CSE 223: Programming -2
01-Introduction
Prof. Dr. Khaled Nagi
Department of Computer and Systems Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt.
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 1
Agenda
▪ Welcome
▪ Course Information
▪ Brief Introduction to Object Oriented Paradigm
▪ Basic differences between C++ and JAVA
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 2
Organization
▪ Instructor: Prof. Dr. Khaled Nagi
▪ Email: khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg
▪ eLearning Platform: MS-Teams
▪ https://teams.microsoft.com/l/channel/19%3affc366ce20154d1483916f86815
9623e%40thread.tacv2/General?groupId=fe36be89-efbf-4fc2-9ad5-
5e3fa4807089&tenantId=eaf624c8-a0c4-4195-87d2-443e5d7516cd
▪ Joining code: gn26h78
▪ Lecture time:
▪ Saturday: 2nd period
▪ Practical
▪ TBD
▪ Grading Scheme
▪ Mid-Term: 10%: MCQ
▪ Class work: 30%: sheets, Programming assignments, group projects
▪ End of Term: 60% MCQ
▪ Might change depending on CoViD-19 situation
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 3
Course Information
▪ Course Breakdown
▪ Object-oriented design
▪ Encapsulation and information hiding
▪ Separation of behavior and implementation:
▪ Classes, Subclasses and inheritance, Polymorphism
▪ UML and Requirement analysis
▪ Design patterns
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 4
Course Materials
▪ Many Textbooks!
▪ Objects, Abstraction, Data Structures and Design Using Java
Version 5.0 by Elliot B. Koffman and Paul A. T. Wolfgang
▪ The Essence of Object-Oriented Programming with Java and UML
by Bruce E. Wampler
▪ Object Oriented Programming with Java: Essentials and Applications
by Rajkumar Buyya, Thamarai Selvi Somasundaram, and Xingchen
Chu
▪ Design Patterns in Java by Steven John Mestker and William C.
Wake
▪ Further readings
▪ Clean Code
▪ Clean Coder
▪ And More Online Materials
▪ You can google any design pattern you want!
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 5
This is NOT …
▪ … a Java Course
▪ Java Vs. Object Oriented Programming
▪ Thinking Objects
▪ Object Oriented Programming Principles
▪ … Just About Programming
▪ Software Development is much more than just programming.
▪ Object Oriented Analysis and Design Principles
▪ Advanced Topics: Design Patterns and Refactoring
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 6
Course Contents
▪ 01 – Introduction
▪ 02 – UML (I)
▪ 03 – UML (II)
▪ 04 – Design Styles and - Basic Design Patterns
▪ 05 – Creational Design Patterns (I)
▪ 06 – Creational Design Patterns (II)
▪ 07 – Partitioning patterns
▪ 08 – Structural patterns (I)
▪ 09 – Structural patterns (II)
▪ 10 – Behavioral patterns (I)
▪ 11 – Behavioral patterns (II)
▪ 12 – Concurrency patterns
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 7
Historical Review
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 8
Overview of Programming Paradigms
▪ Non-Procedural
▪ Procedural
▪ Structured
▪ Object Oriented
▪ Aspect Oriented
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 9
Non-Procedural
▪ BASIC
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 10
Procedural Programming
▪ E.g., C, FORTRAN
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 11
Structured Programming
▪ E.g., PASCAL
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 12
Object Oriented Programming
▪ Java, c++, c#
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 13
Aspect Oriented Programming
▪ E.g., AspectJ
▪ For global concerns such as logging, transaction management,
Global Concerns
Crosscutting Global Concerns
Tactical Concerns
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 14
Introduction to Object Oriented Paradigm
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 15
Advantages of OOP
▪ Simplicity: software objects model real world objects, so the complexity
is reduced, and the program structure is very clear;
▪ Modularity: each object forms a separate entity whose internal workings
are decoupled from other parts of the system;
▪ Modifiability: it is easy to make minor changes in the data
representation or the procedures in an OO program. Changes inside a
class do not affect any other part of a program, since the only public
interface that the external world has to a class is through the use of
methods;
▪ Extensibility: adding new features or responding to changing operating
environments can be solved by introducing a few new objects and
modifying some existing ones;
▪ Maintainability: objects can be maintained separately, making locating
and fixing problems easier;
▪ Re-usability: objects can be reused in different programs.
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 16
Basic Concepts of OOP
▪ Classes and Objects
▪ The Concept of Abstraction
▪ The Concept of Encapsulation
▪ The Concept of Generalization/Specialization
▪ Inheritance
▪ Multiple Inheritance
▪ The Concept of Polymorphism
▪ Overriding
▪ Overloading
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 17
Objects and Classes
▪ What is an Object?
▪ “Concept, abstraction, or thing with crisp boundary & meaning for a
problem”
▪ An Object has state and behavior
▪ Objects receive stimuli/messages & respond
▪ Receiving a stimulus, Object may change state
▪ Examples of Objects
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 18
Objects and Classes
▪ What is a Class?
▪ Group of Objects with similar
▪ properties (attributes)
▪ behavior
▪ relationships to other objects
▪ semantics
▪ Blueprints of Objects
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 19
Abstraction
▪ An abstraction is a view or representation of an entity that includes only
the most significant attributes.
▪ A simplified description of a system that emphasizes some of the
system’s details ... while suppressing others
▪ The process of reducing an object to its essence so that only the
necessary elements are represented. Abstraction defines an object in
terms of its properties (attributes), behaviors (functionality), and
interface (means of communicating with other objects)
▪ Nearly all programming languages since 1980 support data abstraction
▪ … please refer to our Abstract Data Types (ADTs)
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 20
Abstraction Example
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 21
Encapsulation
▪ The technique of hiding the internal implementation detail of an object
from its external views. Internal structure remains private and services
can be accessed by other objects only through messages passed via a
clearly defined interface. Encapsulation ensures that the object providing
service can prevent other objects from manipulating its data or
procedures directly, and it enables the object requesting service to
ignore the details of how that service is provided.
▪ Information hiding
▪ Interface Implementation
▪ Behavior & Data
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 22
Example
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 23
Inheritance
▪ Object oriented programming allows classes to inherit commonly used
state and behavior from other classes.
▪ Software reusability
▪ Create new class from existing class
▪ Absorb existing class’s data and behaviors
▪ Enhance with new capabilities
▪ Super-classes and Subclasses
▪ Subclass
▪ More specialized group of objects
▪ Behaviors inherited from superclass
▪ Additional behaviors
▪ Object of one class “is a” object of another class
▪ Example: Rectangle is a quadrilateral.
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 24
Inheritance Example
▪ Define Person to be a class
▪ A Person has attributes: age, height, gender
▪ Assign values to attributes when describing object
▪ Define Student to be a subclass of Person
▪ A Student has all attributes of Person, plus attributes of his/her own (student
no, course_enrolled)
▪ A Student inherits all attributes of Person
▪ Define Lecturer to be a subclass of Person
▪ A Lecturer has all attributes of Person, plus attributes of his/her own
(staff_id, subjectID1, subjectID2)
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 25
Uses of Inheritance
Reuse
▪ If multiple classes have common attributes/methods, these methods can
be moved to a common class parent class.
▪ This allows reuse since the implementation is not repeated.
▪ Example:
▪ Rectangle and Circle method have a common method move(), which
requires changing the centre coordinate.
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 26
Uses of Inheritance
Specialization
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 27
Uses of Inheritance
Common Interface and Extnesion
▪ All the operations that are supported for Rectangle and Circle are the
same.
▪ Some methods have common implementation and others don’t.
▪ move() operation is common to classes and can be implemented in parent.
▪ circumference(), area() operations are significantly different and have to be
implemented in the respective classes.
▪ The Shape class provides a common interface where all 3 operations
move(), circumference() and area().
▪ Extend functionality of a class.
▪ Child class adds new operations to the parent class but does not change
the inherited behavior.
▪ E.g. Rectangle class might have a special operation
▪ that may not be meaningful to the Circle class rotate90degrees()
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 28
Uses of Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
▪ Inherit properties from more than one class.
▪ This is called Multiple Inheritance
▪ Not in Java!
▪ Why?
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 29
Polymorphism
Object Overloading
▪ Polymorphic which means “many forms” has Greek roots.
▪ Poly → many
▪ Morphos → forms.
▪ In OO paradigm polymorphism has many forms.
▪ Allow a single object, method, operator associated with different
meaning depending on the type of data passed to it.
▪ An object of type Circle or Rectangle can be assigned to a Shape object.
The behavior of the object will depend on the object passed.
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 30
Polymorphism
Method Overloading
▪ Multiple methods can be defined with the same name, different input
arguments.
▪ Method 1 → initialize(int a)
▪ Method 2 → initialize(int a, int b)
▪ Appropriate method will be called based on the input arguments.
▪ initialize(2) → Method 1 will be called.
▪ initialize(2,4) → Method 2 will be called.
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 31
Polymorphism
Operator Overloading
▪ Allows regular operators such as +, --, *, / to have different meanings
based on the type.
▪ E.g. + operator for Circle can re defined
▪ Circle c = c + 2;
▪ Stack s = s + ‘a’
▪ Not supported in JAVA. C++ supports it.
▪ It is confusing
▪ Think of overloading the = sign …
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 32
Static vs. Dynamic Binding
▪ Binding is what happens when a method invocation is bound to an
implementation
▪ Involves lookup of the method in the class, or one or its parents
▪ Both method names and parameters are checked
▪ Binding can happen at two different times
▪ Compile time == static binding
▪ Run time == dynamic binding
▪ Overloading Vs Overriding
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 33
Overloading vs. Overriding
▪ Don't confuse the concepts of overloading and overriding
▪ Overloading deals with multiple methods with the same name in the
same class, but with different signatures
▪ Overloading lets you define a similar operation in different ways for
different data
▪ Overriding deals with two methods, one in a parent class and one in a
child class, that have the same signature
▪ Overriding lets you define a similar operation in different ways for
different object types
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 34
Basic differences between C++ and JAVA
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 35
Language Examples: C++
▪ Based on C struct type and Simula 67 classes
▪ The class is the encapsulation device
▪ All of the class instances of a class share a single copy of the member
functions
▪ Each instance of a class has its own copy of the class data members
▪ Class instances can be either stack dynamic or heap dynamic
▪ Heap dynamic classes are created with new and destroyed by delete
▪ Information Hiding
▪ Private clause for hidden entities
▪ Public clause for interface entities
▪ Protected clause for inheritance
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 36
Language Examples: C++
▪ Constructors
▪ Functions to initialize the data members of
▪ May also allocate storage if part of the object is heap-dynamic
▪ Can include parameters to provide parameterization of the objects
▪ Implicitly called when an instance is created
▪ Can be explicitly called
▪ Name is the same as the class name
▪ Destructors
▪ Functions to cleanup after an instance is destroyed; usually just to reclaim
heap storage
▪ Implicitly called when the object’s lifetime ends
▪ Can be explicitly called
▪ Name is the class name, preceded by a tilde (~)
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 37
An Example in C++
class stack {
private:
int*stackPtr, maxLen, topPtr;
public:
stack() { // a constructor
stackPtr= new int[100];
maxLen= 99;
topPtr= -1;
};
~stack () {delete [] stackPtr;};
void push (intnum) {…};
void pop () {…};
int top () {…};
int empty () {…};
}
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 38
Language Examples: Java
▪ Similar to C++, except:
▪ All user defined types are classes (no structs)
▪ All objects are allocated from the heap and accessed through reference
variables
▪ Individual entities in classes have access control modifiers (private or
public), rather than clauses
▪ Java has a second scoping mechanism, package scope, which can be used
in place of friends
▪ All entities in all classes in a package that do not have access control modifiers
are visible throughout the package
▪ No destructor: since we have the garbage collection mechanism
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 39
Differences between Java and C++
▪ Global variables
▪ It is impossible to create a global variable that is outside of all classes. The
only way to create a global variable is by declaring public static variable in a
class.
▪ GOTO
▪ Java has no goto statement.
▪ Pointers
▪ Java has no way to manipulate pointers (mem addresses) directly. You
cannot convert an integer to a pointer, you cannot dereference an arbitrary
memory address.
▪ Memory Allocation
▪ Java has no malloc or free() functions.
▪ Data types
▪ Hardware dependent data types such as int and char* lead to non portable
code. Java uses a standard size irrespective of the H/W.
▪ No header files.
▪ No preprocessor. khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 40
Access Protection Modifiers in Java
http://www.artima.com/objectsandjava/webuscript/PackagesAccess1.html
khaled.nagi@alexu.edu.eg 41
