rico

Portugal Brazil, Portuguese Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde),

Portuguese India (Goa, Daman, Diu)

USA Cuba, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Nicaragua, Panama, Liberia

JAPAN Taiwan, Korea, Kwantung

209
FACT SHEETS-
WPT:
WESTERN
POLITICAL
THOUGHTS

210
 FACT SHEET WPT 1: FACT SHEET: WESTERN CLASSICAL
THINKERS- MAIN THINKERS

Thinker Facts to remember

Plato (around Concepts Theory of Forms • Forms or ideas are essence
400-350 BC) and reality of every
observable object by our
senses, they are eternal and
unchangeable, absolutely
true definitions of
concepts- nature of being
anything
• What objects we see in
observable world are copy
or shadow of their Form of
the intelligible world
• Forms represent true/real
knowledge , can be known
by reason

Idea of the Good ‘Good’ is the supreme form, all

other ‘Forms’ subordinate to it
Idea of Good is like Sun, in whose
light all other things made visible

Allegory of Cave Visible world- life in the cave, in

chains, in shadow, not real
Vs.
Intelligible world- World of
sunlight outside the cave, the real
world- world of ideas/Forms

Theory of Justice • Justice is doing one’s own duty

as per one’s station of life
• Each individual and each class
performing its duties best to
their abilities/aptitude without
interfering in other’s domain

Ideal State • “State is individual writ large”

• “Statecraft is soul-craft”

211
 • 3 class- philosopher kings,
Auxiliary (soldiers), producers
• Open class system- allotment of
class on the basis of education
and tests
• Community of wives &
properties, no family life and
pvt property to guardian class
(kings & soldiers)
• Free, compulsory education &
training

Books Republic, Apology, Statesman, Laws, Crito, Timaeus

(nature of the world)
Plato’s book chronology: A. Apology B. Republic C.
Statesman D. Laws

Books on • The Open Society and its Enemies- Karl popper-

Plato critic
• Plato Today- R.H.S. Crossman- critic
• The Platonic Legend- W. Fite- critic
• Lectures on the Republic of Plato- R.L. Nettleship-
praise
• The Man and His Work - A.E. Taylor- praised Plato
Other • Plato was first to use Socratic dialectical method
important • Against private property for the ruling class
facts
• His scheme of communism of wives & property was
aimed at curbing corruption
• Gave theory divided line, theory of Forms/idea, and
allegory of caves
• Sabine said, “What Aristotle calls the ideal state is
always Plato’s second-best state”
• He was idealist, romantic, and utopic thinker
• Was student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle
• His school in Athens: The Academy

Aristotle (384– Concepts Theory of Form • World of being (ideas) and

322 BC) and Causes world of becoming (material

212
 world of our senses) are one and
same
• Reality can be understood from
our senses, no need for
imagining any other(intelligible)
world
• 4 Causes- Formal, Material,
Efficient, Final

Theory of Justice • Justice is virtue, virtue in action

• Distributive justice- justice as
'fairness’ in distribution of
income, offices, rewards,
honours
• based on the principle of equity-
proportional and arithmetic
equality
• Corrective or rectifactory
justice : regulating the social or
ethical relationships between the
citizens - simple reciprocity- do
with others what you would do
with yourself

Theory of State • Historical theory of origin of

state
• State in time: after individual &
family but in essence state prior
to individual & family
• State (Polis) represent supreme
moral and ethical virtue of a
political community
• State is required for fulfilled and
flourished individual life
(Eudemonia)
Types of • 6 types, based on rule by whom,
Constitution/Govt and whose interest?
• Rule by one- Monarchy &
tyranny

213
 • Rule by few- Aristocracy &
Oligarchy
• Rule by many- Polity &
democracy
• Tyranny, Oligarchy, and
Democracy are unjust, perverted
forms of govt
• His choice- combination of
Polity and Aristocracy
Revolution- cycle Cycle of change- Monarchy-
of change of Govt tyranny-aristocracy-oligarchy-
form polity-democracy-monarchy

Household/family • Household -Husband, wife,

children, slave, property
• Low opinion about Women:
• inferior to men, an
incomplete defective male!
• has reason, but without
authority;
• hence, she has to be under
command of male!

Property & Unlike Plato, he supported private

Wealth property & wealth but with
conditions

Slavery Slave- like household property

Supported slavery but with many
conditions
Theory of • Aristotle denied citizenship to
Citizebship foreigners, slaves and women
and other manual and menial
workers.
• Who is Not a Citizen?
• mere residence in the polis
does not make a persons a
citizen-aliens and slaves
reside along with citizens
in the same city.

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 • Also right of suing and
being suied also doen not
make one ekigible for
citizenship
• Merely descent from a
citizen also not sufficient
critiera for citizenship.
• a citizen is anyone who is
entitled to share in deliberative
or judicial office.
• Citizen posses Ethical & Moral
virtue
• Citizen are those who rule and
are being ruled
• Citizenship was a public duty
• Good Citizen- good human
being

Books • Politics
• Nicomachean Ethics
• Metaphysics
• Rhetoric
• Poetics
• On the Soul
Other • Student of Plato in his ‘Academy’;
important • Teacher of young Alexander the Great of Macedonia
facts
• Founded Lyceum -his own Academy
• Master writer on Biology, Mechanics, Astronomy,
Logic, Economics, Politics, Theology, rhetoric,
Poetics
• Considered as true Scientist, ‘The Philosopher’, ‘First
Teacher’, The Master of Them That Know'
• Father of Political Science, Political Realism, founder
of Historical and Comparative methods,
Constitutionalism, and formal Logic
• He belonged to Mecodonia and fled from Athens to
Calchis to save his life after growing animosity
between Athens and Mecodonia

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Machiavelli Concepts Statecraft- real- • Supreme goal of the Prince
(1469 – 1527) politic (king)- to maintain the state-
safety & security
• State- non-ethical amoral entity,
not bound by conventional
morality
• Political actions are to be judged
only by its outcome- ‘end
justifies means’
Virtù- qualities • "Flexible Disposition “,
required in the Pragmatism, Ruthlessness,
Prince/king Cunningness, Deceitfulness,
Boldness, courage, and
Shrewdness, and Will power
• Loin & Fox: combined qualities
of strength/force and
Shrewdness
• Mastery in power politics
• Judicious mix of
violence/cruelty and
benevolence
• Fear rather than Love for
political obligation
• Pretentions: should wear mask
Fortuna: Fate, • Fortuna is a malevolent and
Destiny uncompromising source of
human misery, pain, and
disaster.
• Compared Fortuna with fickle,
tempestuous (angry, violent)
women- like furious river
• Fortuna is enemy of political
order, the ultimate threat to the
safety and security of the state
• A prince having Virtù can
respond to and tame the Fortuna.

Republicanism • Favoured Republic than

Monarchy as form of
Government

216
 • Republics more flexible, public
spiritedness, better able to
achieve common Good, and
secure freedom to
people/community

Good Republic • His ideal was Ancient Roman

Republic
• His Ideal Republic
• Good Laws & good Institution,
Flexible Institutions, Mixed
Constitution: Monarchy
+Aristocracy+ Democracy,
Public Discourse, Active
contention (conflict) between
the people and nobility, Armed
people, Encouraging
Immigration, Inculcating Public
spiritedness, Civic Virtue and
Civic Religion among the
citizen, Renewal or re-invention
of the Republic every 10 year
• Republicanism of USA
represent many of these
qualities.

Religion- • Politics should be separated

Secularism from Religion
• Instrumental view on religion-
in disciplining people and help
ruler manipulate people’s
emotions
• Criticized Christianity, raised
the Pagan( Pre-Christian beliefs)
civic religions of ancient
societies such as Rome
• kept silence on his views on
after life, eternity of soul,
salvation,

Books ‘The prince’

‘The Discourses on Livy’- his idea of Republicanism

217
 Other • Was a senior diplomat in Florence Republic after fall
important of Medici Monarchist rule
facts • Represents Italian Renaissance- humanism,
secularism, scientific reasoning
• Called ‘child of his time’
• Founder of modern political science, modern
conception of nation-State, Secular politics, and
Republic, Father of political realism

Quotes on Teacher of Evil- Leo Straus

him the murderous Machiavelli -Shakespeare

Thomas Hobbes Concepts Nature of • Negative view of nature of man

(1588 –1679) Man • Bundle of matter in motion, motion
creates emotions
• Man guided by appetites, desire, and
passions
• Self-preservation and glory- chief
appetites
• Power is the means to satisfy man’s
desires
• Happiness -continuous progress of
desire, restless and perpetual desire for
more power
• Competition, fear & suspicion of others
State of • Human life without any political order-
Nature no civil society/Government
• no limit to right of natural liberty
• Private Judgment- each one judge, jury,
executioner
• Unsatiable desire for power & glory,
competition, fear & mistrust- war of ‘all
against all’
• life of man, Solitary, Poor, Nasty,
Brutish, and Short
Social • Agreement/covenant with one and all to
Contract form civil society and state/Government

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 • Transferred their rights, will, and power
to a 3rd party- the sovereign- Leviathan
• The Sovereign is Not party to the
contract
• Power of the sovereign is absolute,
unlimited, undivided, unalienable
• People get peace, price- to obey
command of the sovereign
• The contract is valid only till the
sovereign is able to maintain peace and
security

Political • As people get peace, they should obey

Obligation the laws & commands of the sovereign
• Grounds for No Political Obligation-
• to protect right of self-preservation,
to protect family and honour, when
the sovereign is not able to
maintain peace and security

Books ‘De Cive’ (On the citizen), ‘De Corpore’ (On the Body)
, ‘De Homine ‘ (liberating Man)
• ‘The Elements of Law’, ‘Natural and Politic’
• ‘Leviathan’- his seminal creation- social
contract/sovereign

Other • 1st modern thinker who gave secular basis of

important sovereignty, individual autonomy and liberty, direct
facts relation of individual to state, social contract,
scientific approach to social arrangements
• Unique combination of individualism and absolutism
• Grandfather of Liberalism and individualism
• Pioneer of realism in IR
• First modern political scientist
• first to modernize the tradition of Natural Law
• First modern thinker to give idea of negative
Liberty

John Locke Concepts Nature of • Somewhat positive view of man’s

(1632 –1704) man nature

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 • Man has God gifted sense of reason
• Able to self-govern and live with
others in peace
• Seeks pleasure, avoid pain, is self-
interested but is rational
State of • Human life without any common
Nature superior authority to judge between
them
• Not pre-political, pre-social- can
happen any time- statelessness
• Each individual is free, equal and
independent; but bound by law of
nature
• Private Judgment: Each one is judge,
jury and executioner
• Each individual possesses natural
right-liberty, equality, life, property
• State of general ‘peace, goodwill,
mutual assistance and preservation’
• But peace is fragile, possibility of
conflict anytime

Social • to remove the inconvenience of

Contract nature of state and to better protect
their rights men enter into contract
with ‘one and all’ to set up sovereign
community by transferring some of
their rights
• Political community, then by
majority set up the Govt.- legislative
and executive;
• legislative is supreme, executive
subordinate to legislative
• Govt/sovereign is not absolute, is
party to the contract and bound by its
obligation to act for common good
• 2 stage contract, 1st stage by express
consent of all, 2nd stage by majority
vote and tacit consent

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Nature of • The Government is also party to the
Government contract
• Govt. is to follow natural law, is not
above law, not absolute
• Govt as trustee to the community
• Limited Government
• The community is permanent-
Government changeable anytime
• Popular sovereignty- sovereignty
resides in people, expressed by
majority of the representatives.
Theory of • property as ‘fruit of labour’ : persons
Property own their own body and labour,
Rights when they mix their labour with that
which is unowned it becomes their
property.
• right to property includes the rights
to life, liberty
• 3 principles of property-no wastage,
sufficiency condition, lobour
restriction
• duty of charity toward poor and have
nots
• Govt has no right to take property
without the consent of the property
owner

Political • Consent is the basis

Obligation • Tacit consent by subsequent
generations
• right to dissent against the unjust law
or any immoral law
• grounds of NO political obligation:
• government fails to maintain
peace and order, protect natural
rights, protect them from
external aggression, act
arbitrarily and becomes
tyrannical.

221
Books ‘A Letter Concerning Toleration’ • ‘Two Treatises of
Government’ • ‘An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding ‘• ‘Some Thoughts Concerning
Education’

Other • Considered civil society same as and political

important community
facts • Refuted negative views on human nature of Hobbes
• Refuted divine right theory of Kingship by Robert
Filmer
• Was apologist for the gloriuous revolution-1689
• Spiritual father of European enlightenment
• Father of classical liberalism and capitalism
• Influenced both French and American revolution and
American declaration of Independence

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 FACT SHEET WPT 2: FACT SHEET: MODERN WESTERN
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS- AS PER CBCS SYLLABUS
Thinker Facts to remember
Rousseau Concepts State of • Isolated living of human without speech,
(1712-1778) nature language, society, and private property
• Savage man- 2 innate feeling- 1. self-love
and Pity for others
• life was frugal, lazy, contended, peaceful-
‘noble savage’
Origin of • Private property, division of labour, laws
inequality to protect property rights.
• Resourceful vs resourceless- inequality
• dimensions of inequality: Wealth, rank,
power, personal merit

Impact of civilization corrupted ‘noble savage’ and de-

civilization based human nature
Individualism State based on individual rights and negative
and negative freedom is immoral, unjust, and inequal
liberty State

Social • People as equal enter into contract with

contract others and with all to form political
‘Community’ –Republic or Body Politic
• Individuals subsume their power, rights,
possessions, identity to the community,
become its indivisible part
• They gain: common force for protection,
equal citizenship, sovereignty, civil
liberty, moral freedom, identity, forum for
just & moral act
• The community and each of its members
are directed by ‘General Will’ – ‘sum of
real wills’- serve common interest-
common Good
• By obeying laws flowing from General
Will, one gain moral freedom

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 Features of • Not a one-time event but a continuous
his Social process
Contract • Popular Sovereignty: cannot be
delegated to Government or
representatives
• As citizen of the community, one gets
back both Political and Personal Liberty

General Will • General will is ‘real will’ of the

community
• Real will- guided by the higher self
• Actual will- guided by lower self
• Laws flowing from general will – just,
morally good, liberating

Books • ‘Social Contract’

• ‘Emile, or On Education’
• ‘The Confessions’- autobiography
Essays: ‘discourse on science and arts’ and ‘discourse on
origin of inequality’
Article: ‘Discourse on political economy’
Other • Philosophical father of French Revolution
important • Favoured positive liberty, direct democracy, self-
facts government, unalienable popular sovereignty
• Against representative democracy
• Romanticism and utopic ideas- like Plato

J.S.Mills Concepts Liberty • Liberty and individual autonomy -vital

(1806–73) human interests, propellor of civilization
• 2 sources of threat: State/govt and mass
Society ( greater threat)
• Harm principle- one is free to act as per
one’s will until no one is harmed
• Any unique, new idea/thought should be
protected even if it is false or partially
true
• Self-regarding vs other-regarding Actions

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 • Personal liberty expressed through
'experiments in living’ is everyone’s right

Minority • Minority voice threated by state, mass

Rights society
• In democracy, harmed by Populism,
Majoritarianism, tyranny of Majority
• To protect Minority rights: PR electoral
system, Plural voting, Second chamber of
parliament

His • Added quality in estimation of pleasure

principles of • Higher vs lower pleasure
utility
• Higher pleasure- pleasures “of the
intellect, of the feelings and
imagination, and of the moral
sentiments”
• Lower Pleasure: physical and
sensual- men share with animals
• He made Bentham’s classical
utilitarianism more moral, ethical but also
diluted its pureness.

Subjection of • Women’s subjection by men has its origin

Women in physical superiority of men
• No logical or rational basis of women’s
subjection
• Men & women equal in moral goodness,
virtue, capabilities
• Gender is social construction, not natural
• Utility loss: by stopping 50 % of human
to flourish as rational, equal being
• Marriage- the chief institution of
Subjection
• Women should get property, custody,
legal, and political rights.
Liberal • Referred himself as a qualified socialist
Socialism • Supported worker’s participation in
management, distribution of profit
between workers and managers, decent

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 wages to workers, and worker’s
cooperatives.
• Advocated distribution of lands of big
landlords to landless tillers, diffusion of
wealth, laws for limit on inheritance,
inheritance and wealth tax, labour unions,
and decent wages to workers
• supporter of cooperatives- farmer’s
cooperative, consumer cooperative,
worker’s cooperatives.

Books A System of Logic (1843), Principles of Political Economy

(1848) • The essay On Liberty (1859), Utilitarianism (1863)
• Considerations on Representative Government (1861), •
The Subjection of Women (1869)- with his wife Harriet
Taylor

Other • Like his father, he worked for East India Company

important • His father, James Mill, was friend of Jeremy Bentham
facts
• Was contemporary of Marx, who was living in England,
but did not have interactions with him.
• Considered as reluctant democrat, liberal feminist, and
qualified Socialist
• Compared with Nietzsche for range of intellectual
thoughts
• Champion of Liberty, women, and minority Rights.

Karl Marx Concepts Historical • Material conditions of life determine

(1818 – 1883) Materialism consciousness/idea
• Dialectical (inbuilt contradiction)
Conception of matter/object/entity
• History as stages of different mode of
material production
• Mode of production- Forces of
Production plus Relation of Production
• Each mode of production brings its own
superstructure- polity, culture, laws,
media, education

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Alienation • Alienation: a condition of oppression,
disaffection arising from loss of control
over productive activity
• 4 Types of Alienation:
• Alienation from product of labour,
Alienation from the act of
production, Alienation from species-
being, Alienation of man from man
• Not only the worker but capitalist class
also face alienation, but they cope up
better with wealth & resources
Theory of • Labour alone generate value in any
Surplus product;
labour • Exchange value of the labour power
(purchased at the market rate) is less than
the use value of that labour put into the
product
• Surplus of use value of labour over its
exchange value is retained by the
capitalist as profit, for Marx, it is theft!
Conception • Freedom in social production, which one
of Freedom joins without any compulsion and as
equal
• Freedom is regaining human essence of
social creativity: Man producing to realize
essence of being Human, act of self-
realization
• Political vs Human emancipation:
political freedom- superficial- part of
superstructure; true freedom only freedom
and equality in base- mode of production
Theory of • Change in mode of production would be
Revolution brought by a social revolution by the
working class
• Social revolution is natural Dialectic
process- contradiction within the existing
mode of production
• At a certain stage of development in mode
of production the forces of production

227
 come into conflict with existing relations
of production
• Then comes the period of social
revolution which changes the ‘base’
which in turn changes the ‘superstructure’

Theory of • State is part of the society’s

State superstructure
• State promote and protect the interest of
the dominant class - state is the organ of
class dominance
• “the executive of the modern state is but a
committee for managing the common
affairs of the whole bourgeoisie”
• Relative autonomy of state- state is not
free to act of its own
Books His main creations:
• Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844)- Early
Marx- Theory of Alienation
• The German Ideology (1845), with Engels- materialistic
conception of history; published only in 1932
• The Manifesto of the Communist Party(1848) : with
Engels- class struggle, conflict in capitalist society, social
revolution "The history of all hitherto existing society is
the history of class struggles“
• Das Kapital( Capital)- 1967, later volumes published by
Engels after death of Marx.- Dissection of Capitalism, its
contradiction, destructive tendencies
His other Books/creations:
‘The Poverty of Philosophy’ ; ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of
Louis Bonaparte’ ;’The Civil War in France’ ; ‘the
Grundrisse’; ‘Theories of Surplus Value’ ;'the critique of
political economy’, ‘The Class Struggles in France’, ‘The
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’, ‘The Critique of
the Gotha Program of 1875’
Other • Was from Germany, but lived in England in exile
Important • Influenced by German Philosopher Friedrich Hegel,
Facts Economists Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Ludwig
Feuerbach (a young Hegelian)
• Inverted Hegel’s dialectic idealism

228
 • Lifelong friendship and partnership with Frederick
Engels, a German Philosopher settled in England.
• Young vs matured Marx- The German Ideology
(1845) is the dividing line ; this division was given
by Loius Althussar

Mary Concepts Women’s • Faulty socio-cultural conditioning and

Wollstonecraft condition wrong education main factors for
(1759 – 1797)) women’s misery
• Women developed artificial ‘feminine
manners’, false sense of power of beauty,
attractiveness, sensuality, ‘women’s
follies’
• In marriage and family, women had no
liberty, equality and property, legal,
inheritance, custody rights
• Through the institutions of Patriarchy,
Aristocracy, Church, Army, prevailing
social norms, habits women’s were
subjugated
Solution for • Revolution in female manners by
improving revamped education system, re-
women’s constitution of social norms, breaking
conditions institutions and hierarchies
• National education plan- co-ed, same
education to boys & girls
• Marriage as friendship
• Women to develop ‘Manliness’- strong,
autonomous, rational women
Her Vision of • Men monopolized learning, denied
Education women cultivating their sense of reason
• Right education to get rid of ‘faulty
women’s manners’
• Aims of Education:
• fit minds in strong and healthy
bodies, cultivation of reason to
develop rational human being,
develop ‘inner resources’, Self-

229
 mastery, self-realization, Prepare to
face the inevitable hardships of life
• Compulsory, free education for all class
up to 9 years

Books • Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787)

• A Vindication of the Rights of Men(1790)
• A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
• An Historical and Moral View of Origin and Progress of
the French Revolution(1794)
• Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden,
Norway, and Denmark (1796)
• Maria; or, The Wrongs of Woman (1798) (posthumously
published unfinished work)
Other • Her ‘Vindication of the Rights of Men’ written against
Important Edmund Burke's ‘Reflections on the Revolution in
Facts France’, a defence of constitutional monarchy,
aristocracy, and the Church of England.
• Her ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’ attacked the
conventional thoughts of Rousseau about women’s
education in his ‘Emile’.
• She was quite radical in her writings as well as life
choices.
• She tried to break the public-private dichotomy.
• To her, women’s liberation should be achieved in private
domain- marriage & family- thereafter civil & political
rights would automatically be granted to her

Alexandra Concepts Her Feminism • Marxist Feminism- main enemy

Kollontai capitalist class, not the fellow men
(1872 –1952) • Issue of proletarian women different
from Bourgeois women
• Triple burden of proletarian women-
worker, housewife, and mother
• Proletarian women fighting both against
class exploitation (with male) and
inequal rights (against men) in private
domains.

230
Her Solution • Perfect equality at workplace but also
for working special facilities for women workers
women • Socialization or collectivization of
Motherhood, Child rearing, and
household duties
• Phycological and emotional freedom to
women- not dependent of marriage,
family, husband
Class • Monogamous marriage is feature of
dimension of capitalist society. It is egoistic, inequal,
love, sex, and possessive - wife as male’s
relationships property
• Women should have psychological
freedom to develop mutually respectful
and equal relationship with all members
of the collective
• Relationship between men & women
should have 3 conditions - Equality ,
Mutual recognition of the rights of the
other , Comradely sensitivity
Men-women love relationship is
subordinate to the more powerful emotion
of love-duty to the collective - Love-
comradeship

Winged and • Winged Eros- intense emotional love

Wingless Eros which gives life energy
• Wingless Eros- physical love, no life
energy
• Tribal society- kinship love was prime
• Pre-Christian Ancient Society- love-
friendship above all
• Feudal society- Love in marriage-
wingless Eros ; platonic love with
elusive lady
• Capitalist Society: Mixed winged &
wingless eros into marriage-love
• Love-comradeship: Winged Eros to
strengthen the bond of communist

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 society and liberate women from
emotional need in marriage/family.
• The aim of proletarian ideology is that
men and women should emotional love
not only in relation to the chosen one
but in relation to all the members of the
collective.

Books • Social bases of women's question

• Sexual relation and the class struggle
• The family and the Communist State,
• ‘Free Love’; ‘A Great Love’;’ Love of the Worker’s Bee‘
• • ‘The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated
Communist Woman’

Other • Was one of the chief leaders of Bolshevik revolution; was

Important very close to Lenin.
Facts • Served as Central Committee member of Communist
Party, Commissar of social welfare, director of Zhenotdel
• Instrumental in publication of Robotnitsa- women’s
magazine and setting up Zhenotdel- Women's Department
of the communist Party
• In 1922: sent on diplomatic ‘exile’ after falling out with
Lenin on many issues
• Survived Stalin’s purge of old communist leaders and
served as diplomat and ambassador to Norway, Mexico,
Sweden;
• Was quite radical in her writings and life choices; hence
was not given due respect as revolutionary communist
leader.
• Famous quote she believed in : “ There can be no
socialism without women’s liberation and no women’s
liberation without socialism”( Inessa Armand)

Hegel (1770 – • One of the greatest political philosophers of modern era;

1831) chief figure of German idealism.
• Gave historical progression of idea (thesis, anti-thesis,
synthesis) through dialectical process
• Marx turned upside down historical dialectical thought of
Hegel to give historical materialism

232
• Absolute idealism: duality of mind-body and subject and
object are overcome
State:
• Organic, historical and integrative theory of state
• State is a super organism
• It is the end in itself
• Embodiment of highest order of Freedom and Right
• Only as a member of the state the individual has
objectivity, truth, and ethical life
• “State is the march of God on Earth”
• State subsumes family and civil society and fulfils
them
• It is above any moral law as it is the creator of
morality
• Civil Society: all-inclusive community within the state;
conception of organic society, in which identity of
individual and family is subsumed
• Civil Society: Differentia between Family & State
• Civil Society: Universal Egoism and System of Needs
• Family- Thesis; Civil Society- Anti-thesis; State-
Synthesis
• Book: ‘Elements of the Philosophy of Right’

233
FACT SHEET- WPT 3: OTHER IMPORTANT WESTERN CLASSICAL
THINKERS

Thinker Important facts

Thomas Aquinas • Theological (religious) views on politics
(1225-1274) • Gave 5 proof of ‘existence of God’
• Happiness is contemplation of God
• God is source of reason, wisdom, virtue, and happiness
• But these virtues (reason, wisdom, etc) can be acquired by
anyone, in any culture, any religion
• Gave theory of just war: ordered by legitimate authority( the
sovereign), just cause, to promote good and to avoid evil
• wrote several important commentaries on Aristotle's works
• Division of labour, individual autonomy, against slavery
• Monarchy best form of govt/Constitution
• Book: Summa Theologica
Saint Augustine • Italian philosopher, influenced the development of Western
(354 430) philosophy and Western Christianity
• Wrote: The City of God, On Christian Doctrine, and
Confessions.
• Doctrine of original sin: Man is by nature ‘sinful’, as he is
product of ‘original sin’(sin of Adam and Eve). He cannot escape
from Sin.
• Just war theory: right conduct in war" (Jus In Bello) and
“justification to go to war" (Jus Ad Bellum)
Cicero (106 –43 • A Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher
BC) • master of Latin prose- wrote many books on Rhetoric
• Coined new Latin words- evidentia, humanitas, qualitas,
quantitas, and essentia
• Gave concept of Rights based on law and custom
• Wrote: ‘The Bogomils’, ‘De Re Publica (On the
Commonwealth)’ and ‘De Legibus (On the Laws)’
• Cicero's writings are said to initiate the 14th-century Italian
Renaissance
• He also influenced Enlightenment and its thinkers- John Locke,
David Hume, Montesquieu and Edmund Burke

234
Epicurus (341–270 • Ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism, a highly
BC) influential school of philosophy
• His Epicurean community inspired Karl Marx and other socialist
thinkers
• His ideas also influenced Enlightenment movement and its
thinkers- John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Jeremy Bentham
• ‘The Garden’- his academy in Athens
• Gave happiness((eudaimonia) formula- taraxia (peace and
freedom from fear) and aponia (the absence of pain) – have good
friends, seek peace and calm inside, work for yourself and for
pleasure
• Gave secular basis of ethics and morality- be ethical to be happy
Hugo Grotius(1583 • Was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian
–1645) • Laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law
• Books: ‘On the Law of War and Peace’ and ‘The Free Seas’
• Gave ‘just war’ theory; rationalism in IR
• Contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of
Rights- belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to
act or as a means of realizing something.
• Pioneer of the doctrine of ‘international society’- idea of one
society of state bound by laws and mutual agreements
• Hedley Bull (of English school of IR) called him intellectual
father of Westphalia Peace Treaty- 1648
Spinoza (1632 – • Dutch philosopher, considered one of the great rationalists of
1677) 17th-century
• One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment
• Gave modern conceptions of the self
• Books: ‘the Ethics’; in this book he opposed Descartes'
philosophy of mind–body dualism
• His Ethics: reality is perfection, highest virtue is the intellectual
love or knowledge of God/Nature/Universe
• 3 types of knowledge—opinion, reason, intuition ; intuitive
knowledge provides the greatest satisfaction of mind
• Hegel said of him” You are either a Spinozist or not a
philosopher at all”
Marsilio of Padua • Important 14th-century Italian political thinker
(1275 – 1342)

235
 • Book: Defensor Pacis (The Defender of Peace)- which supported
separation of temporal power ( king) from spiritual power(
church)
• Hence, he is considered to have propounded Medieval
Secularism

Gaetano Mosca • Gave Elite theory- all societies ruled by a numerical minority,
(1858 – 1941) the political class.
• The political class- Elites- superior organizational skills.
• Circulation of Elites: constant competition between elites, with
one elite group replacing another repeatedly over time
• But his theory of political class is different in arguments from
‘The Power Elite’ described by C. Wright Mills.
• Mosca’s Elite theory is more liberal than Elite theory of Vilfredo
Pareto

Bosanquet (1848 – • English philosopher and political thinker

1923) • Student of T.H. Green, influenced by Hegel, Kant, Rousseau,
Plato; considered to be one of the most Hegelian of the British
Idealists
• Proponent of “Absolute Idealism”
• Synthesized German and English Liberalism
• “state is the ethical idea”
Books:
The Philosophical Theory of The State (1899)
Psychology of the Moral Self (1904)

Vilfredo Pareto • An Italian Economist, political scientist and philosopher.

(1848 – 1923) • Elite theory- Circulation of Elites- the ruling class replaced by
another ruling/aristocratic class through revolution
• Pareto optimality- an economic state where resources cannot be
reallocated to make one individual better off without making at
least one individual worse off.
• Many critics, like Karl Popper, called him Fascist supporter-
theoretician of totalitarianism
Hannah Arendt • German-born American political thinker.
(1906 – 1975) • Power as co-creation in group by communication to realize
public realm; power with (against power to or power over)
• Civic republicanism or civic Humanism- active citizenship, civic
engagement and collective deliberation

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 • Threat to human freedom from totalitarianism, administrative
bureaucracy
• Nature of power and evil
• Studied and compared American and French Revolutions
Book: The Origins of Totalitarianism(1951), The Human
Condition(1958), On Revolution (1963), Crises of the Republic
(1972)
CB Machpherson • Canadian political scientist of left (socialist) orientation
(1911–1987) • "Possessive Individualism": individual as the sole proprietor of
his or her skills and owes nothing to society for them
• For him, Hobbes gave birth to the culture of possessive
individualism and Locke furthered it
• Capitalism- negative freedom; supported positive freedom
• Extractive (power over other) vs Developmental Power (creative
freedom, ability to fulfil self-appointed goals)
• Book: The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From
Hobbes to Locke (1962); The Life and Times of Liberal
Democracy (1977); The Real World of Democracy (1965)

Samuel P. • "Clash of Civilizations"- future wars would be fought not

Huntington (1927 – between countries, but between cultures
2008) • “Third wave of democratization”- beginning 1974
• Other books: Political Order in Changing Societies (1968), The
Crisis of Democracy(1975)
Isaiah Berlin (1909 • British social and political thinker and historian of ideas.
–1997) • "Two Concepts of Liberty"- negative freedom or freedom from
interference vs 'positive freedom', or freedom as self-mastery
• Positive liberty- slippery slope- may lead to totalitarianism
• “Three Critics of the Enlightenment:” analysed counter-
Enlightenment views
• Value pluralism: moral values- equality, justice, etc.- may clash,
may be incompatible to each other, and to different cultures.
• “The Hedgehog and the Fox”- 2 types of thinkers, 1st who see
world with the lens of a single defining idea; 2nd who draw on a
wide variety of experiences- Fox
• Other Books: ‘Four Essays on Liberty’ ; ‘Concepts and
Categories: Philosophical Essays’; ‘Against the Current: Essays
in the History of Ideas’

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Immanuel Kant • German political philosopher and one of the main Enlightenment
(1724 –1804) thinkers
• Doctrine of transcendental idealism: space and time are mere
"forms of intuition" which structure all human experience
• Categorical Imperative: reason/rationality as the base of ethics
& morality, universal moral principles which guides us to begave
ethically
• Deontological Ethics- moral action only if the action itself is
right under a series of rules (means should be ethical)
• Perpetual peace (among nations): through universal democracy
and international cooperation
• Books: ‘Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch’; ‘Critique of
Pure Reason’; ‘Critique of Practical Reason’

Nietzsche (1844 – • A German political philosopher, cultural critic, composer, and

1900) poet
• One of the greatest political thinker of 19th century
• Post-modernist: critique of objective truth in favour of
perspectivism
• Critique of religion and Christian morality
• "Death of God"- Enlightenment, by excessively focusing on
science & reason, has killed God
• Nihilism : negating knowledge, existence, and the meaning of
life; normlessness, valuelessness; negating all established social
norms
• Will To Power: main driving force within human
• Doctrine of eternal return: universe, energy, and everything will
recur in infinite cycle
• Deep influence on political thoughts of existentialism,
postmodernism and post-structuralism

Jean-Paul Sartre • French Political Philosopher.

(1905 –1980) • Main thinker of Existentialism (explores the problem of human
existence and centres on the lived experience of the thinking,
feeling, acting individual.)
• Also known proponent of phenomenology and Marxism
• Deep impact on critical theory and post-colonial theory

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 • Books: ‘Being and Nothingness’ and ‘Existentialism Is a
Humanism’
• Awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused to accept
that!
Mao Zedong or • Charismatic Chinese communist leader and thinker
Mao Tse-tung(1893 • Founded the Communist China (People’s Republic of China) in
– 1976) 1949
• His thoughts: communism in rural societies, rejecting elitism,
thought reform, indoctrination, state as supreme educator,
communalism, social experimentation, militant nationalism
• adopted communism to Asiatic form, took it to rural areas,
to agriculture labourer, linked it to cultural revolution
• Gave theory of Antagonistic vs non-antagonistic
contradictions
• His Programs:
• 1934- Historic ‘Long March’
• 1956- The Hundred Flowers Campaign- ‘Let hundred
flowers blossom and hundred schools of thought
contend’(socio-political openness program)
• 1958- The Great Leap Forward- economic transformation of
China
• 1966- Cultural Revolution- purging anti-revolutionary
elements from society
• "Two Bombs, One Satellite" project; “Three-anti and Five-
anti Campaigns”
• His Books
• On Guerrilla Warfare-1937
• On Contradiction-1937
• On Protracted War (lectures)- 1938
• On Practice- 1937
• On People's Democratic Rule-1949
• The Little Red Book ( his sayings)
• Art of war
• His famous Quotes:
• “Politics is war without blood, while war is politics with
blood.”
• “Political power grows out of the barrel of the gun...”

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 • Three years of hard work : ten thousand years of happiness.
• A revolution is not a dinner party.
• “An army of the people is invincible!”
• “War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get
rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun.”
• “Communism is not love. Communism is a hammer which
we use to crush the enemy.”
• “Historical experience is written in iron and blood.”
• “The atom bomb is a paper tiger which the United States
reactionaries use to scare people. It looks terrible, but in fact
it isn't.”

Lenin (1870 –1924) • Bolshevik revolution leader, founder of Communist Russia &
USSR
• Revolution led by vanguard party (the Communist party)
• Democratic centralism, Imperialism as height of capitalism
• Worldwide network of revolutionary activities- Comintern
• Stalin coined the term ‘ Leninism’
• Books: ‘The State and Revolution’ ; ‘Imperialism, the Highest
Stage of Capitalism’

Robert Dahl • American political thinker of liberal & pluralist thoughts

• Pluralist theory of democracy- political competition between
interest groups
• "Polyarchy": political power distributed in many people
• One of chief proponents of “Behaviouralism”
• One of the greatest theorists of Democracy
• Gave the most famous definition of ‘Power’
• Books: ‘A Preface to Democratic Theory’, ‘Who Governs?’
Robert Nozick(1938 • Influential American Libertarian Thinker
– 2002) • Entitlement theory of Justice; procedural theory of Justice
against Rawl’s theory of Justice based on distributive Justice
• Supporter of Minimal state, low taxation
• “a distribution of goods is just if brought about by free exchange
among consenting adults from a just starting position, even if
large inequalities subsequently emerge from the process”- his
core thought
• Critic of John Locke’s ‘Mixing of labour’ theory of property

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 • Books: ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia’; ‘a libertarian answer to
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice’

Friedrich Hayek • Very Influential British Economist and Libertarian Thinker

(1899 –1992) • Intellectual father of Neo-liberal Capitalism
• His thoughts influenced Margret Thatcher and Reagon in
bringing Neo-liberalism
• Proponent of minimalist state; free market economy
• Opposed ‘social justice’, ‘distributive justice’ as unnatural and
against human freedom
Book: ‘The Road to Serfdom’
T.H. Green (1836 – • English political thinker of social liberalism tradition
1882) • British idealism movement – as a reaction against the thinking of
John Locke, David Hume, John Stuart Mill, and other empiricists
and utilitarian.
• Hugely influenced by German idealism of Hegel and Kant
• Ethics & morality in social life- moral philosophy: reason is
source of morality/ethics
• State to provide conditions for best moral/ethical conduct by
individual
• Book: ‘The Principles of Political Obligation’
Hobhouse (1864 – • British liberal political thinker and sociologist
1929) • Proponents of social liberalism- social democracy
• ‘wealth had a social dimension and was a collective product’
• Books: Liberalism (1911), Social Evolution and Political Theory
(1911), The Philosophical Theory of the State (1918)

Benedict Anderson • Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian- but lived in USA
(1936 – 2015) • Books: ‘Imagined Communities (1983)- famous theorization of
nationalism- nation as imagined community
• ‘Print Capitalism’: role of print media in bring capitalism and
nationalism
• Print capitalism also meant a culture in which people were
required to be socialized as part of a literate culture- mainstream
language/culture

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 • He also theorized nationalism in Multi-ethnic empires, and rise
of nation-states after fall of Empires post WWI

Karl Popper (1902 • Austrian-British political thinker

–1994) • ‘Scientific theories are those which can be falsified by
experiments’
• Supporter of liberal democracy and criticism of social injustice
and ailments
• Supporter of flourishing ‘open society’- moral universalism
• His targets : Plato, Marx, Hegel (Enemy of open society)
• Preferred Piecemeal social engineering over Utopian social
engineering
• Attempted to reconcile classical liberalism, social democracy,
and conservatism
• Critic of Plato, Marx, Rousseau- all those who idealized closed
society
• Books: ‘The Open Society and Its Enemies’; ‘The Two
Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge’
Edmund Burke • Irish statesman, economist, and political philosopher
(1729 – 1797) • A noted Conservative- founder of British modern conservatism
• Opposed French Revolution: ‘Reflections on the Revolution in
France’- Revolution was destroying the fabric of good society
and traditional institutions of state and society
• Was instrumental in impeachment of Warren Hastings,
Governor-General of India

David Hume (1711 • Scottish Enlightenment philosopher

1776) • Philosophical empiricism- knowledge only from sensory
experience
• Philosophical skepticism :question the possibility of knowledge
• Naturalism: all enquiry from the method of natural science
• Feelings/emotions/experience over reason: “Reason is, and
ought only to be the slave of the passions”
• “Ethics based on emotion or sentiment rather than abstract moral
principle”
• “Statement of fact alone can never give rise to a normative
conclusion of what ought to be done”- is-ought problem

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 • Influenced utilitarianism, logical positivism, the philosophy of
science
• Books: ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’
Jeremy Bentham • English political philosopher
(1747 – 1832) • Founder of modern utilitarianism- Greatest Happiness principle-
moral actions are those which brings greatest happiness to
greatest number
• Supported legal rights; called natural law and natural rights as
“nonsense upon stilts"
• His famous students- J.S. Mill, Robert Owen
Books: ‘A fragment on government’(1776); "Essay on Political
Tactics"(1791)

Wittgenstein (1889 • Austrian-British philosopher

–1951) • Considered by some to be the greatest philosopher of the 20th
century
• Attempted to identify the relationship between language and
reality and to define the limits of science
• Wrote ‘Tractatus’ in which he gave Logical positivism- as
influencer of Vianna Circle of philosophers

Schumpeter (1883 – • An Austrian political economist, who taught in Harvard

1950) University, USA
• Wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy’ – critique of
classical democracy
• Negative view of democracy: “democracy is the mechanism for
competition between leaders, much like a market structure”
• “Participatory role for individuals in representative democracy
is usually severely limited”
• Minimalist definition of democracy “as the method by which
people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out
their will”
• Criticized, by Robert Dahl and others, for such negative & elitist
view of democracy.
Seymour Martin • An American sociologist and political thinker (political
Lipset(1922 -2006) sociology)
• Studied democracy in comparative perspective

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 • Books: ‘Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (1960)’;
‘Party Systems and Voter Alignments( 1967)’ with Stein Rokkan

Harold Lasswell • American political scientist and communications theorist.

(1902 – 1978) • Father of Policy Science- gave 7 stage Policy Cycle concept
• Defined democracy as ‘Who Gets What, When, and How”
• 5 question model of communication: "Who (says) What (to)
Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect"
• "Garrison State"- a political-military elite composed of
"specialists in violence" in a modern state
• One of the main contributor to the ‘Behavioural Revolution’ in
1950s
• Founder of Political Psychology
• Content analysis methods- to dissect propaganda messages and
newspaper editorials

Ronald Dworkin • An American political thinker of liberal tradition

(1931 –2013 • Gave ‘Equality of Resources’ in his book ‘Sovereign Virtue’
• “every person is entitled to equal concern and respect in the
design of the structure of society”
• “Luck Egalitarianism”- Luck should not make well-off or poor
• Liberty- ‘Do Values Conflict?’- liberty and equality do not
necessarily conflict. ‘Liberty is only liberty to do whatever we
wish so long as we do not infringe upon the rights of others.’
• Criticized Isaiah Berlin's conception of liberty as "flat"
Michael Walzer • Prominent American political thinker of Communitarian
(born 1935) ideology
• Gave ‘Complex equality’ in book ’Spheres of Justice’
• Communitarian critique of liberalism- with Alasdair MacIntyre
and Michael Sandel
• ‘Just and Unjust Wars (1977)’- ethics in wartime
• ‘On Toleration’- toleration in various settings, including
multinational empires

Gerald Cohen • Canadian political philosopher of Marxist ideology

(1941–2009) • Marxism, egalitarianism and distributive justice
• Books: ‘Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence’- defended
Marx’s historical materialism

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 • ‘Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality’- criticism of Lockean
‘self-ownership’ principle and moral argument in favour of
socialism

David Gauthier • Canadian-American Political Thinker

(1932) • Pioneer in moral theory and revisiting social contract theories
• ‘Morals by Agreement’ -neo-Hobbesian social contract theory of
morality
• Gave ‘contractarian ethics’
• ‘Justice as Mutual Advantage’-moral norms are those that
rational, self‐interested persons would accept in regulating the
pursuit of their self‐interest
• Wrote history of political philosophy, especially of Hobbes and
Rousseau
Will Kymlicka (born • Canadian Political Thinker
1962) • ‘Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority
Rights’: gave his concept of multiculturism, toleration. and
minority rights
• Note: Bhikhu Parekh wrote ‘Rethinking Multiculturalism:
Cultural Diversity and Political Theory’
David Easton (1917 • Canadian-born American political scientist.
2014) • Proponent of both Behavioralist and post-Behavioralist
revolutions
• Gave ‘system concept’- political system- input, conversion,
output, feedback and environment; political system as ‘black
box’.
• Defined Politics “ as the authoritative allocation of values for
the society”
• Books:
• ‘The Decline of Modern Political Theory(1951)’
• ‘The Political System. An Inquiry into the State of Political
Science(1953)’
• ‘A Framework for Political Analysis(1965)’

Leo Strauss (1899 – • German-American political philosopher of classical political

1973) tradition

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 • Gave ‘‘Straussian’ Approach’ to interpret classical texts by
esoteric method
• Deeply influenced by Martin Heidegger, great German thinker
• ‘post-Behavioralist revolutions’- revival of normative political
theory
• Rejected ‘fact–value distinction’; politics cannot be separated
from norms/values; politics include value judgment
• Wrote path-breaking books on Spinoza and Hobbes
• Critic of modern form of liberalism and its individualism
• Advocated return to classical political philosophy- Plato,
Aristotle
• Books:
• ‘Natural Right and History’ ; ‘What Is Political Philosophy?’
• ‘The Crisis of Political Philosophy’;’ Liberalism Ancient and
Modern’

Martin Heidegger • German philosopher- regarded as one of the most important

(1889 –1976) philosophers of the 20th century.
• Phenomenology: study of the structures of experience and
consciousness.
• Hermeneutics: methods of textual interpretations
• Existentialism: study of problem of human existence and
centres on the lived experience of the thinking, feeling, acting of
individuals
• Wrote ‘Being and Time (1927)’- his philosophy of being-
“Dasein”- experience of being peculiar to human

Lucian Pye (1921 – • American political scientist, known for his theory of political
2008) development and modernization of Third World nations
• His theory of political development: equality to the political
culture, the problems of capacity to authoritative governmental
structures, and the question of differentiation to non-authoritative
structures.
• Books:
• ‘Political Culture And Political Development’(1965) ; ‘Politics,
Personality, And Nation-Building (1962)’
• Note: Rostow, Organski, David Apter, Edward Shils, etc also
gave theory of political development and modernization

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Johan • Norwegian sociologist, known as father of peace studies
Galtung(1930) • Negative and Positive peace:
• Negative Peace: absence of violence
• Positive Peace: restoration of relationships, the creation of social
systems that serve the needs of the whole population and the
constructive resolution of conflict
• Books:
‘Violence, Peace and Peace Research (1969)’
‘Peace By Peaceful Means (1996)’ ;
‘50 Years: 100 Peace and Conflict Perspectives (2008)’
Thomas Paine • English-born American political philosopher
(1736– 1809) • Contributed in American independence by his 2 influential
writing : ‘Common Sense ‘ and ‘The American Crisis’
• wrote ‘Rights of Man (1791)’ in defence of French Revolution
• In his ‘Agrarian Justice (1797)’, he introduced the concept of a
guaranteed minimum income through a one-time inheritance tax
on landowners.

Montesquieu (1689 • French political philosopher, best known for his ‘ Spirit of the
–1755) Laws (1748)’ in which he gave the principle of separation of
power between legislatives, executive, and Judiciary
• His ‘separation of power’ ensures Liberty
• Influenced both French and American revolution.
Robert Michels • German-born Italian Political Philosopher
(1876 1936) • Gave ‘Iron law of oligarchy’ - rule by an elite, or oligarchy, is
inevitable within any democratic organization
• Book: ‘Political Parties(1911)’
Steven Lukes • British political thinker
(1941) • Gave ‘3 Facets of Power’- power as dominance, power as agenda
setting (power of non-decision), ideological and hegemonic
power

August French philosopher and Sociologist

Comte Gave the term’ Sociology’
Formulated the doctrine of positivism
Influenced by the utopian socialist Saint-Simon
Influenced- J.S.Mill, Émile Durkheim

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Created ‘Religion of Humanity’- a secular religion
Books:
• Course of Positive Philosophy
• System of Positive Polity
• A General View of Positivism

248
FACT SHEETS-
IPT:
INDIAN
POLITICAL
THOUGHTS

249
 FACT SHEET IPT 1: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIAN POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHERS- MAIN THINKERS

Thinker Main concepts/facts/books

Manu • Mythical first man and lawgiver of Ancient India

• Compiled ‘Manu Smriti’- code of social conduct for Hindus
• First Sanskrit text to have been translated into English in 1794
• Views on Manusmriti :
• Negative: Vivekanand thought Manusmriti is obsolete; Ambedkar
burnt it in a bonfire, Gandhiji didn’t agree to its contradicting and
dehumanizing parts
• Positive: by Dayanand Saraswati, Annie Besent, Friedrich Nietzsche
• Core theme: maintain the 4-fold Varna System (Varna Ashram Dharma)
and follow the Dharma- moral virtues, moral obligations/duty, justice in
individual & social life
• Basis of Manu’s social laws- Shrutis (Veda, Upanishads), Social practices,
Analysis(reason), and Self-satisfaction
• Manusmriti became controversial and politicized due to derogatory
comments on ‘Shudra’ and Women. Became rallying point for anti-
Brahmanical movements
• Dharma: Righteousness, Virtues, Moral order, Duties, Just thoughts and
actions, natural qualities or characteristics or properties of anything, law,
Justice, Religion
• Purushartha: Goals of human life- Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha :
Dharma should guide Artha, Kama, then only Moksha can be attained
• 4 Ashrams : Celibate studentship( Brahmcharya), Family life( Grihastha),
Retreating from worldly affairs( Vanaprashtha), wandering medicant in
search of Moksha( Sanyas)
Veda Vyas- • The Mahabharta- Great Epic- 18 Parva(books)- largest Parva-Shanti-Parva-
Raja Dharma contains Rajadharma
• Shanti-Parva: in dialogue form- between Dying Bhisma and Yudhishthira in
which others also join
• Rajadharma: Duties and obligations of the King/ruler, Dharma (laws and
rules ) and Good Governance, Theory of origin of State/Kingship, Art and
science of Governance and Politics– Danndaniti , Political Obligation of the
citizen
• Rajadharma is also mentioned in Manusmriti, Arthashastra, Śukranītishātra,
Purans

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 • Rajadharma is the ultimate Dharma; only if the King follows Rajadharma all
other Dharma can be up-holded
• State originated, by divine intervention, to maintain Peace, Order,
Prosperity, and Dharma
• Duties of King: to maintain peace, order, and Dharma (prime duty),
Welfare and Prosperity of the people, follow Dandaniti in statecraft,
Maintenance and expansion of the State, Give preference to interest and
happiness of his people over his own
• Political Obligation: Dharma is supreme and sovereign, NOT the King;
political obligation only till the King follows Rajadharma
Kautilya- • Also called ‘Chanakya’ and ‘Vishnu Gupta’; lived in about 4th century BC
Arthasashtra • He is mentioned in ‘Mudra-Raksha by Visakhadutta, ‘Das-Kumar-Charit,
by Dandin, Kathasaritsagar by Somadeva and Jain & Buddhist Texts
• Was a scholar at Taxila university , the teacher and mentor
of Chandragupta Mourya
• Manuscript of Arthashastra was discovered by R. Shamasastry in Mysore
Oriental Library in 1909
• Arthashastra –Nitishastra; contains: Statecraft, Science of Politics,
Political Economy, Social norms & customs, Civil & Criminal Law, Justice
system, Inter-state politics, Warfare, Criminology, Intelligence & Espionage
• Core theme: Arthashastra is the science which explains the means of the
attainment and protection of that earth (resources/artha) - Science of Politics
• Prgamtism and Political realism- like Thucydides, Machiavelli, and
Morgenthau
• Origin of state: State originated to end Matasyanyay and maintain peace,
order, and welfare of the people
• Saptang: 7 limbs of state: Swami Amatyas, Janapada, Durgas, Kosha,
Danda, Mitra
• Kautilya’s Saptang: 7 elements compared to limbs of body part: Swami-
Head, Amatya- Eye; Suhrid ( mitr/allies)- eyes; Kosha- Mouth; Durg- arms,
Janpada- Legs, etc.
• An able king can fine tune Saptang to make his state strong and victorious
• Mandal Theory: International-state real politics
• Basic premises: Neighbours are natural enemy, Enemy of Enemy is friend,
Friend of friend is friend, Friend of Enemy is Enemy, No permanent friend
or enemy in politics, Power is the means to maintain the state, The King
may adopt any means to protect & maintain the State
• Mandala: circle of Kings: 5 in front: Ari, Mitra, Ari-Mitra, Mitra-Mitra,
Ari Mitra-Mitra

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 • 4 in back side: Parashanigraha: enemy at back, Akranda:friend at back,
Parashanigrahasara: Ari-Mitra, Akranda sara: Mitra-Mitra
• Vijigishu : King aspiring to conquer the world
• MADHYAMA: Powerful Kingdom close to both the Vijigishu and his
immediate enemy
• UDASIN : Neutral state out of the circle of States of Vijigishu; more
powerful than any of the kings in the circle.
• 72 elements ( or Prakriti ) of IR and foreign policy in Mandala theory

Ziauddin • Main Political thinker during Delhi Sultanate- Khalji and Tughlaq
Barani • His ‘Fatwa-i-Jahandari’ is considered valuable political treaties on real-
(1283–1359) politic and compared to Machiavelli's Prince and Kautilya’s Arthashastra
• Also wrote ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi’ ( Firuz Shah's History)
• His ‘Fatwa’, like Machiavelli’s Prince, is advise on statecraft to Muslim
Kings in non- Muslim land such as India
• Attempted to reconcile demands of Shari’a and maintenance of State in
lands of non-Muslims
• Formulated ‘Jawabit’- secular state laws
• Barni’s ideal king- had God like virtues, Shouldn’t have 5 mean qualities:
falsehood, changeability, deception, wrathfulness and injustice
• Mahmud of Ghazni represent his idea of an ideal King
• ‘Fatwa’- 24 Hidayat (advices) covering all aspects of Kingship/Statecraft
• Elements of The State- Nobility, Army, Law, Justice, Bureaucracy,
Intelligence System
• His controversial thoughts: hate against low born, ignoble; banning
education to low born; hatred for science, reason, logic ;dynastic principle
for stability of nobility
Abul Fazl • Political thinker of Mughal era; secretary & companion to Akbar
(1551 –1602) • Wrote: ‘Akbarnama’- 3rd volume of it ‘Ain-i-Akbari’
• Gave: Social contract theory as basis of Sovereignty, theory of divine light,
religious tolerance (Sulh-i-Kul), state promoting science & reason
• ‘ Farr-i- Izadi’- theory of divine light: King receiver and reflector of divine
light
• Sovereignty: both temporal & spiritual sovereignty vested in the King
• Just vs unjust sovereignty: only just one receives divine light and lasting

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• Sulh-i-Kul (absolute peace)- universal peace, religious tolerance and social
harmony
• 4 fold division of the society: 1. The warriors 2. the learned men 3. farmers
& labourers 4. artificers & merchants (compare them to Fire, Air, Water,
Earth)
• 4-fold division of the state: 1. Nobility 2. Assistants of victory 3.
companions of the King 4. Servants

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 FACT SHEET IPT 2: MODERN INDIAN POLITICAL THINKERS

Thinker Main concepts/facts/books

Raja Ram Mohan • Lead the 1st wave of modern Indian Thinkers
Roy (1772 – • ‘Father of Modern India’; ‘Pioneer of Indian Renaissance’
1833) Concepts:
• Liberal Humanism- all mankind are one great family of which numerous
nations and tribes are only various branches
• Judging socio-religious practices through reason and social utility
• He saw unity in all religion: 1. Universal Supreme being 2. Existence of
soul 3. Life after death
• Note: But he ssems Not to believe in Existence of soul and Life
after death; Brhamo Samaj does not believe in both these things.
• Spiritual Synthesis: synthesized transnational humanist culture
• Cosmopolitanism: proposed ‘World Congress’
• Social reforms before political freedom
• English rule- God sent opportunity for social reform and modernization
of Indian society
• Champion of Civil Rights, women’s education, liberal political economy
Societies:
• Atmiya Sabha in 1815, the Calcutta unitarian Association in 1821 and the
Brahmo Sabha in 1828
Journals:
• Brahminical Magazine’; Bengali weekly- ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ ; Persian
weekly -‘Mairat Al Akbar’; English weekly -‘Bengal Gazette’
School/colleges:
• Hindu College(Presidency College); the Anglo-Hindu School; Vedanta
College
Books/essays:
• Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (A Gift to Monotheism)- 1803 ;
• The Precepts of Jesus- The Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820)
• Modern Encroachments on the Ancient Rights of Females (1822)
• The Universal Religion (1829) ; History of Indian Philosophy (1829)
• Many translations of Vendantic texts and Upanishads in Hindi, Bengali,
English

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Swami Great Hindu Vedantic philosopher and social reformer
Vivekananda His main Concepts/theories:
(1863 –1902)
• Humanism: Man is divine; man is mirror of god; service to man- service
to God
• Monism- Advait Vendanta: Human soul is part of the infinite universal
omnipresent force- Brahaman
• Perfectibility: Man can achieve salivation by realizing his inner
Goodness, by moral perfection of the Soul
• Oneness of universe- all are one in the universe
• Unity of all religion: all have same purpose- unity with God
• Religion provides – Liberty(salvation), equality (equal before God),
fraternity (creation of same God)
• Cycle of Caste rule: Human societies have seen successive rules of
Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra
• Ideal Society-in which truth becomes practical, in which divinity of man
is realized; combination of best of rules by Brahman’, Kshatriya,
Vaishya, Shudra; harmony between individual & society; just, equal, and
liberating
• Realization of ideal society- mass education, cultural Revolution, social
reforms
• Nationalism: proud in our Indianness, our ancient civilization, our
Spirituality, and our Universal motherhood
Societies:
• Ramakrishna Math and Missions
Books:
• Bartaman Bharat (in Bengali) (1899), Essay published in
‘Udbodhan’
• The East and the West (1909)
• Practical Vedanta
• Karma Yoga, raja-yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga
• Complete works of Swami Vevekanand.
Quotes on him:
• “The greatest man India produced in recent centuries was
not Gandhi but Vivekananda.” (AmbedkarJI)
• “Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India"( Chakravarti
Rajagopalachari)
• “Vivekananda was maker of Modern India"( Subhash Chandra Bose)

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 Other facts:
• His birthday, 12 January, is celebrated as National Youth Day.
• 1893: participated in World Parliament of Religions at Chicago. Became
celebrity after his famous speech on Hindu Religion
• Supported idol worship

Pandita Ramabai First Feminist of Modern India

Saraswati (1858 – Her thoughts/concepts:
1922)
• 3 major Gender Issues: child-marriage, the plight of widows, and
education for women
• 2 socio-cultural factors against women: Ancient ‘Shastras’/’Smritis’
and Hindu social codes of conduct- such as Manusmriti and Patriarchy
• 3 strategies for improving women’s conditions: Self-Reliance,
Education, and self-help- Women as Teachers/doctors
• Women’s subjection de-based Indian men and degraded Indian nation
What she did for Women?
• Arya Mahila Sabha: A forum to make women aware of their rights and
fight for them
• Sharda Sadan: shelter, education, vocational training to High caste Hindu
widows
• Mukti Mission: Support and education to widows, unmarried women
and girls, abandoned wives, and victims of the terrible famine and the
plague
Books:
• ‘Stree Dharma Niti’ : by income from this she could travel to England
• ‘The High-Caste Hindu Woman’: published in USA in 1887: An
unofficial Indian Feminist Manifesto
Other facts:
• Title of 'Pandita' and 'Saraswati' awarded to her by the University of
Calcutta due to her deep knowledge of Sanskrit
• Was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind Gold Medal In 1919 by the Colonial
Govt.
• Attended the Indian National Congress session of the year 1889 ; also
participated to the Third National Social Conference in 1889
• First Indian women to get her book published in USA in English
Language
• She adopted Christian Religion. Was re-named Mary Ramabai

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 • First Indian women to have a society in her name in USA- Ramabai
Association

Rabindranath Greatest Philosopher poet of Modern India

Tagore (1861 – His thoughts/concepts:
1941)
• Universal humanism- nothing should divide humanity and rob human
freedom
• Against western nationalism: divides humanity, make one less humane,
less moral, and constrain freedom
• cosmopolitanism/internationalism- unity of humankind, man, culture,
countries
• Self-regulated swadeshi Samaj (society) in place of nation-state
• Social reconstruction, reform, and united community than political
nationalism
Books:
• What is nation? ; ‘Nationalism in India’ (essay)
• ‘Swadeshi Samaj’ ; ‘Crisis in Civilization’
• Gitanjali (Song Offerings to God)- won Noble Prize
• Gora (Fair-Faced), ‘Ghare-Baire’(The Home and the World) ; ‘Char
Adhaya’

Other Facts:
• National song of two nations- India and Bangladesh- written by him !
• First Asian to get Noble Prize in 1913
• Returned title of Knighthood in 1919 protesting Jallianwala Bagh
massacre
• He called Gandhiji ‘Mahatma’; Gandhiji called him’ Gurudev’
• Established ‘Sri-Niketan’- Institute of Rural Reconstruction and ‘Shanti-
Niketan’- called ‘Vishwa Bharati’ University

Bhimrao Great scholar and architect of Indian Constitution

Ambedkar(1891 – His thoughts/concepts:
1956)
• Caste system: biggest weakness of Indian social system
• Graded inequality- hierarchy of caste system in which each level below
Brahmin is both exploited and exploiter.
• Only by elimination of Caste system, socio-economic progress possible

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• Social democracy: Socialism with liberal democracy and constitutional
Government-“Democracy to work towards socialism but have its basis in
a regime of rights”
• Supported state socialism
• Constitutional morality: adopted it from George Grote;
• Pragmatism: from John Dewey, his teacher at Colombia University
• Graded inequality: inequality based on group identity- caste system
• Social Justice- Justice prevails upon ensuring Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity
• Trinity of Rights: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
• Social reform is prior to political and Economic reform
• Political democracy useless without social democracy

Books:
• ‘Castes in India- 1916’ ;
• ‘Annihilation of caste-1936’
• ‘Who Were the Shudras? 1946’ ;
• ‘The Untouchables -1948’
• Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
• ‘The Budhha and his Dhamma-1957’
• Gandhi and Gandhism
• Philosophy of Hinduism
• The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution
• States and Minorities
• Book on him : ‘Ambedkar: Towards An Enlightened India’- Gail Omvedt
Journals:
• ‘Bahishkrit Bharat in Marathi’ ; ‘Mook Nayak’
• ‘Janata’ and ‘Samata’ magazines
Societies:
• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha 1924
• Samata Sainik Dal -1924
• Samaj Samata Sangh-1927
• Depressed Classes Education Society-1928
Political Parties:
• 1937: Independent Labour Party

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 • 1942: Scheduled caste federation
• 1956: The Republican Party

Other Facts:
• Publicly Burnt ManuSmriti in 1927
• Participated in Round table conference, got separate electorate for Dalits
• But agreed to leave separate electorate as per the ‘Poona Pact’ with
Gandhiji
• Was member of Viceroy’s executive Council
• Chairman of the drafting committee of constituent assembly
• Was against the Panchayati raj System- it would sustain caste system
• First law minister of India, but resigned on issue of ‘Hindu Code Bill’
• Converted to Buddhism in 1956; in 1936 he declared he would not die a
Hindu

Gandhi- his idea • His idea of swaraj contained in ‘Hind Swaraj’, published in 1909
of Swaraj • Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by Mazzini’s Italy
• Influence on political thoughts of Gandhiji
• John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau ( civil disobedience),
Leo Tolstoy- an pacific anarchist ; Italy’s Mazzini, Dada Bhai
Naoroji Un-British Rule in India , Gopal Krishna Gokhle ( his
political Guru), Jainism( non-violence), Vaishnavism(Catholicism)
• Swaraj- meaning
• Literal: self- governance, freedom, liberation
• For Individual: self-mastery, self-restrain, self-realization, moral
goodness
• For community/polity- self-governing autonomous community life
without any formal coercive authority (state)-A kind of Enlightened
Anarchy
• 4 components of Swaraj: Polity, Economy, Social Order, and Dharma
• His other thoughts/concepts:
• Oceanic circle: self-governing, self-reliant, autonomous communities,
starting from village in concentric circle- nation as communities of
community
• Vision of decentralized, non-hierarchical, participative and
substantive democracy

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• Satyagraha: active resistance based on truth and non-violence, involving
soul-force and power of truth
• Sarvodaya- Good for all; Antyodaya- good to the last one in the row-
the poorest of the poor
• Trusteeship: Capitalist class as trustee of wealth of the society, uses it
for welfare of the masses and society
• Bread labour: each one need to do the manual work equivalent to value
of his material consumption- honour/dignity to manual labour
• Freedom from want: limiting our want- voluntarily poor
• Instead of western modern civilization, he had vision of ideal civilization,
which is not materialistic, individualistic, mechanistic, and dependent on
western medical treatment, transport, trade, and way of life
• Rejected Determinism, believed in relative truth and one step at a time
• News paper/Journal/Magzines
• Indian Opinion- Newspaper
• Young India - weekly journal
• Navajivan - Newspaper
• Harijan - weekly newspaper in English
• Gandhi’s Ashrams: Chronology
• Phoenix Settlement, established in 1904 in KwaZulu Natal;
• Tolstoy Farm, established in 1910 outside of Johannesburg
• Sevagram Ashram (est. 1936 in. Wardha).
• Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India by Gandhiji;
Founded in 1915 near Ahmedabad
• Sabarmati Ashram- 1917 (Kochrab Ashram shifted and re-named)
• Other facts:
• Went to South Africa to fight case of Gujrati businessman
• Considered himself Enlightened Anarchist
• He followed Deontology- Means ( to achieve end) should also be good;
choices and rules should be right
• Won Kaisar-i-Hind in 1915, which he returned in protest against
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
• Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was from
Apology of Plato; he called Socrates ‘Satyavir’
• Translated John Ruskin’s ‘Unto This Last’ as ‘Sarvodaya’ in Gujrati; he
published it in nine instalments in Indian Opinion

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 • Was given title of ‘Mahatma’ by Rabindranath Tagore
• Considered Gopal Krishna Gokhle his political guru
• Sadagraha (Satyagraha) term was suggested by his borther Maganlal
• His autobiography- My Experiments with Truth

Sri • A philosopher, yoga guru, maharishi, poet, journalist, and Indian

Aurobindo(1872 – revolutionary nationalist.
1950) • Unique combination of spirituality and revolution
• After 1910 left active politics and became a spiritual reformer
• Found world famous Sri Aurobindo Ashram - a spiritual community in
Puducherry
• Societies:
• Anushilan Samiti.
• Lotus and Dagger- secret societies
• Jugantar Party
Journals/Magzines:
• Vande Mataram- editor (founded by Bipin Chandra Paul)
• Karmayogin- Newspaper
• Dharma
• Arya- Philosophical Magzine
• Bhawani Mandir - a revolutionary political pamphlet
Books/Essays:
• The Life Divine (1919)’
• ‘Essays on the Gita (1922)
• The Bhagavad Gita
• ‘Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (1940)’
• ‘Synthesis of Yoga (1948)
• Integral Yoga
• ‘The Secret of the Veda’
• The Renaissance in India
• On Education
• The Human Cycle
• The ideal of human unity
• ‘The Mother’

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 • The ideal of human unity
Other Facts:
• Lord Minto called him the most dangerous man
• Was proponent of ‘Integral Yoga’- The central theme of his vision
was the evolution of human life into a divine life in divine body
• Gave 4-fold objective: Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott, and national
education.
• Was active during the Sadeshi movement-1905
• In May 1908 was arrested in connection with the Alipore Bomb
Case.
• His spiritual collaborator- Mirra Alfassa (referred to as "The
Mother")

Muhammad Great Urdu Poet and political thinker

Iqbal(1877-1938) Concepts/thoughts
• Influenced by humanism, universalism, Sufism, and modern western
philosophy
• ‘Khudi’- spiritually evolved self; 3 layers of self- physical, relational,
universal
• Community ( Millat- community of Muslims)- morally evolved people
united by common bond of religion/spirituality
• Such community is same as political community and nation
• In his community 3 realms – spiritual, political, social- merged
• Rejected western nation-state, which to him, divides people on basis of
geography, race, colour, language, and other external identities

His creations:
• "Tarānah-e-Hindi“- Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā -1904
• Tarana-e-Milli- Anthem of the Community-1910
• Asrar-i-Khudi - Secrets of the Self (1915) ; Rumuz-i-Bekhudi - Hints of
Selflessness (1917)
• Payam-e-Mashriq The Message of the East (1924)
• Javed Nama -(Book of Javed)-1932;
• Collection of Essay- The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam-
1930
Other facts:
• Inspiration behind separate Muslim Nation-Pakistan

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 • Articulated his vision of Pakistan in – 1930- Speech in 25th session of
Indian Muslim League at Allahabad.
• Brought back Ali Jinnah back from political exile to lead Indian Muslims
• National Poet of Pakistan, called Allama (most knowledgeable)
• Revered in Iran, called Iqbāl-e Lāhorī
Vinayak • Revolutionary Hindu nationalist leader and political thinker
Damodar Concepts/thoughts
Savarkar (1883- • Who are Hindu?
1966)
• People following religions of India,
• whose ancestors had lived on ‘Bharatvarsha’,
• and who consider ‘Bharat’ as Punyabhumi

• Religion of India: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, etc

• Hindutva: Hinduness; feeling of being Hindu
• 3 elements of Hindutva: Hindu Nation ( territory), common Racial
Identity( Jati), and common Cultural Identity

Societies:
Abhinav Bharat, India House, Free India Society
Books:
• ‘The Indian War of Independence-1909’ ;
• ‘Mera Aajewan Karawaas – 2007’
• ‘Hinditva: Who Is a Hindu? -1923’ ;’
• Kaala Pani’ -2007’ ;
• ‘Mopla- 1967’

Other Facts:
• He called 1857 revolt as 1st war of Independence
• Influenced by Joseph Mazzini, western Enlightenment and nation-state
• 1910: arrested in London for revolutionary activities; sentenced to life
imprisonment at Kalapani- A&N islands
• 1923- conditional release, sent to Ratnagiri Jail- social reformer, writer
• President of Hindu Mahasabha for 7 years- 1937-43
• Despite being its philosophical founder, never Joined RSS
• Was a rationalist Atheist- was against ‘Hindu ritualism’, Cow protection

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 • In 1970, PM Indira Gandhi released Postal Stamp on Savarkar

Jawaharlal • Architect of Independent India

Nehru(1889 – • His Concepts/thoughts
1964)
• Secularism:
• Based on scientific humanism, western concept of separation of
state & church
• State should observe neutrality in regard to all religion
• neither irreligion nor anti- religion -equal respect for all faiths
• State - neutral Umpire to religious practices but would intervene to
protect individual’s rights, freedom, public order, morality, social
welfare, justice.
• Socialism:
• Inspired by Fabian socialism- democratic, peaceful, gradual change
• Mix of libertarian Marxism, Fabian socialism, Gandhian moral
Philosophy
• Mixed economy- both Pvt and public sector, but greater role to
latter
• Central planning: for rapid economic development
Books:
• The Discovery of India;
• Glimpses of World History
• Toward Freedom- his autobiography
• Letters from a Father to His Daughter

Other Facts:
• 5 times President of Congress: 1929 (Lahore session)- ‘Purna Swaraj’-
celebration of Indian Independence every year on 26th January ; 1936
(Lahore), 1951-52 ( Lahore), 1953( Hyderabad), 1954 (Kalyani)
• Drafted ‘Nehru report’- a Constitution of India with his father Motilal
Nehru and other prominent Congress leaders in 1928
• 1955- Avadi resolution of Congress- socialist mode of economy
• Major social reforms: Abolition of Jamindari system, land reforms,
Hindu code bill, community development program
• Set up Planning commission, National development council

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 • 1st Constitutional amendment: put land reforms in 9th Schedule- non
justiciable; curtailed right to freedom by increasing reasonable
restrictions

Dr. Ram • Socialist leader and centre of anti-Congressism

Manohar Lohia • His concepts/thoughts
(1910
• Wheels of History: All human history hitherto has been an internal
–1967)
oscillation between class and caste and an external shift of
prosperity and power from one region to another
• Prosperity, progress- caste open up to become like class
• Degeneration, decline: class closes to become like caste
• Halting the Wheel of History: True Socialism by Willed
Approximation
His Socialism:
• 3rd way- sandwiched between Soviet style communism and Nehru’s
democratic socialism
• Synthesis of Communism, democratic socialism, and Gandhian
philosophy
• Multi-dimensional Equality: Internal/External vs Spiritual/ Material
• 7 Revolutions: against Gender inequality, caste system, class and racial
inequality, protecting individual privacy, and civil disobedience
• 60: 40: 60 % reservation to Dalits, women, backward class, minorities
• 4 Pillared state: central, provincial, district, and village govt- political
decentralisation; people’s participation
• Jail, Vote, Spade: Jail: Communist struggle; Vote: Representative
Democracy; Spade: Gandhian constructive actions for social reforms
“Daam Bandho, Kharcha Bandho”: control price and consumption
“Jaati Todo”- break the Caste System
• Ridiculed ‘side looking’, backward looking, imitating, shallow
modernism
• Quotes:
• “Politics short term religion; religion long term politics”
• “ Zinda Kaume 5 saal intzar nahi karti”- living community don’t wait
for 5 years
Journal : Mankind
Books:
Wheel of History( 1955) ;

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The Caste System ( 1964)
Fragments of World Mind: (1949) ;
Guilty Men of India’s Partition( 1970)
Marx, Gandhi and Socialism (1963)
India, China, and Northern Frontiers

Other Facts:
• Did his research on Salt Taxation in India
• 1934- joined Congress Socialist Party (CSP)
• 1948 : Left CSP to form Socialist Party of India
• 1952: Socialist Party of India merged with the Kisan Majdoor Praja
Party to form the Praja Socialist Party ( PSP);
• 1956: formed Socialist Party (Lohia) by splitting PSP;
• 1965: merged the Socialist Party (Lohia) into the ranks of the Samyukta
Socialist Party ( SSP)
• 1952-his famous Pachamarhi Speech- outlined his socialism
• Vision of organising mega cultural fest -Ramayana Mela at Chitrakoot
• Actively participated in liberation of Goa
• Icon of Non-Congressism
• Biggest Inspiration for the contemporary socialist parties- SP, RJD,
JD(U),JD(S)

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 SECTION 2

FACT SHEETS PYQA :

THEME WISE
ANALYSIS OF PAST
YEAR’S NET PAPERS

267
Note : PYQA of Political Theory is incoporated into the facts sheets of that theme; for
remaining themes separate sheets as below is given;

FACT SHEET PYQA WPT: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED IN PAST YEAR

PAPERS FROM WPT

Main Theme Themes/Topics asked

Classical • Plato- father of normative philosophical political theory
thinkers • Aristotle- Father of science of politics
• Correct sequence of Aristotle’s thery of causation- the material, the
formal, the efficient, and the final
• Golden Mean- Aristotle
• Allegory of cave, theory of divided line, theory of Form/idea- Plato
• Character of a good city: wise, brave, temperate [equanimous, level-
headed], and just (Plato in his ‘Republic’; note the order of these
virtues)
• Plato was deeply influenced by Socrates, from whom he adopted the
Dialectical approach; he was also influenced by Heraclitus,
Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans.
• In Plato’s ‘Law’- Nocturnal Council
• Plato’s principle of community of wives & property was inspired by
Sprata and was aimed at curbing corruption
• Functional division of society- Plato
• Plato’s Justice: one man- one work; one class- one duty
• Principal Character in Plato’s Republic- Polemarchus, Adeimantus,
Glaucon
• Aristotle adopted empirical, scientific and inductive approach
• Dialectic method was used for the first time in the writing of Plato
Modern • Bosanquet: synthesized German and English Liberalism
Thinkers • Bosanquet and Ernest Barker were influenced by T.H. Green
• considered to be one of the most Hegelian of the British Idealists
• Proponent of “Absolute Idealism
• Locke, Rawl, Berlin, Green- Deontological view; Machiavelli,
Bentham- Teleological view
• Rule of Law- A.V. Dicey

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• Separation of power- Montesquieu
o Aim-securing liberty
• Natural Rights- Locke
• Doctrine of overlapping consensus- John Rawls
• Dictatorship of the proletariat- Marx
• Hegemony- Gramsci
• Leninism- Stalin
• Consent theory; tacit consent; Constitutional and limited
Government, Tabula Rasa - Locke
• Absolute Sovereignty - Hobbes
• Perpetual Peace- Immaneual Kant
• Monoist and legal theory of sovereignty – John Austin
• Idea of Participatory Democracy- Rousseau
• Labour theory of value- Marx
• Labour theory of Property- Locke
• Justice as mutual advantage- David Gauthier
• Veil of ignorance; original position- John Rawls
• Nightwatchman State- Nozick
• Revolt against reason- Rousseau
• Piecemeal social engineering- Karl Popper
• Welfare state as enslavement; taxation as forced labour- Robert
Nozick
• Procedural theory of Democracy – Robert Dahl
• Idea and not the material condition of production are the effective
cause of revolution- Lenin
• Moral Indifference; double standard of morality- machiavelli
• Father of Positivism- August Comte
• Father of modern political thought- Machiavelli
• Hobbes: first modern political thinker who deliberately ignored
Aristotle
• Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers emphasises primarily
on Liberty
• Rawlsian concept of justice is based on the Difference principle
• Rawls’ well-ordered society- Stable, Efficient, just but may not be
equal

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• John Rawls’ theory of Justice Combines People’s democracy, market
economy, and the redistributive welfare scheme. It also synthesises
normativism with rationality.
• Under the veil of ignorance, the parties are not aware of their special
psychological prpensity neither are they know their conception of
good
• Locke’s view on ‘state of nature’ is Social and pre-Political ( note- it
is Not pre-social and pre-political)
• Mao – Tse – Tung adopted communism to Asiatic form
• Highest possible achievement of Mind as expressed in social life was
in The Contemporary Prussian State- Hegel
• Machiavelli advised the Prince to pursue- Moderate behaviour
• Fortuna as furious Woman- Machiavelli
• Chronology of Mass movements led by Mao Zedong
• 1956-57: The Hundred Flowers Campaign
• 1958: Great Leap Forward
• 1966-76: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
• Machiavelli blame The Churh for the moral degradation of Italy
• Hegel’s thoughts:
• Family is the thesis, Bourgeois society is the anti-thesis and the
State represents synthesis.
• The rational is real and the real is rational.
• Contradictions are not obstacles preventing us reaching truth.
• Antagonistic vs non-antagonistic contradictions- Mao Zedong
• Beitz and Thomas Pogge- Global Justice
• One country socialism - Stalin
• Marx’s theory of the state and revolution is taken from French
revolutionary tradition
• Susan Moller Okin: Feminist conception of Justice
• Gramsci compared civil society as fortress and earthworks (trenches)
standing behind the state
• Machiavelli is regarded as the first modern political thinker because
1. Separated religion from politics 2. Concept of nationalism and
nation-state
• Hobbes state of nature: pre social and pre political
• Society as cooperative venture for mutual advanatage- John Rawls
• Hayek dismissed John Rawl’s concept of social justice as a ‘mirage’

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 • Lois Althusser distinguished young Marx from the matured Marx
• Fascism as passive revolution- Gramsci
• Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding was a refutation of
Leviathan of Hobbes
• Locke’s Two Treatises on Civil Government is a critique of Filmer’s
Patriarcha
• Machiavelli preferred Republican form of Govt over Monarchy
• Marx’s Alienation:
• Alienation from product of labour
• Alienation from the act of production, labour process
• Alienation from species-being (Gattungswesen)
• Alienation of man from man
• Rawls- critic of Utilitarianism
• Rousseau differentiated between natural and conventional inequality
• Inductive approach- Hobbes, Machiavelli, Aristotle
• Deductive approach- Plato, Thomas Aquinas
• Plato’s Education timelines:
• 20 Years- all 3 classes
• 35 years- Guardian Class
• 50 years- Philosopher Kings
• Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, and Alasdair
MacIntyre: Communitarian liberal thinker
• Rousseau- naturalism (education as process of developing man as
natural man and women as natural woman)
• Marx’s theory of surplus value:
• Extension of Richardo’s theory
• Labour power equals the brain, muscle and nerve of the labourer.
• The worker must be paid a price proportional to the number of
Labour hours that entered into its production. Select the correct
answer

Books/creations • Chronology of classical texts/books

• De Cive(1647)’- Hobbes
• ‘A Letter Concerning Toleration( 1689)’- Locke
• ‘The Confessions( 1782)’- Rousseau

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 • ‘ ‘Political Liberalism(1993)’- John Rawl
• The Statesman – Plato
• Emile – Rousseau
• A Fragment of Government – Bentham
• Art of War – Machiavelli
• Books by Marx- German Ideology, Critique of the Gotha Programme,
Paris Manuscripts
• Science of Logic (1812 -1816)- By Hegel
• The Road to Serfdom- Friedrich Hayek
• Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation- T.H. Green
• Anarchy, State and Utopia- Robert Nozick
• Rousseau’s Books
• Discourse on science and arts (1749)
• Discourse on origin of inequality( 1754)
• Emile ( 1762)
• The Social Contract( 1762)
• The Confessions (1782)
• 5 works of Marx which contain his thoughts on Alienation:
• Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844)- Paris
Manuscripts
• Thesis on Feuerbach (1845)
• The German Ideology (1845)- separates young from matured
Marx
• the Grundrisse (1857-58)
• The Capital (1867)
• Plato’s Republic is a book both on ethics and politics
• Chronology of 3 most important books of Rawl
1. A theory of Justice (1971)
2. Political Liberalism (1993)
3. The Law of Peoples (1999)
• Models of Democracy- David Held
• Carole Pateman- Participation and democratic Theory
• C.B. Macpherson- The real world of Democracy
• Rousseau essay which won him award: ‘“Has the progress of the
sciences and the Arts contributed to corrupt or purify morals?”

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• Plato developed his theory of the nature of the ultimate reality
explaining the actual world in Timaeus
• The End of Ideology (1960)-Daniel Bell
Ishiah Berlin’s Books
• Karl Marx: His Life and Environment– 1939
• Four Essays on Liberty – 1969
• Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas – 1976
• Concept and Categories: Philosophical Essays – 1978
• Liberalism and limit to justice: Michael Sandel
• Foundation of modern Political Thought- Quintten Skinner
• Democratic Theory- Giovanni Sartori
• Philosophy and human science- Charles Taylor
• ‘The History of Political theory’- GH Sabine
Marx books
• Thesis on Feuerbach – 1845
• Poverty of philosophy– 1847
• Communist manifesto – 1848
• Contribution to the critique of political economy – 1859
Gramsci’s Books:
• Prison Notebooks (1929-35)
• The Southern Question
• A Great and Terrible World: The Pre-Prison Letters, 1908-1926
• The Modern Prince and Other Writings
• The Modern State and Politics
Green’s book:
• Lectures on the principles of political obligation ( 1885)
• Prolegomeria to Ethics
• Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary – with David Hume
Hannah Arendt Books
• The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
• On Revolution (1963)
• On Violence (1970)
• The Life of the Mind (1977)
• Between Past and Future (1961)
• Men in Dark Times (1968)

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 • Civil Disobedience (1972)
• The Promise of Politics1993)
Rousseau’s Books
• whether restoration of science and arts contributed to the
purification of morals? (discourse on science and arts )-1749
• what is the origin of inequality and is it authenticated by nature?-
• (Discourse on Inequality-1755)
• ‘Social Contract’-1762
• Emile, or On Education- 1762
• The Confessions- 1782
• Frantz Fanon (1925-1961) Books: French West Indian, Psychiatrist,
political philosopher and author;
‘Black skin, while mask (1952)’ ‘A dying Colonialism (1959), ‘the
wretched of the Earth (1961)
• Friedrich Hegel’s Book:
• ‘Elements of the Philosophy of Right’ ;
• Science of Logic;
• The Phenomenology of Spirit;
• Philosophy of History
• A History of Political Theory’- by Sabine
• A History of Political Theories- Dunning
• Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle-Barker
• Great Political Thinkers: From Plato to the Present- Ebenstein
• The Zig Zag of Politics- Robert Nozick
Quotes • State is individual writ large: Plato
• “Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is
sovereign”- J.S.Mill
• Man in the state of Nature was solitary, nasty, brutish and short-
Hobbes
• “Laws are the rules of just and unjust; nothing being reputed unjust
that is not contrary to some law”- Hobbes
• Functionalism can indeed be interpreted as a conscious alternative to
Marxism- W.G. Runciman
• Thomas Carlyle- Bentham’s Philosophy as “Pig Philosophy”
Mao Zedong’s Quotes;
• Political power grows out of barrel of gun.

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 • Three years of hard work : ten thousand years of happiness.
• A revolution is not a dinner party.
• “All existence is simply a matter in motion.”- Hobbes
• Man is what he eats- Feuerbach
• “the emancipation of the working class is the work of the working
class itself”- Marx
• “Turn the imperialist war into a civil war, that is, into a proletarian
revolution.” - Lenin
• “Science is the fruit of idle curiosity; philosophy is mere intellectual
frippery; the amenities of polite life is tinsel”- Rousseau
• ‘in order that the Athenians might not commit a second crime
against philosophy’ -Aristotle
• Felicity ( Happiness) is “continued success in obtaining those things
which a man from time to time desires”- Hobbes
• “Man must eat before he thinks. To eat he must produce. Production
is a basic activity”- Marx
• “Leninism is Marxism of the era of imperialism and of the
proletarian revolution”- Stalin
• “Prince” the great and true conception of a real political genius
with the highest and noblest purpose”- Hegel
• Family is the only natural society- Rousseau
• Thinking man is a depraved animal- Rousseau
• Felicific calculus is absurd- JS Mill
• “Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even
the welfare of society as a whole cannot override”- John Rawls
• Aristotle’s ideal state was always Plato’s second best- GH Sabine
• Every state is known by the rights it maintains- Laski
• “The English think they are free. They are free only during the
election of members of parliament.”- Rousseau
• ‘That art, religion and philosophy differ only in form, their purpose is
the same’- Hegel
• Religion is the opium of the people: Marx

Mixed/Misc. • The Greek word for Justice is dikaisune.

• Timocracy: in Aristotle's Politics is a state where only property
owners may participate in government. A kind of Plutocracy.

275
• The Roy-Lenin debate on colonial policy: the main issue revolved
around Lenin’s assertion that Communist parties in all colonial areas
must assist “bourgeois-democratic liberation” movements.
• General Will refers to: My Own Real Will, Group Mind , A
common Me
• “Making someone better without making others worse’- Pareto’s
Optimality principle

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FACT SHEET PYQA IPT: THEMES/TOPICS ON INDIAN POLITICAL
THOUGHT (IPT) IN PAST YEAR UGC-NET PAPERS

Major Themes/topics asked

themes
Ancient • Arthasashtra- Nitishastra
IPT • Kautilya’s mandal- total 72 Prakriti or elements
• Kautilya’s Saptang: Swami- Head, Amatya- Eye; Suhrid ( mitr/allies)- eyes;
Kosha- Mouth; Durg- arms
• Aggansutta- 27th Sutta of Digha Nikaya: Buddhist thought- origin of life and
socail order
Modern • Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by Mazzini’s Italy
IPT • Note:
o 1.Both moderates like Gandhiji and militants like Savarkar were
influenced by Mazzini and his role in making Italy a unified nation-state
• 2. Gandhiji was influenced by:
• John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau ( civil disobedience),
Tolstoy- an pacific anarchist ; Plato & Aristotle; Dada Bhai Naoroji
(drain of wealth) , Gopal Krishna Gokhle- his political Guru
• Gandhiji rejected determinsm, believed in relative truth and one step at a time
• Gandhi described himself as a Philosophical Anarchist
• 20th century Jacobinism: M.N. Roy
• Voluntary Poverty- Gandhiji
• Integrated theory of evolution- Aurobindo
• Most dangerous man (British called): Aurobindo ( by Lord Minto)
• Father of Indian unrest: Tilak ( by author Valentine Chirol)
• Lloyd and Sussane Rudolph- Indian economy as Bullock Cart Capitalism;
India as ‘weak-strong state’ ; caste in India fosters democracy’ ; tussle
between a “demand polity” and a “command polity” ; State in India as
‘Polymorphous’
• Subhas Chandra Bose: idea of planning commission
• M.N. Roy formed the Communist Party of India on 17 October 1920 at
Tashkent.
• Secret Society: Lotus & Dagger- Aurobindo
• M.N.Roy: Kanpur conspiracy case ; The League of Radical Congressmen

277
• E. V. Ramasamy Naicker (popularly called Periyar)- started self-respect
movement- He first joined Congress party; DK founded in 1944 by Periyar, as
new Avatar of the Justice Party, which he joined in 1939
• Periyar brecame atheist after the Kashi Pilgrimage incidence
• Ambedkar was opposed to Panchayati Raj System
• Savrakar gave first the idea of Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation) ; he first called
1857 revolt the Indian War of Independence
• Gandhi’s Satyagraha- positive force of soual; different from passive
resistance- negative and weapon of weak
• Jaya Prakash Narayan ( JP) formed Congress socialist party and later on in
1952 formed the Praja Socialist Party.
• JP was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1999
• Barni’s Fatwa-i-Jahandari- advise to Muslim ruler on statecraft
• 1919: Tagore surrendered Nighthood in protest gainst the Jalianwala masscre
• 1984: GOI decided to celebrate birthday of Vivekananda – national youth day
• MN Sriniwasan- Sanskritisation
• Lohia was opposed to both capitalism nad communism- gave 3rd way- his
brand of socialism
• Gandhi’s Ashrams: chronology
o Phoenix Settlement, established in 1904 in KwaZulu Natal; and
Tolstoy Farm, established in 1910 outside of Johannesburg
o Sevagram Ashram (est. 1936 in. Wardha).
o Kochrab Ashram was the first ashram in India by Gandhiji;
Founded in 1915 near Ahmedabad
o Sabarmati Ashram- 1917
• Ramabai was called ‘Pandita’ due to being scholar of ‘Sanskrit’
• Gandhi: Deontology- Means should also be good; choices and rules should be
right
• Tilak published; Kesari and Maratha newspaper
• Aurobindo: weekly- Karmyogi and Dharma
• MN Roy: New Scientific Humanism- radical or new humanism; he prepared a
model constitution for India
• MN Roy founded Maxican Socialist Party; he formed league of radical
congressmen; founded Indian Renaissance movement; run a weekly
‘independent India’; was part of ‘Comintern’ but was expelled from it later on
• Gandhiji was influenced by Plato, Ruskin, Tolstoy, Jainism, Vaishnavism
• Gandhiji went to South Africa to fight case of Gujrati businessman

278
 • Aurobindo- most dangeoros man- Lord Minto
Books • India Wins Freedom- Azad
• My Experiments with Truth- Gandhiji
• Idea of Justice- Amartya Sen
• Idea of India- Sunil Khilnani
• The Indian struggle- Subhas Chandra Bose
• The Life Divine (1919) ; Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol(1940)’’- Aurobindo
• Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was from Apology of
Plato; he called Socrates ‘Satyavir’
• ‘Political Economy of Development in India’- Pranab Bardhan
• Books by M. N. Roy
• Poverty Or Plenty? (1944)
• The future of Indian Politics
• Gandhism, Nationalism, and Socialism
• New Humanism
• Radical Humanist
• India in Transition (1922)
• The Historical Role Of Islam
• The Communist International (1920)
• Revolution and Counter-revolution in China(1946)
• Atul Kohli books
• Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability
(1990)’
• Poverty Amid Plenty in the New India
• Democracy and Development in India
• State-Directed Development
• The Success of India's Democracy
• : Rajni Kothari Books
• Politics in India(1970)
• Caste in Indian Politics(1970)
• State Against Democracy(1988)
• Rethinking Development(1988)
• Rethinking Democracy(2005)
• Communalism in Indian politics(1998)

279
Morris Jones Books
• ‘Parliament in India’(1957)
• ‘The government and politics of India( 1971)’
• ‘Politics Mainly Indian(1978)’
Paul Brass Books:
• ‘Factional Politics in an Indian State(1965)’
• ‘The Politics of India Since Independence(1990)’
• ‘Ethnicity and Nationalism(1991)’
• ‘The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India
(2004)’
• ‘An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1937 to
1961 (2011)’
Myron Weiner books:
• Party politics in India(1957)
• State Politics in India(1968)
• Sons of the Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India(1978)
Achin Vanaik Books
• ‘Communalism Contested: Religion, Modernity and
Secularization(1997)’
• ‘Hindutva Rising: Secular Claims, Communal Realities(2017)’
• ‘India in a Changing World1995)’
• “A Plea for Reconstruction of Indian Polity”- Jayaprakash Narayan
• Pandita Ramabai: High caste Hindu Women- An unofficial Indian Feminist
Manifesto; first book published in English by an Indian woman.
• Tagore’s books and their meaning/theme- Geetanjali, Gora, Sadhna, Ghare-
Baire
• JP: ‘Why Socialism?’
• Lohia: ‘Salt Taxation in India’
Iqbal’s Creations:
• "Tarānah-e-Hindi“- Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā -1904
• Tarana-e-Milli- Anthem of the Community-1910
• Asrar-i-Khudi - Secrets of the Self (1915) ;
• Rumuz-i-Bekhudi - Hints of Selflessness (1917)
• Payam-e-Mashriq The Message of the East (1924)
• Javed Nama -(Book of Javed-1932;

280
 • Collection of Essay- The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam-
1930
• Bang-e-Dara- The Call of the Marching Bell
• Integral Humanism: An Analysis of Some Basic Elements(2009)-Deendayal
Upadhyaya
• His Integral Humanism: human life not isolated; harmony between
individual, society, and nation; essential unity of the man
• Rambriksha Benipuri wrote biography of JP
• Gandhi & Gandhism: Ambedkar
• Marx, Gandhi, and Socialism- Lohia
Ambedkar’s Books/Essays/papers:
• Castes in India- 1916 ;
• Annihilation of caste-1936
• Who Were the Shudras? 1946 ;
• The Untouchables -1948
• The Budhha and his Dhamma-1957
Quotes • “Swaraj will not be a free gift of the British Parliament, it will be a
declaration of India’s full expression.”- Gandhiji
• Indian Politics as “Politics of Scarcity”- Myron Weiner
• Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”- Morris Jones
• India as quasi-federal state- K.C.Wheare
• emergence of “a market polity” in India- Morris Jones
• nature of Indian State as ‘incremental democratic modernization’ – Rajni
Kothari
• Hinduize all politics and militarize Hinduism
• Lambs are shorn of the wool; they are feeling the cold- Ambedkar
Misc. • Acharya Vinoba Bhave- first Satyagrahi of the Individual Civil Disobedience
Movement started by Gandhiji in October 1940
• The term 'Dharmshala Capitalism', 'Hindu rate of growth' was coined by
Professor Rajkrishna, an Indian economist, in 1978 to characterize the slow
growth and to explain it against the backdrop of socialistic economic policies.

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 FACT SHEET PYQA CP: THEMES/TOPICS OF COMPARATIVE
POLITICS ASKED IN UGC NET PAST YEAR PAPERS
Main theme Themes/topics asked
Approaches to • Rajni Kothari and Morris Jones used structural functional approach
CP to analyse Indian Polity
• Modern Democracy as Polyarchy- Robert Dahl
• System approach- Easton identified 4 types of Input functions as
demand: Participation in political system, Allocation of goods and
services, Communication and information, Regulation of behaviour
• Structural functionalism as a method was developed to study the
politics of Politics of developing countries
• Communications theory of Karl Deutsch- engineering orientation to
human behaviour- goal change, learning, feedaback, receptors
• Functionalism as an alternative approach to Marxism - W.G.
Runciman
• Structural–functional approach was weak in change, the social
process approach was weak in politics and the comparative history
approach was weak in theory- Huntington
• Ludwig Von Bertallanfy- general systems theory; This model
subsequently adopted by various disciplines of social science in
following sequence: Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology and
Political Science
• David Easton gave a ‘flow model’ of political system ?
• Almond borrowed most of the terminology of his structural-
functional approach from Talcott Parsons
• James Bryce: Institutional Approach
• Anthony Giddens: Structuration
• Economic theory of democracy (rational choice models): Anthony
Downs
• Herbert Marcuse: Conveyance theory
• System theory of Easton: The sequence of regulatory mechanism by
Easton is: Gate-keeping at the boundary, Socio-Cultural norms,
communication channels and Reduction processes.
• Almond and Verba suggested a ‘sleeping dogs’ theory of
democratic culture that implies that low participation indicates
broad satisfaction with government

282
 • Herman Finer and Carl Fredrich: institutional approach
Political • Harry Truman the US President: gave special meaning to
Development and development in his famous speech after WWII, this started
Dependency modernisation theory
theory • Features of Dependency theory
• Aspects of political development- Lucian Pye
• Lucian Pye identified 6 crises in political development: 1. Identity
2. Legitimacy 3. Penetration 4. Participation 5. Unification 6.
Distribution
• “The poor are poor not because of what they do not have, but
because of what they cannot do.” is said by Amartya Sen-
capability approach to development- development as freedom
• Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, A.M. Henderson and Joseph la
Palombara: political development is linked with legal and
administrative development
• Huntington identifies political development with the
institutionalisation of political organisations and procedures
• Organski: 4 stages of political development: unification,
industrialization, national welfare and abundance
• Fred Riggs: balance between the principles of equality and
capacity in political development; Development Trap- imbalance
between equality and capacity
• “will and capacity” approach to the study of political development-
Halpern
• Huntington challenged the idea of political development as an
unilinear process
• Edward Shils’ categories of political system: (i)Political
Democracy (ii) Tutelary Democracy (iii) Modernizing Oligarchy
(iv) Totalitarian Oligarchy (v) Traditional Oligarchy
• Dos Santos: 3 types of dependency: colonial, financial-industrial,
technological-industrial
Elite Theory • Elite Theory- critique of democracy, pluralism, and socialism
• The elite theory was first started in Central and Western European
Countries
• Robert Michels: ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’
• C. Wright Mill’s ‘The Power Elite’ is a study of the contemporary
politics of USA
• Elites and society: Thomas Bottomore

283
 • Michels’ Iron law of oligarchy was formulated on the basis of the
study of German Social Democratic Party
• Mosca: political formula (a set of doctrines propagated by the ruling
elites)
• Burnham: economic approach to elitism
Comparative • UK, New Zealand, Israel have unwritten constitution
Polity of USA, • Federal Councilors of Switzerland- Plural executive-unique
UK, Switzerland, institution
France, etc
• It is collective head of state and government of Switzerland.
• It has 7 members
• The position of President of the Swiss Confederation rotates
among the members of the council on a yearly basis
• One year's Vice President of Switzerland becoming the next
year's President of Switzerland
• Once elected for a four-year-term, Federal Councillors can
neither be voted out of office by a motion of no confidence
nor can they be impeached
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): USA: supremacy of federal over
the states
• Marbury Vs Madison, 1803, the U.S. Supreme Court first declared
an act of Congress/Parliament unconstitutional, thus establishing
the doctrine of judicial review
• Philadelphia Convention - Declaration of independence and
signing of the Constitution in US.
• USA- Due process of law- 5th & 14th amendment
• USA and Switzerland: Dual Citizenship
• India and UK: Single Citizenship
• In USA all courts including all levels of the State Courts have the
power of Judicial review
• Roosevelt: 4 times USA president
• Swiss federal tribunal can declare a state law unconstitutional but
Not the federal law
• Residual power is vested with federal governments in Canada.
India, Belgium, it rests with the state governments in the U.S.A.,
Australia, Switzerland.
• Robert Walpole: 1st PM of England and World

284
 • France and Sri-Lanka- semi presidential system
• Once a speaker always a speaker- UK
Political Culture • Almond- homogeneous culture in developed nations
• Meaning of clash of civilisation (Huntington)
• Kumbh Mela: intangible cultural heritage of Humanity
• S.E.Finer: Low, Mature, and Developed Political Culture
Misc./Mixed • Johann Gottfried, a German: father of cultural nationalism
• Consociational state: in which has major internal divisions along
ethnic, religious, or linguistic lines, with none of the divisions large
enough to form a majority group, but which remains stable due to
power sharing among these groups
Examples: Lebanon, Israel. Northern Ireland, South Africa, etc
• Authoritarianism vs Totalitarianism: Totalitarianism is
ideological and cultural project to bring new civilization by the state
led by a political party; state intervene in all aspects of citizen-
private and public- both features not in Authoritarianism
• Nation and Nationalism: Ernest Gellner
• Bendict Anderson- nation as an ‘Imagined Community’
• Samuel Huntington: Political Order in Changing Societies
• Functions of political party
• Primordialism ( birth based identity): caste, clan, kinship,
community, etc,
• S.M. Lipset- ‘Political Man’
• Huntington: 3rd wave democratisation
• Subaltern School- New Democracy
• Govt without Constitution is power without Rights: Thomas Paine (
Rights of Man)
• The Anatomy of Revolution (1938): Crane Brinton- revolution as
fever
• Stasiology: The study of political parties.
• Gabriel Almond: sequential order of Interest group: (a) Institutional
groups (b) Non-associational groups (c) Associational groups (d)
Anomic groups
• Book: The man on horseback- S.E.Finer
• Book: Comparative Politics Today- Almond

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• Revolutions:
• Islamic Revolution: Iran
• Puritan Revolution: 1649: to limit arbitrary powers of
Charles II
• Winston Churchill: There can be no comparison between the
positions of number one and numbers two, three or four.”( about
British PM)
• Pseudo-pressure groups- Duverger
• Charles Tilly: Political conflict approach in analysis of revolution
• Interest group as anonymous empire – S.E.Finer
• Political socialisation in traditional society is Ascriptive (birth
based status)
• Fusion of power between legislature and executive – parliamentary
form of Govt
• No judicial review powers to courts- UK and France
• Features of Constitutional govt- rule of law, limited
• Legitimation Crisis (1973)- Habermas
• Paul Sweezy (1910 –2004) Wrote ‘Monopoly Capital: An Essay on
the American Economic and Social Order (1966)’
• Co-operative federalism- ideal type of federalism
• Second chamber an indispensable part of legislature in Federal form
of govt
• Karl Deutsch Tried to give an essentially engineering orientation to
human behaviour
• The nerves of government (1963)- Karl Deutsch
• The Nerves of Government applies concepts of the
theory of information, communication, and control to
social science.
• Uses the concepts of feedback, channel capacity and
memory.
• Explains human and social organization which hold &
process information/communication are nerves of
Government
• It considers Government as communication system

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 FACT SHEET PYQA PUB AD: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED IN
PREVIOUS UGC-NET EXAMS ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Major Theme Themes/topics/facts asked

Pub Ad • 5 stages in the chronology of the evolution of Public
theories/thinkers Administration as a discipline: (By Nicholas Henry)
Stage 1: politics administration dichotomy (1887–1926)
Stage 2: principles of administration (1927–1937)
Stage 3: era of challenge (1938–1947)
Stage 4: crises of identity (1948–1970)
Stage 5: public policy perspective (1970–Present).

• 6 Managerial Abilities (Physical, mental, Moral, educational,

technical, experience): Fayol
• Taylor’s Functional organizational structure:
• Functional foremanship: each labour reports to 8 functional
expert supervisors/foreman
• 4 planning foreman-route clerk, instruction card clerk, time
and cost clerk, Discipline clerk
• 4 execution foreman- Gang boos, speed boss, repair boss,
and Inspector
• Fred Riggs found Max Weber’s model of bureaucracy irrelevant
and inappropriate for explaining the administrative ecology of
developing
• Parkinson's Law: The Pursuit of Progress (1958)
• His laws: “work expands so as to fill the time available for
its completion.“
(1) "An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals,"
(2) "Officials make work for each other.”
• Public administration as “the activities of the Executive
Branches of the National, State and Local Government”- Herbert
A. Simon
• Riggs’ : Ascriptive( birth based) values are found in Fused
societies

287
• The Informal Channel of Communication is also known as
Grapevine
• Gulick was influenced by Fayol’s fourteen principles.
• Fredrick Herzberg: Motivation Hygiene Approach or two factor
theory
• Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of need theory
• M.P.Follet: concept of partnership; dominance, compromise,
integration( conflict management); circular response
• Riggs: Fused, Diffracted, Prismatic, Sala, Clect, Bazar Canteen
• Chester Barnard:
• Barnard’s authoritative order: feasible, intelligible, aligned
to organisation’s purpose; Zone of Indifference
• Barnard: Organisation: "system of consciously coordinated
personal activities or forces of two or more persons”
• Organization features- Bernard: systematic arrangements of
human affairs, cooperation, regimentations, collectivity,
determinism, dis-integration of person
• By maintaining Contribution-Satisfaction Equilibrium,
individual motives are satisfied, making organization
efficient
• Edward Weidner defined development administration as
“Action-oriented, goal-oriented administrative system”
• Taylor’s concept of Mental Revolution stands for Harmony and
Cooperation for both labour and management
• Elton mayo: Behavioural Revolution, Human Relation theory,
Howthronian experiments, Social Man, Socially situated worker,
non-economic incentive, group dynamics, Informal organisation
• F.M. Marx’s Guardian, Caste, Patronage and Merit Bureaucracy
• The principle of unity of command mainly ensures
Accountability
• Technical and administrative tasks require dilution of Unity of
Command
• Riggs’ “Prismatic Society” is based on Structural-functional
analysis of public administration in developing countries.
• Classical theory of organisation: Mechanistic model, formal
organisation, closed model Simon was positively influenced by
the ideas of Barnard
• Principles of Organisation (1931)’-Mooney and Reiley

288
 • Principle of coordination:
• The principle of scalar process
• Principle of functional effect or functional principle:
• Herbert Simon, a decision is usually compounded of one value
statement/judgement and several fact statements/judgements
• Mayo’s Howthronian Bank Wiring Experiment:
o Rate-buster: - one who produce more than the social
norm. ·
o Chiseller: - the one who produces less than the
social norm/target
o Squealer: - the one who complain the management
about his peer/co-worker
• Feature of Weber’s bureaucracy: Impersonality- Separation of
office from its incumbent, rigid rules, hierarchy, specialisation,
merit based, rational-legal, career orientation,
• Delegation, as per Mooney, is conferring of specified authority
by a higher authority
• According to F.W. Riggs, there are five functional requisites for
any society :1. Economic, 2. Social, 3. Communicational, 4.
Symbolic and 5. Political.
• Chester Barnard: Effective communication essential to achieve
organisational goal; authority lies with subordinate who accept I;
Zone of Indifference
• Cybernetics: science of communication and control
• Vincent Ostram, Anthony Downs, James Buchanan, Kenneth
Arrow- public choice approach
• Weber, like Riggs, also adopted ecological approach-
considering impact of larger socio-cultural environment on
administration
• Ecological approach came out of system approach

NPA/NPM.NPS/GG • Features of NPA: less "generic" and more "public", less

"descriptive" and more "prescriptive", less "institution-oriented"
and more "client-oriented", less "neutral" and more "normative"
• New Public Administration:
o 1st Minnowbrooke Conference, 1968
o 5 themes of NPA: relevance, values, social equity,
change and client focus

289
 • Michael Cohen, March, and Olsen: Garbage Can Model of
decision making
• Critics of the Bureaucratic theory: Riggs, Talcott Parsons, M.
Crozier, Robert Presthus
• Rigg’s Ecological approach: Agraria- Trnasitia- Industria
• Theory X and Y : Mcgreger
• Theory of Needs: McClelland
Pub Ad Books • The Administrative State: Dwight Waldo
• The Art of Administration: Ordway Tead
• Dynamic Administration (1940)- Mary Parker Follett-
psychological Approach
• Principles of public administration- Pfiffner
• Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution- A. V.
Dicey
• An Introduction to Administrative Law- James Hart
• The principles of the administrative law- Frank Johnson
Goodnow
• Understanding Public Policy- Thomas R. Dye
• Personality and organization- Chris Argyris
• The Art of Judgment: A Study of Policy Making- Geoffrey
Vickers
• Elements of Public Administration- Fritz Morstein Marx(editor)
• The intellectual crisis in American public administration ( 1974):
Vincent Ostrom
• Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook
Perspective(1971)- Frank marini
• Ideas and issues in public administration- Dwight Waldo
• The frontiers of public administration- John M. Gaus, Leonard
D. White, and Marshall E. Dimock
• Morality and Administration in Democratic Government- Paul
H. Appleby.
• The Science of Public Administration: Three Problems · Robert.
Dahl
Pub Ad practices • Ashok Mehta committee, 1978, recommended two-tier
Panchayati raj- Zila Parishad and Mandal Panchayat; it was 1st
committee to recommend Constitutional status to Panchayati Raj
Institutions

290
• Indian Institute of Public Administration was set up in 1954
based on the recommendations of Paul H. Appleby
• CVC was set up in 1964 on the recommendations of Santhanam
Committee (on Anti-corruption)
• Performance Budgeting and functional specialisation was
recommended by 1st Administrative committee report-1966
• The institution of ‘Ombudsman’ was first introduced in Sweden
in 1809
• Re-appropriation: transferring fund from one budget head to
other
• To review Panchayat Raj System in Rajasthan. Sadiq Ali
Committee was Constituted in 1964
• A.D.Gorwala committee: Report on Public Administration
(1951)
• Maharashtra: 1st State to have Lokayukta
• Rajashthan: 1st state to implement Panchayati Raj Institutions
• Kerala: 1st state to have ombudsman for local govt
• Sweden- 1st country to implement RTI in 1766
• All small savings, and state providend funds, etc. are deposited
to Public Account, created under Article 266 (2) of the
Constitution
• CBI came out from the special police establishment set up in
1941
• Administrative Tribunals came up through 42nd Constitutional
amendments
• N.N.Vohra Committee: criminalisation of Politics- 1993
• Statutory bodies: NCW, NHRC, UGC, National commission for
minorities, CVC, Atomic Energy Commission,
• Constitutional body: CEC, CAG, UPSC, AG, Finance
Commission, Inter-state council, National SC/ST commission,
National backward class commission ( by 102nd Amendment
Act, 2018)
• Delegated or subordinate Legislation: Executive Legislation,
Rule and regulation making power
• Procurator system- Russia ; Administrative Courts- France
• Efficiency rating for civil servants- USA
• Sweden- 1st to implement freedom of Press Act, 1st
ombudsman, 1st RTI

291
 • Reservation of seats for backward clss Not compulsory feature
of 73rd Amendments
• 74th Amendments: Ward Committee as per article 243S and
District Planning Committee under Article 243ZD
• Committed Bureaucracy- Indira Gandhi
• Security agencies and para-military forces are exempted from
RTI
• CIC may have maximum 10 information commissioners
• L. M. Singhvi Committee-1986- was a committee on the
revitalization of the Panchayati raj institution for democracy and
development. ; it also recommended Constitutional status to PRI
• Niti Aayog- staff agency; Public Works Department- Auxiliary
agency
Misc./Mixed UK and USA: Administrative reform committee
• Fulton Committee-1968 UK- Generalist vs Specialist Civil
Services- preferred specialists•; Unified Grading Structure
• Assheton Committee (1944)- UK-Training of Civil
Servants
• Brownlow Committee (1937)- USA: proposals for
reorganizing the executive branch; President's Committee
on Administrative Management-1937
• Hoover Commission (1947-49)- USA-ways to reduce the
number of federal government departments and increase
their efficiency in the post-World War II
• Taft Commission- The Commission on Economy and
Efficiency-1910
• The Hoover Commission, officially named the
Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of
the Government- 1947
• The Grace Commission-Private Sector Survey on Cost
Control -1982
• USA: Hatch Act of 1939- No political Activity by Civil
Servants
UK: Committee on Civil Services
• Northcote-Trevelyan Committee- 1854- Merit System
• Fulton Committee-1968- Generalist vs Specialist Civil
Services;preferred specialists

292
 • The Redcliffe-Maud Report -1969 on Local Government in
England
• Tomlin Commission (1929-31) Report: Royal Commission
on civil services
• Donoughmore Committee- Delegated Legislation
• Assheton Committee- Training of Civil Servants
• Whitleyism : Permanent council to sort out labour-
management issues
• Masterman Committee: Pollitical Activities of Civil
Servants in Britain ; 3 categories- politically free,
politically restricted, Conditional
• Atchison Commission- 1886- scheme for fulfilling the
claims of Indians to higher and more extensive
employment in public service
• Gladstone committee- 1895- on Prison Reforms

• Line vs Staff agency: adopted from Military

• Line: make and defend policy, carry out crucial job of the
organisation; vertical hierarchy- scaler chain
• Staff: Support and advise ‘line’ with specialised/expert
knowledge- horizontal hierarchy
• Auxiliary: purely supportive and housekeeping role-
Horticulture, house-keeping, security, etc.
• ‘Span of Control’ is also known as Military Type of Foreman
• The word ‘Bureaucracy’ was first coined by Marie Vincent de
Gournay
• ‘Budget is a series of Goals with price tags attached’-
Wildavsky
• David Nachmias and D.H. Rosenbloom: participatory
bureaucracy
• Jacksonian Theory’ is also called Spoils system (patronage
Bureaucracy)
• Peter Drucker: Entrepreneurial Spirit, Management by
Objectives
• Scaler process: Mooney & Reiley
• Vertical job loading is the terminology used by Herzberg to
describe his principles for enriching positions and giving
employees more challenging work

293
• Horizontal job loading, which often involves giving employees
more work without changing the challenge level
• Shafritz and Russell, in their book ‘Introducing Public
Administration’, provided 18 definitions of public administration
• Thinkers who made difference between public & private admin:
Josiah Stamp, Paul H Appleby, Herbert Simon, John Gauss,
Peter Drucker
• Thinkers who did not make difference between public & private
admin: Fayol, Follet, Gullick, Urwick
• Managerial Vs Integral View of Pub Ad
• Managerial Views: Only managerial functions are part of
Public Admin
o Supported by : Luther Gullick, Herbert Simon,
Smithburg nd Thompson,Fayol, Merson
• Integral View:That all works- managerial and routine- are
part of Public Admin
o Supported by : Taylor, Dimmock, Woodrow
Wilson, L. D. White, Marshall, Dimock, John
Pfiffner and Percy McQueen
• Spoil system or Patronage Bureaucracy in USA: by President
Jackson
•Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 1883- removed the
spoil system; merit system
• China: 1st country to have sound recruitment policy for Public
Administrators
• Nonfesance: failure to perform an act ( by Public
Administration) that is required by law.
• The four management systems or leadership style identified by
Rensis Likert : Exploitative Authoritative, Benevolent
Authoritative, Consultative and Participative
• Mixed Scanning model: 3rd way between rationalism and
incrementalism- Amitai Etzioni
• Bureaucrat as ruling servant- Robert K merton
• Informal organisation: authority flows across and downward
• The notion of a representative bureaucracy was first articulated
by Donald Kingsley in 1944
• Zero based budget- creator Peter A Phyrr
• Quotes on Bureacracy

294
 o Bureaucracy as continental nuisance- Thomas
Carlyle
o Bureaucracy (in England) thrives under the cloak of
ministerial responsibilities”- Ramsay Muir
o Cabinet as “new despotism”- Lord Hewart
o “Dictatorship of cabinet in Britain”- Ramsey Muir
o Bureaucracy is the price of parliamentary
Democracy –Herbert Morrison
• Span of control depends upon: Age of organisation,
personality of supervisor, caliber of subordinate, organisational
structure, delegation, etc.
• Civil Services Exam- reforms:
• Kothari committee-1976- 3 stage CSE
• Satish Chandra Committee-1989- essay paper
• Y.K. Alagh Committee- 2001- CSAT
• Hota Committee, 2004: Age-21-24; aptitude and leadership
tests
• Second Administrative Reforms (Veerappa Moily)
Commission-2008- CSAT, and present model
• All India Services mentioned under article 312: IAS, IPS, IJS(
Indian Judicial Service)
• Incremental model of Public Policy: Charles Lindblom

295
 FACT SHEET PYQA IR: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED FROM
INTERNATIONAL RELATION IN PAST YEARS PAPERS OF UGC-
NET

Major themes Themes/topics asked

IR theories • Realism- Power ( and interest)
• Marxism- class struggle
• Game Theory- Pay off
• Constructivism: Identity
• Neo-liberalism- economic interdependence; IGOs
• Decision-making: Environment (national & international)
• 6 principles of classical realism- Hans J. Morgenthou
• major argument of Neo-realism of Kenneth Waltz is that
Structures are more important than actors, hence called
structural realism
• Woodrow Wilson- liberal perspectives on international
politics: 14 point principle; League of nation ( based on Kant’s
theory of perpetual peace)
• Realism: International Peace through A balance of power
between States.
• International society tradition is also known as the English
School
• System Theory in IR: Mortan kaplan
• correct sequence of Morton Kaplan’s models of systems
analysis: (i) Balance of Power (ii) Loose Bipolarity (iii) Tight
Bipolarity (iv) Universal International System
• neo-realism: restate the basic ideas of realism in a more
‘scientific’ form.
• Chronology of IR thinkers: Reinhold Niebuhr ; (ii) Immanuel
Kant ; (iii) Antonio Gramsci ; (iv) Robert W. Cox
• Martin Wight, of English school, used rationalism of Hugo
Grotius, Realism of Hobbes, and Revolutionism of Kant to
develop a synthetic IR theory
• Functionalist theory of Integration- David Mittarany

296
 • John Mearshemier, an offensive neo-realist, builts on Kenneth
Waltz’s argument concerning the stability of bipolar system as
compared to multipolar system
• Neo- Marxism: Economic globalization is an uneven,
hierarchical process and benefits only a tiny minority
• Sandra L Whitworth- Feminist/critical theory
• Elisabeth Prügl – Feminist social constructivism
• Charlotte Hooper- feminist post-structiralism
• Chandra Mohanty- feminist post-colinialism
• Three images of politics- Kenneth Waltz
• Bargaining Theory- JF Nash, Thomas Shilling, Roger Fisher
• Realistic Liberlaism: John Herz
• Dependency Theory- facts/thinkers
• Just war Theories- Thomas Aquinas, Samuel Pufendorf,
Hugo Grotius
• Jus in Bello (Just conduct of war)
• Jus Ad Bellum (just causes of war)
• In Johan Galtung's 1969 paper, "Violence, Peace and Peace
Research, “- Conflict Triangle, a framework used in the study
of peace and conflict- Structural, Cultural, and Direct violence
• Bi-polarity- most stable structure for global peace- Kenneth
Waltz (father of neo-realism)
• Interest defined in terms of power- Morgenthau (father of
classical realism in modern era)
• States seeks to maximise their relative power positions- John
Mearshiemer (offensive neo-realist)
• Nicholas Onuf and Alexander Wendt (’Social Theory of
International Politics’)- ‘World of our making’
• Classification of Ideologies by Morgenthau
India’s foreign Policy • Non-reciprocity principle of India’s policy towards
neighbouring countries envisages providing one way
concessions to neighbouring countries to improve ties; this
policy was given by Indian PM I.K.Gujral
• Non-alignment as India’s foreign policy meant independence
and judging each issue on its relevance to our national interest.
• Chronology of Foreign ministers of India

297
• Indira Doctrine: India’s security is coterminous with the
region and any interference of external powers is taken as a
threat to India’s security.
• Chronology of Indo-US Nuclear Treaty; (ii) Indo-Soviet
riendship Treaty; (iii) Tashkent Agreement ; (iv) Shimla
Agreement
• Main purpose of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord ( 1987) was To
end the ethnic strife between the Sinhalese and Tamils.
• India has neither signed nor ratified NPT and CTBT ; Only 3
countries- India, Pakistan, and Israel- have not signed NPT
• CEPA( Japan, South Korea, UAE), CECA( with Singapore),
BECA( with USA)
• India in UN Peace-keeping missions- facts, which operations,
etc.
• India’ border disputes with Nepal, Sri-lanka, Pakistan,
Bangladesh
• Sri-Lanka (Katchatheevu Island)
• Nepal- Kalapani and Susta
• Bangladesh (New Moore Island, Dahagram-Angarpota,
Farkka Barrage)
• Pakistan- Sir Creek, Siachin, Wular barrage
• Dahagram-Angarpota is one large Bangladeshi enclave that
has not changed hands in the swap between India and
Bangladesh
• India is Not party to the Rome Statute- through which ICC
was set up at Hague, Nertherland
• Landmark events in India’s foreign Policy- Shimla Agrrement
( 1972), Panchsheel ( 1954), Indira Doctrine, Gujral Doctrine,
Look East, Look West, lahore declaration ( Bajpaiji), Genuine
NAM ( Morarji Desai), Ind-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Indo-
Sri lanka Peace accord- 1987
• India in UN- members of which body, particiapted in which
Pecae keeping Mission, etc
Indus water treaty- 1960
o World Bank played role of mediator
o India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Sutlaj
o Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water

298
 • On 27 March 2019, India tested an anti-satellite weapon
(ASAT) during an operation code named Mission Shakti
• India became a Sectoral Partner of the ASEAN in 1992,
Dialogue Partner in 1996 and Summit Level Partner in 2002
• Different operations- military and
disaster/protection/evacuation- by India- Operation Raahat,
Mausam, Parakram, Brasstacks, Sahkti, Smiling Buddha, etc

Books/Authors • Huntignton: Clash of Civilisation

• Joseph Nye- Soft Power
• Susan Strange- Retreat of the State
• Immaneual Wallerstein- The World System
• Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American
Power ( 2010)’- Robert D. Kaplan
• ‘The Anarchical Society (1977)’: Hedley Bull (Eng. School)
• ‘Failed States (2006)’: Noam Chomsky
• ‘Conflict and defense (1962)’: Kenneth E. Boulding
• “Stable Peace”- Kenneth E. Boulding
• Twenty year crisis- EH Carr (classiacl realist)
• Neo-realism and its critics- Robert Keohane ( neo-liberalism)
• The Tragedy of Great Power Politics- John Mearsheimer (
offensive neo-realism)
• From Wealth to Power- Fareed Zakaria ( Neo-classical
realism)
• Theory of Games and Economic Behavior: John von Neumann
and Oskar Morgenstern
• Globalization and Its Discontents- Joseph Stiglitz
• In defense of globalisation- Jagdish Bhagwati
• A Globalizing World? Culture, Economics, Politics- David
Held
• The End of History and the Last Man (1992): Francis
Fukuyama
• World of our making- Nicholas Onuf
• People, state, and Fear- Bary Buzan
• Soft Power- Joseph Nye
• The transformation of political community- Andrew Linklater

299
 • Cooperation Under Anarchy- Kenneth Oye ( English School)
• Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795)- Immanuel
Kant
• From International to World Society- Barry Buzan
(Copenhagen School)
• International Regimes- Stephen D. Krasner
• The Art of War- Sun Tzu
o Note: Machiavelli and Mao Zedong also wrote
books named ‘Art of War’
• Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace-
Hans Morgenthau
• Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism- Kwame
Nkrumah
• The analysis of international relations- Karl Deutsch (famous
for communication theory and ‘The Nerves of Government’ )
• The Implosion of Capitalism- samir Amin (famous for coining
‘Eurocentrism’, theory of unequal exchange’)
• World Order- Henry Kissinger( famous for his shuttle
diplomacy)
• The wretched of the earth- Farntz Fanon
• Runaway World: Anthony Giddens
UN and IGOs • ‘An Agenda for Peace (1995)’- Boutros Boutros-Ghali ; It
included Preventive diplomacy, peace making, peace-keeping,
and peace-building- UN reform process
• Committee of UN General assembly
• Tenure of UN Secretary General
• First Generation Peace keeping operations
• ‘Uniting for Peace Resolution’- Acheson Plan
• Collective Security System of the UN is based on the principle
of All for one, one for all ; The term was made famous by
Alexandre Dumas in the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers.;
Popularized in IR by Morgenthau ; NATO, Warsaw Pact, and
other security alliances are based on this principle
• About Chapters/articles of UN charter
• Facts about different UN organisations/agencies
• The decisions of the security council are binding, and must
only be passed by the majority of nine out of the 15 members,
as well as each of the five permanent members.

300
• UN Peace building Commission- Dec, 2005
• Brahimi Report: Panel on United Nations Peace Operations
was set up by the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan
• Organization of American States (OAS), Arab Maghreb Union
( AMU), NAFTA, SEATO
• Vianna Conference-1993- Human rights
• Cairo- 1994- Population
• Beijing- 1995- 4th UN Women conference
• Demand for NIEO was first made at the Algeris Summit of
NAM
• Facts about BIMSTEC, ASEAN, SAARC, EU, OAS ( its
organs)
• About ASEAN:
• Founding members of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand- 1967- Bangkok
Declaration
• Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member after it
joined on 8 January 1984
• Vietnam -seventh full member on 28 July 1995
• Laos & Myanmar- 1997
• Combodia-1999
• Years/places of NAM summits
• BSEC: Black Sea Economic Cooperation
• Visegrád Group-V4: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and
Slovakia
• OSCE: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
• 7 Asian country G-20- China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Saudi
Arabia, South Korea, and Turkey.
• Maastricht Treaty- birth of EU ( from European Community)
• APT: ASEAN + 3 ( Japan, China, South Korea)
• The Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy
and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) is the
first regional government to-government agreement to
promote and enhance cooperation against piracy and armed
robbery against ships in Asia
• the European Commission: executive branch of EU,
responsible for proposing legislation, enforcing EU laws and
directing the union's administrative operations.

301
 • Lesser Known regional organisations in Africa- economic
community of west African states, south African Development
Community, Economic community of central African states,
Eastern African Community
• The IBSA Dialogue Forum (India, Brazil, South Africa) is an
international tripartite grouping for promoting international
cooperation among these countries; set up in 2003
• G-20- in 1999 ; G-7- in 1975
• The Flying Bee- ASEAN
• OPEC created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–
14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.

IR GK • Chronology of world events: Ostpolitic (normalization of

relations between the West Germany and East Germany
beginning in 1969), Warsaw Pact; NATO ; Helsinki
Agreement (1975: 35 participating states, including almost all
European nations, USA, and Canada signed the Final Act in an
attempt to improve the détente between the East and the
West.)
• Chronology of Cold War events: Fall of Berlin Wall ; (ii)
Cuban Missile Crisis ; (iii) Korean War ; (iv) Berlin Blockade
• Chronology of : Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (ii) India’s
first Nuclear Explosion at Pokhran (iii) Cuban Missile Crises
(iv) Adoption of structural adjustment programme of India
• Chronology of : i.U.S. Policy of Containment of the Soviet
Union. ii. Dissolution of the former Soviet Union. iii. Iran-
Iraq War. iv. US War on terrorism in Afghanistan.
• Barack Obama: 1. Af-Pak Policy 2. Pivot to Asia Policies
• Canada adopted Responsibility to Protect ( R to P) as Policy
• MDG- 8 goals- 2000-2015 ; SDG- 17 Goals- 2015-2030
• Marshall Plan ( 1948): Rebuilding Western European
economics post WWII; Official name: European Recovery
Program
• The Bretton Woods Agreement- 1944- IMF and World bank
• MAD : Mutually Assured Destruction (nuclear strategy)
• The US approach to the Cold War was originally set out in the
Truman Doctrine- the containment Policy- Checking globally
the influence of the Soviet Union

302
• the post Soviet era Russia’s outlook at global level is marked
by Pragmatic de-ideologised worldview
• The principle of reciprocity within WTO framework envisage
lowering of trade barriers by a State to be matched in return.
• Gorbachev: Glasnost and Perestrioka
• Structural adjustment programmes require that Governments
of poor countries should adopt privatization and other
‘liberalizing’ measures.
• IMF led the structural adjustment program as per the
Washington Consensus
• Bandung Conference held in 1955- Twenty-Nine Afro-Asian
countries
• SORT: Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty
• RMA; Revolution in Military Strategy
• The Axis of evil is a phrase used by President George W. Bush
in January 2002 to characterize Iran, North Korea and Iraq
• Facts about Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
• Post-westphalian warfare: Non-state dimension of warfare;
Mary Kaldor termed it New war to haracterize warfare in the
post-Cold War era
• The Tehran Conference was a strategy meeting of Joseph
Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28
November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet
invasion of Iran; It was one of major conferences to discuss
post WW2 world order; others were in 1945 - 1945 Yalta and
Potsdam conferences
• Goldstone report: UN fact finding mission on Gaza Conflict
• Bay of Pigs incidence: Cuban Missile Crisis
• Black widow women terrorist- Chechneya
• Chronology of famous environmental treaties/UN conventions
• Dates of famous arms reduction treaties- INF, SALT, START,
NPT, PTBT, CTBT, etc.
• Types of diplomacy- track 1, tract 2, shopkeeper, shuttle, gun-
boat
• Facts on south-south cooperation; 19 Dec- UN day for south-
south cooperation
• Operation Infinte reach and enduring freedom of USA
• P5+1: 5 permanent members of UN plus Germany

303
• Nuclear weapon as currency of power in IR
• Panchsheel Doctrine- 5 principles
• UN conventions on rights of disabled persons- 2006
• Balance of terror: It describes the tenuous peace that existed
between the two countries as a result of both governments
being terrified at the prospect of a world-destroying nuclear
war
• Famous doctrines of USSR leaders:
• ‘Peaceful Co-existance’- Nikita Khrushchev
• Socialism in one country- Stalin
• Doctrine of limited Sovereignty - Leonid Brezhnev
• Permanent Revolution- Leon Trotsky
• Breaking of the Berlin wall in 1989 signalled end of the cold
war
• US president Ronald Reagan called USSR the evil empire
• Operation Enduring Freedom: official name used by the U.S.
government, under president George Bush Jr, for the Global
War on Terrorism.
• The responsibility to protect (commonly referred to as ‘RtoP’)
rests upon three pillars:
• the responsibility of each State to protect its populations
(pillar I);
• the responsibility of the international community to
assist States in protecting their populations (pillar II);
• and the responsibility of the international community to
protect when a State is manifestly failing to protect its
populations (pillar III).
• Atoms for Peace- Speech- Atoms for Peace" was the title of a
speech delivered by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to
the UN General Assembly in New York City on December 8,
1953
• Martin Shaw: Degenerate war
use of armed force against a civilian population as the
extension of military struggle
• Mary Kaldor- New war- intra-state and cultural wars in the
post cold war era
• Raymond Aron: Hyperbolic war

304
• Chronology of UN Women Conferences- Mexico City,
Copenhagen, Nairobi, Beijing
• Credible minimum deterrence- Nuclear Weapon
• Jus ad bellum ( just cause of war):
• Legitimate Authority
• Just Cause
• Just-intentions
• Just Peace
• 3 just Reasons for war: self-defense, the recovery of property,
and punishment- Hugo Grotius
• Jus in Bello- Just conduct of war
• Main Security Theories:
• Security Complex concept of Barry Buzan
• Security Regime concept of Robert Jervis
• Security Community concept of Karl Deutsch
• Security Dilemma was used by John Hertz
• Facts about International Criminal Court ( ICC) – Headquarter
at peace palace Hague, same building in which International
court of justice loacted; ICC was established under the Rome
statute, of which India is Nota party
• Facts about IMF, World bank, and WTO – set up year,
objectives, role, organisation, CEO, etc
• ILO was created in 1919, as part of the Treaty of Versailles; In
1946, the ILO became a specialized agency of the newly
formed United Nations.
• India is a founder member of the International Labour
Organization (ILO)
• India was elected to the United Nations’ top human rights
body 3rd time January 1, 2019, for 3 years period
• India had previously been elected to the Geneva-based Human
Rights Council for the 2011-2014 and 2014-2017 terms
• The Palm and Five Fingers of is a Chinese foreign policy
attributed to Mao Zedong that considers Tibet to be China's
right hand palm, with five fingers on its periphery: Ladakh,
Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh, and that it is
China's responsibility to "liberate" these regions
• The World Bank Group comprises five constituent institutions:
the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

305
 (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the
International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International
Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
• Coloured Revolution- Countries
• William Fox coined the word "superpower" in his 1944 book
The Super-Powers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet
Union
• Nuremberg and Tokyo trials- after WWII
• No violent protest during the Arab Spring in Saudi Arabia
• 8 MDGs and 17 SDGs- items
• Chronology of nations becoming nuclear power:
• USA-August 1945.
• the Soviet Union- 1949
• The United Kingdom -1952,
• France -1960
• China – 1964
• India- 1974
• Pakistan-1998
• Montevideo Convention (1933), which provided that a state
must possess
1. a permanent population,
2. a defined territory,
3. a government,
4. and the capacity to conduct international relations.
• Persons associated with coining of term “ Cold War”- George
Orwell, Bernard Baruch, Winston Churchill, and Walter
Lippman
• Kenichi Ohmae is credited with the popular usage of the term
globalization in his book Borderless World( 1990)
• Global village ; Marshall McLuhan coined the phrase "global
village" in his book The Gutenberg Galaxy.
• Time – Space Convergence: Donald Janelle
• Time – Space Compression: . David Harvey
Famous Quotes • ‘War is Foreign Policy by other means’- Carl von Clausewitz
• ‘Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism’- Lenin

306
 • “In crucial situations, however the ultimate concern of states
is not for power but for security”- Kenneth Waltz ( defensive
neo-realist)
• “the power of man over the minds and actions of other men”-
Hans Morgenthau
• Arms race in itself is experience of terror- Hadley Bull
• The United Nations is ‘sharing in the name of solidarity’- Dag
Hammarskjold
• ‘Realism is likely to remain the single most useful instrument
in our intellectual toolbox’- Stephen Walt
• “Power in International Politics is like the weather. Everyone
talks about it, but few understand it”- Joseph Nye
• When Diplomacy ends war begins- Adolf Hitler
• Justice, law and society are no place or circumscribed in
international politics: Thucydides
• Mussolini: “War is to man what maternity is to a woman.
From a philosophical and doctrinal viewpoint, I do not believe
in perpetual peace.”
• Adolf Hitler: “When diplomacy ends, War begins.”
• Zhou Enlai quote: ‘All diplomacy is a continuation of war by
other means.’
• Morgenthau: ‘diplomacy as an instrument of securing national
interest’
Environment/Climate • Chronology of Earth Summits: Rio-de-Jeneiro, Kyoto , Bali
chnage Summit, Copenhagen Summit
• Kyoto Protocol of 1997 adopted the programme for legally
binding targets for reduction of Green House gases; India and
China were kept out this
• Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective
Capabilities (CBDR–RC) is a principle within the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) that acknowledges the different capabilities and
differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing
climate change
• The Global Environment Facility(GEF) is an environmental-
focused financial organization that funds grants for projects
related to biodiversity, climate change, clean energy, etc; it is
an initiative of the World bank group

307
 • The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997.
Owing to a complex ratification process, it entered into force
on 16 February 2005.
• 5 Global Commons
• High Sea, Deep Ocean, Global Atmosphere, Outer
Space, Antarctica

Current Events • Nagorno Karabakh is a disputed territory between Armenia

and Azerbaizan
• 2013-14: Recently there were tensions between Cambodia and
Thailand. What is the issue in conflict- Prachvihar
• 2014: Jaitapur nuclear power plant with cooperation of France
• 2015: Military of Saudi Arabia intervened in Yemen
Mixed/Misc. • Hans Blix was head of U.N. body for Inspecting places in Iraq
for verification of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
• Raison d'état: : reason of state : justification for a nation's
foreign policy on the basis that the nation's own interests are
primary.
• “Quasi-State”: A State that possess juridical statehood but
severely deficient in empirical statehood.
• Tamils: Minority in malysia
• Rohingyas: Minority in Myanmar
• Uighur Muslims: Minority in China
• Positive and negative peace- Johan Galtung
• Shangri-La Dialogue is Asia's premier defence summit. It’s a
unique meeting where ministers debate the region’s most
pressing security challenges, engage in important bilateral
talks and come up with fresh approaches together.
• Johann Gottfried: Father of Cultural nationalism

308
FACT SHEET PYQA CONST : THEMES/TOPICS ASKED ON INDIAN
CONSTITUTION IN PAST YEAR’S UGC NET

Themes/topics from • Article 21- judicial activism

Indian Constitution in • Sequence of 6 freedom under article 19: speech and expression,
Past Papers of UGC assemble peaceably, form associations, move freely, reside and
NET settle any part of India, practise any profession
• Article 123: Ordinance by President
• President’s power: Disqualify MP on the recommendation of EC-
art. 102, 103
• Articles related to PRI- 243 A to 243 O
• Removal of EC- on the recommendation of CEC; CEC- like
Judges
• Words in Preamble
• Landmark cases related to status of preamble: Berubari
(preamble Not part of Constitution) and Keshavananda
(preamble is part of Constitution)
• 5 Writs- matching, conditions for issuing Writ of certiorari
• Veto powers of Indian President, Pocket Veto
• Article 231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or
more States.
• Article 233. Appointment of district judges.
• Members of Cabinet Mission
• Original Jurisdiction of SC- art 32 and centre-state and federal
disputes;
• Governors, The Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the
Judges of the Supreme Court and the Attorney General of India
and the Central Vigilance Commissioner of India are appointed
by the President by a warrant under his hand and seal,
• Government of India Act 1919- features
• 5 subjects transferred from state to Concurrent list by 42nd
Amendment-1976
o Education
o Forests,
o Weights & Measures,
o Protection of Wild Animals and Birds, A

309
 o administration of Justice
• Article 1: India as union of State
• Article 144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the
Supreme Court
• Regarding FR and DPSP- multiple times, facts/features, relation,
articles
• Article 368: Amendment power of Constitution – facts
• Article 70: empower the Parliament to make provisions for a
contingency when the offices of both the President and the Vice-
President fall vacant
• Granville Austin Books : The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone
of A Nation (1966) and Working in a Democratic Constitution:
A History of the Indian Experience
• Election Commission of India(ECI)- Bulwark of free and fair
election- Rudolph & Rudolph
• Grounds of imposing president’s rule in states under article 356
• Chronology and features of pre-independence constitutional
reforms
• Constitutional vs statutory vs other bodies/commissions
• Basic structure doctrine- Keshavananda Bharti case
• Article 312: All India Services- power of Rajya Sabha
• All India serives mentioned in Constitution- IAS, IPS, Indian
Judicial Service(IJS)
• 91st amendments- limits the number of Ministers – 15% of total
no. of legislature
• 61st amendments- lowering of voting age
• Public Accounts Committee (PAC)- 22 members (15- LS, RS-
07)
• Estimate Committee- largest committee- 30 members only from
LS
• Inter-state council- article 263- who appoints- President; set up
in 1990; PM is the chairperson
• Main functions/role of Inter-state council- center-state relation
• Zonal Councils, set up as per state reorganisation Act, Union
Home Minister is the chairperson
• Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly- Nehru, Patel, Prasad,
Azad ( Granvile Austin)

310
• ‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and trepidation than
in hope and inspiration’- Paul Brass
• Article 31 B- protect Acts in 9th Schedule from Judicial review
• 86th amendments-2002- RTE- 11th duty ( duty of parents towards
education of children)
• State Election Commission- conducting elections of Panchayats
• 3 times National Emergency ( Art.. 352)- 1962, 1971, 1975
• Most important characteristic of a Parliamentary Government-
Collective responsibility of the Executive to the Legislature
• The Constituent Assembly was setup under the Cabinet Mission
Plan-1946
• 1989- Lok Sabha rules amended to provide for Department
Related Parliamentary Standing Committees
• Government of India Act, 1935 created the Federal Court in India
• Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”- Morris Jones
• About Rajya Sabha- condition and tenure of members, powers,
roles
• ‘We are under the Constitution but the Constitution is what the
judges say it is’- India and USA
• Art. 51A (Fundamental Duties) and Art. 300A (right to property)
were added later on
• Any fifty Members of the Electoral College may propose name
of a candidate for the Office of President of India
• Who among the following former Presidents of India kept the
‘Indian Post Office Amendment Bill’?- Gyani Zail Singh, who
used his Pocket Veto
• Art. 356 as a “safety valve” and a dead letter- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
• Correct sequence regarding the passage of the Budget- General
Discussion, Voting on Grants, Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill
• Regarding Money Bill (article 110)- originate only in LS,
Speaker certifies
• Art. 170 and 171: Numbers of MLA and MLC
• Article 335- Reservation for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in the services
• Art. 280- Finance Commission; Art. 359: suspension of FR
during Emergency
• Inspirations/provisions of Indian constitution from different
nation’s constitution- DPSP- Irish, Emergency- Germany, FR-

311
 USA, Liberty/equality- French, residuary powers with union-
Canada, etc.
• Nos. of members of different parliamentary committee
• The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 20, 21, 21A,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 are available to all persons whether
citizens or foreigners.
• FR only to Indian- Art. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
• First Law officer- Attorn General- art. 76
• Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public
Service Commission.
• Maximum period of Emergency under Art 356- 3 years; under
352/360- unlimited
• About amendment procedure under art 368- no joint sitting
• Conditions of Parliament legislating for states
• Numbers of members in the constituent Assembly of India
• Fundamental Duties- part IV, art. 51 A
• Ordinance and Pardon powers of President/governor- facts
• Nehru Report- 1928; chairperson- Motilal Nehru
• Tension areas in centre-state relation: Art. 356, Role of Governor,
Fiscal federalism
• Article 257:.. The executive power of the Union shall also extend
to the giving of directions to a State
• Art. 365: state emergency if state does not follow center’s
directions as per art. 257
• PRI under 73rd amendments extended to 5th schedule areas by
PESA -1996 ; but it is not applicable to 6th schedule areas
• 36th amendment- Sikkim state; 97th- cooperative society; 99th-
NJAC
• LS seats: 543- 79- SC, 41- ST; 423- unreserved;
• 6th Schedule states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
• Art. 105- Parliamentary privileges
• Extension of FR under Right to life- Art. 21: right to pollution
free air, road, reputation, shelter, privacy, education, etc.
• Art. 19(2): Reasonable restriction on Right to Freedom: subject
to sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State,
friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or

312
 morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or
incitement to an offence
• SAARC Bommai case-1994- Misuse of Art. 356 and Centre-state
relation
• Shankari Prasad Case- SC declared that amending powers of
Parliament under Art. 368- UNLIMITED
• Golaknath Case: Parliament cannot amend FR
• Keshavananda Bharti- Parliament can amend any provision but
cannot change basic structure of the Constitution
• Bi-cameral Legislature: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana,
Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Art. 359: Rights under Art. 20, 21 cannot be suspended during
Emergency
• Sikh got separate electorate – GOI 1919
• Depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour
(workers) got separate electorate – GOI 1935
• Article 86. Right of President to address and send messages to
Houses

313
 FACT SHEET PYQA IND. POL.: THEMES/TOPICS ASKED ON
INDIAN POLITY IN PAST YEAR’S UGC NET
Major Themes Themes/topics asked
President, PM, CJI, • Chronoloy of president and vice-presidents
Governor, and other • Matching President- vice-president
Constitutional authority
• PMs of different party/coalition matching
• CMs of NE states; and other major states
• President has the power to declare a caste/tribe SC
• AG: 1st law officer
• Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a
Public Service Commission.
• Tenure of CVC- 4 years
• Speakers of Lok Sabha- chronology
Judiciary • Hiralal Jekisundas Kania was the first Chief Justice of
India.
• Branches of HC in other city- Allahabad, Jabalpur,

Parliament/Legislature • Parliamentary committee- nos. of members

• Article 105- Parliamentary Privilages- facts
• 1989- Rules regarding department related
parliamentary standing committee
• Bi-cameral Legislature: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Telangana, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.

Books and authors • India Wins Freedom (1988)- Abul Kalam Azad
• My Experiments with Truth (1927)- Gandhi
• The Idea of Justice (2009): Amartya Sen
• The Indian struggle (1942): Subhas Chandra Bose
• ‘Political Economy of Development in India’- Pranab
Bardhan
• Idea of India- Sunil Khilnani
• ‘The politics of scarcity: Public pressure and Response
in India (1962)’- Myron Weiner

314
 • ‘Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of
Governability(1990)’- Atul Kohli
• Indian State as ‘incremental democratic modernization’
(1993)- Jagdish Bhagwati
• Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the
Construction of an Indian Identity(1995)- Gail Omvedt
• “India after Gandhi : The History of the World’s
Largest Democracy” - Ramchandran Guha
• State Politics in India(1968)- Myron Weiner
• Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress
Party in Uttar Pradesh(1965)- Paul Brass
• State against democracy : in search of humane
governance - Rajni Kothari.
• Explaining Indian Democracy’ and ‘In Pursuit of
Lakshmi’ - by Rudolph & Rudolph
• Books by Francine Frankel:
• India's Political Economy
• Transforming India: Social and Political
Dynamics of Democracy
• India's Green Revolution: Economic Gains and
Political Costs
• Politics of india since independence: Paul Brass
• Child and stae in India: Mayron Weiner
• Hindu nationalist Movement and Indian Politics-
Christophe Jaffrelot
• Poverty Amid Plenty in the New India- Atul Kohli
• The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of A
Nation(1966)- Granville Austin
• Working in a Democratic Constitution: A History of the
Indian Experience (1999)- Granville Austin

Political Parties • ECI criteria for national and state parties

• Formation years, leaders, and states( in case of regional
parties) of parties
• Nature of political parties- national, regional, caste
based, umbrella, linguistic

315
 • Trade unions and student’s union affiliated to political
parties
• Syndicate in Congress- 1960s- K.Kamraj,
Nijalingappa, Morarji Desai, Atulya Ghosh

State reorganisation • Chronology of new state creation

• Demand for new states
• Gujarat: Saurashtra
• Rajashthan: marupradesh
• Maharashtra: Vidarbha
• West Bengal: Gorkhaland
• Uttar Pardesh; Harit Pradesh
Federalism • Indian Federalism – ‘holding together federalism’-
Pranab Bardhan
• Mayron Weiner termed it ‘quasi-federal’
• Inter state council- article 263; set up in 1990- main role
to promote cooperative federalism by improving
centre-state relation
• Committee/agency/events on Centre-state relation:
• Rajamannar Committee – 1969
• Anandpur Sahib Resolution – 1973
• West Bengal Memorandum – 1977
• Sarkaria Commission- 1983
• Punchhi Commission – 2007

Panchayati raj • Main theme/recommendations of various committee on

PRI- Ashok Mehta, LM Singhvi, Balwant Rai Mehta,
etc.
• Dantwala Committee (1978) recommended Block
Level Planning
• The Hanumantha Rao Committee Report on District
Planning (1984
• Chronology of committee on Panchayati Raj
Institutions-i Balwant Rai Mehta Committee; ii. L.M.
Singhvi Committee; iii. G.V.K. Rao Committee; iv.
Ashok Mehta Committee

316
 • 73rd amendments: applicable to 5th schedule areas (
vide PESA Act-1996) but Not to 6th schedule states
• 74th amendments: not applicable to 5th and 6th
schedule areas
• Tenure of Panchayat: five years from the date
appointed for its first meeting
• Article 243 ZD: District Planning Committee to
consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and
Municipalities
• P.K.Thungan Committee: in 1989 to consider the type
of political and administrative structure needed in the
District Planning.

Commission/committee • Ram Nandan Committee- to Identify the creamy layer

• among Backward Classes in India
• Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption-
1962
• Central Vigilance Commission was set up in 1964 on
the recommendations of Santhanam Committee
• Mahajan Commision- boundary dispute between
Maharashtra and Karnataka
• Dilip Singh Bhuriya Committee- Panchayati raj
Extension to Scheduled areas
• Electoral reform committee- Tarkunde committee,
Dinesh Goswami Committee, Indrajeet Gupta
Committee
• Sarkaria Commission ,1983 , M.M. Punchi
Commission, 2007, and Rajmannar Commission-1969-
centre-state relation
Landmark cases- • Shankari prasad, Sajjan Singh, Golaknath,
Constitutional development; Keshavananda, Minerva, SR Bommai, maneka Gandhi
Acts cases
• Selvy case- 2010: right to purchase property in J&K
• Visakha vs state of Rajashthan: Sexual harrasment at
work place
• Consumer Protection Act- 2019: facts
• Chronology of RTE, Food Security Act, Prevention of
corruption Act

317
 • Epuru Sudhakar & Anr. v. Government of Andhra
Pradesh (2006) the Supreme Court held that the pardon
power of the President and Governor under Article 72
and Article 161 is subject to judicial review
• ADM Jabalpur case ( 1975): Art. 21 can be suspended
by the declaration of Emergency- Justice H.R. Khanna
dissented
• MC Mehta Case (1986): Absolute Liability of
factories/firms polluting environment
• SAARC Bommai case-1994: To limit abuse of Article
356; centre-state relation

Elections • Statewise Nos. of seats in LS reserved for SC/ST

• Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election
Commissioner of India
• Article 324- role/functions of Election Commission
• Article 329: On interference of court in election matters
• Facts about NOTA
• Performance of BJP. Congress in recent Lok Sabha
Polls
• Election commission became a 3 member body briefly
in 1989 CEC – RVS Peri sashtri), but was reverted
back to single CEC soon; later on, continously from
1993( CEC- T. N. Seshan)

Govt schemes • PM Gram Sadak Yojna

• Indira Awas Yojna
• Deen Dayal Upadhaya Gram Jyoyi Yojna
• Atal Pension Yojna
Quotes on nature of Indian • Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph
Polity • India as ‘Polymorphous’ state
• demand vs command polity
• India as ‘weak-strong state’
• Bullock cart capitalism
• Indian Politics as “Politics of Scarcity”- Myron Weiner
Morris Jones

318
 • Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”-
• Emergence of “a market polity” in India
• Indian polity ‘ regulated movement’
• Single party dominance
• Indian State as ‘incremental democratic
modernization’- Rajni Kothari
• India a ‘Democratic Developmental State’-James
Manor
• India as an example of “Polycentric Nationalism-
Anthony D. Smith
• Nationalism as ‘Derivative Discourse’
• Indian Society as ápolitical society’- Rajni Kothari
• Politicisation of caste: Rajni Kothari
• Indian Paradox; politics of sacrcity: Myron Weiner
• Post-Congress Polity- Suhas Pulsikar
• Third Democratic Upsurge- Yogendra yadav
• Crisis of Governability: Atul Kohli
• India a Flailing state: Lant Pritchett
• Indian Capitalism as ‘Dharmashala Capitalism’- ;
Hindu rate of growth- Raj Krishna

Misc./Mixed • First all Indian women’s organization which came into

force in 1926 ? National Council for Women in India
• Bi-cameral Legislature : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Telangana, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Indian thinker of Sunaltern Studies
• Dipesh Chakrabarty. Partha Chatterjee. Ranajit Guha,
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
• Features of PIL- no locus standi, relaxed procedure for
filing petition, public spiritedness
• Myron Weiner: first to study state politics in India
• Myanmar Sriniwas- Sankritisation, Dominant caste
• Correct sequence of 5 writs in the Constitution- habeas
corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and
certiorari

319
• The Anandpur Sahib Resolution, 1973- centre-state
relation
• Sikh, Anglo Indian, Christian, etc. got separate
electorate under ? GOI Act 1919
• Chronology of famous social movements
• Constitutional vs statutory vs extra-Constitutional and
non-statutory bodies
• Leaders of famous social/environmental movements
• Locations/regions of famous social movements
• Rettaimalai Srinivasan, M.C. Rajah and Ayothee
Thass: Leaders of ‘Adi Dravida’ Movement
• Ethnic vs nativist movements; Myron Weiner
• Identify civil society organisation
• About Plan Holiday: 1966-69- 3 annual plans
• 91st amendments; maximum nos of ministers- 15% of
Lok Sabha Strength
• Madras: 1st state where Government was formed by
engineering split and defection
• Famous peasnat movements
o Champaran Satyagraha – 1917
o Bardoli Satyagraha – 1928
o Tebhaga Andolan – 1946–47
o Singur Andolan – 2006-2008
• Continous Mandamus- Environmental issues
• Adi Ambedkar Samaj Movement- Punjab
• The Janata Government terminated the fifth five year
plan in 1977–78 and launched its own sixth five year
plan for period 1978–83 and called it a Rolling Plan.

320
 SECTION 3

SAMPLE
PAPERS
5 SETS

321
 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 1

1. Which is Not correct about Isaiah Berlin?

A. He preferred negative over positive liberty
B. He declared demise of political theory on the wake of behaviuoral revolution
C. Negative liberty, in his view, should be distinguished from the conditions of its exercise
D. He supported value pluralism

2. Which is Not correct about Joh Rawl’s Theory of Justice?

A. It gave lexical priority to Liberty Principle over Equality Principle.
B. It is based on the difference principle
C. It is applicable universally to all societies.
D. It gave priority to rights over common good

3.Which is Not correct about ‘Veil of Ignorance’ device conceptualized by John Rawl?
A. It is a device to eliminate bias in decision making and judgement
B. Contracting parties do not know their place in society, social status, or class position
C. Parties don’t even know their conception of good life
D. Parties to the contract have encumbered selves

4. Marx’s theory of the state and revolution is taken from

(A) German classical philosophy
(B) British political economy
(C) French revolutionary tradition
(D) American war of independence

5. Who considered positive liberty as slippery slope leading to totalitarianism?

A. J.S.Mill
B. Jeremy Bentham
C. Isaiah Berlin
D. Charles Taylor

322
6. Which is Not Correct of western political thoughts?
A. Both Aristotle and Hegel gave organic and integrative theory of state
B. Aristotle and Hobbes are considered founders of philosophical-normative approach
C. Aristotle is considered as father of comparative politics
D. Plato assigned same political role to women as to men

7. Which is Not correct about ‘General Will’ of Rousseau?

A. It represented group mind
B. It denoted participatory and deliberative democracy
C. It represented societal common Good
D. One cannot be forced to obey the General Will

8. Karl Popper called which thinkers as ‘enemies of open society’?

A. Plato, Hegel, and Marx
B. Aristotle, Hegel, Marx
C. Machiavelli, David Hume, Bentham
D. Edmund Burke, Marx, Hegel

9. Who among the following does not belong to Frankfurt school of critical thinkers?
A. Erich Fromm,
B. Herbert Marcuse
C. Carole Patman
D. Jürgen Habermas

10. Which of the following is not authored or co-authored by Karl Marx?

a) Das Kapital
b) The Holy Family
c) The State and Revolution
d) The German Ideology

11. Which political theorist suggested “Justice as Mutual Advantage”?

A. Johan Galtung
B. David Gauthier
C. Hobsbawm
D. Hobhouse

323
12. Which political theorist gave the concept of “negative and positive peace”?
A. Immanuel Kant
B. Michael Doyle
C. Woodrow Wilson
D. Johan Galtung

13. “Each of them by himself may not be of good quality, but when they all come together
is possible that they may surpass— collectively as a body, although not individually-the
quality of the few best…and when they all meet together, the people may thus become
something in the nature of a single person…”. Who said this and in which context?
A. Machiavelli advocating Republicanism over Monarchy
B. Rousseau advocating about participative democracy
C. Aristotle is advocating for the Polity as a rule of the Many
D. J.S. Mill praising about liberal democracy

14. Who among the following used models and assumptions drawn from economics to
analyze political behaviour?
A. Anthony Downs
B. S.M. Lipset
C. J.M. Keynes
D. Robert Dahl

15. which of these did not support positive liberty?

A. Rousseau
B. Hegel
C. T.H. Green
D. John Rawl
16. Which of the following is not true of Rousseau?
A. He wants to reconcile liberty with sovereignty
B. Sovereignty originates in people and gets transferred to ruler
C. General Will is always morally right
D. He believed in natural differentiation between role of men and women

17. Which of the following is not true of Marx’s view of the state: -
A. The proletariat will need to capture state power
B. State is unnecessary evil, it should wither away
C. Capitalist State help re-produce social structure needed to maintain capitalism
D. The state is an instrument of class exploitation and to protect the interests of the
capitalist class.

324
18. Which of the following statements is not true of Hobbes?
A. There is no occasion for disobeying the sovereign
B. His ideas on hedonism were included in modern utilitarianism
C. Sovereign, who was Not a party to the contract, must be absolute or nothing
D. His political theory is based on nominalism

19. Which of the following is not true of Aristotle’s view of the state?

A. State is prior to individual and family

B. State is historical, natural, organic, and integrative entity
C. Man, by using natural ability and sense of reason, can live without state
D. State highest manifestation of morality and ethics

20.Who is not considered supporter of pluralism?

A. Robert Dahl
B. Seymour Martin Lipset.
C. David Truman
D. Joseph Schumpeter

21.Which term is Not related to Traditional Approach to Comparative Politics ?

A. Institutional
B. Behaviour
C. Formal-legal
D. Formal
E. Configurative
F. Eurocentric
G. Parochial
H. Descriptive
I. Normative- philosophical

325
22.Which term is Not related to Modern Approach to Comparative Politics?
A. Analytical
B. Empirical
C. Soft institutions
D. quantitative
E. Value neutral
F. System
G. Structural- functional
H. Informal
I. Legal-constitutional
J. Behaviour

23.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Approach/method) List 2(Related thinker)
1. System A.Fred Riggs
2. Structural Functional B. David Easton
3. Ecological C. Gabriel Almond
4. Political Culture D. Almond and Verba
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

24.Who is considered the founder of behavioural approach in Comparative Politics ?

A. Charles Merriam
B. David Easton
C. Jean Blondel
D. Roy C. Macridis

326
25.Who is considered as the father of comparative politics?
A. Gabriel Almond
B. Roy Macridis
C. David Easton
D. Aristotle

26.Whose writings were influential in ushering (steering) behavioural approach in

political science?
A. Roy C. Macridis
B. Graham Wallas
C. Arthur Bentley
D. Both B&C

27. Which book is considered as classic in Comparative Politics?

A. States and Social Revolutions by Theda Skocpol
B. Civic Culture by Almond and Verba
C. Comparative Politics Today by Almond
D. Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville

28.The Behavioural approach to Comparative Politics emphasizes?

A. Systematic collection and examination of facts
B. Study of formal legal framework
C. Status of facts in formal structures
D. How parties function in structures

29.Which approach takes into account the norms and informal practices that shape
the functioning and evolutions of institutions in various ways?
(A) Old Institutional
(B) New Institutional
(C) Modern Institutional
D) Classic Institutional

327
30.Which of these terms are Not related to old institutionalism?
A. Formal
B. Legal
C. Normative
D. Hard institutions
E. Structuralism
F. Norms & belief

31.Which term is Not related to Taylor’s scientific management?

A. Science, not rule of Thumb
B. Standardization and generalization
C. Non-economic Incentives
D. Man as machine
E. ‘Piece-rate’ system
F. Mental revolution
G. Economic Man
H. Division of labour
I. Mechanistic theory of organization

32.Which term is Not related to Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory?

A. Legal-rational
B. Ascriptive Status
C. Impersonal
D. Hierarchical
E. Division of labour
F. Expertise
G. Specialization
H. Career orientation

328
33.Which term is Not related to Mayo’s Human Relation Theory?
A. Rabble hypothesis
B. Non-economic Incentives
C. Social Man
D. Behavioural Revolution
E. Rate buster
F. Chiseler
G. Squealer

34.Which is Not one of the Hawthorne Experiments supervised by Elton Mayo?

A. Great Illumination Experiment
B. Mule Spinning Mill experiments
C. Relay assembly test room
D. Human Attitude and Sentiments
E. The Bank Wiring Experiment

35.Which term is Not related to Fred Rigg’s Ecological Theory ?

A. Formalization,
B. Heterogeneity
C. Overlapping
D. Bazar Canteen model
E. Sala Model
F. Clect
G. Structural-functionalism
H. Bureaucratic Theory

36.Which term is Not related to Simon’s Decision making Theory ?

A. Administrative Man
B. Logical Positivism
C. Bounded Rationality
D. Decision making Theory

329
 E. Means-End chain
F. Value-fact integration
G. Organization as sites of decisions
H. Satisficer

37.Which Not one of the terms related to principles of organization as per Chester
Barnard?
A. Organization as cooperative system
B. Zone of Indifference
C. Effective Communication
D. Zone of Acceptance

38.Which Not one of the terms related to principles of organization as per M.P. Follet?
A. Dynamic Administration
B. Circular Response
C. Dominance
D. Compromise
E. Integration
F. Suppression

39.Which is Not one of the 4 P’s of basis of organisation as per Luthar Gullick ?
A. Place
B. Purpose
C. Process
D. Person
E. Product

40. Which Not one of the managerial functions in organisation as per the POSDCORB
of Gullick?
A. Coordinating
B. Budgeting
C. Organising
D. Ordering

330
 E. Directing
F. Reporting

41. According to Realism, the essence of international politics is

A. The pursuit of power
B. International law & regimes
C. Security
D. Moral and Ideological Hegemony

42. Which one of the following is not a key tenet of Liberalism in IR

a. Political philosophy of Kant
b. Political philosophy of Hobbes
c. Institutional Norms can influence state behavior
d. International Regimes can influence patterns of cooperation

43. Who is Not a realist thinker?

A. Fareed Zakaria
B. Stephen Walt
C. Raymond Aron
D. John Ikenberry

44. Which term is Not related to Realism in IR?

A. Balance of Power
B. Polarity
C. Distribution of Capabilities
D. Relative gains
E. Anarchy
F. Survival
G. Self-help
H. Statism
I. International Regime

331
45. First NAM Summit was held in :
A. Cairo (Egypt)
B. Belgrade (Yugoslavia)
C. Bandung (Indonesia)
D. Colombo (Sri Lanka)

46.Which of the following has been the notable features of the intonational power
structure as it emerged at the end of the World War II ?
1. Dominance of Europe declined while USA emerged as Superpower
2. Weakening of the imperialist powers that had colonized most of Asia and Africa
3. Emergence of Japan as a colonial power
4. Iron curtain dividing Europe into Western and Eastern Bloc.
Options:
A. 1,3,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,4

47. Detente in intonational Relations was referred to :

(A) Nuclear Arms race between the Super Powers
(B) Reaching to the level of mutually assured destruction in the super-power relationship
(C) New Cold War
(D) Easing of the tension between the Super Powers in late 1960's

48. Which of the following is a member of the SAARC as well as BIMSTEC?

1. Sri Lanka
2. Bhutan
3. Bangladesh
4. Nepal

Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. 2,4

332
49. Which country is currently holding presidentship of G-20 ?
A. Japan
B. Germany
C. South Korea
D. Indonesia

50.With which countries India held 2+2 talks?

1. US
2. Japan
3. Australia
4. Russia
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. Only 1

51.Recently with country India signed CEPA ( Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Agreement)?
A. Japan
B. South Korea
C. UAE
D. USA

52.As per the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI ) report-2022
India is at which rank in military expenditure?
A. 2nd
B. 3rd
C. 4th
D. 5th

333
53.Which is the top 3 trading partners of India?
A. USA, UK, China
B. China, EU, UAE
C. USA, China, UAE
D. USA,EU, China

54. Globalization has reduced:

(A) Economic disparities between the rich and the poor
(B) Inequalities of economic growth between countries
(C) State control over private sector within its borders
(D) The influence of the global economic institutions like the IMF, World Blank and WTO

55. Which is/are correct about Neo-Marxism in IR?

1. Dependency theory is a kind of Neo-Marxist theory
2. It focuses on capitalist structure of global economic system
3. It raises issue of Unequal Exchange( between developed and 3rd world nations) in
global economic system
4. It is one of the critical theories in IR
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. 1, 4
56. Which of these has been the direct fall out of demise of USSR ?
1. End of the cold war
2. End of socialism/communism
3. Neo-liberal globalisation
4. Unipolar moment in global politics
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. Only 1

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57. Who is the pioneer in adopting system approach in IR?
A. David Easton
B. Mortan Kaplan
C. Hans Morgenthau
D. Kenneth waltz

58. How many times India became temporary member of the UN security Council?
A. Seven
B. Eight
C. Six
D. Five

59. who gave bio-polar stability theory?

A. Hans Morgenthau
B. Kenneth waltz
C. John Mearsheimer
D. Stephen Walt

60. Who was Not one of the founders of NAM?

A. Gamal Abdel Nasser
B. Julius Nyerere
C. Sukarno
D. Kwame Nkrumah
E. Josip Broz Tito

61.Which term is Not related to Classical Liberalism?

A. Individualism
B. Welfarism
C. Natural Rights
D. Negative Liberty
E. State as necessary evil
F. Private property
G. Constitutional Government

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62.Which term is Not related to Liberaltarianism?
A. Free market Economy
B. Low taxation
C. Distributive justice
D. Nightwatchman state
E. Market over state
F. Individual freedom

63.Which of this term/thinker is Not related to Modern Liberalism?

A. Welfare State
B. Distributive Justice
C. Progressive Taxation
D. Laissez-faire state
E. John Rawl
F. Social Democracy

64.Which term is Not related with Liberalism?

A. Possessive individualism
B. Market Economy
C. Dirigisme
D. Capitalism
E. Individual Autonomy
F. Minimal State
G. Tolerance
H. Universalism

65.Which term is Not related with Marxism?

A. Class struggle
B. Base & Superstructure
C. Alienation
D. Hegemony
E. Economic Determinism
F. Value pluralism
G. Dialecticism
H. Materialism
I. Profit as theft
J. Withering of state

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66.Which is Not correct about post-Marxism?
A. Rejects economic determinism of classical Marxism
B. Support structuralist view of the capitalist state
C. Supported primacy of working class in socialism
D. Was first propounded by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe in 1970s
E. Influenced by poststructuralism and postmodernism

67.Which is Not correct about post-positivism?

A. Observations and data collection process is Not value-neutral
B. Theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the researcher can
influence what is being observed
C. Balance between quantitative and qualitative methods.
D. Rejected the idea of objective truth
E. knowledge is conjectural (speculative) and hence reality can be known only
imperfectly

68. Which is Not correct about the critical theories?

A. Unlike foundational or traditional theories which understanding or explaining social
problems, critical theories aim societal transformation.
B. it Aims for human emancipation, decreasing domination and increasing freedom
C. Emerged in connection with the many social movements- feminist, environmentalist,
anti-domination, sub-altern, etc
D. Rejects modernism and fully supports post-modernist approach
E. Feminism, post-structuralism, deconstructivism, neo-Marxism, post-colonialism, etc.
are included under the umbrella of the critical theories
F. Frankfurt school ( in Germany) is the mainstay of critical thinkers

69.Which is Not correct about post-behaviouralism?

A. A reaction against the dominance of behavioralist methods in the study of politics.
B. It was propounded by David Easton in 1969
C. Value-neutrality
D. It was both qualitative and quantitative
E. It had two slogans ‘action’ and ‘relevance’
F. Better to be vague than non-relevant

70.Which is of these terms/concepts are not related to Behaviouralism?

A. Logical Positivism
B. Empiricism
C. Fact-value separation
D. Quantification

337
 E. Value pluralism
F. Pure science of polities
G. Testable hypothesis

71.Parliament consists of
1. Lok Sabha
2. Rajya Sabha
3. President
4. PM
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 1,2,3,4
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2

72.Which is Not correct about Indian federalism?

A. words ‘Federal’ or ‘Federalism’ are not mentioned anywhere in the constitution
B. Indian federalism resembles the Canadian federalism
C. It is considered as ‘coming together’ federalism
D. Prof. K.C. Wheare called India a quasi-federal state

73. Which one of the following cases is/are related with the idea of Basic Structure of the
Indian Constitution?
1. Minerva Mills case- 1980
2. Kesavananda Bharati case -1973
3. S.R. Bommai case-1994
4. Sajjan Singh case- 1964

Options:
A. Only 1
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4

74.In which of the following aspects of legislation the Rajya Sabha has special power ( in
comparison to the Lok Sabha.
A. In respect of Money Bills
B. In respect of constitutional Amendment bills
C. In respect of creation of new states
D. In Respect of creation of All India Services

338
75.Which article protect acts put in 9th schedule from judicial review?
A. 31 B
B. 31 C
C. 31 D
D. 31
76.Match

PM Event/Principle
1. Indira Gandhi A. Ayodhya Dispute
2. Rajeev Gandhi B. Mandal Commission
3. V.P.Singh C. Committed Bureaucracy
4. P.V. Narsimha Rao D. Assam Accord

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

77.Match

President Event/Principle
1. Rajendra Prasad A. Refused imposition of emergency in
UP and Bihar
2. K.R.Narayan B. used pocket veto not to sign the postal
bill
3. Pranab Mukherjee C. refused to sign ordinances on anti-
corruption law
4. Jail Singh D. differed on Hindu code bill

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C

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78.In 1969 Congress split in two part, they were called?
A. Congress(O) and Congress(I)
B. Congress(R) and Congress(I)
C. Congress (P) and Congress (R )
D. Congress(R) and Congress(O)

79.Which of these is Not a national party?

1. NCP- Nationalist Congress Party
2. TMC- Trinamool Congress
3. TDP- Telagu Desham party
4. TRS- Telangana Rashtra Samithi

Options:
A. 1,3
B. 3,4
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4

80.Which of the following is the oldest party?

A. Akali Dal
B. Bhartiya Jana Sangh
C. Justice Party
D. CPI

81.Which of the following is Not one of types of party recognised by ECI?

A. National Party
B. State Party
C. Regional Party
D. Registered Party

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82.Which is the criteria for being recognised as national party by ECI?
1. the party polls 6% of votes in any four or more states and in addition it wins four Lok
Sabha seats
2. The party win 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states
3. The party gets recognition as a state party in four states
4. The Party gets 6 % votes in 6 states
Options:
A. 1 or 3
B. 1 or 3 or 4
C. 1 or 2 or 3
D. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

83.Which is the criteria for being recognised as State party by ECI?

1. A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to the state
legislative assembly and win at least 2 seats in that state assembly.
2. A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha
and win at least 1 seat in Lok Sabha.
3. A party should win at least 3% of the total number of seats or a minimum of three
seats in the Legislative Assembly, which ever is higher.
4. A Party secures 8% or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.

Options:
A. 1 or 3
B. 1 or 3 or 4
C. 1 or 2 or 3
D. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4

84.Free 5 kg of food grains were provided to poor people during the Pandemic under
which central Govt Scheme?
A. National Food Security Mission
B. Targeted Public Distribution System
C. MGNAREGA
D. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana

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85.Under which central Govt Scheme cash assistance is provided to eligible pregnant
women for giving birth in a government health facility?
A. Integrated Child and Mother care scheme
B. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
C. Child and mother protection scheme
D. Janani Suraksha Yojana

86.Official name of Ayushman Bharat, the universal health Insurance Scheme is?

A. Pradhan Mantri Sawasth Beema Yojana

B. Pradhan Mantri Jan Beema Yojana
C. Pradhan Mantri sarv Beema Yojana
D. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

87.Name of the scheme under which direct income of Rs 2000 every 4 months is
transferred to the bank account of farmers is?
A. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Aay Yojana
B. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Nyay Yojana
C. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samridhi Yojana
D. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana

88.Name of the scheme under which subsidy for domestic Gas cylinder is directly
transferred to the bank account of the beneficiary is?
A. Ujjawala Scheme
B. Ujala Scheme
C. SAFAL scheme
D. PAHAL Scheme

89.Who was the president who accepted the recommendation of PM Charan Singh, who
never won the majority of the Lok Sabha, to dissolve the Lok sabha?
A. V.V. Giri
B. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
C. R.Venkatraman
D. K.R.Narayan

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90.Which is correct about relation between President and PM?
1. President is the head of state and PM head of Govt
2. President appoints PM but his continuance as PM is not dependent on the pleasure of
President
3. President is bound, except on very few occasions, to act on the advice of Council of
minister headed by PM
4. In practice, all the executive powers of president are used by the PM
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4
91.Match

Phrase on Indian Polity Who said

1. India as ‘weak-strong state’ A. Atul Kohli
2. “Politics of Scarcity B. Partha Chatterjee
3. Indian state: “weak” and “captured” C. Myron Weiner
4. Nationalism as “Derivative Discourse” D. Lloyd and Sussane Rudolph

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A

92.Match

Phrase on Indian Polity/ Indian State Who said

1. ‘Democracy Without Associations’ A. Rajni Kothari
2. a Patronage-Democracy B. Kanchan Chandra
3. a “flailing state.” C. Lant Pritchett
4. ‘incremental democratic modernization’ D. Pradeep Chhibber

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A

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93. Which Indian Sociologist gave the concept of Sanskritization and Dominant Caste?

A. Rajni Kothari
B. Pranab Bardhan
C. Partha Chatterjee
D. M. N. Srinivas

94. In which famous case, SCI said that Amendments under article 368 are ‘law’ under article
13(2) and hence can be struck down if they violate Fundamental rights?
A. Sajjan Singh vs State of Rajasthan
B. Golaknath Case
C. Kesavananda Bharati case
D. Minerva Mills case

95.Which of these cases is Not related to status of the Preamble?

A. Berubari Case
B. Kesavananda Bharati case
C. Union Government Vs LIC of India
D. Minerva Mills case

96.Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj influenced by?

A. Bismark’s Germany
B. Garibaldi’s Italy
C. Mazzini’s Italy
D. Lenin’s Russia
97. Gandhiji was influenced by?
1. John Ruskin
2. Henry Thoreau
3. Tolstoy
4. Plato & Aristotle
5. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4,5

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98.‘Voluntary Poverty’ this term is associated with thoughts of?

A. Gandhi
B. Tagore
C. Vivekananda
D. Lohia

99.‘Nai Talim’ was?

1. Pedagogical principle advocated by Gandhiji
2. a principle which states that knowledge and work( by hands) are not separate
3. It aimed to achieve Gram Swaraj
4. Education or learning in mother tongue along with handicraft and other vocational
work
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,4

100. Gandhiji translated John Ruskin’s ‘Unto This Last’ in Gujarati as?
A. Sarvodaya
B. Antyodaya
C. Sadagraha
D. Pankti me Aaahri

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 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 2
1. Who supported legal theory of right by stating ‘Natural Rights are ‘Nonsense
on stilts’
A. Bentham
B. J.S.Mill
C. Harold Laski
D. Robert Nozick

2. Which pair is Not correctly matched?

A. Plato- Timaeus
B. Machiavelli- The Golden Ass
C. Bentham- A Fragment on Government
D. Lenin- Neo-colonialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism

3. Who said ‘taxation equals forced labour’?

A. Friedrich Hayek
B. Robert Nozick
C. Milton Friedman
D. John Locke

4. Plato describes the human mind by which of his theories?

A. The Allegory of cave
B. Theory of divided line
C. Theory of Forms
D. All the Above

346
5. Who among the following would you associate the concept of “Tyranny of
Majority”?
A. JS Mill
B. Alex de Tocqueville
C. Both A and B
D. Thomas Paine

6. Lexical priority in Rawl’s theory of Justice is?

A. Equality Principle over Liberty Principle
B. Principle of benefit to worst off over Principle of Fair Equality of Opportunity
C. Difference principle over Principle of Equal Liberty
D. Principle of Equal Liberty over the Difference principle

7. Who gave capability approach?

A. Amartya Sen
B. Martha Nussbaum
C. Both A and B
D. Gerald Cohen

8. Which pair is Not correctly matched?

A. Dworkin- Equality of Resources
B. Michael Walzer- Complex Equality
C. John Rawl- end-state theory of Justice
D. Robert Nozick- labour theory of property

9. Which of the following statements accurately describes Plato’s theory of

justice?
A. Justice is what the strong can do, and the weak must endure.
B. Justice obtains when inequality benefits the least-advantaged.
C. Justice is doing one’s own duty as per one’s station of life.
D. justice is doing good to friends and harm to enemies

347
10. Which one in incorrect as influences on Marx’s thoughts/theories?

A. Marx used David Richardo’s labour theory of value to develop his theory of
Surplus Labour
B. Marx used David Hume’s empiricism to develop his empirical and scientific
socialism
C. Marx used Hegel’s dialectical historical idealism to develop his conception of
dialectical historical materialism
D. Marx used Feuerbach’s concepts on materialism and alienation

11. Sabine said “What Aristotle calls the ideal state is always Plato's second best
state”. Plato gave his second based state in which of his book?

A. Republic
B. Crito
C. Laws
D. Timaeus

12. Which is incorrect about John Locke’s book ‘ an Essay Concerning Human
Understanding’?

A. He gave the concept of new born child’s mind as blank slate( white paper)-
tabula rasa
B. This book took positive view of human nature refuting Hobbes’ very negative
views on human nature
C. This book was harbinger of the Enlightenment movement
D. This book was refutation to Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha

348
13. Which is Not correct about Machiavelli?

A. He preferred Republic form of Government over absolute Monarchy

B. He was first political thinker in the modern era to separate political realm from
theology/religion
C. Concept of modern nation-state could be traced in his political thought
D. He advised the king ( prince) not to use religion for maintaining his state.

14. Which is Not correct about theory of Forms by Plato?

A. Ideas are substances

B. Ideas are eternal and universal
C. Ideas cannot be fully known by knowledge
D. Ideas are essence of all things
E. Ideas exist prior to particular things and apart from them .

15. Which of these thinkers put women below men?

A. Plato & Hegel

B. Aristotle and Hegel
C. J.S.Mill and Rousseau
D. Plato and Rousseau

16. Statement 1: Antonio Gramsci considered civil society as part of

Superstructure

Statement 2: for him, real ideological battle of class dominance is played out in
the arena of civil society
Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

349
17. In which thinker’s view education is the process of developing men as natural
men and women as natural women?

A. Locke
B. Plato
C. Aristotle
D. Rousseau

18. For whom rights of men were two dimensional?

A. Marry Wollstonecraft
B. Alexandra Kollontai
C. Thomas Paine
D. Susan Miller Okin

19. According to Plato population of an ideal state should be ?

A. 50040
B. 50400
C. 5040
D. 4050
20. Assertion: Francis Fukuyama declared ‘End of History’ after the cold war in 1992

Reason: After Fascism falling from grace after WWII and demise of USSR after the cold
war Liberalism remained the only major surviving political ideology

Choose the correct option:

A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

350
21.Which of these is not one of the features of capitalism?
a) Antagonistic class structure
b) Surplus production
c) Periodic crisis
d) Fusion of economic and political domains

22.The term ‘black box ‘ is associated with ?

a) system approach in comparative politics
b) New Institutional Approach
c) Historical Approach
d) Structural- functional approach

23.Which of these is not correct about system approach in comparative politics ?

a) Political system is defined as Inter-related institutions, political activities, political
actors and processes which continuously interact with each other and to its
environment to protect and sustain it
b) Gabriel Almond is considered as father of the system approach in comparative politics
c) Demand and support/consent is the inputs of the political system
d) Laws and policies are the outputs of the political system
e) Structural-functionalism was developed on the system approach
f) It was adopted from the general system theory of Biology

24.According to Almond which is not an 'output' function of a political system?

(A) Rulemaking
(B) Rule application
(C) Political communication
(D) Rule adjudication

351
25.Which of these is not one of the differences between New and old Institutionalism?
a) Old Institutionalism focuses more on ‘hard’ rules and formal organizations, new
Institutionalism include ‘soft’ rules and informal organizations
b) Old Institutionalism: Formal, legal, descriptive; new Institutionalism : Analytical,
explanatory & Empirical
c) In comparison to old Institutionalism, the New Institutionalism suffered more from
Eurocentrism and Ethnocentrism
d) The Old Institutionalism is considered traditional approach to comparative politics;
whereas New Institutionalism is considered modern Approach

26.Which one of these is not one of the type/category of New Institutionalism?

(A) Rational Choice New Institutionalism
(B) Cultural or Sociological New Institutionalism
(C) Philosophical New Institutionalism
(D)Structural New Institutionalism

27.Identify the correct chronological order in which the following approaches emerged
in comparative politics.
1. New Institutional Approach
2. Marxist Approach
3. Philosophical Approach
4. Behavioural Approach
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 3,1,2,4
C. 3,4,1,2
D. 3, 2,4,1

28.Which one of these is Not correct about the Modernization theory?

(A) Modernity is a European phenomenon and that the decisive events in modernization
have occurred purely on European soil
(B) Path to progress, development, and modernity is same for all societies/nations as it
was for ‘Europe’
(C) Traditional societies of 3rd world will develop as they adopt more modern practices
by following the path of development as taken by ‘European’ nations.

352
 (D) It was based on functionalism
(E) Progressive Comparativist support the Modernization theory

29.Which are the features of parliamentary form of government?

1. Collective responsibility
2. Parliamentary Supremacy
3. Strict Separation of power
4. Fusion of Power
5. Rigid Party system

Options:
A. 1,2,4,5
B. 1,2,4
C. 1,2,3,5
D. 1,3,4,5

30.Which of these is/are Not the similarity between Indian and US Constitution?
1. Written Constitution
2. Separation of Power
3. Judicial Review
4. Residual powers with the Federal/central Government
5. Dual citizenship
6. Powerful upper house
7. Short Constitution

Options:
A. 2,4,5
B. 4,5,6
C. 4,5,6,7
D. 2, 4,5,6,7

353
31.Essence of NPM (New Public Management) is?
A. Citizen as Customer
B. Management style of private sector
C. Managerial approach
D. Economy, efficiency, and effectiveness

32. Which Term is Not related to NPA ( New Public Administration )?

A. Value Neutrality
B. social equity
C. change oriented
D. client focus
E. relevant
F. value commitment
G. responsive and adaptive

33. Which Term is Not related to NPM (New Public Management) is?
A. Divisionalisation and disaggregation
B. Citizen as Customer
C. Entrepreneurial spirit
D. Social Equity
E. Management style of private sector
F. Outsourcing
G. ‘Steering’ NOT ‘Rowing’
H. Performance evaluation and incentives
I. Economy, efficiency, and effectiveness

34. Who of the following does Not differentiate public and private Administration ?
1. Josia Stamp
2. Henry Fayol
3. Peter Drucker
4. Mary P. Follett
5. Luther Gullick

354
 6. Paul H Appleby
7. Herbert Simon

Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 2,4,5 ( CHK)
C. 1,4,7
D. 1,4,5

35. Who of the following support managerial view of Administration?

1. Simon
2. Smithburg
3. Gullick
4. Thompson
5. Fayol

Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,3,4,5
C. 1,2,3,4,5
D. 3,5

36. Which is Not one of the features of public Administration which separates it from
and private administration?
A. political character
B. Complex organisational structure
C. public accountability
D. Rigid Rules & Regulations
E. External Financial Control
F. service motive

355
37. Which is Not correct about RTI?
A. CBI, CRPF, RAW are exempted from the RTI
B. public information officer (PIO) is bound to furnish information within 48 hours if it
concerns life or liberty of a person
C. RTI has repealed the official Secret Act 1923
D. RTI has repealed the Freedom of information act 2002
E. RTI Act was adopted in June 2005 and came into effect from 12t October 2005
F. Sweden was the 1st country to implement RTI Act
G. RTI was enacted under Article 19(1) (A) of the constitution

38.Which is Not correct about RTE (Right to Education)?

A. RTE was enacted under Article 21-A of the constitution
B. RTE grant a fundamental right to all children free and compulsory education
C. 86TH Constitutional amendments was enacted in 2002 to implement RTE
D. 86TH Constitutional amendments also added 11th fundamental duty under article 51A
E. RTE Act was enacted in August 2009 and came into effect from April 2010

39. Which of these is Not related to e-Governance?

1. Red Tape
2. Transparency
3. Citizen-centric
4. Ease of access
5. Quick service
6. Digital empowerment
40. Which is Not correct about Sevottam?
A. Sevottam, is a combination of two Hindi words: ‘Seva’ (service) and ‘Uttam’
(excellence)
B. regarded as a standard model for providing services in citizen centric governance
C. It has 3 pillars- Citizen Charter.Public Grievance Mechanism. Service Delivery
Capability.
D. This model proposed by1st ARC (Administrative Reforms Commission) for public
Service Delivery
E. Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions is the nodal ministry for
Sevottam

356
41. Which South Asian Leader floated the idea of SAARC?
A. Rajeev Gandhi of India
B. Zia-ur-Rahman of Bangladesh
C. Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan
D. Indira Gandhi of India

42. Which is Incorrect about UN charter and its chapters?

A. Peacekeeping mission is called chapter six and half
B. Pacific (peaceful) Settlement of Disputes is mentioned in chapter six
C. Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of
Aggression contained in chapter seven
D. Regional Arrangements is mentioned in chapter Ten

43. Which is Not correct about UN?

A. It reflects International power structure as emerged after WW II
B. It adopted Wesptphalian template of state system
C. It is hierarchical in its structure
D. UN General Assembly is like UN Parliament whereas UN Security Council is like its
Government

44. Who is considered to have coined ‘Cold War’?

A. George Orwell
B. Bernard Baruch
C. Paul Kennedy
D. Both A & B

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45. What is correct about ‘New Cold war’ during the cold war ?

1. A phase during cold war, beginning 1974, during which conflict between the rival
powers intensified.
2. It started with USA getting humiliated in Vietnam war
3. Invasion of Afghanistan by USSR helped increased the tension between the rival
powers.
4. INF treaty in 1987 further fueled the tension
Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 2, 3,4
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,4

46. Which is Not one of the principles of realism given by the father of classical realism-
Hans Morgenthau in his book ‘ Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and
Peace (1948)’?
A. Politics is rooted in a permanent and unchanging human nature.
B. Moral aspirations of a nation should not guide its foreign policy
C. Coercion is only part of foreign policy.
D. National interest defined in terms of power.

47. Which IR doctrine envisage( imagine) of an international society of states which is

created and maintained by shared norms, rules and institutions?
A. Copenhagen School
B. Constructivism
C. English School
D. Neo-liberalism

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48. Match
1. Jus ad Bellum A. right conduct in war
2. Jus Ad Bello B. De-escalation of tension/rivalry
3. Status Quo Ante C. justification to go to war
4. Détente D. previously existing state of affairs
Options:
E. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
H. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

49. Which IR theory/doctrine deals with non-military aspects of security, representing a

shift away from traditional security studies?
A. Copenhagen School
B. Constructivism
C. English School
D. Post-structuralism

50. Which IR theory/doctrine go beyond the material reality by including the effect of
ideas and beliefs on world politics?
A. Copenhagen School
B. Constructivism
C. English School
D. Post-structuralism
E. Critical Theories

359
51. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Approaches in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. English School A. Barry Buzan
2. Copenhagen School B. Herbert Marcuse
3. Constructivism C. Alexander Wendt
4. Frankfurt School D. Hedley Bull
Options:
Options:
I. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
J. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
K. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
L. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

52. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Arms reduction treaties) List 2( Year)
1. INF Treaty A. 1972
2. SALT 1 B. 1987
3. START 1 C. 1991
4. ABM Treaty
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-C
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-C

53. Which of these are Not similarities between Neo-realism and Neo-Liberalism?

A. Their belief in Anarchic structure and great variations in state capabilities of the
international state system
B. Both agree on central role of States in IR
C. States are rational actors; they try to maximize their national interest
D. Both believe in efficacies of International Institutional Regimes in moderating the
behaviours of states

360
54. Which is Not correct about Neo-realism?
A. Instead of basing its theory on human nature, it took structure of international system
as its base
B. It is concerned with distribution of capabilities of states
C. It gives equal importance to non-state actors
D. States prioritize national interest in so far as they ensure survival of the states

55. Which is Not correct about Neo-Liberalism?

A. If neo-realism is the soul, Neo-Liberalism is the body of IR
B. believe in efficacies of International Institutional Regimes in moderating the
behaviours of states
C. It gives due importance to non-state actors
D. It believes in the relative gains in cooperation among states in IR

56. Which is Not correct about Feminist approach to IR?

A. Ann J. Tickner reformulated the 6 principles of realism as given by Hans Morgenthau
B. Cynthia Enloe's raised the question 'where are the women (in IR)?'
C. Mainstream theories focus more on masculine aspects, such as power, security, war,
diplomacy, etc, in IR
D. Feminism cannot be considered as one of the critical theories

57. Which of these is Not related to Liberal Institutionalism?

A. International Regime
B. Institutional norms
C. Economic interdependence
D. International Organization
E. Trade & Commerce
F. Balance of Power

361
58. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(US president) List 2( Doctrine/principles)
1. Harry Truman A. Pivot to Asia, Af-Pak strategy
2. Eisenhower B. Human Rights
3. Jimi Carter C. Containment
4. Barack Obama D. Atom for Peace
Options:
E. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
G. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
H. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

59. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(US president) List 2 (Doctrine/principles)
1. Woodrow Wilson A. Neo-liberalism and New
Federalism
2. Franklin Roosevelt B. New Deal
3. George Bush Jr C. 14-point principle
4. Ronald Reagan D. War on Terror

Options:
I. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
J. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
K. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-B
L. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

362
60. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(IR Theory/Doctrine) List 2 (Founder)
1. Neo-realism A. Alexander Wendt and
Nicholas Onuf
2. Complex Interdependence B. Barry Buzan
3. Constructivism C.Robert Keohane and Joseph
Nye
4. Copenhagen School D. Kenneth Waltz

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

10.Which is of these terms/concepts are not related to Behaviouralism?

H. Logical Positivism
I. Empiricism
J. Fact-value separation
K. Quantification
L. Value pluralism
M. Pure science of polities
N. Testable hypothesis

61.For John Rawl what was the first virtue of any social order?
A. Equality
B. Rights
C. Justice
D. Peace

62. Which is Not correct of Multiculturalism?

A. the ways in which societies/states should respond to cultural and religious differences

B. Protecting rights and privileges of disadvantaged groups- minorities, women, LGBTs,

disabled, etc.

C. Avoid cultural relativism

D. Group differentiated Rights

363
63.Which is Not correct about Communitarianism?
A. One current within the Liberal Doctrine
B. Rejects Rawl’s unencumbered self
C. Believes in socially situated self
D. Communitarianism is very similar to Communism/Socialism
E. Support positive role of state in maintaining flourishing community life
F. Balance between societal common good and Individual autonomy and rights

64.Find odd one out?

A. Michael Sandel
B. Robert Nozick
C. Alasdair MacIntyre
D. Charles Taylor
E. Michael Walzer

65.The idea that the truth or justification of moral judgments is not absolute, but
relative to the moral standard of some person or group of persons is called
A. Cultural Relativism
B. Value Pluralism
C. Ethical Relativism
D. Moral Relativism

66.Universal Human Rights is most associated with?

A. Liberalism
B. Communitarianism
C. Constructivism
D. Post-Structuralism

67.Which is Not related to Post-modernism?

A. Knowledge- Power: re-produce each other
B. No objective truth
C. subjectivity
D. Believes in Meta Narratives
E. Deconstruction
F. Post-structuralism

364
68.Which is Not correct about Derrida’s deconstructivism?
A. It refutes the belief that existence is structured in terms of binary oppositions and that
the oppositions are hierarchical, with one side of the opposition being more valuable
than the other
B. Written Texts as "sites of conflict" within a given culture or worldview
C. Using Genealogy to reconstruct the meaning of words/concepts/idea
D. Derrida used thoughts of Rene Descartes and Heidegger for developing the concept of
deconstruction
E. It supported Platonism and its idea of structure of transcendental philosophy

69.When Dworkin call Right as Trump, what he meant was?

A. Some individual liberties & rights are so important that they cannot simply be
sacrificed in the name of achieving Common Good
B. Government cannot take away some fundamental rights such as freedom of speech
C. Societal common interest and Individual rights must be balanced
D. Both A & B

70. Who said “ Rights are the fruits of the law, and of the law alone; they are creation of
the state alone”?
A. Edmund Burke
B. T.H. Green
C. Jeremy Bentham
D. Harold Laski

71. Which is Not part of the electoral college for president?

1. Nominated members of Lok Sabha
2. Nominated members of Rajya Sabha
3. Members of State Legislative Council
4. Nominated members of State Legislative Assembly
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. Only 3
D. 1,2,3,4

365
72.Which is Not correct about the 1st Amendment 1951
A. Reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech (Public order, Friendly relations with
foreign states, Incitement to an offence)
B. Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms Acts
C. Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of private property by Government
D. Inserted Article 300 A for protecting Right to Property

73.Which of these is Not correct about provisions related to Ordinance in Indian

Constitution?
A. President has power under article 123 to issue ordinances which will have the effect
of law
B. Governor has power under article 213 to issue ordinances which will have the effect
of law in the State
C. Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6 month
D. Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6 month and 6 weeks

74.Match

Schedule Subject/Issue
1) 3rd A. Land reforms Acts
2) 4th B. Urban local Government- municipalities
3) 9th C. Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha
4) 12th D. Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for legislatures,
Judges, ministers, etc
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

366
75. Match
Most Important Articles Subject/Issue
1) 1 A. Protection of interests of minorities
2) 29 B. Abolition of Untouchability
3) 21 C. Right to Life & Personal Liberty
4) 17 D. India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of State

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

76.Who became the president on issue of whose election in 1969 the Congress was
divided into two parties?
A. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
B. V.V.Giri
C. Dr Zakir Hussain
D. S.Radhakrishnan

77.To whom the Lok Sabha Speaker hands over his resignation?
A. President
B. Secretary General of Lok Sabha
C. Vice President
D. Dy. Speaker

78.Which was the first case in which mention of basic feature of Constitution was made
by one of the SC Judges?
A. Sankari Prasad Case-1951
B. Golaknath Case-1967
C. Sajjan Singh Case-1964
D. Keshavananda Bharti case-1973

367
79.Which was the famous case in which SC protected freedom of speech by limiting the
application of the sedition laws under section 124 A of IPC?
A. Maneka Gandhi Case
B. S.P.Gupta Case
C. Bholanath Case
D. Kedarnath Singh Case

80.Partially responsible governments in the provinces were established under which one
of the following Acts?
(a)The Government of India Act, 1919
(b)The Government of India Act, 1935
(c)Indian Councils Act, 1909
(d)Indian Councils Act, 1892

81.In the Federation established by the Act of 1935, residuary powers were given to
the:
(a)Federal Legislature
(b)Provincial Legislature
(c)Governor General
(d)Provincial Governor

82.Which one of the following Acts laid the foundation of the British Administration in
India ?
(a)Regulating Act, 1773
(b)Pitt’s India Act, 1784
(c)Indian Councils Act, 1861
(d)Indian Councils Act, 1892

368
83.Who among the following was the first Law Minister of Independent India ?
(a)Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b)Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(c)Dr. BR Ambedkar
d)T Krishnamachari

84.Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India was/were given

immediate effect from November 26, 1949?
1.Citizenship
2.Emergency provisions
3.Elections
4.Federal system
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 2,3
C. 3,4
D. 1,3
85.The Constitution of India as framed by the Constituent Assembly was finally
adopted and enacted on:
(a)15th August, 1947
(b)30th January, 1948
(c)26th November, 1949
(d)26th January, 1950

86.Assertion (A):The Constituent Assembly of 1946 was not elected on the basis of
universal adult franchise.
Reason (R):The Constituent Assembly was constituted under the scheme formulated by
the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Options:
A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

369
87.Consider the following statements:
1.Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected as the Provisional President of the Constituent
Assembly.
2.H.C. Mukherjee was elected as the Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly.
Options:
E. Both Statement I and II are correct
F. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
G. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
H. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

88.Assertion: Adopting Constitutional convention, as in UK, is difficult for many post-

colonial nations.
Reason: Lack of unified political ideology, deep diversity, and formalisation of democratic
practices may be the factors.
Choose the correct option:
A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true
89.Recently, SCI banned use of the sedition law till it is reviewed; where this law is
written?
A. In the Constitution
B. Section 125 of Indian Penal Code
C. Section 124 of Indian Penal Code
D. Section 124 A of Indian Penal Code

90.Which Act is in news on the wake of dispute on Gyanvapi Mosque in Banaras?

A. The religious places Act 1993
B. The Places of Worship Act 1991
C. The status change( prohibition) of religious places Act 1991
D. The status( ascertain) of religious places Act 1991

370
91. When a bill is referred to a joint sitting of Parliament it has to be passed by?

A. A simple majority of members present and voting

B. 3/4th majority of members present and voting
C. 2/3rd majority of total membership of houses
D. Absolute majority of the houses

92. Which committee is largest and also have members only from Lok Sabha ?

A. Public Accounts Committee

B. Estimate Committee
C. Committee on public undertakings
D. Committee on petitions

93. Which of these are the functions of cabinet Secretariat in central govt?
1. Preparation of agenda for the cabinet meeting
2.Secretarial assistance to the cabinet meetings
3.Allocation of financial resources to ministries to carry out cabinet decisions

Options:

A. Only 1
B. Only 2
C. 1,2
D. 1,2,3

94. Which is Not one of the discretionary powers to Governor?

A. Sending report to President for imposition of president’s rule under article 356
B. Appointing Chief minister when no party wins majority in state legislative assembly
C. Reserving certain bills passed by state legislative assembly for consideration of
president
D. Removing members of state Public Service Commission

95. Economic justice as one of the objective is provided in ?

A. DPSP and Fundamental Rights

B. DPSP and Preamble
C. Preamble and Fundamental Rights
D. None of the above

371
96. Who gave Gandhiji the title of ‘Mahatma’
A. Gopal Krishna Gokhle
B. Tilak
C. Aurobindo
D. Rabindranath Tagore

97. Who was called Father of Indian unrest?

A. Tilak
B. Bipin Chndra Pal
C. Lala Lajpat Rai
D. Aurobindo

98.Who suggested Gandhji the word/term ‘Sadagraha (Satyagraha)’ ?

A. Tilak
B. Gopal Krishna Gokhle
C. Maganlal
D. Chaganlal

99.Satyavir Ki Katha, translated into Gujarati by Gandhiji was from Apology of Plato;
to whom he called ‘Satyavir’?
A. Plato
B. Glaucon
C. Socrates
D. Thrasymachus

100.Which title Gandhiji returned in protest against Jallianwala Bagh massacre

A. Kaisar-i-Hind
B. Knighthood
C. Prophet of India
D. Saint of India

372
 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 3
1. Which of these is not associated with Hobbes?

A. Individualism
B. Constitutionalism
C. Absolutism
D. Hedonism
E. Nominalism

2. The doctrine of overlapping consensus is advocated by

(A) Berlin
(B) Barry
(C) Nozick
(D) Rawls

3. Marx does not believe in

(A) Human consciousness determines social existence
(B) Ideas are the reflections of the interplay of material forces
(C) The base determines the superstructure
(D) Matter is active, dynamic, and dialectic in nature

4. Who among the following criticized Bentham’s Philosophy as “Pig Philosophy”?

(A) Leslie Stephen
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Carlyle
(D) J.S. Mill

5. For whom “All existence is simply a matter in motion.” ?

(A) Plato
(B) Hobbes
(C) T.H. Green
(D) Rousseau

373
6. Which is not true about Ideas/thoughts of J.S.Mill?
A. Pleasures differ in quality
B. active role of state in moral and intellectual development of citizen
C. Labour association should own joint stock of companies
D. Felicific calculator can objectively measure the pleasure

7. For Hegel which one of the following is Not correct ?

(A) Family is the thesis, Bourgeois society is the anti-thesis and the State represents
synthesis.
(B) The rational is real and the real is rational.
(C) Contradictions are not obstacles preventing us reaching truth.
(D) Right is preferred over common Good

8. Whom did Machiavelli blame for the moral degradation of Italy?

(A) The Prince
(B) The Church
(C) The Aristocracy
(D) Corrupt People

9. Which one among the following statements is true?

(A) Plato’s Republic is a book on ethics
(B) It is a book on politics
(C) It is both on ethics and politics
(D) It is a book on education

374
10. Match
1. Philosophy of Poverty A. Robert Nozick
2. The Poverty of Philosophy B. Karl Marx

3. The Open Society and Its Enemies C. Karl Popper

4. Anarchy, State, and Utopia D. Proudhon

Options:
1- D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
1- C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
1- A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

11. Chief purpose of Rawl’s concept of ‘Veil of Ignorance’ and ‘Original Position’ is?
A. To make the theory of Justice universal which is applicable to all societies
B. To reconcile differing and competing conception of good held by different
people/groups
C. To make the theory align with value-pluralism of liberal doctrine
D. To have impartiality in reasoning, decision making and judgement

12. Which is correct about ‘General Will’ of Rousseau?

A. It is the sum total of the actual wills of all member of the body politic
B. It is the sum of the real wills of all member of the political community
C. It is the majority decision by all member of the political community
D. It is common and unanimous decision wherein each one is guided by one’s real will

13. Which political thinker believed in natural sexual differentiation and, advocated man and
women developing as natural man and natural women?
A. Bentham
B. Edmund Burke
C. Hegel
D. Rousseau

375
14. who said “the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the affairs of the
whole bourgeoisie”
A. Ralph Miliband
B. Nicos Poulantzas
C. Lenin
D. Marx

15.Which of these is Not Correct of Thomas Hobbes?

A. He was first to modernize the tradition of Natural Law
B. He is considered as the first modern propounder of the idea of negative liberty
C. He was first modern Political thinker who deliberately ignored Aristotle in his
political thought
D. None of the above

16. Which of these books are not written by J.S. Mill?

A. The Subjection of Women
B. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
C. On Liberty
D. Considerations on Representative Government

17. Which pair is Not correctly matched?

A. Plato- Apology
B. Hobbes- Elements of Natural Philosophy
C. Aristotle- Rhetoric
D. Rousseau- Emile

18. Who is Not a libertarian thinker?

A. Robert Nozick
B. Milton Friedman
C. Robert Dahl
D. Fredrich Hayek

376
19. Who was the first noted political thinker to give the idea of distributive
justice?
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Cicero
D. St. Augustine

20. Which is Not correct about Rousseau?

A. Sovereignty lies with members of the body politic and cannot be delegated
B. One can be forced to be free
C. Modern civilisation forced man to live in the eyes of others and has thus
debased human nature
D. Men and women are different in nature but they may play the same role both
in private and public domain

21.Which is Not one of the 3 Important Characteristics of “Political Development- the

Development Syndrome” as given Lucian Pye?
A. Equality
B. Liberty
C. Capacity
D. Differentiation and Specialization

22.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Thinkers of modernization/development) List 2(Books)
1. David Apter A. Political culture and political development
2. Lucian Pye B. The politics of modernization
3. WW Rostow C. Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach
4. Gabriel Almond D. Politics and the stages of growth
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

377
23.Structural-functionalism approach was used first in which social science?
A. Anthropology
B. Psychology
C. Political Science
D. Sociology

24.Which is the correct chronology of adoption of general system theory in social

science?
1. Anthropology
2. Psychology
3. Political Science
4. Sociology

Options:
A. 1,3,4,2
B. 1,2,3,4
C. 1,4, 2, 3
D. 1,3,2,4

25.Which of these is Not one of characteristics features of behaviouralism as given by

David Easton?
A. Regularities
B. Verification
C. Techniques
D. Quantification
E. Observations;
F. Systematisation
G. Pure Science
H. Integration

378
26.Which of these is Not one of credo of relevance(characteristics features) of post-
behaviouralism as given by David Easton?
A. Substance over technique
B. social change
C. Stress on Brute Reality
D. fact-value synthesis
E. Maintenance of the political system
F. Importance of Humans Values
G. Action oriented research
H. Politicization of the profession- Political scientists as actors of social change

27.Direct Democracy is the feature of?

A. French Constitution
B. Swiss Constitution
C. US Constitution
D. Swedish Constitution

28.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Landmark Constitutional Amendments in US) List 2(Related
to/impact)
1. 1st Amendment A.Abolished Slavery
2. 2nd Amendment B. Citizenship Rights
3. 13th Amendment C. Five Freedoms, including freedom of speech
4. 14th Amendment D. Right to have Gun

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

379
29.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Landmark Case in US) List 2(Related to/impact)
1. Marbury v. Madison A.Racial Segregation in schools
2. Roe vs Wade B. judicial review
3. Brown v. Board of Education C. scope of the U.S. Congress's legislative
power
4. McCulloch v. Maryland D. Right to Abortion

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

30. Judicial Supremacy is the feature of?

A. British Constitution
B. US constitution
C. Both A& B
D. Swiss Constitution

31.Which is Not Correct about Citizen charter?

A. It was first implemented in England in 1991, where it was re-named as ‘Services
First’
B. It was implemented in India in 1997
C. It is an assurance or commitment of a declared quality of public service delivery
D. Only public sector is supposed to implement the Citizen charter

380
32.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(On Bureaucracy) List 2(Related thinker)
5. Coined ‘Bureaucracy’ A.F.M. Marx
6. Bureaucracy as continental nuisance B. Max Weber
7. Guardian Bureaucracy’ C. Vincent de Gournay
8. Bureaucracy reflect rational approach D. Thomas Carlyle

Options:
M. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
N. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
O. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
P. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

33.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Defining books) List 2(Related Facts/concepts)
1. Introduction to the study of Public Administration(1926) A. New Public
Management
2. Principles of Public Administration (1927) B. New Public
Administration
3. Toward a New Public Administration:
The Minnowbrook Perspective(1971) C. 1st text book in Public
Administration
4. Reinventing Government (1992) D. Second text book in Public
Administration

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

381
34.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Defining books) List 2(Author)
1. The Study of Administration (1887) A. Henri Fayol
2. Politics and administration (1900) B Woodrow Wilson
3. General and Industrial Management (1916) C. Frank Goodnow
4. Papers on the science of administration (1937) D. Luther Gallick
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D

35.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Defining books) List 2(Author)
1. Administrative Behaviour (1947) A. Dwight Waldo
2. The Administrative State (1948) B Elton Mayo
3. The Ecology of Public Administration (1961) C. Herbert Simon
4. The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (1933) D. Fred
W. Riggs
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D

382
36.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Term) List 2(Who Coined?)
1. Scientific Management A. Christopher Hood
2. Bounded Rationality B Peter Drucker
3. NPM C. Herbert Simon
4. Management by Objective (MBO) D. Louis
brandies

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D

37.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(System of Bureaucracy) List 2(Country)
1. Spoil System A. China
2. Political rights to civil servants B. India
3. 1st time merit based recruitment C. France
4. Merit System D. USA before 1883

Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

383
38. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Theme) List 2(Report of 2nd ARC)
1. Right to Information A. 1st Report
2. Ethics in Governance B. 4th report
3. Social Capital C. 9th Report
4. E-Governance D. 11th Report

Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

39. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(First State) List 2(to have these institutions)
1. Kerala A. Panchayati Raj
2. Rajshthan B. Lokayukta
3. Maharashtra C. Paperless budget
4. Uttar Pradesh D. Ombudsman for Local Self
Government

Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

384
40.Which is Not correct about 73rd Amendments?
1. It is Not applicable to 6th Schedule states of Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram
2. It is Not applicable to ten 5th Schedule states
3. District Planning committee was proposed under it
4. Its provisions are contained in articles 243 to 243(O)
5. Its provisions are contained in Schedule 12
Options:
A. 1,3.5
B. 1,2,3,4,5
C. 2,3,5
D. 1,3,5

41. Which is Not one of the great debates in IR?

A. The Colonial Issue ( Roy Lenin Debate)
B. Inter-Paradigm Debate
C. Idealism vs Realism
D. Rationalism vs Reflectivism

42. What was ‘the Great Game’ in IR?

A. Intense rivalry between the British and Russian Empires in Central Asia during early
20th century
B. Game of one-upmanship between USA and USSR in Central Asia, especially
Afghanistan
C. Game of one-upmanship between Allied and Axis powers during WWII
D. Intense rivalry between the European colonial power to colonize Africa during late
19th Century

385
43. For Hugo Grotius which were causes of a Just War ?
1. Self Defence,
2. To establish lasting Peace
3. To seek compensation of injury,
4. To punish a wrong doer
Options:
1, 3, 4
1, 3
1,2,3, 4
1, 4

44. What is the correct sequence of Morton Kaplan’s models of systems analysis?
(i) Balance of Power
(ii) Loose Bipolarity
(iii) Tight Bipolarity
(iv) Universal International System
Codes :
(A) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(B) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

45. Which is the most significant issue for QUAD?

A. Free navigation in South China Sea
B. Free and open Indian Ocean
C. Russian Hegemony in Eastern Europe
D. Free and open Indo-Pacific

386
46. According to both IMF and World bank which region is the fastest growing in terms
of GDP?
A. East Africa
B. Latin America
C. South east Asia
D. Asia-Pacific

47. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(USSR General Secretary) List 2(
Doctrine/principles)
1. Stalin A. Limited Sovereignty
2. Khrushchev B. Socialism in one country,
Leninism
3. Brezhnev C. Glasnost & Perestroika
4. Gorbachev D. peaceful coexistence
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

48. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Indian PM) List 2( Doctrine/principles)
1. Indira Gandhi A. Non-reciprocity with neighbours
2. I.K.Gujral B. Look East Policy
3. Narasimha Rao C. Act East Policy
4. Narendra Modi D. Hegemony in South Asia
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

387
49. Which of the following is/are correct about Panchsheel’?

1. It contained the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

2. It was agreed between India and China in 1954
3. China also signed Panchsheel with Myanmar, which also played a role in framing
Panchsheel
4. NAM also formerly adopted Panchsheel.

Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3
D. 1, 4

50.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Theory) List 2( Thinker)
1. Democratic Peace A. Immanuel Kant
2. Perpetual Peace B. Kwame Nkrumah
3. Neo-colonialism C. Immanuel Wallenstein
4. World System D. Michael Doyle
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

51.Essence of neo-liberalism in IR is?

E. International law & regimes
F. Peace
G. Cooperation
H. Economic Interdependence

388
52. Who is Not a classical realist Thinker?
J. Thucydides
K. E.H. Carr
L. Hobbes
M. John Mearsheimer
N. Machiavelli
O. Morgenthau

53.Who is Not a liberal thinker?

A. Reinhold Niebuhr
B. Francis Fukuyama
C. David Mitrany
D. David Held

54. Which UN Secretary General said “Everything will be all right—you know when? When
people, just people, stop thinking of the United Nations as a weird Picasso abstraction and
see it as a drawing they made themselves.”

A. Boutros Boutros-Ghali
B. Dag Hammarskjöld
C. Trygve Lie
D. Kofi Anan

55.Which is Not correct about the English School?

A. English school theory is built around establishing distinctions between three key
concepts: international system, international society and world society
B. It offers a middle ground between the opposing theories of realism and liberalism.
C. It disregards the anarchical social structures of international orders.
D. In its concept of world society, individuals living in any state becomes the unit of
analysis and focus entity.

56. Which is Not correct about the Copenhagen School?

A. The approach is Not associated with constructivism
B. Security issue ( threat to survival/existence) is a social construction and inter-
subjective
C. concept of 'sectors' , which are different arenas where security issue are analysed.
D. Concept of Regional security complexes, in which security of each actor interacts
with the security of the other actors. There is often intense security interdependence
within a region.

389
57. Which is Not correct about the Constructivism in IR?
A. anarchy is what states make of it’, that is anarchy can be interpreted in different ways
depending on the meaning that actors in IR assign to it.
B. Identity, interest, anarchy, and all other aspects of IR are not objective reality but are
socially constructed
C. Nicholas Onuf and Alexander Wendt are two main proponents
D. In comparison to traditional IR theories Constructivism failed to explain the new
world order after end of cold war

58. Which thinker of the English School integrated three philosophical traditions of
international politics- Realism, Rationalism, Revolutionism?

A. Hedley Bull
B. Martin Wight
C. Herbert Butterfield
D. James Mayall

59. Who is considered Who is the father of neoclassical realism?

A. Fareed Zakaria
B. Gideon Rose
C. Randall Schweller
D. Jennifer Sterling-Folker

60. ‘ The combination of liberal democracy and the market economy has drawn a
finishing line in the history of political and social development’ who made this
statement?

A. Daneil Bell
B. Raymond Aron
C. Stephen Walt
D. Francis Fukuyama

61.That the sources of knowledge lie beyond sense experience and transcendental in
nature is called?
A. Empiricism
B. Rationalism
C. Existentialism
D. Consequentialism

390
62.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Thinkers) List 2(How they defined Justice)
1. Aristotle A. Justice as perfect obligation
2. John Rawl B. Justice as fairness in distribution of primary social
goods
3. Plato C. Justice as harmony of the soul
4. J.S.Mill D. justice as proportional equality

Options:
E. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
H. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A

63. the belief that all people are entitled to equal respect, rights and consideration, no
matter what their citizenship status or other affiliations happen to be, is called?
A. Globalism
B. Universalism
C. Global Justice
D. Cosmopolitanism

64.Which is Not correct about John Rawl’s idea of Global Justice?

A. He formulated his idea of global justice in his book ‘Law of people’
B. Decent non-liberal people would also accept the law of peoples
C. He extended his difference principle to global level
D. It was based on core liberal principles of tolerance

65.Universality of Human Rights are opposed by the principles of?

A. Moral Relativism
B. Cultural Relativism
C. Both A& B
D. Cosmopolitanism

391
66. Who defined citizenship as a status granting civil, political, and social privileges?
A. B.S.Turner
B. Anthony Giddens
C. T.H. Marshal
D. David Held

67. Which of these is Not a 3rd generation Rights?

A. Cultural Rights
B. Environmental Rights
C. Right to freedom of speech
D. Right to natural resources

68. which of these rights are not included in the list of Rights to national minorities
recommended by Will Kymlicka ?
(A) rights of self‐government (involving the delegation of powers of government, often
within a federal structure)
(B) polyethnic rights (involving financial support and legal protection for certain practices
associated with particular ethnic or religious groups)
(C) special representation rights (guaranteeing representation of minority groups within the
central institutions of the larger state)
(D) Right of national self-determination.

69.Central argument of Charles Taylor in his book ‘Multiculturalism and the politics of
recognition’ is?
(A) Minorities should get right to equal status and recognition
(B) For developing self respect, dignity, and autonomy, one require a stable cultural structure
or framework
(C) To have positive relation to themselves Individual require other’s recognition– other’s
positive attitude/admiration towards one’s cultural identity
(D) State must treat each citizen with equal respect and dignity

392
70.People shouldn’t be worse off than others because of brute luck, such as, disease,
accidents, disabilities, disasters; this theme is the basis of ?
A) Liberal egalitarians

B) Socialist egalitarians

C) Chance egalitarians

D) Luck egalitarians

71. Match

Most Important Articles Subject/Issue

1. 280 A. Public Service Commission
2. 315 B. National Emergency
3. 324 C. Finance Commission
4. 352 D. Election Commission

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

72.Match

Lesser Known Articles Subject/Issue

1. 31 B A. Suspension of FR during emergency
2. 329 B. Protect laws in 9th schedule from Judicial Review
3. 359 C. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the
Supreme
Court
4. 144 D. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

393
73. Match

Lesser Known Articles Subject/Issue

1. 365 A. Gram Sabha under Panchayati Raj System
2. 263 B. common High Court for two or more States
3. 243 A C. State emergency if state refuses following directions
of
union
4. 231 D. Inter-state council

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

74. Match

Range of Articles Subject/Issue

5. 12-35 A. PM and council of Minister
6. 52-62 B. Governor
7. 74-75 C. FR
8. 153-161 D. President

Options:
E. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
H. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

394
75.Match

Parts Subject/Issue
1. III A. Fundamental Duties
2. IV B. Cooperative Societies
3. IXB C. FR
4. IVA D. DPSP

Options:
a. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
b. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
c. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
d. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
76.Which is incorrect about Rajya Sabha membership?
A. Tenure of individual members is 6 years
B. one-third of its members retire every two years
C. The candidates are elected by members of state legislative assemblies by the method
of single transferrable vote system of Proportional representation
D. Entire state is considered the constituency of the Rajya Sabha Member
E. The candidate must be resident of the state from where they want to run for election.

77.Which famous case help establish ‘Due Process’ doctrine of judicial review in India?
A. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India-1978
B. Minerva Mills case-1980
C. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation-1985
D. Balaji v/s State of Mysore-1962

78.Which of these is Not one of three Judges cases which established the ‘Collegium
system’ of appointments and transfers in higher Judiciary in India
A. SP Verma vs union of India(1981)
B. SP Gupta v Union of India (1981)
C. Supreme Court Advocates‐on‐Record Association v Union of India (1993)
D. Special Reference case of 1998

395
79.Which of these articles does not pertains to appointment, role, duties of the Prime
Minister?
A. Article 74
B. Article 79
C. Article 75
D. Article 78

80.Main reason behind PMs becoming more powerful in parliamentary form of

Government ( in comparison to president in the presidential form of Government)?
A. PM also is the most popular leader
B. PMO is vested with super-ordinary power
C. Fusion of legislature and executive
D. PM heads the council of minister on whose aid and advice the President has to act

81.Which President set a new precedent whereby it became mandatory for a person
staking a claim to the Prime Minister's office to produce letters of support from alliance
partners?
A. Pranab Mukherjee
B. R. Venkataraman
C. K.R. Narayana
D. Shankar Dayal Sharma

82.Which of these is Not correct about the Money Bill?

A. Provisions regarding money bills are contained in articles 109 and 110
B. Lok Sabha Speaker is the final authority to certify a bill as money bill
C. Rajya Sabha can hold money bill passed by Lok Sabha only for 14 days
D. Lok Sabha may or may not agree to amendments made in the money bill by Rajya
Sabha
E. President may refuse to give assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.

83.Which case led to SCI, in 2017, declaring ‘Right to Privacy’ as FR ?

A. Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation
B. Puttaswamy v. Union of India
C. Shantistar Builders v. N.K. Totame
D. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar

396
84.Match:
Schedule Subject/Issue
5) 6th A. Anti-defection laws
6) 7th B. Recognition of the following 22 regional languages
7) 10th C. Division of powers between centre-state
8) 8th D. Administration of tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura, Mizoram,

Options:
I. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
J. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
K. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
L. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

85.Match
Most Important Articles Subject/Issue
5) 148 A. SCI
6) 76 B. AG
7) 124 C. CAG
8) 360 D. Financial Emergency

Options:
E. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-A
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D
H. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

397
86.Match

Lesser Known Articles Subject/Issue

9) 257 A. Parliamentary privileges
10) 105 B. Right of President to address and send messages to
both houses of Parliament
11) 108 C. Union may give directions to a State
12) 86 D. Joint Sitting of Parliament

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
87.Match
Range of Articles Subject/Issue
9. 214-231 A. Panchayati Raj
10. 239-242 B. High Courts
11. 243 A- 243 O C. Union Territories
12. 315-323 D. Public Service Commission

Options:
I. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
J. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
K. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
L. 1-B, 2-C, 3- D, 4-A

88.Match
Parts Subject/Issue
1. II A. Panchayati Raj
2. V B. Emergency Provisions
3. IX C. Union Government
4. XVIII D. Citizenship
Options:
A. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

398
89.Match
Pre-independence Constitutional reforms Features
1. GOI Act 1909 A. Start of Indian representation in Legislature
2. GOI Act 1919 B. Federal Court, Separate electorates depressed
classes, women and labourer, dyarchy in center

3. GOI Act 1935 C. Separate electorate for Muslims

4. Indian Councils Act 1861 D. First time introduced responsive
governance and bicameralism in Indian
Legislature
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B

90.Which is Not correct about 73rd Amendments?

A. Its provisions contained in articles 243 A to 243 O
B. Its role, functions, jurisdictions are contained in Schedule 11
C. 29 subjects were to be transferred from state Government to PRI
D. It contained provisions for district planning committee

91.Which was added into the DPSP by 42nd amendments- 1976?

A. Equal pay for equal work

B. Participation of workers in management
C. Right to work
D. Securing living wages
92. Which of these require passing of resolutions by 2/3rd majority of total membership of the
house?

A. Impeachment of SC Judges
B. Impeachment of President
C. Impeachment of CEC
D. None of the above

93. Which is Not correct?

A. A bill does not lapse on adjournment of the House

B. A bill does not lapse on prorogation of the House
C. A bill does not lapse on dissolution of Lok Sabha if the bill is pending in the Rajya
Sabha
D. A bill does not lapse on dissolution of Lok Sabha if the bill is pending in the Rajya
Sabha after it was passed by the Lok Sabha

399
94. The idea of welfare state in Indian Constitution is enshrined in?

A. Fundamental Rights
B. DPSP
C. Preamble
D. Seventh Schedule

95. “ to uphold and protect the Sovereignty , unity, and integrity of India” is a provision made
in the?

A. Fundamental Rights
B. DPSP
C. Fundamental Duties
D. Preamble

96.Gandhiji went to South Africa to ?

A. Become a professional lawyer
B. Participate in pro-democracy movement by Indians settled there
C. Lead movement against exploitation of Asians by the English ruler there
D. Fight case of a Gujrati businessman
97.
Statement 1: Gandhiji considered himself an Enlightened Anarchist
Statement 2: Rejected determinism, believed in relative truth and one step at a time
Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

98.
Statement 1: Gandhiji mixed politics and religion
Statement 2: Religion for him was core of human life, but not dogmatic and divisive
Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

400
99: Who said “Swaraj will not be a free gift of the British Parliament, it will be a
declaration of India’s full expression.”?

A. Gandhiji
B. Ambedkar
C. Tilak
D. Dada Bhai Naoroji

100.Arrange following Ashrams of Gandhiji in time (Chronology)

1. Phoenix Settlement,
2. Tolstoy Farm,
3. Sevagram
4. Kochrab
5. Sabarmati
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4,5
B. 1,2,4,5,3
C. 1,2,5,4,3
D. 2,1,5,4,3

401
 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 4
1. Which of the following is incorrect about Hegel’s theory of state?

A. State was synthesis of family and civil society

B. State was march of God on earth
C. He gave organic and integrative theory of state- state as organism, individuals
as its limbs/organs
D. He refuted corporatist state

2. Which thinker conceived society as ‘cooperative venture for mutual

advantage’?

A. John Rawl
B. T.H.Green
C. Harlod Laski
D. John Locke

3. Which of these books were not authored by Aristotle?

A. Nicomachean Ethics
B. Timaeus
C. On the Soul
D. Metaphysics

402
4. Match :
1. Irish Marian Young A.Global Justice/cosmopolitanism
2. Thomas Pogge B.Democracy and difference
3. C. B. Macpherson C.Categorical Imperative
4. Immanuel Kant D.Possessive Individualism

Options:
Q. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
R. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
S. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
T. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

5. Which thinker is Not associated with ‘end of history’ hypothesis?

A. Francis Fukuyama
B. John Rawl
C. Daniel Bell
D. Hegel

6. Which pluralist thinker stated that State was simply one association among the
rest?

A. Robert Dahl
B. R.M. MacIver
C. Harold Laski
D. Seymour Martin Lipset

403
7. Who among the following believes that the goal of the utilitarian state is
Liberty rather than happiness?

A. Bentham
B. James Mill
C. J.S.Mill
D. John Rawl
8. Which of these is Not correct about theory of Justice by Robert Nozick in his
book ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia(1974)’?

A. It was a procedural theory of justice based on libertarian doctrine

B. It was ‘Entitlement Theory of Justice’
C. It included the idea of Rectificatory justice to make correction for wrong acquisition
and transfer of properties
D. It was silent on state’s role in distributive justice.

9. Which is Not correct about John Locke?

A. He is considered as an apologist of the glorious revolution in England
B. He earned from slavery trade
C. He helped write constitution of Carolina state of USA
D. He is considered as a rationalist thinker

10. Which is Not correct about political thoughts of John Rawl?

A. He revived the social contract approach in 20th century

B. To him, Justice is the first virtue of any society/community
C. For him, Peace, stability, efficiency, and Justice were essential feature of best
society
D. For him, loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by
others.

404
11 Which egalitarian thinker’s idea contained Auction, Insurance, and Free
Market?

A. Michael Walzer
B. Ronald Dworkin
C. Michael Sandel
D. Susan Miller Okin

12. Which is Not correct about Thomas Aquinas?

A. He argued that God is the source of both the light of natural reason and the light of faith
B. According to him man's ultimate happiness consists in Contemplating God
C. He gave 5 proof of ‘existence of God’
D. He is credited to have formulated a principle of medieval Secularism

13. Who said, 'make women rational creature, and free citizens, and they will quickly
become good wives, that is, if men do not neglect the duties of husband and fathers' ?
A. Marry Wollstonecraft
B. Alexandra Kollontai
C. Carole Pateman
D. Susan Miller Okin

14. The term 'Cultural Capital' is associated with which of the following?
A. Pierre Bourdie
B. Robert Putnam
C. James Coleman
D. Robert M. Solow

405
15. This great modern era thinker was empiricist, claiming that experience is source of
knowledge, not reason/rationality. He influenced utilitarianism and logical positivism; we are
talking about?

A. Edmund Burke
B. David Hume
C. Bentham
D. James Mill
16. which is wrongly matched about Marx Writings ( Concepts- his book)
A. Camera obscura - Ideology
B. History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce - The Eighteenth Brumaire of
Louis Bonaparte
C. Alienation - Economic and political manuscript of 1844
D. A spectre is haunting Europe – The Communist Manifesto
E. None of the above

17. Which is Incorrect about Types of Constitution/Government theorised by Aristotle?

A. Best possible or practicable Govt/constitution shall be combination of Polity and
Aristocracy
B. Democracy was perverted form of Government
C. there is only one constitution which is 'naturally the best everywhere'
D. Revolution is not simply the change in constitution

18. For whom politics is the process of allocation of scarce resources; he accordingly defined
politics as who gets what, when and how?
A. Harold Laski
B. T.H.Green
C. Harold Lasswell
D. David Easton
19. Who among the following does not belong to normative philosophical tradition?
A. Aristotle
B. Thomas Aquinas
C. John Rawl
D. Montesquieu

406
20. State of nature described in the social contract of Locke was?
A. Pre social
B. Pre political
C. Pre political but social
D. Pre political and pre social

21.Which is Incorrect about the Federal Council of Switzerland?

A. It is collective head of state and government of Switzerland.
B. It has 8 members
C. The position of President of the Swiss Confederation rotates among the members of the
council on a yearly basis
D. One year's Vice President of Switzerland becoming the next year's President of
Switzerland

22.Which is correct about Supreme court in USA?

1. Consists of 9 Judges, one Chief Justice and 8 Associate judges
2. US president nominate SC judges, the Senate approve the nomination
3. It has original jurisdiction over disputes arising between states
4. It has power of Judicial review but cannot question any statute on the basis of ‘due
process of law’
Options:
A. 1,3
B. 1,2,3
C. 2,4
D. 1,2,3,4

407
23.Which one is correct?
1. Swiss constitution is federal and rigid in character
2. Indian constitutional is the longest written constitution in the world
3. Existing constitution of France established the 5th Republic
4. 19th Amendments of US constitution gave voting rights to women

Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,4
C. 2,4
D. 1,2,3,4

24.First 3 articles of US constitution deals with?

A. Separation of powers
B. Judicial Review.
C. Fundamental Rights
D. Federal structures

25.Which is one of the major differences between Authoritarianism and

Totalitarianism?
A. Rulers are not elected by the ruled, nether are they accountable to them
B. Citizens have limited rights vis-à-vis state
C. A well-defined state ideology
D. State trying to control all aspects of citizen’s life
E. Both C & D

408
26.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(defining books in CP) List 2(Author)
1. The Process of Government A. Charles Merriam
2. Human Nature in Politics B. David Easton
3. New Aspects of Politics C. Arthur F. Bentley
4. The political system D. Graham Wallas
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D

27. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Almond’s classification of interest groups) List 2(main feature)
1. Institutional A.Kinship and informal ties
2. Anomic B. teachers, lawyers, doctors and other
professionals bodies
3. Associational C. located in institutions such as
legislature,
bureaucracy, corporations, army,etc.
4. Non- Associational D. Spontaneous
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

409
28.Which is the correct sequence of Almond’s input functions?
1. Interest aggregation
2. Interest articulation
3. Political socialization and recruitment
4. Political communication

Options:
A. 3,2.1,4
B. 4,3.1,2
C. 1,2,4,3
D. 1,2,3,4

29.Which is Not associated with the System Approach?

A. David Easton
B. Black Box
C. Generalization
D. Input and Output
E. Feedback
F. Deeper analysis of parts and their interactions

30.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Thinkers of modernization/development) List 2(Books/Essay)
1. Huntington A. The Stages of Political Development
2. James Coleman B. Political development in the new states
3. Organski C. Political Development and Political Decay
4. Edward Shils D. The Development Syndrome
Options:
M. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
N. 1-B, 2-A, 3-A, 4-C
O. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
P. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

410
31.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Post) List 2(Incumbent)
1. CAG A. Sushil Chandra
2. AG B. Suman Bery
3. CEC C. K. K. Venugopal
4. Vice Chairperson Niti Aayog D. Girish Chandra Murmu
Options:
E. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
F. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
G. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
H. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

32.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Committee/Commission-UK) List 2(Related Theme)
1. Fulton Committee A. Generalist vs Specialist
2. Northcote-Trevelyan Committee B. Merit System
3. Assheton Committee C. Training of Civil Servants
4. Donoughmore Committee D. Delegated Legislation
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

411
33.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1 ( Days celebrated as) List 2( date)
1. Civil Services Day A. 25 December
2. Good Governance Day B 19 November
3. Swachhta Diwas C. 21 April
4. National Integration Day D. 2 October
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D

34. Which is Not a statutory body?

A. National Commission of Women
B. National Commission for Minorities
C. National Commission for Backward Classes
D. National Human Rights Commission
35. CAG Submits its report annually to?
A. Parliament
B. PM
C. President
D. Finance Minister
36. Who of the following did not accepted unity of Command?
1. Henri Fayol
2. Luthar Gullick
3. Frederick Taylor
4. Herbert Simon
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 3,4
C. Only 3
D. Only 4

412
37. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Theory) List 2(Thinker)
1. Classical Theory A. Vincent Ostrom
2. Neo- classical Theory B Fred Riggs
3. Ecological approach C. Elton Mayo
4. Public Choice Theory D. Lyndall Urwick
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D

38. Which is Not correct about CVC?

A. It is a constitutional body
B. It supervises working of CBI
C. It was set up in 1964 on the recommendations of Santhanam Committee
D. It is multi-member body

39. Which of these thinkers were not critical of politics-administration Dichotomy?

1. Woodrow Wilson
2. Frank Goodnow
3. Herbert Simon
4. Luthar Gullick
5. Paul Appleby
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 3,4,5
C. 2,3,4,5
D. 3 only

413
 40. Robert Dahl in his book ‘Science of Public Administration(1947) raised 3 problems
which make difficult for Public Administration to become science; which of these is Not
one of the problems?
A. Universalism
B. Values
C. Behaviour
D. Culture

41. Which of the following is a member of the BIMSTEC?

1. Maldives
2. Pakistan
3. Myanmar
4. Thailand

Options:
A. 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1,2,3, 4
D. 3,4

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Free Trade Agreement India signed) List 2( With which Country)
9. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation And Partnership
Agreement (CECPA) A.Singapore and
Malaysia

10. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) B. USA

11. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) C. Japan, South Korea,

UAE

12. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) D. Mauritius

Options:
U. 1-C, 2-A, 3- D, 4-B
V. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
W. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
X. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

414
43. Which of these have been the issues within North South Dialogue?
1. Transfer of capital
2. Transfer of Technology
3. Favourable terms of trade in commodities
4. Reforming the UN

Options:
E. 1, 3, 4
F. 2, 3,4
G. 1,2,3, 4
H. 1,4

44. Which is/are correct about the Hegemonic stability theory?

1. The world becomes more open and globalized in the presence of a hegemonic power
2. Examples of hegemons are British Empire until the beginning of the 20th century, and
the United States from that point onwards
3. This theory was given by many thinkers, some of them are George Modelski, Robert
Gilpin, Robert Keohane and Stephen Krasner.
4. It might take some time for the hegemon to realize the benefits of globalization and
open trade and its role in promoting them.

Options:
E. 1, 3, 4
F. 2, 3,4
G. 1,2,3, 4
H. 1,4

45. In which NAM summit issue of NIEO ( New International Economic Order) was
taken up?
A. 2nd NAM Summit Cairo, Egypt ( then called United Arab Republic)
B. 3rd NAM Summit in Lusaka, Zambia
C. 4th NAM Summit in Algiers, Algeria
D. 5th NAM Summit Colombo, Sri Lanka

46. Who Said ‘ "War is the continuation of politics by other means.“?

A. Clausewitz
B. Hitler
C. Bismark
D. Mussolini

415
47. In 2+2 talks, who participate from the two nations?
A. Head of the state and Head of the Government
B. PM and Foreign Minister
C. PM and Defense minister
D. Foreign and Defense minister

48. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Climate change policy) List 2( Summit/protocol/treaty)
1. Common but differentiated responsibility A. Kyoto Protocol
2. Legally binding emission reduction B. Paris Accord
3. Nationally Determined contribution C. Rio Earth Summit
4. Agenda 21
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-C
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

49. What is Blue Diplomacy?

A. Foreign relation guided towards environmentally sustainable oceanic trade and
sustainable development of oceanic resources.
B. Foreign relation guided towards environmentally sustainable fishing and coastal
development.
C. Foreign relation guided towards blue economy
D. Both A & C.

416
50. Which is Not correct about G-20?
1. It is most important Inter Governmental Organization having both industrialized and
developing nations as its member
2. It includes 90% of world’s GDP, 75-80 of trade, 2/3rd population, and half the land
3. EU is also one of its member
4. Nine Asian nations are its members
5. Indonesia is the current President of G-20

Options:
A. 1, 3, 4,5
B. 1, 2,3,5
C. 1,2,3,4,5
D. 1, 2

51. Which of the following theories study and analyses international politics as
interaction of foreign policies of the states?

A. Realist Theory
B. System Theory
C. Neo-Marxist Theory
D. Decision making Theory

52. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Thinkers) List 2( Concepts)

1. William Cohen A. New wars
2. Martin Shaw B. Hyperbolic War
3. Raymond Aron C. Degenerate war
4. Mary Kaldor D. Revolution in Military Affairs

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-B, 3- D, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-B, 3- B, 4-D

417
53. Which is Not Correct about East Asian Summit ( EAS)?

A. It is based on the ASEAN Plus Six mechanism

B. Both Russia and the United States are its members
C. India is Not a member of EAS
D. EAS meetings are held after the annual ASEAN leaders' meetings, and plays an
important role in the regional architecture of Asia-Pacific
E. idea of the EAS was first promoted in 1991 by then Malaysian Prime Minister
Mahathir Mohamad.

54. Which is Not Correct about IORA?

A. It is a IGO aimed at strengthening regional cooperation and sustainable development

in the Indian Ocean
B. It has 23 members
C. Secretariat of IORA is located at Ebene, Mauritius
D. Tourism promotion and cultural exchange is Not one of the 6 priority areas
E. India is one of the founder members of IORA

55. Which Prominent IR thinker held the view that nuclear proliferation does not
threaten, but on the contrary, buttresses world peace?

A. Hans Morgenthau
B. Kenneth waltz
C. John Mearsheimer
D. Joseph Nye
56. Which countries have not signed NPT?

1. India
2. Israel
3. Pakistan
4. Iran
5. North Korea

Options:
A. 1, 3, 4,5
B. 1, 2,3,5
C. 1,2,3,4,5
D. 1, 2,3

418
57. Which of the following has not been the part of the process for disarmament and
arms control ?

(a) CTBT
(b) MAD
(c) NPT
(d) PTBT

58. Which of the following is Not correct about SAARC

(a) It aims at promoting free trade among member states
(b) It stands for regional cooperation in the South Asia
(c) Its objective is to addresses bi-lateral disputes between the member states
(d) It was established on the initiative of President Zia-ur-Rehman of Bangladesh

59. Which chapter of UN deals with pacific( peaceful) settlement of disputes?

A. Chapter 6
B. Chapter 7
C. Chapter 8
D. Chapter 9

60. First time IR as a separate academic discipline was taught in which university?
A. Howard University USA
B. Heidelberg University, Germany
C. Paris University, France
D. Aberystwyth University , Wales, UK

61.A distribution condition in which resources cannot be reallocated to make one

individual better off without making at least one individual worse off is called?
A. Pareto optimality
B. Dworkin’s Resource equalization
C. Walzer’s Complex equality
D. Aristotle’s proportional equality

419
62.Which is Not correct about difference between Equality of Opportunity and equality
of Outcome?
A) Equality of Opportunity denotes liberal or soft egalitarianism, equality of Outcome
denotes socialism or hard egalitarianism

B) Equality of Opportunity taken to the extreme may resemble Equality of Outcome

C) Formal Equality of opportunity denotes negative liberty, Equality of Outcome denotes

positive liberty

D) They are very different concepts and cannot be placed on a continuum

63.Which is not Correct about Equality of Resources by Ronald Dworkin?

A. Based on principles of Luck Egalitarianism
B. It constructs an Imaginary market procedure for distribution of resources in a society
C. equal auction in Initial position : All ‘equal’ participate in fair bidding for resources
of their choice
D. Positive discrimination and affirmative action by the State/Government
E. Fair Insurance market: Risk pooling or luck sharing for brute bad luck and option luck

64. Which is not Correct about Complex Equality by Michael Walzer ?

A. A communitarian account of equality
B. All cultural communities/societies have distinct spheres of distribution
C. Distribution of social goods in separate distributive spheres on the basis of different
principles, procedure and criteria
D. Monopoly over one social good within a distributive sphere is not allowed to
dominate the distribution of a good in other sphere – conversion of one good for other
blocked
E. Possession of one social good and related status/standing is not undermined by non-
possession of other social good in other sphere
F. None of the above

65. About Knowledge, which is Not view as per post-modernism?

A. Knowledge linked to power
B. No Knowledge is impartial
C. Knowledge is technocratic and free from ideology
D. Knowledge is Not Objective
E. Knowledge is Not eternal

420
66.Which is Not correct about Rawl’s theory of Justice?
A. It adopted normative approach to theorizing
B. It was based on the difference principle
C. Applicable only to liberal societies having overlapping consensus on idea of Justice
and other foundational social principles
D. It indicated welfare state
E. It was end-state theory of Justice
F. It gave preference to societal common interest over individual Rights

67.Which is Not correct about Feminism?

A. Sex is biological Gender a social construct
B. Patriarchy has been the root cause of women’s misery
C. It is considered as mainstream political theory
D. Men and women have equal moral reasoning capabilities
E. It rejected separation of ‘Private’ and ‘Public’
F. It fragmented into many sub-streams of theories

68. Which terms is Not related to Anarchism?

A. No to formal hierarchical authority
B. Mutualism
C. Political Obligation
D. State is unnecessary evil
E. Virtuous(good) human nature
F. Yes to authority of experts

69.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Communitarian Thinkers) List 2(Books)

1. Michael Sandel A. Sources of the Self

2. Michael Walzer B. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice
3. Alasdair MacIntyre C. After Virtue
4. Charles Taylor D. Spheres of Justice
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A

421
70.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Thinkers of Multiculturalism) List 2(Books/Essay)
5. Will Kymlicka A. Rethinking Multiculturalism:
Cultural Diversity and Political Theory
6. Bhikhu Parekh B. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of
Minority Rights

7. Charles Taylor C. Culture & Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of

Multiculturalism
8. Brain Barry D. Multiculturalism and the politics of recognition

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

71. Which is Not correct about Joint Sitting of Parliament?

A. It is provisioned under article 108 of the constitution
B. President summons both the houses to meet in a joint sitting
C. The Vice President as chairman of Rajya Sabha chair the joint sitting
D. joint sitting cannot be convened for breaking the deadlock in case of constitutional
amendment bills under article 368

72.Which is Not a ground for Joint Sitting of Parliament?

A. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House, the
Bill is rejected by the other House;
B. Even after passing the bill by parliament president has refused to give assent to the
bill.
C. the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill;
D. more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other
House without the Bill being passed by it

422
73.As per the 3rd Schedule of the constitution President’s oath include which of these?
1. Uphold the Constitution of India
2. Preserve the Constitution of India
3. Protect the Constitution of India
4. Defend the Constitution of India

Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,4

74.Which Article give the president situational discretion to dissolve the Lok Sabha?
A. Article 83(2)
B. Article 84(2)
C. Article 85(2)
D. Article 86(2)

75.Regrading power of President, which of these is Not correct?

1. He can reject assenting to the bills passed by the Parliament
2. He may return back the passed Money bill for reconsideration of the Parliament
3. He may keep the passed bill without taking any action on it for indefinite period
4. He may send back the passed bill for reconsideration of the Parliament
5. He may refuse to assent the constitutional amendment bill passed by the Parliament
Options:
A. 1,2, 5
B. 5 only
C. 2 only
D. 2,5

76.Which is Not correct about 74th Amendments?

A. Its provisions contained in articles 243 P to 43ZG
B. Through PESA-1996, provisions of 74th amendments were extended to 5th schedule
areas
C. Its role, functions, jurisdictions are contained in Schedule 12
D. 18 subjects were to be transferred from state Government to Urban Local Bodies

423
77.Fundamental Duties was made by the Constitution (Forty‐Second Amendment) Act,
1976; and it was amended in 2002 by which 11th duty was inserted? Which was this
amendment?
A. 91st Amendments
B. 86th Amendments
C. 84th Amendments
D. 61th Amendments

78. When and in which state first communist govt in state was formed?
A. 1962, Kerala
B. 1957, West Bengal
C. 1957, Kerala
D. 1967, Kerala
79. Under the Citizenship Act, 1955, by which of the following ways can a person
become a citizen of India?
1.By birth
2.By descent
3.By registration
4.By nationalization
5.By incorporation of territory
Options:
(a)1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
(b)1 and 2
(c)1, 2, 3 and 5
(d)3, 4 and 5

80.In which of the following years, the Citizenship Act, 1955 has been amended?
1.1986
2.1992
3.2003
4.2005
5.2019
Options:
(a)2, 3, 4 ,5
(b)1, 2, 4
(c)1, 2, 3, 4 , 5
(d)1, 2, 3, 5

424
81.Match

PM Coalition/Front
1. Deve Gowda A. National Front
2. Chandra Shekhar B. Janta Dal
3. Morarji Desai C. United Front
4. V.P.Singh D. Janta Party

Options:
A. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
B. 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D

82.
Statement 1: CEC can be removed only by Impeachment as in the case of Judges
Statement 2: ECs can be removed on the recommendations of CEC

Options:

I. Both Statement I and II are correct

J. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
K. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
L. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

83. Attorney general of India can

1. take part in the proceedings of Lok Sabha
2.be a member of the committee of Lok Sabha
3. speak in Lok Sabha
4. vote in Lok Sabha
Options:

A. 1,2,3
B. 1,3
C. Only 3
D. 1,2,3,4

425
84.
Statement 1: Tenure of members of public service commission is 6 years
Statement 2: Tenure of CVC is 5 years
Options:

A. Both Statement I and II are correct

B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

85. Match

1st office Holder Post

1. Hiralal Kania A. 1st Lok Sabha Speaker
2. Sukumar Sen B. 1st CJI
3. Ganesh Mavalankar C. 1st Education Minister
4. Abul Kalam Azad D. 1st CEC

Options:
A. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D
86. Which of these states does not have Bi-cameral Legislature?

A. Andhra Pradesh
B. Karnataka
C. Maharashtra
D. Uttar Pradesh
E. Odisha
87.Match
Book Author
1. Idea of India A. Myron Weiner
2. Political Economy of Development in India B. Atul Kohli
3. The politics of scarcity C. Pranab Bardhan
4. Democracy and Discontent D. Sunil Khilnani
Options:
A. 1-B, 2-D, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B

426
88. Which of the following was Not one of the members of the so-called Syndicate in Congress in
1960s?

A. K.Kamraj
B. Nijalingappa
C. Swarn Singh
D. Morarji Desai
E. Atulya Ghosh

89.Which political party was the 2nd largest party in terms of Lok Sabha seats after the 1st
General Election?

A. CPI
B. Socialist Party
C. Swatantra Party
D. Bhartiya Jan Sangh

90.Match
Committee Issue
1. Sri Krishna Committee A. Personal data Protection
2. G.Rohini Commission B. Sub-categorisation of OBCs
3. Bhuria Committee C. Extension of PRI to 5th Schedule areas
4. MM Punchi Commission D. Centre-state relation
Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-D, 2-C, 3- A, 4-B
91.Which of these are conditions for Parliament to legislate on state subjects?

1. If Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by 2/3rd majority proposing such legislation

2. If two or more states passes resolution from their assemblies to such effect
3. During the state emergency under article 356
4. To implement treaty signed with foreign country
Options:

A. 1,2
B. Only 1
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4

427
92.Right to vote in India is?

A. Fundamental Rights
B. Natural Right
C. Legal Right
D. Constitutional Right

93.read following statements on Fundamental Duties

Statement 1: A legislative process has been provided to enforce these duties
Statement 2: They are correlative to legal duties
Options:

E. Both Statement I and II are correct

F. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
G. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
H. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

94. Which of following liberty is not embodied in the preamble?

A. Liberty of thought
B. Economic liberty
C. Liberty of expression
D. Liberty of belief

95.Two statements regarding private member’s bill

Statement 1: A private member's bill is a bill introduced into a legislature by a legislator who is not
acting on behalf of the treasury bench or ruling party/coalition.
Statement 2: Till date only once a private member’s bill has been passed by the Parliament

Options:

A. Both Statement I and II are correct

B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

96.Who signed the Poona pact( with Ambedkar) on behalf of Gandhi?

428
 A. Madan Mohan Malaviya
B. Vinoba Bhave
C. Jawahar Lal Nehru
D. Vallabhbhai Patel

97.Who first gave the idea of Hindu Rashtra (Hindu Nation)?

A. Vivekananda
B. Dayanand Saraswati
C. K. B. Hedgewar
D. Savarkar

98.Which Quote is Not attributed to Ambedkar?

A. Lambs are shorn of the wool; they are feeling the cold
B. If things go wrong in the new Constitution, the reason will not be that we had a bad
Constitution, what we will have to say that Man was vile
C. Constitutional morality must be held higher than public morality
D. Swaraj will come not by acquisition of authority by a few but by acquisition of
capacity by all to resist authority when it is abused

99.Who is Considered political guru of Gandhiji?

A. Gopal Krishna Gokhle

B. Dadabhai Naoroji
C. Mahadev Govind Ranade
D. None of the above

100.Gandhiji’s Hind Swaraj was in response to ?

A. Militant Indian Nationalism on the pattern of western nation-State

B. Swaraj of Tilak and Home rule of Annie Besant and Tilak
C. Both the above
D. None of the above

429
 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 5

1. Proper sequence in which Lockean state was established

1. Civil Society
2. Social Contract
3. Government
4. State of nature
Options:
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 2,3,4,1
C. 4,2,1,3
D. 4,3,2,1
2. Which thinker made a distinction between ‘city of God’ and ‘city of man’?
A. Thomas Aquinas
B. Cicero
C. St Augustine
D. Marsilio of Padua

3.Monteseque theory of separation of power primarily emphasised on ?

A. Equality
B. Accountability
C. Transparency
D. Liberty

4. which of the following thinker interpreted Justice as ‘allotment of functions to person in

accordance of their aptitude, ability, and training’?
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. St Augustine
D. John Rawl

430
5. Which is Not correct about the Social Contract tradition of political thoughts?
A. They denied divine rights of Kings
B. Absolute Sovereignty
C. Supported Natural Rights
D. Furthered Liberalism

6. ‘Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and
pleasure’- who said this?

A. Edmund Burke
B. David Hume
C. J.S. Mill
D. Bentham

7. Match
1. communication theory A. Hannah Arendt
2. Organisational communication theory B. Jürgen Habermas

3. Communicative action theory C. Chester Barnard

4. Group Power through communication D. Karl Deutsch
Options:
1- D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
1- C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
1- A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

431
8. Match
1. State necessary evil A. Plato
2. State unnecessary evil B. Karl Marx

3. Withering away of state C. John Locke

4. State individual writ large D. Proudhon

Options:
1- D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
1- C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
1- A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

9. Match
1. Justice as fairness A. Plato
2. Justice as perfect obligation B. J.S.Mill
3. Justice as functional division of society C. Aristotle
4. Justice as proportional equality D. John Rawl

Options:
1- D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C
1- C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
1- A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

10. Which, according to Aristotle, is Not a perverted form of Government?

A. Tyranny
B. Monarchy
C. Oligarchy
D. Democracy

432
11. Who argued ‘ probable mischief of obeying the state is less than probable mischief of
resistance’?
A. John Locke
B. J.S.Mill
C. Bentham
D. Hobbes

12. Marx inherited the ideas of class and class struggle from which utopian socialist

A. Henri de Saint-Simon
B. Charles Fourier
C. Robert Owen
D. Proudhon

13. ’A Dialogue Concerning Justice' is the subtitle of :

(A) Republic
(B) Politics
(C) The Social Contract
(D) Leviathan

14. Which of the following is incorrect about J S Mill ?

(A) J S Mill found flaws in Bentham's cardinal measurement of utility
(B) J S Mill termed Bentham as the prophet of empty liberty and abstract individual
(C) J S Mill came up with 'Harm Principle' to justify the interference of state in individual
liberty
(D) Unlike Bentham, Mill makes a difference between lower and higher pleasures

15. Which of the following is incorrect about Machiavelli ?

(A) He separated ethics/morality from politics.
(B) He described men as ungrateful, fickle, selfish, liars and deceivers
(C) He believed that four emotions dictate human conduct : love, hatred, fear and contempt
(D) He supported monarchy over republican form of Government

433
16. Plato envisaged a device to check corruption by the guardian class; it was?
A. State sponsored Education
B. Functional division of society
C. Communism of wives & property
D. Rule by Philosopher Kings

17. Social contract primarily deals with?

A. Functions of state
B. Political obligation
C. Origin of State
D. Nature of state

18.Match
1. If justice taken away, state becomes band of robbers A. Aristotle
2. Property is theft B. Bentham

3. Natural rights are nonsense upon stilts C. Proudhon

4. Equals be treated equally, unequal unequally D. St Augustine

Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

19. Which of the following statements is true of the Social Contract of Hobbes?
A. Everybody gives up their right of governing themselves
B. The Sovereign is a party to the contract
C. The contract is reversible
D. The contract takes away only some of the natural rights

434
20. Which of the following is false about John Locke ?
(A) He gave the concept of ‘ tacit consent’
(B) People retain the right of rebellion when the movement acts arbitrarily by breaking contract
(C) Natural rights are the product of social contract
(D) Raison d'etre of the government is to protect natural rights

21.Which of these orientations was not stated by Almond and Verba with regard to
political culture:
A. Evaluative orientation
B. Cognitive orientation
C. Affective orientation
D. Objective Orientation

22.Which was Not one of the type of political culture formulated by Almond and
Verba?
A. Homogeneous
B. Subject
C. Participative
D. Parochial

23.Combination of which types of political culture produces civic culture?

A. Subject and Parochial
B. Parochial and participative
C. Participative and Subject
D. Subject, Parochial, and Participative

24.Who mentioned 5 stages of development( in economic terms): 1) traditional society,

2) preconditions to take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity and 5) age of high mass
consumption?
A. Lucian Pye
B. James Coleman
C. W.W. Rostow
D. Edward Shils

435
25.Who combined culture to political development?
A. Lucian Pye
B. James Coleman
C. W.W. Rostow
D. Edward Shils

26.Who in his book ‘ Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy’ gave an elitist theory of
democracy by defining it as the method by which people elect representatives in
competitive elections to carry out their will?
A. Walter Lippman
B. Joseph Schumpeter
C. Robert Dahl
D. Robert Morrison MacIver

27.Elite Theory was ?

A. Anti-democratic
B. Anti- Pluralist
C. Anti-Fascist
D. Both A & B

28.Find the odd one out?

A. Vilfredo Pareto
B. Gaetano Mosca
C. Robert Dahl
D. Robert Michels
E. C Wright Mill
F. Ortega Gasset

436
29.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Electoral system) List 2(Country)
1. Majoritarian (FPTP) A. Germany
2. Two round runoff B. France
3. Preferential Voting C. India
4. Mixed member proportional representation D. Australia
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

30.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Thinkers of Elite Theory) List 2(Concept/terms)
1. Vilfredo Pareto A. Iron Law of Oligarchy
2. Gaetano Mosca B. Theory of the Masses, Political Formula
3. Robert Michels C. Circulation of Elites, History is graveyard of
Elites, Lion & Fox
4. Ortega Gasset D. The Ruling Class
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

31. Which of these principles of management is Not associated with Henri Fayol?
A. Unity of Command
B. Gang Plank
C. Span of Control
D. Scaler Chain

437
32. Who compared District Collector as a tortoise on whose back stood the elephant of
the Government of India?
A. Warren Hastings
B. Lord Canning
C. Lord William Bentick
D. Ramsay MacDonald

33. Which of these is Not a line agency?

A. Ministry of Defense
B. Department of Telecom
C. Ministry of railway
D. Department of training

34. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Organizational Principles) List 2(Name)
1. Only one Boss A. Scaler chain
2. Hierarchical order B. Gang Plank
3. Nos. of subordinates C. Span of
Control
4. Direct communication breaking normal chain D.Unity of
Command

Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
C. 1-D, 2-A, 3- C, 4-B
D. 1-D, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A

438
35. Match the items in two column?
Stages in evolution of Public Administration Period
1) Identity crisis A.1938-47
2) Principles of administration B. 1927-37
3) Era of challenge C.1887-1926
4) Politics-Administration Dichotomy D. 1948-70
5) Public Policy approach E. 1970s onward

Options:
a) 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-E, 5-A
b) 1-D, 2-B, 3-A,4-C, 5-E
c) 1-D,2-B,3-C,4-A, 5-E
d) 1-C,2-B,3-E,4-A, 5-D

36. Which of these are Not one of the four principles of Organization, by Mooney and
Reiley
A. Coordination
B. Scalar Process
C. Unity of Command
D. Functional Differentiation
E. Line and staff

37. Which famous classical thinker gave the managerial functions in organization as
acronym POCCC ( Planning, Organizing, Commanding , Coordinating, Controlling)?
A. Luthar Gallick
B. Henri Fayol
C. Max Weber
D. Mooney and Riley

439
38. Who was the creator and coordinator of the Minnowbrook III conferences (2008)?-
A. Dwight Waldo
B. Frank Marini
C. Rosemary O'Leary
D. Mark Moore

39. Who defined Budget as series of goals with price tags attached?
A. Aaron Wildavsky
B. Felix A. Nigro
C. John D Millet
D. Peter A. Pyhrr

40. Under parliamentary form of Government the bureaucracy thrives under the clock
of ministerial responsibility; who said?
A. Lord Hewart
B. Ramsey Muir
C. Paul H Appleby
D. Herman Finer

41.Which of these organizations won Nobel peace prize during both world wars?
A. The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
B. Amnesty International
C. International Peace Bureau
D. International Committee of the Red Cross

440
42. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Motto) List 2( Regional Organisation)
1. One Vision, One Identity, One Community A. EU
2. United in diversity B. SAARC
3. Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity C. ASEAN
4. Free and Open Indo-Pacific D. QUAD

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

43. Who is considered as father of International Law?

A. Thomas Aquinas
B. Thomas Hobbes
C. A.V.Dicey
D. Hugo Grotius

44.Who defined the state as a political institution that has the monopoly of violence?
A. Thomas Hobbes
B. Jean Bodin
C. Max Weber
D. Hugo Grotius

45.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Quote/concept on Diplomacy) List 2( Thinker/meaning)
1. War is diplomacy by other means A. Henry Kissinger
2. Diplomacy as Two-Level Games B. Hitler
3. Shuttle Diplomacy C. Robert Putnam
4. Diplomacy ends, war begins D. Carl von Clausewitz

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

441
46.
Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Book) List 2( Author)
1. Capital in the Twenty-First Century A. Graham T. Allison
2. Preparing for the Twenty-first Century B. Richard Snyder
3. Foreign Policy Decision-making C. Thomas Piketty
4. Essence of Decision D. Paul Kennedy

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

47. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR terms) List 2( Who Coined or related with)
1. Track Two diplomacy A. John Agnew
2. Imperial overstretch B. Henry Kissinger
3. Shuttle Diplomacy C. Joseph V. Montville
4. Territorial Trap D. Paul Kennedy

A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

48. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books in IR) List 2(Thinker)
1. Gendering world politics A. Laura Sjoberg
2. Bananas, Beaches and Bases B. Carol Cohn
3. Women and Wars C. J. Ann Tickner
4. Gendering Global Conflict D. Cynthia Enloe

A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- B, 4-D

B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D
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49. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Books in IR) List 2(Author)
1. Foreign Policy Decision-making A. James N.
Rosenau
2. Essence of Decision B. Graham
Allison
3. Decision-Making Approach to the Study of International Politics C. Richard
Snyder
4. Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
C. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

50.List 1( Books in IR) List

2(Author)
1. The Great Transformation A. Robert Jervis
2. Seeing Like a State B. James Scot
3. Perception and Misperception in International Politics C. Karl Polanyi
4. Arms and Influence D. Thomas Schelling

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-A, 3- C, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C
C. 1-B, 2-C, 3- A, 4-D
D. 1-C, 2-B, 3- A, 4-D

51. Which UN resolution was landmark in protecting women in conflict zone?

A. Resolution 1269
B. resolution 1325
C. Resolution 181
D. Resolution 1001

443
52. Which international practice is closely linked to ‘ Responsibility to Protect’
Doctrine?
A. Protecting women in conflict zone
B. Protecting Minorities in majoritarian states
C. Protecting environment for sustainable development
D. Protecting individuals through Humanitarian Intervention

53. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Statute/treaty/conference) List 2( Organisation)
1. Rome Statute A. WTO
2. Dumbarton Oaks Conference B. IMF, World Bank
3. Bretton Woods Conference C. UN
4. Uruguay round of GATT D. International Criminal Court (ICC)

Options:
A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-A, 2-C, 3- B, 4-D

54. Which is the executive-bureaucratic arm ( like Government ) of the EU?

A. European Council
B. The Council
C. European Parliament
D. European Commission

55. Arrange chronologically the nations becoming nuclear power

1. USA
2. UK
3. RUSSIA/USSR
4. FRANCE
5. CHINA

Options:
A. 1,2,3,4,5
B. 1,3,2,4,5
C. 1,2,4,3,5
D. 1,2,3,5,4

444
56. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(IR Thinker of Security) List 2( Contribution)
1. Barry Buzan A. Security Regime
2. Robert Jervis B. Security Complex
3. Karl Deutsch C. Security Dilemma
4. John Hertz D. Security Community

A. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A

B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-A, 3- D, 4-C

57. Which is Not correct about ICC?

A. It has the power to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide,
crimes against humanity, war crime
B. It was set up in 2002 by the Rome Statute
C. India is one of the founding members of ICC
D. It complements national judicial systems and may exercise its jurisdiction only when
national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminal
E. Its Headquarters are in Hague, Netherlands

58. Arrange chronologically

1. Look East Policy
2. Look West Policy
3. Genuine Non Alignment
4. Gujral Doctrine

Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 3,1,4,2
C. 2,4,3,1
D. 4,3,1,2

445
59. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(foreign policy theory) List 2( country)
1. Palm and 5 fingers A. India
2. Peral of String B. China
3. Pivot to Asia C. USA
4. Necklace of Diamond
Options:
A. 1-C, 2-C, 3- B, 4-A
B. 1C, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
C. 1-C, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A

60. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Term) List 2( Consists of countries)
1. Super power A. William Fox
2. Ideology B. Destutt de Tracy
3. Genocide C. Raphael Lemkin
4. Heartland D. Halford Mackinder

Options:
A. 1-A, 2-B, 3- C, 4-D
B. 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A
C. 1-C, 2-D, 3- B, 4-A
D. 1-B, 2-B, 3- C, 4-A

61. Who defined freedom as ‘it is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth
doing or enjoying’?
A. Harold Laski
B. T.H.Green
C. Bosanquet
D. Ernest Barker

62.In 1950s, many thinkers declared demise of political theory; what they meant by the
demise of political theory?
A. Political science did not need political theory
B. Political theory was not scientific
C. Normative-philosophical political theory was not suitable for science of politics
D. Empirical political theory was not suitable for political science

446
63 As per David Easton which is the reason for decline of political theory?
1. Historicism
2. Hyperfactualism
3. Moral relativism
4. Value Pluralism

Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 2,3,4

64.Which is Not correct about Ideology?

A. A belief system which helps to structure how the world is understood and explained
B. Set of ideas which provides the basis for political action
C. The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French philosopher, who
conceived, in 1796, as the "science of ideas"
D. Ideology is same as theory

65.Who of the following didn’t predict or support decline and demise of political
theory?
A. Peter Laslett
B. Ishiah Berlin
C. S M Lipset
D. Alfred Cobban
E. Robert Dahl

66. Which is Not related to Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony?

A. Manufacturing of Consent
B. Economic determinism
C. Ideology
D. 3rd Dimension of Power
E. Dominance without coercion
F. Civil Society
G. Marxism

447
67.Who of the following supported the revival of political theory after the onslaught of
behavioural revolution?
1. Isiah Berlin
2. Leo Strauss
3. George H. Sabine
4. Eric Vogelin

Options:
A. 1,2,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4

68. Regarding importance of value in political theory, who said ‘We cannot shed our
values in the way we remove our coats’?
A. Isiah Berlin
B. Leo Strauss
C. George H. Sabine
D. David Easton

69.The word ‘theory’, derived from the Greek word ‘Theoria’ means
(A) A well organized political system
(B) A well focused mental look
(C) A well articulated economic structure
(D) A system of physical arrangement

70.Who among the following said that Political theory contains factors of three kinds-
the factual, the causal and the valuational ?
(A) Leo Strauss
(B) Dunning
(C) G.H. Sabine
(D) Ebenstein

448
71. Who was the Prime Minister who never faced the House even once to remain as
'caretaker' Prime Minister ?
A. Chandrashekhar
B. Charan Singh
C. I.K.Gujral
D. D. Deve Gowda

72.Which are discretionary powers of the President?

A. Appointing PM when no party or coalition has majority in the Lok Sabha
B. Dissolving Lok Sabha before its regular tenure when the Government has lost the
confidence of the house
C. keeping the passed bill without taking any action on it for indefinite period
D. Sending back the advice given by the council of minister for reconsideration
Options:
A. 1,2, 3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,3
D. 1,2,3,4

73.Which article gives exclusive power to the Supreme court to issue order as is
necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it?
A. Article 144
B. Article 142
C. Article 143
D. Article 145

74.Which is Not correct about the constituent Assembly?

A. It was constituted as per the Cabinet Mission Plan-1946
B. It had originally 389 members (292- British Provinces; 93 - princely states; 4 from
the chief commissioner provinces)
C. It first met on 9 December 1946
D. Its interim president was Dr. Rajendra Prasad
E. Its last meeting was on 24 January, 1950
F. Its tenure was two years, eleven months and seventeen days

449
75. Who was Not part of the Oligarchy in the constituent Assembly (by Granvile
Austin):
A. Nehru
B. Azad
C. Rajendra Prasad
D. Ambedkar

76.
Statement 1: 73rd Amendments are Not applicable to 5th Schedule areas
Statement 2: 74th Amendments are Not applicable to 5th Schedule areas
Options:

A. Both Statement I and II are correct

B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

77.Which of these is Not an Electoral reform committee?

A. Tarkunde committee,
B. Dinesh Goswami Committee
C. Santhanam Committee
D. Indrajeet Gupta Committee

78. In which case SCI decided that during national emergency even the FR of right to life can be
suspended?

A. Epuru Sudhakar & Anr. v. Government of Andhra Pradesh

B. ADM Jabalpur case
C. MC Mehta Case
D. Selvi vs. State of Karnataka
79.
Statement 1: Election Commission became 3 member body in 1989
Statement 2: Between 1990 and 1993 Election Commission was single member body
Options:

A. Both Statement I and II are correct

B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

450
80.Which is Not correct about PIL in India?

A. It removed the locus standi requirement

B. Procedural relaxation for filing the case
C. It led to judicial activism
D. It helped made Executive accountable to public
E. It started in late 1980s
81.Which are the issues hurting center-state relations?
A. Article 356
B. Role of Governor
C. GST and fiscal federalism
D. Central Investigating agencies
E. All the above

82. After Independence, which was the 1st state where Government was formed by engineering
split and defection?
A. Kerala
B. Madras
C. Gujrat
D. Maharashtra

83. When the Last caste census was held?

A. 1931
B. 1941
C. 1951
D. 2011

84.In which Part of the Constitution, details of citizenship are mentioned?

A. Part 1
B. Part 2
C. Part 3
D. Part 4

451
85.According to the Citizenship Act, 1955, by which of the following ways can a person lose
citizenship of India?
1.By Renunciation
2.By Termination
3.By Deprivation

Options:
(a)1 and 2
(b)2 and 3
(c)1, 2 and 3
(d)1 and 3

86.Which one of the following committees is not associated with Panchayati Raj in India?
(A) Sadiq Ali Committee
(B) Dinesh Goswami Committee
(C) L.M. Singhvi Committee
(D) P.K. Thungan Committee

87.Caste based reservations are labelled as

(A) Affirmative Action
(B) Positive Discrimination
(C) Social justice
(D) all the above

88. A deadlock between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha calls for a joint sitting of Parliament for
the passage of?

1. Ordinary bills
2. Money Bills
3. Constitutional amendment bills

Options:

A. 1,2,3
B. 1 only
C. Only 2
D. 1,2

452
89.Who heads the zonal council?

A. PM
B. HM- Home Minister
C. FM- Finance Minister
D. President
E. Senior most CM( Chief Minister) of the zone

90.Which of these features of Indian Polity was not stated by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph?
A. India as ‘Polymorphous’ state
B. demand vs command polity
C. India as ‘weak-strong state’
D. Bullock cart capitalism
E. Indian Politics as “Politics of Scarcity”

91.Which of these features of Indian Polity was stated by Morris Jones?

A. Indian federalism as “bargaining federalism”-
B. Emergence of “a market polity” in India
C. Single party dominant system
D. All the above

92.What was the main findings of the Union Government administrative committee headed by
Home Secretary N.N. Vohra in 1993 ?
(A) Electoral Reforms
(B) Minimum qualification for politicians
(C) Nexus between politicians, criminals and bureaucrats.
(D) Internal security priorities

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93.Arrange the following in chronological order

1. Nehru Committee Report

2. Cripps Mission
3. Declaration of complete Independence
4. Civil Disobedience Movement

Options:

A. 1,2,3,4
B. 3,4,1,2
C. 1,3,4,2
D. 1,3,2,4

94.Sikh, Anglo Indian, Christian, etc. got separate electorate under?

A. GOI Act 1919

B. GOI Act 1909
C. GOI Act 1935
D. None of the above

95. In which case the SCI held that both FR and DPSP are equally important and complement
each other?

A. Shankari Prasad Case

B. Golaknath Case
C. Kesavananda Bharati case
D. Minerva Mills case

96.Which Quote is Not attributed to Gandhi?

A. I am not interested in freeing India merely from the English yoke(bondage). I am bent
upon freeing India from any yoke whatsoever. I have no desire to exchange ‘king log’
for king stork’…..for me Swaraj is movement for self-purification”
B. “….. Swaraj meant continuous effort to be independent of Govt….. Sorry affair if
people look up to Govt for the regulation of every detail of life”
C. I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have
achieved.
D. Those who say religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion is.

454
97.Barni’s Fatwa-i-Jahandari- was?
A. advise to Muslim ruler on statecraft in non-Muslim land like India
B. Advise to all rulers on governance
C. Was call for annihilation of Non-Muslim Religion
D. Was advise for expansion of Islam in non-Islamic nations

98.Which Indian Thinker’s birthday is celebrated as national youth day?

A. Vivekananda

B. Dayananda Saraswati

C. Chandrashekhar Aazad

D. Bhagat Singh

99.Who published the weekly Karmyogi and Dharma?

A. Bipin Chandra Paul

B. Aurobindo

C. Tilak

D. Gandhiji

100.Which is Not Correct about M.N.Roy?

A. Proponent of radical humanism or New Scientific Humanism
B. prepared a model constitution for India
C. Engaged into a debate with Lenin on role of Communist parties in movement against
colonialism
D. Fully agreed with Marxism
E. founded Mexican Socialist Party
F. Founded Communist Party of India in Tashkent
G. was part of ‘Comintern’
H. run a weekly ‘Independent India’
I. Formed League of radical congressmen

455
 SECTION 4

ANSWER
KEYS
ADDL.
INFO

456
 SET 1
ANSWER KEY
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.

1. B Value pluralism is the idea, most prominently

endorsed by Isaiah Berlin, that fundamental human
values are universal, plural, conflicting, and
incommensurable with one another.
Incommensurability is the key component of
pluralism, undermining familiar monist philosophies
such as utilitarianism
Thinkers who declared demise of ( normative) political
theory were
• Peter Laslett - political theory is dead
• Reimer- political theory in doghouse
• Robert Dahl
• Alfred Cobban
• Dante Germino
Berlin was Not one of them, rather he supported
revival of ( normative) political theory
Berlin’s books:
• Karl Marx: His Life and Environment– 1939
• "Two Concepts of Liberty"- Essay
• Four Essays on Liberty – 1969
• Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History
of Ideas – 1976
• Concept and Categories: Philosophical
Essays – 1978
• ‘Against the Current : Essays in the History of
Ideas’- 1979

2. C Rawl’ theory of Justice is applicable only to liberal

societies

Lexical Priority of Rawl’ theory of justice

Two principles of justice:

457
 1. Principle of Equal Liberty: Each person has an
equal right to the most extensive liberties compatible
with similar liberties for all
2.Difference Principle: Social and economic
inequalities should be arranged so that they are both (a)
to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged persons,
and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all
under conditions of equality of opportunity.
Priority: 1, 2 b, 2 a ( must know this!)

Rawl’s Books
• A Theory of Justice( 1971)
• Justice as Fairness( 1985)
• The Law of Peoples(1993)
• Political Liberalism(1993)
• Two Concepts of Rules
Also remember, he gave the concept of ‘ overlapping
consensus’ and society as ‘cooperative venture for
mutual advantage’

3. D Reverse is true, Rawlsian individuals had

unencumbered selves- they were independent and
autonomous in choosing their own goal/end based on
their own conception of good life; they were not
pursuing ends decided by society for them.

4. C Marx wrote profusely on Revolutionary traditions in

France
• "The Civil War in France“
• The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850
• The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon
5. C In the name of forcing citizens to be guided by their
higher self, which is known to the state, the state may
force a particular way of life and ideology on them.
This May give rise to paternalism, authoritarianism,
and eventually totalitarianism…this is like slippery
slope…once you start there is no stopping.

6. B Hobbes- avoided normative approach, he adopted

scientific and empirical approach

458
 Aristotle and Plato are considered founders of
philosophical-normative approach

7. D In fact, Rousseau suggested that One can be forced to

obey the General Will, as it was like forcing one to be
free!
Obeying General Will is like obeying your higher self-
becoming morally free.

8. A Open Society: which does not force a particular

end/goal, ideology or notion of good life to its member,
which allow its members to have their own conception
of good life and pursue them with their own life choices.
He wrote ‘The Open Society and Its Enemies(1945)’
Popper gave concepts of ‘ Falsification of scientific
theory’ and ‘ Piecemeal social engineering’-
REMEMBER THEM

9. C Frankfurt School of critical thinkers: Ernst Bloch,

Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and
Herbert Marcuse, Habermas

10. C ‘State and revolution ‘ by Lenin

11. B Justice as Mutual Advantage- Theory that argue that

moral norms of justice are those that rational, self‐
interested persons would accept in regulating the
pursuit of their self‐interest.
Justice gives everyone, as the rational, self-interested
person, the best chance of achieving their good that
they can reasonably expect, given that others are
simultaneously trying to achieve their (different) good

12. D Negative Peace: simply absence of violence, physical

threat
Positive Peace: Societal structure providing equal
opportunity, dignity, and status to all its member
Galtung wrote ‘Peace by peaceful
means(1996)’

459
13. C Polity was virtuous form of Government/ Constitution
as a rule of the Many in the interest of all
Polity, however, may degenerate into Democracy- rule
of the Many in the interest of few ( Elite theory)
Best practicable Government/ Constitution- Mix of
Polity and Aristocracy- named Polity again- don’t get
confused!

14. A An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957)- Anthony

Downs
The book gives a model of how economic theory can
be applied to non-market political decision-making,
such as public policy. Much of his research eventually
became integrated into public choice theory- how
public policy is outcome of rational choice of set of
individuals who are rational and self-interested.
15. D John Rawl cannot be associated with positive liberty,
he supported rights of individual over common good

16. B Reverse: Sovereignty originates in people and remains

there, cannot be delegated
Both Locke and Rousseau gave the concept of ‘ Popular
Sovereignty’

17. C Marx gave ‘Instrumentalist’ view of capitalist state

The statement ‘Capitalist State help re-produce social
structure needed to maintain capitalism’ is structuralist
view of capitalist state- given by Luis Althusser

18. A Occasion for disobeying the sovereign: for self-

preservation, to protect honour/dignity of family, when
independence of state is not in danger, etc.

19. C State was necessary for flourishment of Individuals,

only living as citizen of a state, individual could attain
‘Eudemonia’( Flourished and fulfilled life)

20. D Joseph Schumpeter was not pluralist thinker; he was

critical of classical Democracy and defined
Democracy merely as political method to chose ruler
through periodic election

460
 He wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism and
Democracy(1942)’

21. B Studying human Behaviour was not part of the

Traditional Approach to Comparative Politics

22. I Legal-constitutional institutionalism was part of of the

Traditional Approach to Comparative Politics

23. B Must remember

24. A Lesser known fact but may be asked

25. D Because he compared 158 Constitutions of his time to

come up with 6 pure types of Constitution/Government

26. D Graham Wallas wrote ‘Human Nature in Politics’

Arthur Bentley wrote ‘The Process of Government’
Both these books help usher behavioural approach in
political science

27. D In this classic book Alexis de Tocqueville compares

Democracy in USA with France and other western
European nations

28. A Obvious fact but was asked in one PG ET

29. B New Institutionalism focuses on norms, beliefs,

practices shaping behaviours. These are soft aspect of
institutions.

30. F As stated above Norms & belief are part of New

Institutionalism

31. C Scientific Management of Taylor considered workers

as – economic Man’ who are motivated solely by
economic incentive.
Remember all these terms related to Scientific
Management of Taylor

32. B Word play ! Ascriptive Status means social status

determined by birth ( in which family, caste, religion
etc.)
Weber’s Bureacratic theory is based on rationalism in
socio-economic life brought by the Modernity. It
didn’t believe in Ascriptive Status

461
33. A Rabble hypothesis takes the view of men being a
crowd of individuals interested in their individual
interest. Each one is guided by one’s own self-interest
disregarding concerns for other. Such a negative view
of man by Taylor's Scientific Management was called
rabble hypotheses
Mayo refuted( opposed) this hypothesis.

34. B This was pre- Hawthornean experiment done by Mayo

in a textile mill near Philadelphia in 1923

35. H Rigg was critic of the Bureaucratic Theory of Weber

36. F Reverse is correct; Simon proposed Value-fact

separation

37. D Zone of Acceptance, very similar concept to Zone of

Indifference was given by Simon

38. F For Conflict resolution in organisation, Follet gave 3

approaches- Dominance, Compromise, Integration;
Suppression was Not one of them

39. E 4 P Principle by Luthar Gullick- Purpose, Process,

Person and Place
Remember this; important

40. D • Luthar Gullick’s POSDCORB

Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing,
Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting

41. A Security, Diplomacy, survival, self-help, etc are also

important terms in realism, but core theme is interest
and power

42. B Hobbes is considered a realist thinker; to him, agents (

individual or nation) are perpetual power seeker

43. D John Ikenberry is an important liberal thinker

He Wrote ‘Liberal Leviathan(2011)’

462
44. I Realism doubts on efficacies of International regimes (
covenants, international law, treaties, agreements, etc)
in helping maintain peace and cooperation in IR

45. B Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia was one of the founder

members of NAM
Yugoslavia is now split into 6 countries- Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro,
Serbia, and Slovenia
This is called ‘ Balkanisation’- division of a
multinational state into smaller ethnically
homogeneous entities

46. D Actually, it was end of Japan as a colonial power

47. D Oft- repeated; must remember

48. C BIMSTEC members: five from South Asia, including

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, and
two from Southeast Asia, including Myanmar and
Thailand.

49. D Very Important fact for this year’s exams

50. C Yes, India had 2+2 with Russia, too in December 202

51. C CEPA with UAE became operational from 1 May

2022
Before this, India had CEPA with Japan and South
Korea
India is negotiating CEPA with UK, Australia,
Canada, EU

52. B The five largest spenders in 2021 were the United

States, China, India, the United Kingdom and Russia-
62% of the total world’s military expenditure

53. C

54. C Actually, reverse is true- State control over private

sector within its borders has decreased

55. C • Dependency Theories:

• Raul Prebisch( founder)

463
 • AG Frank- ‘ Development of
Underdevelopment’,
• Cardoso- was also president of Brazil
• Wallerstein- ‘World System Theory’- Core &
Periphery
Dos Santos- "new dependency", which comprehends
the period of the dominion of multinational
corporations after World War II.

56. A Socialism/communism, both as ideology and form of

Government, is still exist

57. B David Easton was pioneer in introducing system

approach in Comparative Politics
System approach in political science was adopted from
the general system theory ( biology), which was given
by Ludwig von Bertalanffy

58. B India began its two-year term as a non-permanent

member of the United Nations Security Council, 8th
time, on 1 January 2021

59. B Bi-polarity was most evident during Cold War period,

also one of the most stable phase in global politics
Compare this with Hegemonic Stability Theory

60. B Easy but oft-repeated

61. B Welfarism or welfare state is related to modern or

positive liberalism; classical liberalism believes in
minimal state- state as necessary evil

62. C Distributive justice is an anathema (hateful thing) to

Liberaltarianism; Nozick called taxation (which is
aimed towards distributive justice) as forced labour
Distributive justice is related to modern or positive
liberalism

63. D Laissez-faire state means the state which does not

interfere in market economy- a nightwatchman kind of
state; this is not acceptable to modern or positive
liberalism, which supports welfare state and
distributive justice

464
64. C Dirigisme is state directed economy; state interfere and
rectify market imperfections; a kind of welfare or
corporatist state; obviously Dirigisme would be
unacceptable to (classical) liberalism.

65. F Marxism imposes a uniform value over all in a

socialist/communist society; it does not believe in
Value pluralism, which is related to some streams of
liberalism

66. C Reverse is correct, it does not support primacy of

working class in socialism

67. D It didn’t reject the idea of objective truth, as it was still

rooted in core principles of positivism

68. D It Rejects modernism but also is critical of post-

modernist approach

69. C Post-behaviouralism rejected value-neutrality; it gave

due importance to value in the political.
Easton’s 7 credo of relevance of Post-
behaviouralism: . Substance 2. change 3. Brute reality
4. fact-value synthesis 5. protect human values 6.
action orientation 7. Political scientists as actors of
social change

70. E Behaviouralism gave primacy to observations and

facts, and Fact-value separation; it didn’t support
Value pluralism
Easton’s 8 characteristics features of
Behaviouralism
(1) Regularities; (2) Verification; (3) Techniques; (4)
Quantification; (5) Values; (6) Systematisation; (7)
Pure Science; and (8) Integration

71. A Note thar President is head of state, which has 3

organs- executive, legislature, and Judiciary. As head

465
 of the state is both head of executive and Legislature;
he also appoint chief Justice and other judges.

72. C Its is considered as ‘ holding together’ federal state ;

USA, Switzerland and Australia are examples of
coming together federations; India, Belgium and Spain
are examples of holding together federations.

73. D 1st time, in Sajjan Singh case, the phrase basic

structure was stated in the order of one of the judges
SAARC Bommai case, related mainly to abuse of
article 356, also affected centre-state relation

74. D Art. 312-All India services- IAS, IPS, IFoS, and IJS,
etc- can only be created if Rajya Sabha passes
resolution to this effect.
All India services mentioned in the Constitution- IAS,
IPS, IJS

75. A 31 B was inserted through 1st Amendment

Now SC has taken 9th schedule within its purview of
judicial review.

76. A Committed Bureaucracy means the Bureaucracy is

completely aligning with the Government of the day; it
breaks the principle of neutrality of bureaucracy.

77. B These are the instances of presidential discretions

78. D Indira Gandhi formed Congress(R), the new Congress;

R stood for Requisition ; O in Congress ( O) for
Organisation

79. B • 7 National Parties: Congress, BJP, BSP, CPI, CPI(M),

NCP, TMC
Note: National People’s Party (NPP) shall become 8th
national party, but still not declared so on ECI website

80. C Justice Party was formed in 1917 by Dr C. Natesa

Mudaliar
Periyar joined this party and in 1944 n 1944,
transformed the Justice Party into the social
organisation Dravidar Kazhagam (DK), from which
DMK and AIADMK emerged.

466
81. C ECI recognise only 3 types of party- national, State,
Registered
There is no officially recognised ‘Regional Party’

82. C Just remember

83. D Just remember

84. D Names and purpose of Government schemes/missions
are important

85. D

86. D
87. D

88. D

89. B Article 85(2) gives some situational discretion to the

President in deciding dissolution of Lok Sabha
But in 1979, when Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, the then
president accepted advice of Charan Singh, who could
never win the majority in Lok Sabha, it became
controversial.

90. D India has Parliamentary form of Government, in which

PM and not the president holds the real executive
power, but still all entire Government is run in the
name of president, who is almost bound by the advise
of council of minister headed by the PM

91. A Asked in UGC NET, but they also appear in PG ET (

copy/paste effect), hence remember them; many more
given in the ET / IR exam guide

92. C

93. D Sanskritization is a process in which lower caste

adopts cultural practices of higher caste( like stop
eating non-veg) to move up in the caste hierarchy;
reverse process is de- Sanskritization
MN Srinivas wrote ‘Caste in Modern India(1962)’

94. B 13(2): The State shall not make any law which takes
away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part ( part
III- FR) and any law made in contravention of this
clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.

467
 Question before the Golaknath case was whether
Constitutional amendments are ‘ law’ as per this
article; the judgement said YES;
SCI, later on, in Keshvananda Bharti case, overturned
this and said that Parliament has right to amend any
part, including part III, but cannot change the basic
structure.

95. D Berubari Case: Preamble is not part of Constitution

Kesavananda Bharati case: Preamble is part of
Constitution but not self-standing and justiciable
Union Government Vs LIC of India: Preamble is
integral part of Constitution but not self-standing and
justiciable

96. C Both Gandhi and Savarkar were influenced by Mazzini

97. C John Ruskin- Sarvodaya ; Henry Thoreau- civil

disobedience ; Tolstoy- pacific anarchism ; Plato &
Aristotle: normativity, justice ; Jainism- non-violence;
Vaishnavism- Catholicism

98. A .‘Voluntary Poverty’ denoted renunciation( leaving) of

wants/desires
Just opposite to possessive individualism of western
culture

99. C For Gandhiji, mere theoretical knowledge was not true

education, it should include skill such as handicraft
and other vocational work

100. A

468
 SET 2
ANSWER KEY
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.

1. A Just remember this

Bentham- father of utilitarianism

2. D Lenin wrote: Lenin- ‘Imperialism, the Highest

Stage of Capitalism’

3. B Robert Nozick was libertarian thinker, for him

welfare state is like slavery as taxation is like
forced labour
He wrote ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia( 1974)’

4. D Remember this, very important

Also read about these concepts

5. C “Tyranny of Majority”- in Democracy the permanent

minorities may not be able to pursue their distinct
culture, way of life, and independence as decisions are
taken through majority vote; hence Democracy may
require specific safeguards to protect minority rights
Alex de Tocqueville wrote ‘Democracy in America(
1835)’

6. D Refer explanation of Q.N. 2 above

7. C The Capability Approach focuses upon the moral

significance of individuals’ capability of achieving the
kind of lives they have reason to value.
A person’s capability to live a good life is defined in
terms of being in good health or having loving
relationships with others to which they have real
access, have good education, opportunity, status, and
dignity.

8. D labour theory of property was given by John Locke

9. C It was Justice based on functional division of society

based on aptitude, education & training

469
 It was very similar to ‘Varna system’ of early Vedic
Period ( note not the caste system, which is
degenerated and perverted form of the ‘Varna system’)

10. B Marx was not influenced by David Hume’s

empiricism and his focus on feeling and emotions over
reason/rationality
Remember remaining all, asked frequently

11. C Plato's second best state was based on positive law,

made by the ruler following a Constitution
Note that Plato’s ideal state didn’t require any law!

12. D Locke’s Two Treatises of Government was

refutation to Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha

13. D In fact, he advised the king ( prince) to use religion for

maintaining his state; this was instrumental view of
religion, that is, using religion for controlling emotions
of citizens.

14. C Reverse: Ideas or Forms can be fully known by

knowledge

15. B Both Aristotle and Hegel considered Women

inferior to men

16. A Base/ structure: Economic mode of production, means

of production, relation of production, class structure
Superstructure: Law, policy, polity, media, art&
culture, etc
Marx – Base determined superstructure; civil society
part of base
Gramsci- civil society part of superstructure- the
capitalist class creates ideology which maintain their
hegemony in Base

17. D Rousseau, in his ‘Emile’, said that purpose of

education develop men as natural men and
women as natural women
He differentiated natural roles of men and
women

470
 Mary Wollstonecraft refuted this view of Rousseau in
her book ‘vindication of Rights of Women’

18. A two dimensional rights of men: in public/political

domain- equal civil & political rights
In private domain- rights over their wives

19. C Arbit, just mug it up…

20. A End of history- end of ideological conflict and

evolution- human civilization finding one best
ideology for managing human arrangements

21. D Reverse is correct, capitalism separated economic and

political domains

22. A Why? Because system approach does not look inside

the political system, it compares at system level only.

23. B General System theory was evolved by Ludwig von

Bertalanffy in 1968. This model subsequently
adopted by various disciplines of social science in
following sequence: Anthropology, Sociology,
Psychology and Political Science.
David Easton is considered as father of the system
approach in comparative politics

24. C Political communication is one of the 4 Input

functions, others are: Political socialisation, interest
articulation, interest aggregation,

25. C Reverse is true; old Institutionalism suffered more

from Eurocentrism and Ethnocentrism

26. C Remember 3 types of New Institutionalism

Structural New Institutionalism is also called historical
New Institutionalism

27. D

28. E Reverse is true; Progressive Comparativist opposed or

refuted the Modernization theory

Progressive Comparativist were influenced by neo-

Marxism, they propounded dependency theory

471
29. A Since, in parliamentary for, executive emerge from
legislature hence there is NO Strict Separation of
power between executive & legislature

30. C Unlike India, USA has Residual powers with the

Federal/central Government, Dual citizenship,
Powerful upper house( Senate), and a Short
Constitution

31. B Essence of NPM was neo-liberal ideology of adopting

Management style of private sector in the Public
Admin

32. A NPA refuted Value Neutrality; it supported value

commitment on part of the Public Admin

33. D Since NPM aligned itself to neo-liberal ideology of

giving preference to market, Social Equity was Not its
main focus.

34. B All the classical era thinkers didn’t differentiate

between public and private Administration

35. B Managerial Vs Integral View of Pub Ad

Managerial Views: Only managerial functions are part
of Public Admin
Supported by : Luther Gullick, Herbert Simon,
Smithburg, Thompson, Fayol, Merson
Integral View:That all works- managerial and routine-
are part of Public Admin
Supported by : Taylor, Dimmock, Woodrow Wilson,
L. D. White, Marshall, Dimock, John Pfiffner and
Percy McQueen

36. B Both Private and Public Admin may have Complex

organisational structure

37. C RTI has NOT repealed the official Secret Act 1923; it
is still existing

472
 Remember all these facts about RTI, asked frequently

38. B RTE grant a fundamental right ONLY to children

between age 6-14 free and compulsory education

39. A Red Tape means delay in file clearance and decision

making in Bureaucracy due to rigid rules/regulations.
E-Governance cut red tape

40. D Sevottam model was proposed by 2nd ARC

(Administrative Reforms Commission) for public
Service Delivery

41. B Favourite in SAU ET

42. D Regional Arrangements is mentioned in chapter Nine
Former Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld
famously called peacekeeping as “Chapter Six and a
Half” operations, balancing between the pacific
settlement of disputes in Chapter VI of the UN Charter
and the use of force in cases of threats and breaches to
peace in Chapter VII
Better read carefully chapters and articles of UN

43. C UN is not hierarchical, it treats all state as equal

44. D Reverse is true- INF treaty in 1987 helped reduce the

tension

45. C
46. C Both coercion and inducements ( stick and carrot) are
part of foreign policy

47. C Hence another name of English School is International

Society School

48. A Just war theory is important

49. A Foundational question

50. B Foundational question

51. C Very important ; must remember

52. B Remember all about arms reduction/disarmament
treaties

473
53. D Neo-realism doubt efficacies of International
Institutional Regimes in moderating the behaviours of
states
It believes in Relative gain in which cooperation
through international organisation/regime is a zero
sum game.

54. C Reverse is true- Neo-realism does not give importance

to non-state actors; statism ( state-centrism) is core
theme of realism

55. D It believes in the Absolute gains in cooperation among

states in IR- must remember

56. D Feminism, along with constructivism, neo-Marxism, is

considered as one of the critical theories in IR

57. F Balance of Power is core theme in Neo-Realism

58. A Very Important and oft-repeated- just mug them up

59. C Very Important and oft-repeated

60. A Very Important and oft-repeated

61. C Just remember this; this was objected by the

communitarian critique of Rawl’s theory of Justice

62. C Multiculturalism believes in cultural relativism

63. D (liberal) Communitarianism is one stream within the

liberal doctrine; it is not similar to
Communism/Socialism; it believed in individual
liberty, value pluralism, rights, etc.

64. B Robert Nozick was Liberaltarian- often asked

Remaining 4 are famous liberal communitarian
thinkers- again asked frequently

65. D Definition of Moral Relativism

474
66. A Universalism- universal human nature, fate, worth,
rights, values- all are related to liberalism

67. D Meta narrative is narrative of historical events, grand

narrative; post modernism believes that narratives
(historical accounts) of past events are not factual
account but done with a purpose; hence it rejects it
Lyotard is associated with rejecting meta-narratives.

68. E Opposite is correct; it rejected Platonism and its idea

of structure of transcendental philosophy

69. D This is how Dworkin defined some rights as trump;

they are like fundamental rights

70. C Jeremy Bentham was supporter of legal rights ( oft-

repeated)
He was staunch critic of natural right theory.
For him, natural rights were nonsense upon the stilts
(asked frequently)

71. D Only elected legislatures vote for president’s election

72. D Article 300 A for protecting Right to Property was

inserted through 44th amendments, which removed
property rights from FR ( 31) to Constitutional right

73. C Maximum tenure of Ordinance is 6 month and 6 weeks

because maximum gap between two sessions of
parliament 6 months and ordinance can survive for 6
weeks without being passed by parliament.

74. C Just remember

75. A
76. B

77. D Note: President hands over resignation to Vice-

President and Vice-President to President
Similarly, Dy. Speaker resigns to Speaker and vice-
versa

475
78. C Important and interesting fact, must remember

79. D Recently, SCI banned use of the sedition law till it is

reviewed

80. A The Government of India Act, 1919 had introduced

Dyarchy in provinces under which some of the
ministers, looking after transferred subjects, were
elected.

81. C Note: residuary powers now rests with the centre/union

82. A Note: A Supreme Court was set up in Bengal under

this act;

83. C Ambedkar resigned in 1951 on the issue of Hindu

Code Bill

84. D Oft-repeated

85. C Though it was implemented fully from 26th January,

1950 to commemorate public declaration of the
resolution of ‘ Purna Swaraj’ on 26 January 1930, the
day Congress decided to celebrate as Independence
day

86. A Only about 11% Indian voted in electing legislatures

who formed the Constituent Assembly
Statement in the Reason is oft-repeated…remember
this

87. A H.C. Mukherjee was the Vice-President of the

Constituent Assembly- hidden fact…remember this
Statement 1 is oft-repeated

88. A Following Convention need hundreds of years of

traditions and consensus on fundamental political
values.

89. D This time it may be asked

90. B
91. A Because of its numerical superiority, in the joint sitting
opinion of Lok Sabha will prevail
92. B Better to know about important parliamentary
committee

476
93. C Finance ministry does Allocation of financial
resources, as per the budget, to ministries to carry out
cabinet decisions

94. D Governors seems to have more discretionary powers in

comparison to president; this is now becoming bone of
contention between centre and state

95. B FR- Civil liberties ; DPSP- Socio-Economic Rights;

Preamble also contain economic Rights

96. D And Gandhiji called Tagore ‘Gurudev’

97. A British author Sir Valentine Chirol called Tilak Father
of Indian unrest

98. C Just remember such odd facts

99. C Gandhiji called Socrates ‘Satyavir’- brave who died

for truth

100. A Tagore returned his Title of Knighthood against

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

477
 SET 3
ANSWER KEY
Questi Answ Hint/additional Info
on No. er
Key

1. B Constitutionalism- associated with Locke

Hobbes’ Sovereign was not bound by any law/Constitution

2. D Doctrine of overlapping consensus: In a liberal society,

individual/groups may have different conception of justice but all may
have some basic common agreement point on what must be protected to
have justice in society.

3. A Instead, Marx believed that Our (bodily of physical) existence determine

our consciousness
Hence, his theory is called materialistic

4. C Thomas Carlyle (1795 –1881) was a Scottish historian, satirical writer,

essayist, translator, philosopher, mathematician, and teacher ; a polemicist
It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to
be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.” – J.S.Mill in his book
Utilitarianism

5. B Hobbes used science/physics , laws of motion to build his theory

Motion creates emotions, he claimed

6. D Felicity: extreme happiness

Felicific calculator: which can exactly measure the quantity of pleasure

7. D Reverse: Societal common Good is preferred Rights of individual

Hegel wrote ‘Elements of the Philosophy of Right(1820)’

8. B Hence, he separated politics from religion/theology

9. C Republic is concerned with virtue, knowledge, ethics, morality, and of

course politics

10. B Must remember these book-author

478
11. D Obviously, as no one knew his/her position, status, endowments ( natural
& social luck, abilities), bias or partiality would be removed

12. D General will is always morally right, it is like common or group

mind; by its definition it would be by consensus because no one
can differ if all are guided by their real or true will( representing
their higher self)

13. D Rousseau Emile advocate for education & training which develop men
and women as best natural men and women
Rousseau, therefore, believed in natural differentiation in the roles/duties
of men & women
Mary Wollstonecraft refuted this view of Rousseau in her book
‘vindication of Rights of Women’

14. D This was instrumentalist view of the state

Later on, Louis Althusser gave structural view of capitalist state
Ralph Miliband and Nicos Poulantzas engaged in a fascinating debate (
called great debate), former taking instrumental whereas latter took the
structural view

15. D Just remember these facts about Hobbes

16. B On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation by David

Ricardo
Marx took idea from this book to develop his theory of surplus labour
value

17. B Elements of natural philosophy by William Thomson

18. C Robert Dahl was a Pluralist, he wrote ‘Polyarchy’

19. B Aristotle’s distributive justice was based on proportional equality and

distribution based on desert/merit

20. D Rousseau gave concept of ‘popular sovereignty’- sovereignty reside with

people/body politic cannot be delegated to people’s representatives,
asserted Rousseau

21. B Very important fact; just memorise it

James Coleman wrote ‘he Development Syndrome: Differentiation-
Equality- Capacity’
22. B Oft-repeated

479
23. A The functionalism of Malinowski and the structural-functionalism of
Radcliffe-Brown were the dominant paradigms of anthropology in early
twentieth-century Britain

24. C From UGC NET !

25. E The eight characteristics features of behaviouralism as given by
David Easton are as follows: (1) Regularities; (2) Verification; (3)
Techniques; (4) Quantification; (5) Values; (6) Systematisation; (7) Pure
Science; and (8) Integration.

26. E 7 credo of relevance of Post-behaviouralism by Easton: 1. Substance

2. change 3. Brute reality 4. fact-value synthesis 5. protect human values
6. action orientation 7. Political scientists as actors of social change

27. B Swiss Constitution has provisions of Referendum, Recall, Initiative, etc.

which provides some elements of direct Democracy

28. C Presently ongoing controversy of overturning of Roe vs Wade court

order is related to right to abortion granted under the 14th amendments
19th amendments- voting rights to women

29. B Landmark Case in US affect all democracies, including ours; hence, are
important

30. B And Parliamentary supremacy is the feature of British Constitutional

convention
Indian Constitution also give supremacy to Judiciary in deciding the
validity of law

31. D Private and Not For Profit organisations may also adopt the Citizen
charter

32. A Remember these facts; may appear as separate question

33. C Must remember these defining/foundational book
34. D

35. A

36. C Very important terms; must remember

Note ‘Scientific Management’ coined by Louis brandies NOT by Taylor

37. B
38. A Better to remember all 15 reports of 2nd ARC

480
39. C Very important facts; oft-repeated

40. C Through the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled

Areas) Act, 1996 or PESA, provisions of 73rd Amendments are now
applicable to schedule 5 areas
Note: PESA Act was introduced on the recommendations of Bhuria
Committee ( asked often)
Schedule 11 contain provisions of 73rd amendment
District Planning committee ( article 243 ZD) was proposed under 74th
Amendments

41. A Was asked in SAU -2021, may be this year in other exams

42. A Was asked in SAU-2021

See how Afghanistan in 21st century became playground of great game
between USA and USSR!

43. A Oft-repeated
Hugo Grotius- father of international law
Just War Theories- Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Aquinas, Samuel
Pufendorf

44. D Oft-repeated

45. D QUAD is important for this year

46. D Recently in News as growth reports were published by IMF and World
bank

481
47. B Very important, oft-repeated

48. C Not that Mrs Gandhi used the term ‘hegemony’ but she stressed no
interference of external powers in India’s role and position in South Asia
Gujral Doctrine is oft-repeated
Non-reciprocity means, India will give one sided concession to its small
neighbours

49. C Yes, Burma ( now Myanmar) also signed Panchsheel.

50. C Add in this Lenin- Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism

51. D All these terms are related to neo-liberalism but its core theme remains
Economic Interdependence; complex Interdependence given by Keohane
and Nye is the defining concept in neo-liberalism.

52. D John Mearsheimer is considered as offensive neo-realist; that is he views

states as power maximiser
Defensive neo-realists view states as security maximiser; security chief
goal, power only a means to achieve security

53. A Reinhold Niebuhr is considered as founder of Christian realism

He wrote-‘Moral Man and Immoral Society’(1932), ‘Nature and destiny
of Man’(1939)

54. B Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish economist and diplomat, was 2nd Secretary
General of UN (1953-61)
He said these lines in frustration over great expectations of people from
UN as an ideal and perfect agency to solve global problems.
He is known for his witty quotes.
His other famous quote ‘“The United Nations was not created to take
humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell”
Hence, if u need to guess choose him if he is there in the option.

55. C None of the IR theories disregards the anarchical social structures of

international orders

56. A Copenhagen school consider Security issue not as objective truth but a
social construction and inter-subjective; clearly it is related to
constructivism

57. D Reverse is true; In comparison to traditional IR theories Constructivism

fared better in explaining the new world order after end of cold war

482
58. B Martin Wight combined rationalism of Hugo Grotius, Realism of Hobbes,
and Revolutionism of Kant to develop a synthetic IR theory within the
English School

59. B Neoclassical realism mixes defensive neo-realism (such as the perception

and misperception in international system), classical realism (analysing
action of state), and foreign policy analysis.
Thus, it combines international and domestic politics to analyse the
foreign policy of a state in the international state system.
Fareed Zakaria is also one of its proponents

60. D Francis Fukuyama said this in his famous book ‘End of History and the
Last Man(1992)’
Must remember this book and its theme ( given as the question)

61. B Definition of Rationalism

Note the rationalism vs empiricism dichotomy

62. A Remember these definitions of justice

63. D Definition of Cosmopolitanism

64. C Opposite is true; Rawl did not extend his difference principle to global
level

65. C Relativism is just opposite to universalism

66. C Oft- repeated; remember this liberal definition of citizenship

67. C 1st Gen: civil liberties; political rights

2nd gen: socio-economic rights
3rd gen: group and cultural rights

68. D Obviously as Right of national self-determination will break nation-state

69. C

70. D Definition of Luck egalitarians

Dworkin was a Luck egalitarian

483
71. B

72. B Note; under article 359, Right to life & liberty- 20 & 21- cannot be
suspended

73. A Inter-state council, this time, is important

74. D Range of articles on a issue/office must be mapped and remembered

75. A Subject matter of parts of Constitution should be remembered

76. E Residency condition was there previously but was removed later on.
77. A ‘Due Process’ doctrine- even the content/substance of the act comes
under judicial review

78. A Government of India tried to bring National Judicial Appointments

Commission (NJAC) to replace the collegium system through 99th
Constitutional amendments, but SCI declared the amendments un-
Constitutional on the basis of ‘basic Structure’ doctrine

79. B Note how very few articles mention PM

80. C As the executive come out of legislature, there is a Fusion of legislature

and executive in parliamentary form of Government
In presidential form of Government there is neat separation between
legislature and executive

81. C K.R. Narayana is considered as most independent minded Indian

President who used his limited discretion on many occasions.

82. E Money bills are presented in the Parliament only after approval of the
President, hence, president cannot refuse to give assent to the money bill
passed by the Parliament.

83. B Very important fact

84. C Just remember

85. C
86. B

87. B

88. C

89. B
90. D 74th amendments contained provisions for district planning committee

484
91. B Must know all about 42nd and 44th amendments

92. B This is super special majority

93. D Note, C and D are different; if the bill is not passed in Lok Sabha then it
does not lapse on its dissolution

94. B DPSP- idea of welfare state, economic rights, substantive rights, positive
rights

95. C Must once read all the 11 Fundamental Duties

96. D Name of the Gujrati businessman was Dada Abdulla

97. A Determinism is against relativism; in this sense Gandhiji had similar
thought as Karl Popper who believed in piecemeal social
change/revolution

98. A
99. A

100. B 1. Phoenix Settlement- 1904- near Durban

2. Tolstoy Farm- 1910- Transvaal
3. Sevagram- 1936- Wardha town in Maharashtra
4. Kochrab- 1915- Ahmedabad
5. Sabarmati- 1917- Ahmedabad

485
 SET 4
ANSWER KEY
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.

1. D Hegel supported corporatist state

Corporatism: State recognizing and incorporating all
business/social associations such as trade guilds,
farmers union, and other interest groups.

2. A Just remember this; also Rawl gave concept of

óverlapping Consensus’

3. B Timaeus was written by Plato

4. B Remember these concepts and thinker, may be asked in

many ways

5. B End of history- end of ideological conflict and

evolution- human civilization finding one best
ideology for managing human arrangements

6. B Pluralism: power circulating among many competing

associations/communities;
In one view, state- association of association ; state
like neutral empire among many competing
associations/interest groups
7. C Mill was champion of liberty
But Barker called him "prophet of empty liberty and
abstract individual"

8. D Nozick vehemently opposed state’s role in distributive

justice

9. D Apologist here means defender or supporter

He was empiricist ( all knowledge comes from
experience, not a priori), Not Rationalist ( a priori and
transcendental source of knowledge).

10. D Rawl disagreed that loss of freedom for some

is made right by a greater good shared by
others.
He have preference to Individual’s right ( of
equal liberty) over societal common good.

486
11. B Auction, Insurance, and Free Market, etc.
are part of Ronald Dworkin’s theory of
‘equality of resources’
This theory is contained in his book ‘Sovereign
Virtue(2000)’
Dworkin is considered as founder of ‘Luck
Egalitarianism’- that is brute luck, social or
natural, should not effect the distributive
justice

12. D Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was one of the most

influential political thinker of medieval period in
Europe
He held Theological (religious) views on politics
Book: Summa Theologica
• Principle of medieval Secularism was formulated by
Marsilio of Padua (1275 – 1342), who in his book
Defensor Pacis (The Defender of Peace)- supported
separation of temporal power ( king) from spiritual
power( church)

13. A Of course, Marry Wollstonecraft

She also said ‘“I do not wish them (women) to
have power over men; but over themselves.”

14. A Theory of cultural capital and class distinction was

given by Pierre Bourdie, a French sociologist ;
Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital refers to the
collection of symbolic elements such as skills, tastes,
posture, clothing, mannerisms, material belongings,
credentials, etc. that one acquires through being part of
a particular social class
Bourdie, Robert Putnam, James Coleman gave the
concept of ‘ Social capital’

487
15. B Must read more on David Hume, who gave more
weightage to feelings and emotions in decision making
than reason/rationality

16. E Just remember them…may help in cracking some arbit

MCQ

17. D For Aristotle change in constitution was Revolution

18. C Harold Lasswell is considered as the father of policy

science, which was started by him 1950s
He wrote’ Politics: Who Gets What, When, How (1936)’

19. D Montesquieu gave the concept of ‘separation of power’

in his book ‘The Spirit of the Laws (1748)’

20. C This question has created lots of confusion as its

answer varied across the exams.
Locke viewed ‘state of nature’ as social arrangement
based on natural law- it was not pre-social, people
were able to live socially by using their innate sense of
reason and law of nature, but it was inconvenient as
there was no higher authority to decide application of
natural law in particular case.
‘state of nature’ was of course ‘pre-political’

21. B Federal Council of Switzerland has 7 member; it is

unique institution of collective head of
state/Government

22. B Doctrine of ‘due process of law’ is very much part of

US judiciary, in India it came from USA only.
‘Due process’ means that the court not only ensures
that laws are made procedure as per the Constitutional
but also the content and substance of the law, whether
is fair, just, and not arbitrary and against the natural
justice.

23. D Remember them; may be asked as separate MCQs

24. A First 3 articles of US constitution deals with executive,

legislature, and Judiciary, their jurisdiction. This is
based on the principle of separation of power.

488
 Principle of separation of power was given by
Montesquieu in his book ‘The Spirit of the Laws(
1748)’

25. E Totalitarianism is ideological and cultural project to

bring new civilisation by the state led by a political
party.

26. A Foundational books of cp; must remember

27. A Oft-repeated
Remember ? S.E. Finer called pressure group
anonymous empire?

28. A From UGC NET, oft-repeated in PG ETs

29. F System approach does Not perform deeper analysis of

parts and their interactions; hence it is called black box
approach

30. C Must remember Thinkers of

modernization/development and their books/concepts

31. C Better to know the present incumbents of top most

offices/Constitutional bodies

32. C Civil services committee in UK and USA and themes

related to them are asked; better to remember
Read about the committee in USA given in the IR
guide

33. A Important, particularly the good Governance day; may

be asked

34. C National Commission for Backward Classes was given

Constitutional status through 102nd Amendment Act,
2018

35. C All such Constitutional bodies, such as CAG, UPSC,

etc. Submit their reports annually to the President, who
in turn lay them on the floor of Parliament

36. B Both Taylor and Simon rejected the unity of command

( subordinate has Only one Boss) principle as it is
against specialisation and control by the experts.

37. C May be asked as separate question; remember all

489
38. A CVC is a statutory body, as it acts under a Act passed
by Parliament. There is no mention of CVC in
Constitution, hence it is Not a Constitutional body

39. A Woodrow Wilson and Frank Goodnow are pioneer in

creating the politics-administration Dichotomy; which
stated that administration should not deal with policy
issue which are political in nature, rather it should
focus on implementation of the policy in professional,
technocratic, efficient, and neutral way.
Now this dichotomy is Not accepted.

40. A Dahl had the view that since public Admin involves
Values, human Behaviour and Societal Culture,
science of pub ad is impossible to be developed as
science is value neutral, agnostic to human
feeling/emotion/behaviour and not bound by cultural
context.
The problems raised by Dahl is applicable to all social
science discipline. Hence they cannot be studied as
pure Science.

41. D BIMSTEC Members - five from South Asia-

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, and
two from Southeast Asia- Myanmar and Thailand.

42. C India Signed CEPA (highest kind of Free trade

Agreement) with UAE in 2022; it became operative
from 1 May, 2022
Remember all these FTAs

43. B North South Dialogue happened within the UN

mechanism of UNCTAD- United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development, which was established in
1964 as an intergovernmental organization intended to
promote the interests of developing states in world
trade.
Transfer of Capital was not one of the issue; ‘South’
wanted favourable trade rules for their commodities
and New International Economic Order which would
be more equitable and just

44. C This theory seems to consider US as typical hegemon

in the post cold war era.

490
 Compare this with Bio-polar Stability Theory

45. C 4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement took place

on 5–9 September 1973 in Algiers, the capital city of
Algeria
Following were the main goals of the NIEO
(i) give the ‘the South’ control over their natural
resources exploited by the developed Western
countries,
(ii) Obtain access to Western markets so that the
‘the South’ could sell their products and,
therefore, make trade more beneficial for the
poorer countries.
(iii) Reduce the cost of technology from the
Western countries, and
(iv) provide the ‘the South’ with a greater role in
international economic institutions.

46. A Carl Gottfried von Clausewitz was a Prussian general

and military theorist who stressed the "moral" and
political aspects of war.
He is known for his witty quotes on War

47. D India recently held 2+2 talks with USA

48. C Common but differentiated responsibility ( CBDR) has

been the main plank of the developing countries in
climate talks.
In many exams it was wrongly shown as linked to the
Kyoto protocol; don’t get confused

49. D It was recently in news when Mr Modi visited France

and held talk with President Macron over the Blue
Economy.

50. B 20 members in the G-20: Argentina, Australia, Brazil,

Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia,
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi
Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the
United States, and the European Union.
7 are from Asia, including Turkey

51. D As stated above neo-classical theory also mixes foreign

policies of the states with international politics

491
 Some famous thinkers of decision making theory-
Richard C. Snyder, Graham T. Allison, H. W. Bruck
and Burton

52. A Martin Shaw: Degenerate war is the use of armed force

against a civilian population as the extension of military
struggle
Raymond Aron – ‘Peace and War: A Theory of
International Relations’
New wars is a term advanced by British academic
Mary Kaldor to characterize warfare in the post-Cold
War era
• William Cohen: US moderate Republican
Leader
Wrote: Obama's chance to cement ties with India-
2009 ; The India Deal that Merits- 2008

53. C India is a member of EAS

54. D 6 priority areas of IORA
Maritime Safety and Security
Trade & Investment Facilitation
Fisheries Management
Disaster Risk Managemen
Tourism and Cultural Exchanges
Academic, Science & Technology

55. B Just remember this fact. Waltz, the founder of neo-

realism also gave ‘level of Analysis’ and bio-polar
stability theory.
He is considered a defensive neo-realist

56. D India has neither signed nor ratified NPT and CTBT
8 COUNTRIES - China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel,
North Korea, Pakistan and the United States have not
ratified CTBT

57. B MAD stand for Mutually Assured Destruction, in case

of nuclear warfare

58. C bi-lateral disputes between the member states is not

one of objectives of SAARC

492
59. A Chapter 7 contain bridging peace by forceful means, if
required
Peace-keeping missions/operations are, therefore,
called chapter six and half intervention

60. D In Aberystwyth University , occupying Woodrow

Wilson chair is considered a great honour for any IR
thinker.
Alfred Zimmern was the 1st holder of the Woodrow
Wilson Chair of International Politics in the
Aberystwyth University
E.H.Carr was the 4th occupant of this position.

61. A An economic concept, but also important in politics as

it tells about dilemma in distribution.

62. D Reverse is true, both can be placed on a continuum;

very strong equality of opportunity is very similar to
equality of outcome

63. D It objected any interference of state; it was purely

marked based arrangement

64. F Read carefully and remember

65. C Reverse is correct for Foucault; Knowledge is NOT

technocratic and free from ideology

66. F No, Rawls rejected this; opposite is correct

Remember he placed liberty principle above fair
equality of opportunity and difference principle

67. C Feminism is considered as part of critical political

theories

68. C Why will it believes in Political Obligation?

69. D Foundational books; must remember

70. B Better to remember

493
71. C No joint sitting for breaking the deadlock in case of
constitutional amendment bills; neither required for
money bill
Thus, joint sitting only for ordinary bill
Note: only a simple majority required to pass bill
during the joint sitting.

72. B

73. B As head of the state, president take oath to Preserve,

Protect, and Defend the Constitution of India

74. C 85(2) simply says that president may dissolve the Lok
Sabha from time to time…there may be occasion when
the president may use his discretion to decide on the
dissolution, without going by the advise of council of
minister.

75. D President is bound to give assent to passed money bill

and Constitutional amendment bills

76. B PESA-1996 is not applicable to 74th amendments,

hence, it is not implemented in 5th and 6th schedule
areas

77. B 86th Amendments, in 2002, inserted 11th duty- ‘the duty

of a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for
education to his child or, as the case may be ward
between the age of six and fourteen years’
Note: Swaran Singh Committee in 1976 recommended
Fundamental Duties; which were inserted in part IVA
through 42nd amendments-1976

78. C It was One of the first democratically elected

Communist governments in the world; However,
barely after 2 year, in 1959, the state Government was
dismissed under article 356

79. C Just remember

80. C 2019 amendment became controversial and still

pending in the SCI for decision on its Constitutionality.

494
81. B Better to know and remember all about Indian PM,
their tenure, party/coalition/doctrine/policy/major
initiatives/events, etc.

82. A Removal of CEC and ECs are contained in article 324(

5):
…..” Provided that the Chief Election Commissioner
shall not be removed from his office except in like
manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the
Supreme Court and the conditions of service of the
Chief Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his
disadvantage after his appointment:
Provided further that any other Election Commissioner
or a Regional Commissioner shall not be removed
from office except on the recommendation of the Chief
Election Commissioner…”

83. A Attorney general- article 76

First Law officer; Solicitor General- 2nd law officer
Present AG: K. K. Venugopal

84. C Tenure of members of public service commission-

article 316; removal- article 317
Note: No impeachment for removal of PSC members
Tenure of CVC is 4 years
Note: CVC is NOT Constitutional body, it is a
statutory body

85. B Always remember the 1st incumbents to higher public

offices

86. E Add Bihar & Telengana in the list- only 6 state

Also see Article 171 for composition- number of
members of Legislative Councils- may be asked

87. D Many more are given the ET/IR guide- remember them
88. C Indira Gandhi had to fight a political battle with this
syndicate; Congress Split in 1969, the new Congress,
which went with Mrs Gandhi was called Congress( R),
the old one Congress ( O)

495
89. A Note: TDP was largest opposition party in 8th Lok
Sabha from 1984 to 1989, as all major political parties
fared poorly; BJP got only 2 seats.

90. A Many more are given in the body of the guide-

remember them

91. D This denotes asymmetric federalism- union being

much more powerful than the states

92. C Constitution only mention universal adult suffrage; but

we get our voting rights from the people’s
representation act 1951

93. B Fundamental Duties are not legally enforceable

94. B Must remember each word of the preamble, also the

sequence in which they appear

95. C private member’s bills are passed many times in early

years after independence. Now in the era of
competitive partisan politics it is almost impossible to
pass a private member’s bills

96. A A hidden fact, was asked in BHU

97. D
98. D Swaraj will come not by acquisition of authority by a
few but by acquisition of capacity by all to resist
authority when it is abused- Gandhi
When in doubt in MCQs on quote ( IPT), go for
Ambedkar or Gandhi

99. A Oft-repeated

100. C Gandhiji’s idea of nationalism was different from those

of Savarkar, Tilak, and other militant leaders of
national movement

496
 SET 5
ANSWER KEY
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.

1. C Civil society of Locke was the political community,

the body politic, the commonwealth, which later
created Government
Sovereignty lied with the civil society or members of
the political community- popular sovereignty

2. C St Augustine wrote ‘The City of God(426 AD)’

He was one of the founding fathers of Christianity
He is favourite of question setter;
UGC NET asked in how many books ‘The City of God’
divided? Can you believe? Answer: 22 books !

3. D Because separation of power among different organs

of state will deny any organ to become super powerful
and act arbitrarily, hence separation of power would
ensure liberty to citizen from excess of state.

4. B Plato, therefore, is considered as given functional

division as basis of his justice.

5. B Hobbes gave the concept of Absolute Sovereignty but

Locke and Rousseau gave popular sovereignty, Locke
constitutional and limited Government

6. D This is basis of utilitarianism; Bentham is considered its

founding father.

7. A Read bit more about these concepts, very important

8. C Favorite phrases of question setters, remember them

9. B Another set of favorite phrases of question setters,

remember them

10. B Good form of Government/constitution- Monarchy,

Aristocracy, Polity

497
 Perverted or bad form: Tyranny, Oligarchy,
Democracy

11. C Utilitarian argument for political obligation( why

should we obey the laws?)

12. A Henri de Saint-Simon inspired and influenced

utopian socialism, such as Pierre-Joseph
Proudhon, liberal political theorist John Stuart
Mill, and of course Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels

13. A Better to know the second title or full name of famous

books

14. B In fact, J S Mill was called "prophet of empty liberty

and abstract individual" by Barker

15. D Reverse; He supported over republican monarchy

16. C It was Plato’s attempt to curb corruption and nepotism
among the ruling class;

17. C This question also created lots of confusion as in many

exams they wrongly said that ‘Political obligation’ was
the main theme of social contract; don’t get confused

18. C Very important phrases/lines/concepts; don’t forget

19. A Occasion for disobeying the sovereign: for self-
preservation, to protect honour/dignity of family, when
independence of state is not in danger, etc.

20. C No, natural rights are prior to social contract; hence

any entity coming into existence of social contract
cannot take away these rights.

21. D

22. A

23. D
24. C

25. A Lucian Pye was pioneer in analysing political

development from cultural aspects

498
26. B For this, Joseph Schumpeter is considered as critic of
the classical Democracy; it is also considered as elitist
view of Democracy.

27. D Oft-repeated
28. C Robert Dahl was a pluralist thinker
Wrote ‘Who Governs?’, ‘ Polyarchy’ and ‘Democracy
and Its Critics’

29. B Very popular type of question, know few more

combinations

30. C Very important information;

May be asked as separate MCQs

31. C Concept of Span of Control was developed in the

United Kingdom in 1922 by Sir Ian Hamilton
It means how many subordinate a boss can manage
under his/her direct control

32. D Ramsay MacDonald was UK PM when Round Table

Conference happened;
After the round table came the MacDonald Award, it
extended the separate electorate to depressed Classes
(now known as the Scheduled Caste) and other
minorities
Gandhiji opposed it by doing fast onto death; Poona
pact was signed between him and Ambedkarji under
which separate electorate to depressed Classes was
diluted to reserved seats for SC in Legislature.

33. D • Line Function: directly contributing to core goals of

organisation, make and defend Policy
• Staff Function: professional & expert support to Line
staff
• Auxiliary function: purely support and house
keeping functions
• Adopted from Military
• Line- represented as scaler chain- vertical
Staff- represented as horizontal- coordination
34. C Remember them; may come as separate question

499
35. B Very important; oft-repeated’ must remember

36. C The Principles of Organization: By James D. Mooney

and Alan C. Riley
In this book they give 4 principles of organisation-
Coordination ,Scalar Process ,Functional
Differentiation , Line and staff

37. B Important ; compare it with POSDCORD of Gullick

38. C Creator and leader of 1st Minnowbrook were Waldo

and Frank Marini

39. A Just an Arbit question; smile if it is repeated

40. B Another arbit one; just lucky if repeated

41. D The International Committee of the Red Cross was
declared the winner of the peace prize both in 1917
and in 1944. The main reason was its efforts during the
two World Wars. In 1963, it was 100 years since the
Peace Prize laureate in 1901, Henri Dunant, founded
the Red Cross.

42. C Just remember them; also of SAARC

43. D • Was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian

• Laid the foundations for international law, based on
natural law
• Books: ‘On the Law of War and Peace’ and ‘The
Free Seas’
• Gave ‘just war’ theory; rationalism in IR
• Pioneer of the doctrine of ‘international society’-
idea of one society of state bound by laws and
mutual agreements

44. C Weber said this in his book ‘ Politics as Vocation’

45. B Remember these quotes/terms on diplomacy; oft-

repeated

46. A All defining books; must remember ; know their

theme/contents, too

47. A Know about these terms/concepts from net

500
48. C Defining books by feminist IR thinkers, must
remember

49. A
50. D Better to know about bit of the theme/contents of these
pathbreaking books

51. B Women in peace & Conflict

The resolution reaffirms the important role of women
in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace
negotiations, peace-building, peacekeeping,
humanitarian response and in post-conflict
reconstruction and stresses the importance of their
equal participation and full involvement in all efforts
for the maintenance and promotion of peace and
security.
Better to note/remember important UN resolutions

52. D Humanitarian Intervention cut Sovereignty of states,

hence is a touchy issue in IR

53. B All these conferences are often asked; know bit more
about them and remember them

54. D EU bodies:
• the European Parliament
• the European Council: overall political
directions and priorities
• the Council of the European Union: sectoral
execution
• the European Commission: executive branch of
EU
• the Court of Justice of the European Union
• the European Central Bank
• the Court of Auditors.
The European Commission (EC) is the executive
branch of the European Union, responsible for
proposing legislation, enforcing EU laws and directing
the union's administrative operations.

55. B Chronology of P-5 becoming Nuclear Power

USA-August 1945.

501
 the Soviet Union- 1949
The United Kingdom -1952,
France -1960
China - 1964

56. D Just remember these terms/thinkers

57. C India has not signed the Rome Statute and hence not
member of ICC

58. B Look East Policy- Narsimha Rao

Look West Policy- Narendra Modi
Genuine Non Alignment- Morarji Desai
Gujral Doctrine- I.K.Gujral

59. D The Five Fingers of is a Chinese foreign policy

attributed to Mao Zedong that considers Tibet to be
China's right hand palm, with five fingers on its
periphery: Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and
Arunachal Pradesh, and that it is China's responsibility
to "liberate" these regions
Pearl of String: It refers to the network of Chinese
military and commercial facilities at strategic locations
in Indian Ocean encircling India.
Necklace of Diamond: It is the policy of India to
garland China by building naval infrastructure at
strategic locations such as Singapore, Indonesia,
Seychelles, Iran, to counter China's strategies
Pivot to Asia: one of the Obama Administration's
central foreign policy initiatives. the pivot is meant to
be a strategic "re-balancing" of U.S. interests from
Europe and the Middle East toward Indo-Pacific.

60. A Must remember these and many other popular terms (

given in IR guide) in IR and who coined them.

61. B T.H.Green supported positive liberty

Oft-repeated

62. C Note; when they said political theory, it meant

normative philosophical political theory

502
63. B Oft-repeated

64. D No, Ideology is NOT same as theory

65. B Ishiah Berlin was hopeful of its revival

66. B Economic determinism denoted base (economic

structure of society) determining aspects in
superstructure ( law, polity, art-craft, media, culture);
Gramsci turned this upside down;
To him, civil society, located in superstructure,
through ideology, created cultural hegemony which
helped capitalist class dominate the Base.

67. D Just remember

68. D Oft-repeated

69. B Literal meaning of Theory

70. C G.H. Sabine said this in his seminal creation/book ‘A

History of Political Theory(1937)’

71. B Unique fact, must remember

Note that the president Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
accepted Charan Singh’s advise to dissolve the Lok
Sabha and make him caretaker PM; this action of the
president became hugely controversial.

72. D As per art. 74, president almost bound by the advise of

council of minister but still has some very important
discretionary powers

73. B SCI used Article 142 to issue order to release one of

the convict of Rajiv Gandhi's killing, Perarivalan.

74. D Its interim president was Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha

75. D 4th member of the oligarchy- Patel

76. D The PESA -1996 extended 73rd amendments to 5th

scheduled areas; but PESA is not applicable to 74th
amendments

503
 Note: PESA was enacted on the recommendations of
the Bhuria Committee- often asked

77. C Santhanam Committee- anti-corruption committee

Note: CVC was set up in 1964 on the
recommendations of the Santhanam Committee - often
asked

78. B This case is considered as black spot on Indian Judiciary

which could not safe guard the right to life during the
emergency; Justice H.R. Khanna dissented with this
order; later on, he was not made Chief Justice despite
being the senior most
Note: under article 359, president may suspend FR
during emergency; but after 44th amendments, FR
under article 20 and 21 cannot be suspended

79. A For a very brief period ECI was made 3-member body
in late 1989; then the ECE was R. V. S. Peri Sastri
Then in 1993, when TN Seshan was the CEC, ECI was
made gain a 3 member body; since then it is a 3
member body

80. E PIL movement started in late 1970s

Justice Bhagwati is considered as founder of PIL in
India

81. E

82. B
83. A This is in news now because of many states passing
resolution for the caste survey/census

84. B

85. C Dinesh Goswami Committee- Election reforms

86. B
87. D

88. B Note: President cannot return or refuse to sign passed

Money Bills and Constitutional amendment bills

504
89. B zonal council, like Inter-state council, is Not a
Constitutional body; it was set up under the state re-
organisation act-1956

90. E Indian Politics as “Politics of Scarcity”- Myron Weiner

91. D
92. C N.N. Vohra was ex Home Secretary; this committee
was set up on the aftermath of Mumbai Bomb Blast

93. C Nehru Committee Report-bluprint of Indian

Constitution- headed by Motilal Nehru, his son,
Jawahar Lal Nehru was its secretary
Cripps Mission-1942- promised India a dominion
status after end of WW II; Gandhihi called it a ‘post
dated cheque on afalling bank’

94. A Separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled

castes), women and labourer (workers)- GOI 1935

95. D For a long period after independence, Indian judiciary

seemed to take strictly legal view on FR and DPSP,
giving more importance to FR as they were
Constitutionally guaranteed, but slowly it realized the
importance of DPSP which intended to provide
substantive socio-economic rights. Of late SCI used
DPSP to extend the scope of FR under article 21

96. C I measure the progress of a community by the degree

of progress which women have achieved- Ambedkar

97. A

98. B This decision ( to celebrated Vivekananda’s birthday

as national youth day) was taken in 1984

99. D Just remember

100. D MN Roy did not fully agree with Marxism. As a

Radical Humanist Roy he did not agree with the
economic interpretation of history. He also refuted
economic determinism of Marxism.

505
 SECTION 5

TIPS & TRICKS TO

PREPARE FOR AND
TACKLE MCQs

506
 Tips & Tricks to prepare for MCQ Tests

• Very Different strategy from essay Type Questions

• Do Extensive Study- read widest possible things related to syllabus
• No need of deep understanding; one need to recall few facts, that’s all
• Hence, best way to preapare for UGC-NET is to dive deep into the past year
papers
• Solve all the papers, fill knowledge/info gap from internet or standard
books/materials; make notes
• Solve as many MCQ papers as possible.
• Rule of Thumb- at least 5 times of actual numbers of questions
• Learn from the options of MCQs- make notes
• From the wrong answers of MCQs make multiple MCQs
• Make MCQs from the related information as in the given MCQ
• For example: MCQ: who is the current MD of IMF
• Related MCQ: who was the first MD of IMF
• Devise innovative ways to remember facts
• Like record in your own voice and listen while walking or doing
exercise
• Playing MCQ quiz in a group
• Revise from your notes and the exam guide many many times, may be 10-11
times.
• By solving thousands of MCQs, you will develop the sixth sense of spotting
wrong and odd options.
• Develop the knack of picking up odd facts/figures, News, person/place, etc.
• Like only Indian PM not to face Lok Sabha for seeking vote of
confidence
• Name of school of Plato, and so on.

507
 Tips & Tricks to tackle MCQs

• First, mark on the question sheet (if allowed), or tick on the computer
monitor all answers you are sure about
• Then return to 50:50 doubt MCQs and finally to questions you don’t have
any clue.
• Trick is giving more time to confusing questions. Read them many times,
use all your skills, tricks, and gut feeling.
• The MCQ may include words like- denote, implies, informed, indicate,
etc. be fully aware about meaning of these words; in case of confusion
see the Hindi version of the question, you may get the clue!
• How to tackle doubtful MCQs?
• Use 50:50 trick- eliminate most unlikely options
• In case of matching type of MCQ, sometimes even if you know
one match, you get the right option; try this.
• If more than one option is correct, check for those option which is
definitely wrong; all codes/options containing the wrong one can
be eliminated.
• Try to identify very strong, crude, and outlandish statements; they
are generally incorrect.
• Statement containing data, definite data figures, very specific info
are generally correct.
• Moderate, standard, and average statements are generally correct.
• In case of options containing statements, normally the correct one
is the longest one, why? Because the question setter needs to right
completely correct statement, it becomes longer.
• If more than one option seems correct, go for the best option.
• In case of Assertion/Reason type of MCQ: go for option A even if
the reason(R) statement only slightly relates to or explain the
Assertion(A) statement.
• Guess? Depends
• No negative marking- Guess after doing 50:50
• If negative marking, but only 0.25 minus, guess intelligently

508
 • If degree of negative marking high, like minus 1 for each wrong,
be careful in guessing
• In UGC NET no negative marking, hence must guess.
• Should we fill one option (either a, b, c, d) in remaining questions?
• In NET no negative marking- Yes, Do it
• More probability in b and c option (think why?)
• For example: suppose after doing all tricks you are completely
clueless about 10 MCQs; if suppose you choose option b or c in all
them, chances are that at least 2-3 would be correct
• You gain 3*2 =6 marks!

509
 SECTION 6

PDF of Past Year

Paper Analysis of
Latest 4 papers of
2023- March & June
2023

510
 UGC-NET
ANALYSIS OF LATEST 4 PAPERS- Pol Sc
Dec 2022 & June 2023 Cycles
 POL SC HELP
UGC-NET Series

UGC-NET
March 2023-Shift 1
PAPER ANALYSIS
USEFUL FOR ALL COMPETITIVE EXAMS
 EXAM GUIDE FOR UGC NET

Download the Guide from

https://polschelp.myinstamojo.com/
EXAM GUIDE FOR SAU ET
DOWNLOAD THE SAU GUIDE:
https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0BYF6MKXQ
Pol Sc Help
Online Test Series & Counselling
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MAIL NAME AND TELEGRAM MOBILE
NUMBER AT
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John Dewey(1859 – 1952), was an American philosopher, psychologist, and
educational reformer. He is known for his faith in democracy and
pragmatism. He was teacher an influencer of BR Ambedkar at Colombia
University

Sophie ( and Emile) are the main

characters of Rousseau’s book
Emile.
Kymlicka identifies two forms of “minorities rights” in relation to the following
distinctions: i. internal restrictions, which involves the right of a group against its
own members, ii. external protection, on the other hand, involves the right of a
group against the larger society
The first passive resistance campaign was started in
Johannesburg in 1907 with, and for, the wealthy South African
Indian merchants whom he had so long represented. ' Gandhi's
first passive resistance campaign began as a protest against the
Asiatic Registration Bill of 1906
RDP was dissolved in 1948, to give place to the Radical
Humanist movement.
 315(4) The Public Service Commission for the Union, if requested so to do
by the Governor 1*** of a State, may, with the approval of the President, agree
to serve all or any of the needs of the State

320 (2) It shall also be the duty of the Union Public Service Commission, if requested by any two or more
States so to do, to assist those States in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any
services for which candidates possessing special qualifications are required.

Public Service Commission: Article 315-323

Jean Drèze (born 1959) is a Belgian-born Indian welfare
economist, social scientist and activist
•
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstr
eam/123456789/61616/1/Unit-7.pdf
• [Page no 6 on this PDF can be
checked for reference]
5 themes of NPA: relevance, values, social equity, change and
client focus
Lasswell divided the policy process into seven stages: (1)
intelligence, (2) promotion, (3) prescription, (4) invocation, (5)
application, (6) termination, and (7) appraisal.

• The Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM-G) programme,

under the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation,
• The Swachh Bharat Mission – Urban (SBM-U) programme
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (M/o HUA)
• United States-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Non-proliferation
Enhancement Act, on October 8, 2008
• The 123 Agreement

The Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act of 2006, also known as
the Hyde Act, is the U.S. domestic law that modifies the requirements of Section 123 of the U.S. Atomic
Energy Act to permit nuclear cooperation with India and in particular to negotiate a 123 Agreement to
operationalize the 2005 Joint Statement
The 'five S' comprises of - Samaan (Respect), Samvaad
(Dialogue), Sahyog (Cooperation), Shanti (Peace) and Samriddhi
(Global Prosperity).
The "X Article" is an article, formally titled "The Sources of
Soviet Conduct", written by George F. Kennan and published
under the pseudonym "X"
67. Term of office of Vice-President.—
67(C): a Vice-President shall, notwithstanding the expiration of
his term, continue to hold office until his successor enters upon
his office.
In May 2016, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOPNG),
introduced the 'Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana' (PMUY)
• 39(D): that there is equal pay for equal work for both men
and women;
• Article 44: UCC
• 39A. Equal justice and free legal aid.
• Article 50 : Separation of judiciary from executive.—
 Appiko – to express one’s affection for a tree by embracing
itPandurang Hegde launched the Appiko Movement in
Karnataka in 1983.

• 2015: Indore tribals on 'jal satyagraha', protest rise in

Omkaresh .
• In 2012, farmers had organised a similar 'jal satyagraha'
Authoritarian regimes command unreasoned
acceptance of their political authority to maintain the
social order and prevent political disruption
Analysis- crux
• Paper Level
• Easy- 44- yes!
• Medium- 23
• Difficult 17
• Arbit- 06
• CHALLENGE: 09
• Lesson Learnt
• Chronology- most Important theme; read Constitutional articles, read as per syllabus
• Play smart, reverse Engineering, Elimination Technique, Common Sense, Hunch &
Gut Feeling
• Cut Off?
• NET: 67-70
• JRF: 72-75
 THANKS FOR WATCHING!
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 POL SC HELP
UGC-NET Series

UGC-NET
March 2023-Shift 2
PAPER ANALYSIS
USEFUL FOR ALL COMPETITIVE EXAMS
 EXAM GUIDE FOR UGC NET

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EXAM GUIDE FOR SAU ET
DOWNLOAD THE SAU GUIDE:
https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0BYF6MKXQ
Pol Sc Help
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Paper Pattern
• 6 types of Questions
• Simple MCQ
• Complex MCQs- multiple option correct
• Assertion/Reason
• Statement type
• Matching
• 2 Comprehension- 10 MCQs
• Paper Level
• Easy- 39- yes!
• Medium- 33
• Difficult 23
•Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man
can seek, in general, to be himself at his best- Harold Laski
•Every state is known by the rights it maintains- Laski
• Rights are what we may expect from others and others from
us, and all genuine rights are conditions of social welfare-
Hobhouse
• rights are the conditions in which individuals are able to
conceive and realize ‘the good’ for themselves and others-
T.H.Green
• The Arya Mahila Samaj was founded on November 30, 1882
• Sharda sadan – 1889
• Mukti Sadan-1889
Theodor W. Adorno ( 1903 –1969) was a German philosopher,
sociologist, psychologist, musicologist, and composer.

He was a leading member of the Frankfurt School of critical

theory, whose work has come to be associated with thinkers
such as Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, Erich
Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse
131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.—Subject to the
provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any
other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute—
(a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or
(b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one
side and one or more other States on the other; or
(c) between two or more States,
Chandi Prasad Bhatt is an Indian Gandhian
environmentalist and social activist, who founded
Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh in Gopeshwar in
1964, which later became a mother-organization
to the Chipko
Riggs Highlighted three trends in the comparative study of Public Administration:
(a) from normative towards more empirical approaches;
(b)Shift from Ideographic (individualistic) toward Nomothetic (universal),
and (c) shift from a pre-dominantly non-ecological to an ecological basis for the study of
Public Administration. https://www.academia.edu/35253179/COMPARATIVE_PUBLIC_ADMINI
STRATION_COMPARATIVE_PUBLIC_ADMINISTRATION
Look East Policy in 1992
The theory of communicative rationality by Jürgen Habermas
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
•Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
•Achieve universal primary education.
•Promote gender equality and empower women.
•Reduce child mortality.
•Improve maternal health.
•Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
•Ensure environmental sustainability.
•Global partnership for development.
Hobbesian, Lockean, and Kantian cultures of Anarchy
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy(1942)-Joseph
Schumpeter
 THANKS FOR WATCHING!
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Eliminate C , include B
Q.ID: 902121
40. Organisation of village panchayats
41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in
certain cases
42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and
maternity relief.
43. Living wage, etc., for workers.
Challange
Security and Growth For all in the Region (SAGAR) Initiative is a
maritime initiative that prioritises the Indian Ocean region in
order to ensure India's peace, stability, and prosperity in the
Indian Ocean region.
Global Transformations( 1999)- David Held
 “It is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong, because you can
remain the friend of the sufferer; who would want to be the
friend of and have to live together with a murderer? Not even
another murderer.”- Hannah Arendt

The Province of Jurisprudence Determined(1832)- John Austin

Lucian Pye identified 6 crises in political development: 1.
Identity 2. Legitimacy 3. Penetration 4. Participation 5.
Unification 6. Distribution
2
3
 TIPS
AB

3
4
 Eliminate D

2
INVALID
1
 Eliminate D

a war of manoeuvre seeks rapid and visible change through

direct confrontations, a war of position takes a more gradual
and strategic approach, focusing on long-term transformations
through ideological and institutional shifts.
challenge
Eliminate E
Eliminate D
4
2

3
1
1
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 POL SC HELP
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Question No. 8 / Question ID 902529
Question No. 10 / Question ID 902580
Question No. 14 / Question ID 902517
Question No. 16 / Question ID 902534
Question No. 25 / Question ID 902579
Question No. 29 / Question ID 902566
Question No. 31 / Question ID 902587
Question No. 35 / Question ID 902548
Question No. 41 / Question ID 902574
Question No. 43 / Question ID 902549

Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality" (1990)- Eric
Hobsbawm
 Syndicalism advocates for the organization of workers into
industrial unions or syndicates as the basis for revolutionary
change and the transformation of society
Question No. 45 / Question ID 902586
Question No. 47 / Question ID 902530
Question No. 49 / Question ID 902523

• Liberty After Freedom(2022)- Rohan J. Alva

• The Constitution of Liberty(1960)- Friedrich Hayek
• Two Concepts of Liberty(1958)- Isaiah Berlin
• Four Essays on Liberty(1969)- Isaiah Berlin
Question No. 51 / Question ID 902550
Question No. 57 / Question ID 902560
Question No. 59 / Question ID 902521
Question No. 61 / Question ID 902573
Question No. 67 / Question ID 902557
 Question No. 69 / Question ID 902518

United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSC)

United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF)

 Understanding Public Policy1972)- Thomas R. Dye
A pre-view of policy sciences(1971)- Harold Lasswell

Question No. 71 / Question ID 902590

Question No. 73 / Question ID 902542
Question No. 77 / Question ID 902589
Question No. 79 / Question ID 902536

4 planning foreman-route clerk, instruction card clerk, time

and cost clerk, Discipline clerk
• 4 execution ( Shop Floor) foreman- Gang boos, speed boss,
repair boss,
and Inspector
Question No. 81 / Question ID 902531
Question No. 83 / Question ID 902503
 Question No. 88 / Question ID 902505

“Plato was not an ancient Karl Marx. Plato proposes an ascetic communism,
the purpose of which is to remove objects of desire, not to distribute them
more equitably.”
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